NGHIEN CQU - TRAO DOI
LUAT "HOI TY" VA VAN DE QUAN LY CAN BO, CONG CHU'C HIEN NAY
HOANG THI NGAN*
"ghien cflu cai each hanh chfnh dudi trieu vua Ld Thanh Tdng va vua Minh Menh, chung ta thay cd nhieu quy dinh ve che do "hdi ty". Day la vin de "te nhi" ma nhieu nen hanh chfnh cua cae trieu dai, eac che do chfnh tri ddu phai dd'i mat trong qua trinh boat ddng.
Vin de nay vin cdn mang tfnh thdi su dd'i vdi cdng tac quan ly can bd, cdng chflc cua chung ta ngay nay. Bai vidt nay tac gia cd ddi dieu suy nghT ve che do "hdi ty" dudi trieu cua cac dng.
"Hdi ty" cd nghTa la tranh di hoac ne tranh. Che do "hdi ty" quy dinh nhflng ngudi than nhu anh em, cha con, thiy trd, ban be cung bgc, nhflng ngudi cung qud...
thi khdng dugc lam quan eung mdt chd.
Ne'u ai gap nhflng trudng hgp ndi trdn tbi phai tau bao len trieu dinh de bd trf ddi di chd khac. Che do "hdi ty" cung dugc ap dung nghiem ngat trong cac ki tbi Huong, thi Hdi, tbi Dinh. Day la bidn phap cin thiet de tranh cac bien tugng tidu cue, nang cao hieu qua boat ddng cua bd may nha nudc trong xa hdi Viet Nam, noi ma truyen thdng van boa, tinh cam gia dinh, ddng hg, quan he dia phugng, thiy trd... cdn rat sau dam.
Cac dng vua phong kie'n thuc hidn che do "bdi ty" vdi muc dicb de phdng td gay be, keo canh, dem tinb cam rieng vi pham phap luat, can trd cdng viec chung. Tlieo cac dng, de bd may nha nudc boat ddng cd hieu qua thi nhung ngudi lam vide trong dd
phai la nhflng ngudi khdng bi cac quan he gia dinh, dia phuong rang budc, hg lam vide vd tu, khach quan vi cdng vide chung.
Trong cung mdt co quan, d cung mdt dia pbuong ne'u cd nhflng ngudi ed quan he hg hang than thudc thi khi giai quyet cdng vide, khi kiem tra, giam sat, khen thudng, ki luat se dd bi tinh cam ca nban chi phd'i, khdng the khach quan, cdng minh dugc.
Che do "hdi ty" dugc cac dng xay dung va thuc hidn nghiem tuc da mang lai nbung ke't qua nha't dinh.
Trong lich sfl banh chfnh nha nudc Viet Nam, dudi trieu vua Ld Thanh Tdng, chung ta da thay nhflng quy dinb ve che do
"hdi ty". Trong Bp ludt Hdng Difc, dng quy dinb nhflng dieu khoan phai "bdi ty" nbu sau: Cha con, thiy trd, anh em, vg chdng, thdng gia... khdng dugc lam, khdng dugc td chflc thi cung mdt noi^.
De ngan ngfla td keo be, keo canh lien quan dd'n quyen uy cua ddng hg, vua Ld Thanh Tdng thuc hidn che do "bdi ty" ngay tfl viec cit dat xa quan d cac lang xa. Nam 1480, dng xud'ng "Du" quy dinh: "Tfl nay cac quan phu, huydn, chau xet dat xa trudng, hd la anh em rugt, anh em con chu, con bac va bac chau, cau chau vdi nhau thi chi cho mdt ngudi lam xa trudng, khdng dugc cho ca bai eung lam de trfl md'i tdi be phai hua nhau"2.
* Hoc vien cao hpc Hgc vi^n Hdnh chinh.
TAP CHi QUAN LY NHA NU6c - SO 176 (9-2010) 37
NGHIEN CLTU - TRAO DOI
Dudi trieu vua Minh Menh cung cd rat nhieu quy dinh ve che do "hdi ty":
- Quan lai d cac bd, trong kinh va d cac tinh, huyen bd cd bd, eon, anh em rugt, ehfl bac, cd di cung lam mdt chd deu pbai ddi di chd khac. Dd'i vdi Vidn thai y la vidn chuyen gifl vide thud'e men, chfla benh cin phai cha truydn con nd'i thi khdng phai
"hdi ty".
- Nhung quan lai, ai qud d phu, huydn nao thi cung khdng dugc lam vide tai nha mdn cua phu, huydn ay.
- Quan lai d cac nha thudc phu, huyen ai la ngudi eung lang thi phai chuyen di nha mdn khac lam vide.
- Quan lai khdng dugc lam quan d chfnh qud huong minh, que vg minh, tham ehi ca ngi di hgc luc cdn tre.
- Ngudi cd quan he thdng gia vdi nhau, thiy trd eung khdng dugc lam quan cung mdt chd.
Nhflng quy dinh trong che do "hdi ty"
ndi tren dugc ap dung nghidm ngat trong cac ki thi Huong, thi Hdi, tbi Dinb^.
Cac dng vua phong kidn cdn dat ra nhflng quy dinh rat cu the lam can cfl de cac dng xfl phat nhflng quan lai vi pham cac quy dinh ve che do "hdi ty".
Nhung quy dinh trong che do "hdi ty"
dugc ap dung dudi trieu Ld Thanh Tdng va vua Minh Menh la rit eu the, dd'i tugng va pham vi rdng da gdp phin lam cho bd may hanh chfnh dugc cung cd, tranh dugc tinh trang cue bd, be pbai, theo dd cac co quan nha nudc boat ddng cd hieu qua.
Vua Ld Thanh Tdng va vua Minh Menh da thuc hien kha thanh cdng che do "hdi ty" va thuc te nd da mang lai nhung kd't qua thie't thuc. Van de nay d nude ta hien nay thi sao? Khoan 2 Dieu 37 Ludt Phdng, chdng tham nhiing quy dinh: "Ngudi dflng diu, cap phd cua ngudi dflng diu co quan, to chflc, don vi khdng duge bd trf vg hoac chdng, bd, me, con, anh, cbi, em rugt eua
minh gifl chflc vii quan ly ve to chflc nhan su, ke toan - tai vu, lam thu quy, thu kho trong CO quan, td chflc, don vi hoac giao dich, mua ban vat tu, hang boa, kf ke't hgp ddng cho co quan, td chflc, don vi dd".
Ludt Cdn bp, cong chdc nam 2008 cung cd mdt sd quy dinb vd che do "hdi ty". Phap luat thi quy dinb nbu vay, nhung thue te tai mdt sd CO quan, doanh nghidp nha nudc d nudc ta hien nay, tinh binh lai dang didn ra hoan toan khac. O khdng ft co quan, doanh nghiep nha nudc, cd tinh trang can bd lanh dao nhan ngudi nha, anh em, con cai, hg hang vao lam vide trong co quan do minh phu trach. Trinh do, nang luc cua nhung ngudi nay thudng dugc xem xet "chieu cd'"
trong khi tuyen dung. Hinh anh "co quan - gia dinh, gia dinh - co quan" didn ra d khdng ft CO quan, doanh nghidp nha nudc.
Khdng it can bd trong cung mdt co quan, doanh nghiep nha nudc cd md'i quan he mat thie't vdi nhau: khdng la ba eon rugt thit thi la "anh em cgc cheo", khdng la
"anh em cgc cheo" thi la "ddng huong ddng khdi". Cfl cai kieu ba eon than quen, hg hang nhu vay thi bg cdn biet sg ai trong td chflc, hg tao ndn nhflng "e kfp" manh, bao che eho nhau, san sang "xa than" vi nhau va tran ap nhflng ngudi khdng eung phe canh. Thuc trang nay at din dd'n te keo be keo canh, mit dan chu trong co quan, ngudi hien tai bi vd hieu, ke gian thin dugc trgng dung, dugc thang quan tie'n chflc.
Tham boa nay da dugc Chu tich Hd Chi Minh canh bao: "Hg keo be, keo canh, ba con ban hiru minh khdng tai nang gi cung keo vao chflc nay, chflc ng. Ngudi cd tai, cd dflc nhung khdng vfla ldng minh thi day ra ngoai. Hg qudn ring day la vide cdng ehfl khdng phai vide rieng gi ddng ho cua
"4 at
Chung ta tha'y che do "hdi ty" khdng dugc thuc hien nghidm chinh, dung quan he iig hang, than quen vi muc dfch ca nhan it se din dd'n nhflng hau qua tat yeu sau:
38 TAP CHI QUAN LY NHA NUOC - SO 176 (9-2010)
NGHIEN CLTU - TRAO DOI
Mpt Id, keo be, keo cdnh ldng doqn bp mdy nhd nudc. Bing mgi each hg tu ca nggi nhau, thanh lap cac d kip, "hdi ddng huong" nay ng, vd hieu boa nhflng ngudi khdng cung chinh kien vdi minh, lam mat dan chu d co quan, don vi.
Hai Id, tim viec, thdng quan tie'n chifc nhd vdo thdn quen. Tfl thdi rit xa xua trong xa hdi da tdn tai nhflng quan niem
"mdt ngudi lam quan ea hg dugc nhd",
"mdt gigt mau dao hon ao nudc la"... rdi dd'n xa hdi hidn dai chflng ta dang sd'ng, cfl mdi Iin ve que ngudi ta lai khao nhau dng ng, ba kia lam quan d trung ugng, d thanh phd... Chang bie't anh em hg hang tfl ddi thud nao nhung vin khuyen nhau "sao khdng de'n dd ma nhd"!
Tren phuong didn tinh cam thi "than quen" la ddng lue thue diy su gin kd't, gin nhau, hieu nhau hon, nhu ciu tit yd'u dd cd fch cho su phat tridn da dang cac quan he xa hdi. Nhung mgt khi "than quen" ehi la cdng cu de dat dugc cac muc dfch nhu tim vide, thang quan tie'n chflc, true lgi... thi qua la nguy hiem, la vat can kim ham su phat trien cua xa hdi. Mdt co quan ndu chi xet trdn tidu chi ngudi than, ngudi quen hoac anh em, hg hang de tuyen dung, de bat thi nhan tai se bi lang qudn, dflc hanh khi dd cung khdng cdn miy y nghTa.
Ba Id, SIX lien minh cua doanh nghiep
"sdn sau " vdi cdc quan chdc nhd nudc de true M.
Day la bien tudng nguy hiem eua md'i quan he hg hang, than quen hidn nay. Su lien kd't nay xua't phat tfl cac quan he than quen, hg hang, bd me lam chfnh tri, con cai, ngudi than lam kinh te. Hg giau cd ldn mdt each nhanh chdng nhd "tai kinh doanh"cua nhung ngudi eon, ngudi than.
Ding sau cai "tai kinh doanh" dd bao gid cung cd hinh bdng cua nhflng dng bd, ba me lam chfnh tri. Vi trf lanh dao cua nhflng dng bd', ba me se tao nen "san sau" cho hg, dua lai nhflng hop ddng beo bd, nhflng md'i
quan he lam an dd dang cho nhflng ngudi than. Nhieu tai nguyen cua dit nudc bi cac quan chflc nha nudc tim each chuyen cho cac cdng ty tu nhan do con chau, ngudi than cua hg thanh lap. Chang may chdc con chau, ngudi than cua hg da cd the sd hflu nhflng cdng ty giau cd.
O In-dd-nd-xia dudi thdi cua tdng thd'ng Xuhactd, nudc Nga dudi thdi cua tdng thdng Enxin... nhieu cdng ty tu nhan cung tfl chd hg hang, than quen da nhanh chdng phit ldn nhd su dd diu true tid'p cua cac quan chflc nha nude. O Viet Nam ta hien nay thi sao? Hinh nhu nhflng md'i quan hd than quen, hg hang gifla nhflng ngudi lam chfnh tri vdi ngudi lam kinh te d dau dd cung da hinh thanh. Day la mdt van de bflc xue ddi hdi phai cd dd'i sach cua nhflng nha quan ly vT md d nude ta hien nay.
Nhung hau qua ndu trdn, du xet d khfa canh nao cung khdng the chap nhan dugc ndu ehung ta mud'n cac co quan nha nudc boat ddng cd hieu luc, hieu qua, vi su binh dang va phdn vinh ehung cua ca dan tdc.
Nhflng bieu hidn tidu cue cua cai ggi la
"than quen, hg hang" anh hudng khdng nhd tdi tfnh vd tu, minh bach, dan chu trong bd may nha nudc. Nen chang chung ta cin cd su thay ddi, bd sung dd'i tugng, md rdng pham vi ap dung che do "hdi ty"
vao xay dung Ludt Cong vu; cin ap dung CO che, chfnh sach manh bit budc nhflng ngudi tuyen dung CB,CC phai thuc hidn nghidm chinh nhflng quy dinh cua phap luat, tranh tinh trang be phai, nhflng "e kfp" ngim va canh "mdt ngudi lam quan ca hg dugc nhd" nhu d nudc ta hien nayG
1, 2. Dai Viet sii ky toan thU, Ban ky thuc luc ky nha Le, Quyen XII, tr. 341, 507.
3. NguySn Minh Tu6ng: Cdi cdch hdnh chinh dudi trim Minh Menh (1820 - 1840), NXB Khoa hpc - xa hpi, H. 1996, tr. 204-205.
4. H6 Chl Minh toan tap, NXB CTQG, H. 2002, Tap IV, tr. 57.
TAP CHI QUAN LY NHA NU6c - SO 176 (9-2010) 39
