BAN v t Dir AN LUAT
lU^TIICIlD:
DUNG CiNSityDI, lfi SINE
MAIVANDUAN*
Lugt To cdo duac Qudc hgi thong qua ngdy 11/11/2011 Id buac phdt trien mai trong viec ddm bdo quyen to cdo cua cong ddn. Lugt To cdo da co nhung siia ddi.
bo sung ca bdn cdc quy dinh vi quyen td cdo trong Lugt Khieu ngi, td cdo ndm 1998, gop phdn hodn thi^n khung phdp ly vi vdn di ndy. Tt^ nhien, tnrdc nhirng doi hoi tir thuc tien, quy dfnh cda phdp lugt hi?n hdnh vi td cdo, bdo v4 ngudi to cdo con bgc lo nhirng hgn che cdn phdi tiep tuc sua ddi, bd sung.
I. Ldm ro khdi nifm to cdo vk tt cdo hhnh vi vi ph^m phdp lu$t
To cdo Id mpt hien tuprng xay ra trong xa hpi, thi hifn sy ban tdm cua con ngudi trudc mpt hdnfa vi, vipc ldm cua ngudi khdc.
Hdnh vi, vifc ldm ndy bi coi Id trdi dgo due, ludn thudng, dgo ly hay vi phgm phdp ludt (VPPL); vi phgm cam kit, dilu If, npi quy, quy che cua t^p tfal, co quan, td chuc... da ldm dnh hudng din thanh danh hoge xdm phgm dSn quyin vd lpi ich hpp phap cua minfa faogc cda cd nhdn, cda tgp tbl, ca quan, to ehdc, don vj. Ndi chung, td cdo Id hdnh vi hit sdc da dgng vd phdc tgp, cd pfagm vi rpng, "nd faudng tdi bdt ky hanfa vi vi phgm ndo"' vd phdt sinh trong nhilu ITnh vyc cda
ddi song xa hfi ciing nhu trong cdc hogt.
ddng qudn ly nfad nude. Doi tupng bi t l cdo 1
"cd thi Id mpi bdnh vi VPPL, nfaung ngodi ra cdn cd cdc fadnfa vi khdc khdng nhdt thilt la VPPL nhu qudn ly ylu kSm, lang phi ngdn khl, Igm dyng quyen lyc, vd cdc hdnh vi tham nhiing khac ciing nhu trong mft sl trudng hpp la vi phgm quyin con ngudi"'
Lugt T6 cdo chua dua ra mpt dinh nghia todn difn ve to cdo ndi chung vd to cdo hdnfa vi VPPL ndi rieng. NguySn nhdn cd thi Id do sy d6ng nhdt giira to cdo ndi chung vdi td cdo hdnfa vi VPPL (td cdo cd tinh phfip ly), md cy thi hon Id dong nhdt giua t i cdo vdi td cdo hdnh chinh, bdi IS trong Lu§t T6 cdo cfai quy dinh vl to cdo vd gidi quyit td
* IOfoaLu$t-ttfi h^e QuSc ^ HA N^
1 PGS,TS. Ph^m HSng Thil, chu biin, Phip luit\^khl&j n9l, tSdo, Nxb. TP. HB Chf Minh, 2003.
2 Transparency Intemational (2013), IWifetteWoiver protection and the UN QxJvenOon against commtton IVM™, f ™ „ - PBr&Ky.org,c$p nhit thing 11/2014. ' " ^ - ^ " s -
biani . M I A P _ / S A 22(326) T l 1/2016
BAN VE Dir AN LUAT cdo ddi vai hdnh vi VPPL cua cdn bo. cong
chuc. vien chiec trong viic thtfc hiin nhi^
vu, cong w/; to cdo vd gidi quyet td cdo ddi vai hdnh vi VPPL cua ca quan. td chuc. cd nhdn ve qum ty nhd num: tiling cdc liiih VIIC (Dilu 1). Vipc td cdo hanfa vi VPPL cd ddu hifu tpi pham (td gidc tpi pham) vd tin bdo ve ^ i phgm dupc chi dan tiieo quy dinfa cda phap lugt v l td tyng hinh sp. Trudng hpp luat kfaac cd quy dinfa kfade v l td cao va gidi quyet to cdo tfai ^ dyng quy dinh cua luat dd (kfaodn 2, 3 Dilu 3 Luat T6 cao).
k >?fau vgy, khdi nifm td cdo trong Luat To cdo chi gidi han trong pham vi td cdo fadnh vi VPPL. Ndi dung cua nd chi dieu chinh (Ki vdi nhiing hdnh vi VPPL fadnfa L cfahih.Vi tfal, Lugt T 6 cdo caned dilu khodn 9 gidi tfaicfa rd mpt so thugt ngu nhu: "td cao", r "to cdo hdnh vi VPPL", "td cdo hdnfa vi ' VPPL hanh chmh" (td cdo hdnfa chmh), "to
cdo fadnh vi VPPL hinh sy" (td gidc tpi ph^m)... dong thdi cd nhimg chi dan v l vifc dp dyng cdc quy dinfa cua phdp luat ho^c Idm CO sd d l xdy difog ca che giai quylt td cdo cho pfau hpp vdi timg logi to cdo.
2. Sira dii, b l sung qny djnh vl cfaii t h i cda quyin t^ cdo
Ngudi t l cdo ( N T C ) dupc failu tfaeo nghia thdng dyng nhdt Id ngudi - tren co sd nhimg chung {y hoge cdn cu - da vgch trdn hdnh vi sai phgm, vd dgo due hay vi pfaam phdp lu^t (gpi chung Id sai phgm) cua mpt cd nhdn hay co quan, td chuc ndo dd vdi cd nhan ho$c ca quan, t£i cfaw:, don vi cd thdm quySn, trdcfa nfaifm (gpi cfaung Id nhd cfauc tr^h) de xem xSt, xu Iy.
NTC trudc bet phai la ngudi bilt dupc fadnfa yi cua mpt chd tbl ndo dd va cd can cu cho ring fao§c tin rdng, hdnh vi dd la sai phgm, ddng thdi phdi bdo, faogc tilt lp vdi nhd chuc trdch de dilu tra, kit ludn vd xu ly tfaeo i^idp lugt cua Nha nude faay npi quy, quy che, dilu If ridng cua co quan, td chuc.
NTC c6 thd Id ngudi trong cdng ca quan.
dan vi, td chuc vdi cfau tbl bi th cdo faogc ngtidi kfadng tfaudc npi bp ca quan, don vi, td chuc dd. NTC cd the mang quoc ticfa Viet Nam faoac kfadng mang qudc tjcfa Vift Nam. Vi the, Luat Td cao cdn sua ddi chu the cda qi^en td cdo la "mpi ngudi" hoge
"mpi cd nhan" thay cho "cdng dan" cfao phd hop vdi tfayc tien va quy dinh cua Hiln pfa^ nam 2013.
Ngodi ra, cd hai nhran cfau thi ma chung ta can phdi quan tam n ^ e n ciru, xem xet cd can thiet phai cy flil hda vd dua vdo trang Luat To cao hay khong, dd Id quyin td cao cua can bd, cdng chuc, vien chuc vd ngudi lao dpng trcmg MT quan, td chuc, don vi cdng lap vd doanh nghifp; vd quyen to cao cua ca quan, td chizc, don vi (gpi chung la to chuc).
3. Sua dSi, bS sung qny d|nh v l thu tyc vk cac kSnh t i ^ nhfln t6 cao
Pfa^ luat to cdo hifn hanh khdng quy dinh cy the ca quan ndo cd nghia vu tilp nhgn gidi quyet td cdo, cung khdng quy dinh NTC phdi giri don den nhung ca nfaan, co quan ndo. Cdng dan cd quyin gui don den bat ky CO quan ndo ma cdng dan tin tudng faoac cfao la can tfaiit Cac ca quan nha nude (CQNN), ca nhdn cd thdm quyin trong CQNN diu cd trdch nfaifm tilp nfagn dan td cdo "Co quan, td chiic, ca nhan cd thdm quyen trong pham vi nfaipm vy, quyin hgn cua minh cd trdch nhifm tilp NTC, tilp nhgn vd gidi quylt td cdo theo dung quy (Qnh cua phap lugt" (khoan I Dilu 5 Luat To cao). Quy dinh faifn hanfa vl vifc tilp nhgn vd xu ly don td cao da tgo dilu kifn timdn lpi cho NTC. Tuy nhi&i, dilu ndy ciing cd nhirng ban che.
Thu nhdt, tam ly cua NTC bao gid cimg mong mudn npi dung to cdo cua hp dugc giai quylt vd xir ly theo dung quy dinh cua phap luat, vi thi hp thudng gui din nfaihig cd n h ^ CQNN ma hp tin tudng. Dilu nay dan den tinh trang cdng dan gui don vupt c ^ , gdi kfadng dung CO quan, ngudi cd tfadm
s i 22(326) T11/2016\_Ukp PHApl 3 1
BAN V£DlrA^
Ii
Lugll trung:
bdsm 1998., dot hd edOicS
1. L i m rfi khii i vl vi ph^m phi|
Td eio li m xa hpi, tfal hifn ttudc mpt hinh i Hinh vi, vifc Iii luin ttiudng, da<
(VPPL); vi phpi quy chi cua tjp lim anh hudng phpm den quyl mhih hojc cOa c td chirc, don vj vi het sue da d^
rdng, "nd hudn;
nio"' v i pfait si
KhoaUtft-Bt Pas,TS.Pb9mh
quyen giii quy^t diln ra ph. • ,^'^' i KL-' i~
vi nhieu Iy do khdc nhau don se dugc' Chuyen vdng vo, chuydn khong diing dia c h . ttam chf 14 n J m tai chg. Tradng hgp aorn d„o,e chuyen d i n dfag ca n h & , ca quan 00 ttiam quyen giai quylt thi tinh "aim s u "
cua no, dung ,o cao khong con, danii tinh
« r ; h ^ i r " * ' ^ * ^ ^ * ^ ' « « ' " o a c
"^*<fdLf;:ti="'i'va'«ch.o,
quan nao m f h o ,h^ ?"^™ ' ° '^^° ' « '^<'
"SUa vu P M b^ * ^ ' " ^ * ' ^ " Hay hg co
• ' " ^ c q u y d S t t ^ r ' ? ' " " ' ^ ' ' ^ ^ " ^
W 6 n g i 4 i , , y . ^ ; ™ "SUOI k i s n g c6 t h i , ^
»8U« lao d j g ,6 1 " ^ " ^ ^ '=6ngchuc, PWng ehdng t h a i S ^ B d i ttieo L u a l > > e n c d d a u h i 6 u Z „ T ? S « : "Khi pfait ' " . ^ ' ^ ^ . a c m v i S S ' ^ ^ g t o n g c o q ^ , ^ ' n „ ?• i ! • ^'*u Chuc nl,- ! * ' can bd, nguoi dlhiE as,, „ Phai t - - '''
' * ' " ' " c « g a y v «
paiency.org, c^
« A I MOMItN CUU . V U I L A P P I I A P ^ / :
S^«<*Cot^''!l*'^"ga
• " " n g hpp nauAj .T^' ° ^ f c , d<n,
t-O phan ca nhan. c l ' ^ ^ vdi 1 ? ? chiic, ViSn ch4c n ' ^ * c t o b d f- °
"hung khdng khuyin k i i e f ! " " ' j - WidS g.a vao vifc vpch .rl„ h i l " " " ^ ^O tham
*am nhiing m i cdn li„, ^ ^ 2 ' " ' " C
* ; | . t r d d S p p h 4 n h i ^ , ^ * ^ g n j u y , h i ^ kh' Ihpc hifn quyin ,6 e4o N T „ '"'' ''Sng
^ ' i / E ' •i'mgmiHniJL cho nguoixemlBf^^
bo-.hayvtpli^njiji,^' Thift nghi, viet f^i nenquyvJmJtvadi^l trai niu hien Bay. 8ii(H trinh tp,tW tuc 18 cimi doi vdi cdn bp, c6iigchic,iii lao ddng t r l ^ p » ( , 4 i chlnh tri xaffiieolii^
cdng chiic, vien chiic, n^
cao/to cao nfi bg trong QJ don vi tnrdc khi IS cja rai ca quan thuc thi phap Ml cac fad, nganh quan lyA cac dia phuong; Gae%il ban hanh va niem^yefe^
td cao va giai quyftilM vdi ca quan, don vj, M ca sd cac quy dinh chung
»
H n h u vty se nhSn m v i giai quylt B nnirng tai tieng khf ngel dupc uy tin, khdng anh danh cua co quan, doii\4Quy dinh td cao nfl b mang Unh khuyfn khich. ( vidn chiic vin cd quyen t tdi ca nhan, ca quan c4 quydt. Trong trudng hpp i vifc td cao ciia minh khfi giai quylt khdng dung ta bao che ttii moi ngudi i cac CQNN cd thim quyli cao toi cac ca quan truyl '?c quy djnh quyin t d c N T r * ° * ' ) ^ f v a y s e t r a :
• ^ ^ u b T o " " * * * " - ' ' t h a n t i J ^ ^ • ' ' ^ ' ' S P
" " P c b i o v f " " g q u y d
Th,.,. 1 . . 5 .
Theo Lu§t f i
°^°. ddi
Xlhi.
"ftliil 'a ngudi than ttuch cua
* 5*.!. '34). Thuc tiln cfao ttiiy, tren viia
lit ^iu dii, vifc quy djnfa mpi J l nhan dupc su bio vf l i
* . J u y nhien, hifn tai chung i Z r * ' * < ) & * ' " *• V J '^t)- llvrc tiln
^ s Z***. JL ^ '^•^p '"^' ^^ ^^
''Psihi.L *' nil IS f, (f dua la nhiing dieu kien
*'*llill;!-?** tpHtS'Judcbiovf.Xetvl
Bel **?.•
^"»>'*« ?"*•"' V".^*'" "' " ^ '''=• *
*"*»),•/,•*•'*?'» „ CO bi?u qui quy djnh nay, 'O^^?'^'^" iiS, ^ . f c n " v . ? c b i o v f
•J^-Bikoiyii. • T S ' ^ tpi pham, NTC hanh
^ ^ ^ ' S ^ i f e j ^ ' ^ ^ o e h u n g t a t i l p t p c U i l n
^^bo^liM " ' ' ' c n cac ddi tupng td cdo
"^BiosLt^ " P i ldi ich visile khde cfng
'^l^gcH^ "ijS" 'y."-*^ ' = ' ^ - Btog
'*'bdcmn,i.^ W W n g c l n q u y d j n h r d m p t s o 'in'Lhl- '*'!*^ ttiSn dupc sp bio vf ciia 5 B^^T * " * * ' * hjn nfau NTC vi dpng co
* - B * ^ ' * " ' ' " * " * " nhpt, to eio xuit phit Uipti Aian^khdngdatttieojmuoncfau
^fVm, (ii'iiiiihflng ttidng tin ciia hp fliudc
™ * M iiajaiiiji qudc gia, bi mjt nhi nude
^S^y vdi yjss cMc ifflit^ ttet If ho^c dupc phep tilt
" " ^ i * ; /(ira'jiij Ionian ttiu ttieo mpt quy tiinh f^- to quyk Twiftif
Bl&Dl viectickmS h?p: Thpc tiln cfao ttiiy,
^ » gUiqijiMail^' tu^ng "*" n^n cdn cd mpt
^P" fed cie M/'iHfflWing can nhfn dupc sp bao vf.
')• ckCQmdtipi nghi ngd la NTC, ngudi '^ rao6jrcacOTji»»gcd,ttidngtincfaoNTCttiuc
ViicgtiydJBbijB^^^ eio (cd tfae gpi la ngudi benngoaijnlmvip^^^^ cung d p tfadng tin, fao f/TCcotbiftiSit^ cic co quan ttiuc ttii pfaap J^Ml caqim, ns^^ tianfa chong tpi ph&m vi NTC Mnti^uciictBi^^ hio.
ing ax gim, tSctk. itbf nghi nga Id NTC cling cd thi 'msfi^siusgv^^"^^ bj tru dpp, cd lpp hay tta
•i'"f ipt CO quan, t l chile faay ti-ong vim To do, ^rfiung, vifc mpt c i nfaan cd ttil
BAN \ ^ Dtf AN L U A T khdng pfaii l i NTC nhung do ngudi dd cd tinfa cuong true, ttiing ttiin hay phf bmh hoac pfae buifa khdng kheo faojc hay bit ddng chuih kiln, mau ttiuin c i nhin vdi ngudi bj to eio hoac nhiing ly do kfaac, rit cd ttie ttd ttiinh ngudi bj nghi ngd l i NTC liong ttudng hpp kfadng lp danh Hnh cua NTC. Do vay, nhiing ngudi nay cin nhpn dupc su bio vf.
+ ifrc ngc danh: Phap lupt khdng ttivra nhan Id cao npc danh, till nfaiing tiudng hpp td eio npc danfa nfaung cd bing chiing rd rang, cp ttil cd till dupc ngudi cd ttiim quyen xem xet, giii quyft (tiiy ttiufc vio J cfai cfaii quan ciia trudng co quan, dem vi).
Hon nua, tt-ong nfaieu ttirdng fapp, mjc dil nhimg npi dung td cao npc danh khdng dupc xem xft, nhung npi dung ttidng ttn sau dd dupc tilt lp tdi ngudi bj td eio vi NTC njc danfa bj pfait giac, faojc bj If danfa tinfa hojc bj nghi ngd v i rit cd ttil fap ti-d thinfa ddi tirpng bj tti ttui, till djp.
+ A'^znii cgng tdc cung cgp chung cic, thdng tin sai phgm cho NTC: Nhung ngudi niy tiiy khdng ttvc tilp diing ten to cdo nhung da ho ti-p, cung cip nhihig bing chiing cp ttie, rd ring chiing mmh hinh vi sai pham bj to cdo cho NTC. Thpc tiln cho ttiiy, tixmg nhung vp vifc mi NTC dua ra dupc nhimg bing cfaung id rang phin Idu l i do nhimg ngudi "bdn ttong" cung cip cho NTC. Nhimg vp vifc nhu vjy diu dupc phoi bay v i dua ra anh sang. Tfapc chit hp cung la NTC (ddng td eio hojc t i cao njc danh).
Vi vi flic, hp cung cin nhjn dupc sp bio vf.
_ + Ngucri cgng ldc. cung cdp nhimg thong tin cho caquan cd thdm quyin trong qua trinh dieu tra vg dn hinh su hay trong qua trinh than, tra, xac minh ngi dung td cdo hdnh chinh: Hp l i nfaung ngudi cd nhiing ddng gdp tich cpc, quan tipng giip co quan ttipc ttu pfaip lujt (CO quan dilu tia>,gh4nh chdng lim sing td vp vifc cin phii bdoS
+ Mid bdo: Nhi bio v i ca quan bdof
sa 22(326) T11/2016\.
BANVEDU'ANLUAT
quyin giii quylt diln ra phd bifn. Khi dd, vi nfailu ly do kfaac nfaau don se dupc cfauyen vdng vo, chuyen khdng dung dja chi, tfaam cfai la nam tai chd. Trudng fapp don dupc chuyen dfn diing ca nhan, co quan cd thim quyen giai quyet thi tinh "tfadi su"
ciia ndi dung td eio kfadng cdn, danh rinh NTC, npi dung td eio bj tilt Id. Hinh vi pham phip se bj che giiu, bung bit hojc sua chira; NTC cd the bj de doa, tra thd hojc mua chufc.
Thu hai. ddi vdi can bd, cdng chuc, ngudi lao ddng, hp cd quyen td eio tdi co quan nio m i hp thiy cin ttiiit? Hay hp cd nghia vu phii bao cao npi bp trudc khi giii don din diing cip cd ttiim quyin hay din co quan, cd nhan ma hp mudn? Dilu niy khdng dupc quy djnh rd tiong Lujt Td cao. Ddi vdi cin bp, cdng chile, ngirdi lao dpng la ding ViSn ttii ttieo quy djnh cua Ding, hp khdng cd quyin td cdo tdi ngudi khdng cd ttiim quyen giii quylt. Ddi vdi cin bp, cdng ehdc, ngudi lao dpng t l cao hanfa vi ttiam nhiing ttii hp Cling khdng dupc phep. Bdi flieo Lujt Phdng, chong ttiam nhflng thi: "Khi phit faifn cd diu hifu ttiam nhung tiong co quan, td Chile, don vj minh ldm vifc ttii cin bf, cdng ehdc, vien cfauc phii bio ngay vdi ngudi diing diu co quan, td cfaiic, don vj dd;
ttudng hpp ngudi diing diu co quan, td chuc, don vj cd diu hifu lien quan din ttiam nhung dd ttii bio eio vdi ngudi dung diu co quan, td chuc. don vj cip tren ttvc tilp"
(Dilu 39 Lujt Pfadng, cfadng ttiam nhung).
^ Nhu vjy, quy djnh hifn hinh vl vifc tiep nhjn to eio chi rd ring ddi vdi mpt so bp phjn cd nfaan. Cdn doi vdi cin bp, cdng chuc, vien chiic, ngudi lao dpng tiong CQNN ttii cdn nua vdi. Dilu nay khdng nhung khdng khuyin khich dupc hp ttiam gia vdo vifc vpch ttin hdnfa vi sai phpm, ttiam nfaung ma cdn lim tang nguy co bj tid ttiu, till djp, phin bift ddi xu bit binh ding khi ttipc hifn quyin td eio. NTC se d l bj 0 9 I NMIMH Oru ,
" I M * P H A P ^ S S 2 2 ( 3 2 6 ) TII/2OI6
quy l i "khdng cd tinh xay dpng", "vpch io cfao ngudi xem lung", "mil doin kit npi bd", hay vi pham npi quy, quy cfal ca quan.
Tfaiit ngfai, vifc tilp nfajn dim t l cdo ndn quy ve mpt vai diu mdi, kfadng nfn dan tiai nhu hifn nay. Ddng thdi quy djnh rd tiinh tu, ttni tpc td cdo vd gidi quylt td cdo ddi vdi cdn bp, cdng cfaiic, vidn chiic, ngudi lao dpng tiong CQNN, cdc td ehdc chmh ttj, chinh tti xa hpi theo hudng khuyin khich cdng chuc, vifn cfadc, ngudi lao dpng bdo cdo/td cao npi bf trong co quan, td chiic, don vj trudc khi to cao ra bfn ngodi tdi cic CO quan ttiuc thi pfaap luat. Khuyin khich cic bd, nginh quin Iy cic luih vpc cp thi;
cdc dja phuong; cic tjp doin, doanh nghifp ban hinh va niem yit cdng khai bp ttid tpc t l eio vd giai quylt td eio npi bp phi hpp vdi CO quan, don vj, td ehdc minh, dpa tt*n CO sd cic quy djnh chung cua Lujt To cdo.
Quy djnh nhu vjy se nhim giup ca quan. Id chuc, don vj giii quylt npi bf, tiinh dupc nhdng tai tiing khdng cin ttiilt m i van giu dupc uy tin, khdng inh hudng din thanh danfa cda ca quan, don vj, c i nhan.
Quy djnh t l cdo npi bp chi Id dilu khoin mang ttnh khuyin kfaich. Cdn bp, cdng chiic, vidn ehdc vin cd quyin to eio ra bdn ngoii tdi c i nhan, co quan cd thim quyin giii qnyct.^ Trong tiudng hpp cd can cu cho ring, vifc to eio cda mtoh khdng dupc giii quylt, giii quylt khdng dung quy djnh, cd diu hifu bao che ttii mpi ngudi cd quyin td eio tdi cdc CQNN cd ttiim quyin khdc, ttijm cfai to cdo tdi cdc co quan tiuyin ttidng, bio chi.
Vifc quy djnh quyen td eio (npi bf hojc ra bfn ngodi) nhu vjy se uiii, nhung rui ro mi NTC cd thi phii doi mjt nhu tidch nhifm ky lujt CO quan, tid djp c i nhan, sp nhin nhjn tieu cpc tir pfaia lanfa djo, dong nghifp tiong CO quan, t l chuc, don vj.
4. Sua dii, bo sung quy djnh vl d i i tupng du-QTc b i o vf
Theo Lujt Td cdo, ddi ttrpng dupc bdo
vf hao gdm NTC v i ngudi flian ttiicfa cua NTC (kfaoan 2 Dilu 34). Tfaue tiln cho fliiy, doi tupng bio ve nhu quy djnh ttdn vda rpng, vua hep.
- Phgm vi rgng: Pfadp luat hifn hanh khdng phan biet faay dua ra nhflng dilu kifn de mdt td cdo dupc bdo vf. Theo quy djnh tfai mpi NTC diu cd tfal dupc bdo ve. Xet vf nguydn tic vd v l lau ddi, vifc quy djnh mpi NTC diu cd quyin nhan dupc sp bdo vf Id hoan loan fapp ly. Tuy nhien, hifn tai chung ta chua cd dd dilu kifn vl nhan luc, tii chmh dl ttipc hifn cd hieu qui quy djnh niy, vi ttil ttnh khd thi se ttiip. Phip lujt nen
"khoanh vung" hay "uu tien" vifc bdo ve
^
ddi vdi ngudi to gidc tpi pfaam, NTC hinh vi ttiam nhung, sau dd cfaung ta ttip tpc ttiln khai vifc bio vf din cic ddi tirpng to cdo khic nhu NTC vi lpi ich va sue kfade cpng dong, tijt tp quin ly hinfa cfauifa... Dong ttidi, phap lujt cung can quy djnh ro mpt sd ddi tirpng kfadng nfajn dupc su bao vf cua phip lujt, ching hpn nhu NTC vi dpng co ci nhan mang tinfa nhd nhjt, to eio xuit phat til vifc khilu nai khdng dat ttieo y mudn chd quan; NTC mi nhung ttidng ttn cua hp ttiupc pham vi an ninh quoc gia, bl mjt nhd nude khdng dupc pfaip ttft lp faojc dupc phep ttit lp nhung khdng man ttiu ttieo mft quy ttinh nhit djnh.
- Phgm vi hgp: Thpc tien cfao fliiy, ngodi nhdm doi nrpng neu ttdn cdn cd mft sd ddi ttrpng cflng cin nfajn dupc sp bdo vf.
Dd U ngudi bj ngfai ngd Id NTC, ngudi cung cip cfadng cu, ttidng ttn cho NTC ttiuc faifn fainh vi to cdo (cd ttil gpi Id ngudi ddng to cdo), ngudi cung cip ttidng ttn, ho ttp rich cue cho cdc co quan ttipc ttu phip lujt ttong diu ttanfa cfadng tfi pfapm vd NTC njc danfa, nhi bio.
+Afeiroi6(ngA/njCT/d W C cung cd ttil ttd ttiinh doi mpng bj ttii djp, cd ljp faay tti ttiu. Trong mpt co quan, td cfauc hay ttong xi hpi ndi chung, vifc mpt c i nhin cd flil
BAN V E D I T A N L U A T khdng phii l i NTC nfaung do ngudi dd cd tmh cuong true, thing thin hay phe binh faoac p i e bmh khdng kheo hojc hay bit ddng chinh kiln, mau thuin c i nhan vdi ngudi bj td eio hojc nhung ly do kfaic, rit cd ttil trd ttianfa ngudi bj nghi ngd Id NTC tt-ong trudng fapp khdng Id danfa tinfa cua NTC. Do vjy, nfaung ngudi niy cin nfajn dupc su bio vf.
-I- NTC ngc danh: Pfadp lujt kfadng ttida nhjn td cdo njc danh, tru nfaung ttirdng fapp td eio njc danh nhung cd bing cfaung rd rang, cu ttic cd flil dupc ngudi cd ttiim quyen xem xet, gidi quylt (tdy thupc vio <f chi chu quan cda trudng co quan, dan vj).
Hon nua, ttong nhilu tnrdng hpp, mjc du nfaung npi dung td eio njc danfa khdng dupc xem xet, nhung npi dung flidng ttn sau dd dupc tilt lp \m ngudi bj td edo vd NTC njc danfa bj pfait giic, hojc bj lp danfa tfnh hojc bj nghi ngd v i lit cd ttil hp ttd ttiinh ddi tupng bj tri thd, tni djp.
+ Ngudi cgng tdc cung cap chirng cir, thdng Hn sai phgm cho NTC: Nhflng ngudi ndy my khdng ttvc tilp diing tdn t l cdo nfaung da faS ttp, cung cip nhung bing chung cp ttil. Id ring chung minh hinh vi sai pham bj td eio cho NTC. Thpc tten cfao fliay, ttong nfaung vu vifc m i NTC dua ra dupc nfaflng bing cfaung rd ring pfain ldn l i do nfaflng ngudi "ben tiong" cung cip cfao NTC. Nhung vp vifc nhu vjy diu dupc phoi biy v i dua ra inh sang. Thpc chit hp cflng la NTC (dong td eio hojc td eio nic danh).
Vd vi ttil, hp cung cin nfajn dupc sp bdo vf.
+ Ngudi cgng ldc, cung cdp nhimg thong tin cho ca quan cd thdm quyen trong qud trinh dieu tra vg dn hinh su hay trong qud trinh tham tru. xdc minh ngi dung to cdo hdnh chinh: Hp la nhung ngudi cd nhiing ddng gdp ttch cue, quan tttmg gidp co quan ttipc ttu phdp luit (ca quan dilu tta) nhanfa cfadng lam sing td vp vifc can pfaii bio vf.
+ M a Wo: Nhi bdo v i ca quan bio chi S4 22(326) TIl/2016\_uS"illS|;i 3 3
BANVEDU'ANLUAT
cd vai trd quan trgng trong viec didu tra, v§ch tran vd dang tdi cdc faien tupng tieu cue, ph?im phdp, tham nhiing. Vi thd, ca quan bao cfai la mot kenh quan trgng va tin tudng ma cdng dan td cao tdi. Thijc tidn cho thdy, nhieu nha bdo dilu Ira da hi hanfa faung khi hp phanh phui tieu cue. Dd ddm bao an todn cho su tac nghi?p cua nfad bdo, rd rang pfaap ludt phdi bdo v^ fag.
Nhimg doi tugng tren dugrc ggi chxmg Id "ngudi dugc bdo ve" vd cdn dugc bd sung vdo quy dinfa t ^ kfaodn 2 Didu 34 Luat Td cao.
Ngodi viec bd sung them ddi tugng dugc bdo V?, cdn cd sy pfaan bi^t va quy djnfa thdng nhdt cdc thuat ngii "NTC" quy djnh t^ DiSu 9 va "NTC" quy djnh t^i khodn 1, 2 Dieu 35 Lu^t Td cao. Quy6n, ngfaia vy cua NTC vd quyen, nghia vy cua NTC dugc bdo vp hay ngudi dugc bdo v? la kfade nhau.
Vi (hk, thu$t ngfi "NTC" quy djnh t ^ khodn 1,2 Dieu 35 can sua ddi thanh "ngudi dugc bdo v?" dk phdn bi?t NTC vd NTC dugc bdo vp. Tuong ty nhu vdy, cdc thu$t ngu "bdo vp NTC tyi noi cdng tac, ldm vipc" (Dieu 37);
"bdo v§ NTC t^ii noi cu trd" ^ i e u 3 8); "bdo v$ tinh m ^ g , sdc khde, tai sdn, danh dy, nhan phdm, uy tin cua NTC" ( D i ^ 39) ckn luge bd danh tu "NTC" dd ddm bdo dg cfainfa xdc.
S. Bo sung quy djnh di^u ki|n, pham vi dwfc bdo v$
Pfadp lu|t td cdo hi$n fadnfa khdng quy dinfa dieu kipn, ph^m vi NTC cd q u y ^ nhln dugc sy bdo vp, faoac kfadng nfaan dugc su bao v§ tu p h ^ lu§t. \ ^ ^ NTC cd nfa§n dugc sy bao v§ hay khdng phy thugc vdo:
- Tinh chat, mirc dg cua hdnh vi bf td cdo: Cdn cd sy cdn nhdc vk xdc dinh ro NTC nhu the nao, t^ cdo nhihig ndi dung gi thi CQNN cd ngfaia vy phdi bdo vp hay tit cd mgi NTC deu dugc bdo vp? Thi dy, mgt NTC hanh vi lam sai Ipch fad so trong mgt
M
IIMIIItNCUB .'LAP PHAPVS622(326)T11/2016
cugc thanh tra dk trye lgi bdng vipc tiet 1$
cdc ho so, tdi lipu nhung fad so, tdi lipu nay l^i khdng dugc phep tidt lp vi thugc bi mgt cdng tac, tfai NTC cd dugc bdo v | ? Hay trudng hgp cdng dan khieu n^i, nhung ket qua gidi quydt khidu nai khdng ddp dug yeu can cua cdng dan dd, hg quay sang to cdo thi hg cd dugc bao vd?
- Cdn cu td cdo: NTC khi to cdo nfaung khdng cd can cu xdc thyc de chdng minh ngi dung md minh da to cdo (m^c du bi^t ro hdnh vi dd la sai ph^m) vd dugc co quan gidi quyet ket )u$n Id to cdo khdng cd cdn cd thi cd dugc bdo v$ khdng? NTC to cao nfaieu ngi dung vd dugc ngudi gidi quy^t ket lu§n Id "cd ddng, cd sai" thi cd dugc bdo v§ khdng?
Lu^t To cdo can bd simg quy dinfa vk dieu ki$n dd "ngudi dugc bdo vp" nfa^n ho9c khdng dugc nfa§n sy bdo vp td phdp lu§t. Theo dd, Lu^t Td cdo can bd sung quy dinh pfa^m vi gidi h^n khdng dugc ph6p t6 cdo; b6 simg diSu khodn gidi thich tfauit ngir "co tinh td cdo sai sy th§t" nhdm myc dich bdi nfag thanh danh cua ngudi kfade dk Idm CO sd phdn bipt vdi NTC trung thyc, thi$n f nhung kfadng cd chdng 1^ cy thS ho|c do hi^u nham Id hdnh vi vi pfa^m.
Ddng thdi ddy cung Id co sd phdp 1^ d^ xir ly hdnh vi Igi dyng quyin to cdo dk vu khdng, xuc ph^m den danfa dy, nhdn ph4m cda ngudi khdc.
6. B 6 sung quy djnh quy^n khiiu ki$n vi vi^c gidi quy^t khieu kifn hdnh vi trfi thi, trd d$p vd phan bipt d6i sir khdng cdng biing ddi vdi ngudi t6 cdo
NTC khi cd cdn cu cho rdng mhifa ho§c ngudi thdn cua mhifa da bj trd thd, trd d$p sau khi thyc faipn hdnh vi to cdo gdy thipt fa?!
den tinh m^ng, sue khde, tai sdn ho$c dieu kipn Idm vi^c faogc da bi cdn trd khi thyc fai^n cdc quyin cdng ddn. cd quydn k h i ^ kipn dkn cd nhdn, CQNN cd thim quyin d^
xem xet, gidi quyet. Ca quan, cd nhan cd
I
BAN VEDITANLUAT 1 trach nhifm bio vf NTC phii cd liicfa
» nhifm ttfp nhan vi giii quyet ddi vdi khieu a kifn vl vifc trd ttiu, tni djp NTC.
•i 7. "Thilt k l " lfi cic bifn piuip b i o vf t.' ngirdi t l cao
.« Phip lujt td eio hifn hinfa quy dinfa '^ khdng thdng nhat v l cac bifn phip bio ve
NTC. Lujt Td cdo quy dinh 04 bifn pfadp i bdo vf NTC, gdm: (i) bdo vf bi mat tfadng 5 ttn vl NTC; (ii) bio vf NTC tai ncri cdng lie,
lim vifc; (iii) bio vf NTC tai noi cu ttu; (iv) 2 bao vf tuih mang, sue khoe, tdi sin, danfa i dp, nhan pfaim, uy tin cua NTC. Ngfai dinh
sd 76/2012/ND-CP ngiy 03/10/2012 cua Cfainfa phu quy dinfa cfai tilt tfai hinfa mpt sd dilu cda Lujt Td cdo (gpi tit Id Nghj djnfa sd 76/2012/ND-CP) quy djnh 05 bifn phap bio vf NTC, gom: (i) bio vf bi mjt thdng tin ve NTC trong qua ttinh tilp nhjn, thp ly, giii quylt to eio; (ii) bio vf ttnfa mpng, sue khde cua NTC v i ngudi than thich cda NTC; (iii) bio vf tii san cua NTC, ngudi ttian ttiich cua NTC; (iv) bio vf uy tfn, danh dp, nfain phim vi cic quyin nhan than khic ciia NTC, ngudi ttiin ttiich cua NTC; (v) bio vf vj til cdng tic, vifc Iim cua NTC, ngudi ttljn tfiich cua NTC.
Thpc tten cho fliiy, NTC ttiudng bj xim h^i hojc cd the bj xam hpi vl tinh mang, sac khde; danfa dp, nhin pfaim; tii sdn; bj Iim vao ttnh ttang bit Ipi vl vifc lim v i vj tri cdng tic nfau: bj sa ttiii, bj bufc tu chuc, bj giing chuc, bj ky lujt, kiim dilm, khdng dupc quy hopch, bi btah xet, xip lopi ttiip, bj ttuf t hpi cdc quyin Ipi vl ttin luong, tiln thudng...; bj cin ttd hojc giy kfad kfaan trong qua ttinh tfapc hifn cic quyen cdng dan kfaac. Mpc dich cua vifc pfain lopi cic Unh ttiuc bio vf la dl xiy dpng vi ttipc hifn cic bifn phip bio vf pfau hpp, hifu qui. Moi mpt hinh thdc bio vf cin pfaii dim bio cic ttfu chi: bio vf cii gi, ai li ngudi dupc bio vf, bio vf nfau ttil nio? V i vifc bdo vf phii dupc ttipc hifn mpi luc, mpi noi (noi cu ttu.
noi cdng tie, co quan cdng quyin, khu vpc cdng cpng...).
Viec phan Ioai cic bifn phip bio vf dpa vio dja didm (bio vf NTC tai nai cdng tie, ldm v i ^ ; bdo vf NTC tai ncri cu ttu) ttieo Lujt Td cdo la khdng hpp ly, bdi nd chua bao quit het dupc nhung ndi dung cin dupc bio ve, ddng thdi gay ra each hilu khdng ttidng nhit Cdc bifn phip bio vf quy djnh ttxmg Lujt Td eio va cic bifn phdp hio vf ttong N ^ djnh sd 76/2012/ND-CP kfadng thong nhit vdi nhau vl cd fainh thuc lan tinh chit cua moi bifn phip bio vf. Cich phin lopi cic bifn phip bio vf ttieo Nghj djnh s l 76/2012/ND-CP la hpp ly hon, nfaung cin pfaii nghidn cira va "tfaiit k l " lpi.
Df bio vf mpt cich toin difn cho NTC va thilt lip ca chf bio vf phu hpp vdi tinfa chit ciia mii khich thi bj xim hpi hifu qui, ddng ttidi de dim bao sp ttidng nhit, khoa hpc, cin quy djnh 06 hmh ttiuc bdo vf NTC, ngudi ttiin thich cda NTC (gpi chung l i ngudi dupc bio vf) v i mft quyin mien trd nhu sau; (1) bio vf ttidng tin NTC (hay bao vf danh ttnh NTC); (2) bio vf vifc lim v i vj tti cdng tic (tfaay cho bdo vf t ^ noi cdng tdc, lim vifc); (3) bio vf tii sin; (4) bio vf tinh mai^ v i sdc khde; (5) bio vf danh dp, nhan phim; (6) bio vf quyen lpi chinh tti, kinh Id, vdn hda, xa hpi vi vifc thpc faifn cic quyin cdng dan kfaic (ttiay cfao bio vf tpi ca cu ttu); (7) quyin mien ttu (faay bio vf v l tricfa nfaifm phip Iy nfau: dan sp, fainh sp, fainh chinh).
Hojc, cic bifn phip bao vf NTC cd thi dupc "ttiiit k l " Ipi cho pfad hpp vdi ttnh chit cua tting khich ttil can bio vf. Theo dd, se cd 04 "hhih ttiuc bio vf"; 01 "quyin mien ttd-" v i 03 quy djnh "cim", cp tfal Ii:
- Hinh thic bdo vg: (1) bio vf ve danh tinh NTC (bao gdm cic tfidng ttn v l tfn, nidi, dja chi, but tich cua NTC); (2) bio vf ve vifc lim (ttong ttudng hpp bj ky lujt, sa ttiai hojc chim ddt hpp ding); (3) bdo vf v l
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tdi san; (4) bdo ve vd than the (bao g6m rinh mang, sue khde).
- Quy dinh cdm: (1) cam xuc pfaam den danh du, nhan phdm NTC vd nhiing ngudi thdn cua hg; (2) cdm phan bipt, doi xu bdt lgi ddi vdi NTC vd ngudi tfadn cua hg trong qud trinh lam viec; (3) cdm cdn trd, hoac gay khd khan ddi vdi NTC va ngudi thdn cua hg trong viec thyc Men cdc quyen cdng ddn tai cac ca quan cdng quyen va cac quyen ty do cd nhdn khdc; (4) cam cd lap, miet thi NTC.
- Quyen mien trir trdch nhiem phdp ly (ddn su, hdnfa cfainfa, hinh sy).
8. B S sung quy dinh vl binh thixc bao vp khoi riii ro ve trdch nhifm phdp 1;^ hay quyen mien t r u trdch nhipm phap Iy
Phdp Iu$t hi$n fadnfa chira d l cap din v ^ de ndy. NTC cd tfal phdi gdnh chiu trdch nhipm phdp I^ khi hg td cdo ma khdng dua dugc ra bdng chdng cy the ho^c vi nhihig Iy do ndo dd md ngi dung td cdo dugc ket l u ^ Id khdng du can cd, mac du bilt ro hdnfa vi dd la phjun phdp. NTC cung cd thi bi chju trach nhipm nlu Het Id nfaihig thdng tin thugc pfa^un vi bi m§t ca quan, bi mat nhd nude m§c du hdnfa vi bi to cao, bi tilt lg ro rdng Id ph^im phdp; hoac NTC cd thd bj kipn ngugc do ngi dung td cdo cua minh khdng dugc ket l u ^ Id cd can cd. Ddy cung Id nhung Iy do khien NTC khdng ddm dung len td cdo.
Dung trudc nhirng rui ro dd, pfadp Ii4t can phdi bdo vp hg. Bdi vipc td cdo dd la ngay tinh, trung thyc, faodn todn trdi ngugc vdi hdnh vi Igi dyng quyen td cdo dl co tinh to cdo sai sy thdt nhdm myc dich cd nhdn.
Hinh thuc bdo vp ddi vdi NTC ngay tinh nhung khdng dii can cd bugc tgi; h o ^ td cdo
ngi dung thugc ph^m vi bi m§t ca quan, bi m§t nhd nude la miin hope gidm tracfa nhiem phdp ly. Hinh thuc nay da dugc nhilu nude tren thi gidi dp dyng.
Thi dy, tai My, neu mgt NTC td cdo m$t ngi dung cy the ma tfaeo quy dinh cua pfadp ludt ho^c mpnh lenh hdnh pfadp pfadi giu bi m|t vi lgi ich qudc phdng ho^c tien hanh cdc ho^t dgng ddi ngo^i, ho^c tilt lg ndi dung
"bi catm theo lu^t" se khdng tbl dp dyng bdo ve NTC, trd khi nd dugc thyc hipn tdi co quan Tdng Thanh tra. Van phdng Tu vdn dac bi^t^.
Tai Han Qudc, Dieu 14 D^o Ii4t Bdo vp NTC vi Igi ich cdng quy dinh, neu vipc t6 cao vi lgi ich cdng cOng md dan den mgt hdnh vi ph^m tgi thi hinh ph^t cua nhihig ngudi ndy dugc gidm nhp faogc tha thu.
Trong tnrdng hgp NTC cfaiu cdc bi^n phap ky lu^t ddi vdi hdnh vi bdt hgp pfadp cua j minh phdt sinh td vi§c to cdo, Oy ban dgc J I^p Chong tham nhung vd nhdn quydn cd tfal de nghi ca quan ky lu|t cd lien quan d l gidm nhp ho^c tha bong; cac quy dinh c4m hojc hgn chi tS cdo vi lgi ich cdng c0ng trong cdc thda thuan tip thi, hgp d^ng lao dOng, hgp d^ng cung ung se bj coi Id kfadng hgp Ip*.
Vi the, de khuyin khich mgi cd nhan cd the rich cyc v^ch tran hdnh vi sai trdi t ^ noi Idm vi§c ho^c trong ddi song xd hgi, chdng ta c^n cd quy dinh miin trd ri-dch nhi^m pfadp ly cho hg. NTC cd quyin dugc miSn tru trdch nhipm pfadp I^ khi rai vdo mOt trong cdc trudng hgp sau ddy:
+ T 6 cdo mgt each tmng thyc, nhung khdng cd bdng cfadng cy the dk chung mfaih.
CO quan gidi quylt to cdo cung khdng ket l u ^ dugc hdnh vi sai ph^mi, da dugc tuySn
G20, Study on Whishtietihwer Protecrion Frameworks, Compendium of best practices and guiding prindples fbr lealslation
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jj t n i y e n , gidi thich v d c h i m d u t h a n h vi to eio;
+ Td eio do lam tudng dd la hinh vi i VPPL;
, + Td eio hinh vi VPPL nhung lai pham [. phii mdt hanh vi VPPL khic (td cao hanh vi 9 dua hoi lp,td eio hinh vi fliudc pham vi bio s mjt khdng dupc tilt lp).
fe 9. Sua d i i , b l sung cic quy dinh ve cin cu yfu ciu bao vf v i nghia vn chung i minh hinfa dfng tra thu ngudi to eio
Cic hdnfa dpng tta ttiu NTC cd flil dupc ttipc faifn cdng kfaai, tting ttpn (fadnh dpng i giy ton hai din tdi sdn, sue khde, ttnh mang)
« nhung cung cd hinh dpng tta fliu dupc ttiuc
> hifn mpt cich hit sue tmh vi (hinh dpng giy k ton hpi din nghl nghifp hojc hinfa dpng gay
< kfad kfaan kfai ttipc hifn cic quyin nhan
" flian). Hju qui cda hinh dpng tti ttid cd ttil rd ring nhung cung cd ttil l i rit khd dl nhta fliiy, hojc chdng minh nd cd xuit phit tu vifc flipc hifn hinh dpng t l cdo, djc bift doi vdi nhung tin hji vl ngfaf nghifp, ton hju vl ttnh ttiin. Vi ttil, Lujt cin tjp mmg bdo vf chdng lpi hinh dpng phin bift, doi xu khdng cdng bing ttong cdng vifc bing vifc quy djnh nhdng "cin cd" mi NTC cd ttil dpa vio dd d l kfailu kifn vl hdnfa dfng tta flid NTC. Hay ndi cich khic, phip lujt quy djnh nhimg "hfatti flnic", "biiu faifn" bj coi Id fadnh dfng ttd fliu cd nhdn doi vdi NTC.
Theo dd, cin phdi ho sung tticm mpt so khodn gidi ttiich ttiujt ngu vdo Dilu 2 Lujt To eio nhu "de dpa NTC", "tti ttid NTC",
"ttii djp NTC". "gdy tin hai din ngfae ngfaipp, vifc Iim cda NTC".
Lujt Td cdo ciing cin quy djnh rd nghia vp cfaung minh ttong gidi quylt dii vdi cic khieu nai, eio bupc vl vifc de dpa, tti ttiu, tti djp NTC trudc hit la ngudi cd ydu ciu bdo vf, nhung chu yeu ttiupc vl ngudi bj cdo bupc cd hdnh vi de dpa, ttd fliu, ttd djp.
BANVEOirANLUAT Ngudi khieu nai, td eio v l hanfa vi de dpa, tri tfad, trd djp trudc tten pfaii cd nghia vp dua ra nhirng tiidng tin cd lien quan df chdng minh nhung eio bupc cua minh Ngudi bj eio budc de dpa, trd flid, ttii djp phii cd ngjiia vu chung nunfa hinfa vi bit lpi ip dpng vdi NTC kfadng lifn quan hojc bit ngudn td fainh vi td eio.
Vdi y nghia vi vai trd quan ttpng ttong (Mu tranh phdng, chdng cic biiu hifn VPPL, td cdo dupc phdp luit ghi nhjn li quyen co bdn cua cdng dan. Khuyin khich va tjo dilu kifn fliuin lpi cho cdng dan ttipc hifn quyen td eio, bio vf an toin cho NTC li edc ddi hdi khdcfa quan. Pfadp lujt v l t l eio vi bio vf NTC phai ngiy cing trd nen hoin ttiifn, tpo ttiinh mpt kfaudn khl phdp Iy mang tfnh nen tang vd djnh hinh nfn co chi td cdo, giii quylt to eio vi bio vf NTC.
Qua ttipc ttin ttipc hifn quyen to eio vi yeu ciu bio vf NTC, cic quy djnfa cua phip lujt vc to edo va bio vf NTC da bfc If nhung ttiiiu sdt v i hjn chi. Dilu dd da Iim cfao cic quy djnh cua phdp lujt v l t l cdo, bio vf NTC chua ttipc sp phit huy dupc hifu qua cao. Cdng din, djc bift li cin bf, cdng cfauc, ngudi lao dpng ttong bf mdy co quan cdng quyin khdng cdm fliiy an todn vd lo sp bj tta ttiu, bj cd Ijp, bj ddnh gid tteu cpc nen khdng dim ddng Idn t l cdo, mjc du biet rd hdnfa vi sai pfajm dang xim hpi din nguyen tic qudn ly, flijm chi xdm hpi ttpc tiep din quy&i vi lpi ich phdp cda minh.
Dl kfauyin khich to eio vi su dpng t l eio nfau mpt cdng cp huu hifu nhit, tilt kifm nhdt thi nfaung han chi, tin tai cda phdp luit vl td eio vi bio vf NTC cin phdi dupc nhin nhjn mpt khdcfa quan vd pfadn tfcfa kJ ludng lim CO sd d l chdng ta tilp tpc faoin thifn, cung cd, dip dng tot yen ciu thpc riln xiy dung Nhi nude phip quyin trong spcfa, vung mjnh •
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