m
LY LUAN VE HINH THAI KINH TE - XA HOI VA NHONG QUAN DIEM SAI TRAI CAN BAC BO
• TS Lf; THI CHIEN Vien Triet hoc,
Hoc vien Chinh tn qudc gia Ho Chi Mmh
9Tdm tat: Hoc thuyet hinh thdi kinh te-xahdildmdt trong nhdng ndi dung quan trgng nhdt cua chu nghia duy vdt ve lich sd; trong do cdc nhd sdng lap chu nghia Mdc da chi ra nhdng quy ludt van ddng chung nhdt cua xd hdi lodi ngddi. Vt vdy, dd cd nhieu nUdc chim hoc thuyet hinh thdi kinh te - xd hdi Id cdsdly ludn dexdy dting CNXH. Tuynhien, sau sii sup do cua Lien Xd vd Bdng Au cung nhti trtidc nhdng hien doi khdng ngdng cua the gidi trongbdi cdnh cua cudc Cdch mang cdng nghiep 4.0, nhieu ngiidi dd hoai nghi vitinh dung ddn vd khoa hoc cua hoc thuyet ndy. Do vdy, cdn phdi cd nhdng luan cd deddu tranh phdn hdc nhdng quan diem sai trdi nhdm bdo ve tinh khoa hgc vd tinh cdch mang cua hgc thuyet hinh thdi kinh te -xdhdi trong bdi cdnh hien nay.
• Tit khda: hgc thuyet hinh thdi kinh te - xd hdi, ddu tranh phdn bdc nhdng quan diem sai trdi, bdo ve chu nghia Mdc.
1. Nhihig quan diem sai trai phu nhan tinh hpc gia tu san diroc dip 16n ti^ng plie plian, bac khoa hoc va tinh each mang eiia ly lujn vk bo chii nghia Mac noi chung va hgc tiiuyfthinli hinh thai Idnh te - xa h6i thai kinh te - xa hei noi neng.
Nhung nam cuoi thap nien 80, dau thap nien Tir do, cac the luc thii dich van luCn ra siic tim 90 cua the Icy XX, cac nuoc XHCN b Lien X6 va moi each Igi dung xuyen tac, cong kich va phii Dong Au da tung buoc ren vao khiing hoang va dinh chii nghia Mac - Lenin. Hp cho ring su sup sup dd. Trong Thong diep Uen bang nam 2005, id cua CNXH a Lita X6 va Dong Au la mpt tSt Tdng thSng Nga V.Putin gpi do la "mpt chSn yeu lich sii vi no bSt nguon tu"su lac hau, 16i thoi aOng chinh tn khung khiSp nhat thg ky XX". Su ciia ban than chu nghia Mac - Lenin"; va boi, ddvanayxayrangay taiLienXo - que huong cua "chil nghia xa hdi ma Mac neu ra chi la mdt ly Cach mang Thang Muoi, noi khai sinh ra nha tuong, mdt chii nghia xa hpi "khdng tuong", nuoc vd san dau tien tten the gidi, noi dupe coi khdng bao gia thuc hien dupe"'". Hg ciing cho thanh tri eua CNXH hita thuc - khien cho cac rSng CNXH khoa hpc ma cac nha siSng lap chu
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DIEN DANnghia Mac da xay dung chi la mpt hpc thuygt
"vien vong", "do tuong" ngn ap dung vdo thuc tiln ehi eo the sinh ra nhiing "quai thai eua lich su"'^'... Nhung luan dieu do duoe tung ra khdp noi trgn thg gioi voi cac hinh thuc, dien ddn khde nhau nhdm phii nhan ban ehdt khoa hoc va each mang eua chu nghia Mac - Lgnin. Xuat phat tir lap ludn do, hp cho rdng hien nay "Viet Nam dang bg tde khong ehi ve kinh te, ma eon ve tinh than. Khong ai con tin vao chu nghia Mac niia"'^'; rdng, "eon duong xa hpi chii nghia ma nhSn dan ta dang di la ttai voi qua trinh lich sii - tu nhign"''". Do chinh la "mpt khiic cong ciia lich sii, la doan vong veo day dau khd di Ign ehii nghia tu ban"'^'. Do do, theo hp, Viet Nam can
"ttanh eh6 toi, tim eh5 sang", "ttanh eon duong dau kho" ma mpt so mroc da di qua de di theo con duong TBCN.
Ciing tir day, d mgt so nuac phuong Tdy da binh thdnh nhiing ttao luu chong Mac. Tir thap nign 90 ciia thg ky XX da bung nd eae bai vigt, cac cong trinh phg phan chii nghia Mac vd chii nghia Lenin, bae bo tiing phdn hay todn bp hgc thuygt nay. Su chdng pha chu nghta Mac noi chung vd hpc thuyet hinh thai kinh te - xa hgi ndi rieng duge chia thdnh cac xu hudng chinh nhu sau:
Tbti nhat, xu hudng cua cic hoc gia tu sin phutmg Tay ludn ddi lap vdi C.Mic velip trudng tu tudng.
Cd thg noi, ngay tir khi ra ddi oribimg nam 40 ciia thg ky XIX, triet hge Mac da ludn phdi ddi dien vdi su chdng pha cua cdc hpc gia phuang Tay do mau thudn ddi khang vg lap trudng tu tuong. Trong khi hp ludn bdo ve lpi ieh ciia giai cap tu sdn vd tim mpi each de luan chung cho su
"tdn tai hpp ly" eiia che dp TBCN thi cac nha sang lap chu nghia Mac lai khang dinh loai ngudi nhdt dinh se tign len chii nghia cpng san. Do do.
khi CNXH d Lign Xd vd Ddng Au sup do, nhieu hpc gid phuang Tay, ea eanh ta va eanh hOru, tii tan bao thu den tan tu do, tin rang day la mdt ddu chdm bet ddi vdi chu nghia Mae - Lenin sau ban 150 nam tdn tai. Dai dien eho quan digm nay la trigt gia phai tdn bao thii Francis Fukuyama vdi cdng trmh ndi tieng "Sir cao chung cua lich su va ngudi cudi cung" xuat ban nam 1992. Trong edng trinh nay, tae gia cho rdng Cling vdd su ket thiic cua "Chien ttanh Lanh" va susup do cua biie tudng Berlin, "eude ddu ttanh giiia eae he tu tuong nhu la ddng lire cua sir tien bd nhan loai da den hdi ket vdi thdng loi eudi ciing thudc vg ngn ddn ehii tu do va chu nghia tu ban thi tnrdng"*'. Mat khae, eae hpc gia nay da vm vdo su phat trign hien thdi ciia CNTB ma cho rdng hpc thuyet hinh thai kmh tg - xa hdi chi thdy dupe khia eanh "phd hiiy" cua CNTB, ma khdng thdy dupe khd nang "sang tao" cua nd ttong vdng chuyen ddng khdng ngimg. Mgt sd hgc gia cua xu hudng nay cho rdng, C.Mac vd V.l.Lenin da khdng ludng trudc dupe kha nang thich nghi, tign hda cOa CNTB, chdng ban ttong viec giai quyet mau thuan giira ehii va tho, giua tu ban va lao ddng. Mat khae, hp eho rdng, khi hpe thuyet bmh thai kinh tg - xa hpi chi ra con dudng sai ldm dg thoat khdi CNTB, chang nhiing khdng dan den chu nghia xa bdi, md con dua tdi mdtebedp "todn tti ddc doan", hay noi nhuhpc gid tan tu do bang ddu Friedrieh F.Hayek la dan tdi "chii nghia nd le"'^'.
Thd hai, xu hudng cua nhung ki cahdi nhin danh bio ve chu nghia Mic nhung thuc chit la xuyen tac, ha be chu nghia Mac.
Khdng ehi phai ddi mat vdi su chdng phd ciia eae hge gid tu san phuang Tay md ngay tir khi mdi ra ddi, chu nghia Mae ndi chung vd hpc thuygt hinh thai kmh tg - xa hdi ndi ridng cdn ludn bi nhiing ke cahdi cdng kich, tan cdng. Sau
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su sup dd eua CNXH d Uen Xd va Ddng Au, cac phan tu eo hdi thupc cac dang cpng san da mao danh la nhiing ngudi macxit - mac dii Ign tieng ling hd hpc thuyet hinh thai kinh tg - xa hdi nhung thuc chat la vm vao sy thoai ttao cua he thdng cdc nude XHCN dg ddi xet lai chu nghia Mac. Tieu bieu eho xu huong nay la tnrdng phai ttotskyist moi'^'. Theo quan digm eiia trudng phai nay, CNXH hien thue a Uen Xd hon 70 nam quavd cdc nude Ddng Au tii sau Chien tranh thg gidi thii II, eung nhu d Trung Qude vd Viet Nam trudc cai each doi mai Id hoan todn xa la vdi eac nguyen ly ngn tang ciia ehu nghia Mac - Lemn.
Hg gpi dd la eac "phien ban khac nhau cua ehii nghia todn tri ciia Stalin". Cd ngudi theo xu hudng nay cdn cd gdng tim mpi cdeh de ddi lap quan digm cua V.LLgnin vol quan digm ciia CMac - PhAngghen vg CNXH va thdi ky qua dp.
Hp cho rdng md hinh xay dung CNXH d mdt nude rieng lg cd trmh dp phdt trign lac bau bd qua giai doan phat trign tu ban chil nghia ma V.LLgnin dat ngn mdng d nude Nga la mdt bieu hien ciia sy "chenh hudng khdi cac nguygn ly macxit CO ban"'^'.
Chinh su xuyen tac nay da anh hudng khong nhd dgn lap trudng, quan diem cila nhirng ngudi theo ehii nghia Mac. Bieu hien rd rang nhdt la su gidm siit ldn sd lugng nhung ngudi trung thanh vdi hpc thuygt nay tren toan thg gidi. Xu hudng "phi mdcxlt hda", phdn ra vg tu tuong, ly khai vdi hpc thuyet Mac - Lenin trdi day manh me tai hang loat nude timg di theo con dudng XHCN, cung nhu trong ndi bd cdc dang cdng san, cdc dang XHCN va phong trao cdng nhan qudc tg. Hidn nay, mSc dii su sup dd cua Lien Xd vd Ddng Au da dign ra gdn 30 nam nhung cac phan tii ca hpi, phan ddng, xet lai vdn coi day la mdt cai cd khdng gi thuygt phiic hon dg tigp tuc phii nhan hpc thuygt binh
thai kinh te - xa bdi cung nhu phii nhdn chu nghia Mac.
Thu ba, xu huong cua nhiing ngudi theo thuyit ky tri hien dai mudn phu nhan nhdng luan diim coban cua lyiuan vehinh thii kinh ti - xi hoi trong thdi dai cua cudc each mang cdng nghiep 4.0.
Thuygt ky tri la mdt hoc thuyet tuyet ddi hda vai trd cua khoa hpc - ky thuat ddi voi su phdt ttign eiia xa hdi loai ngudi. Ngay khi C.Mae dua ra tu tudng phan chia lich suxa lodi ngudi thdnh cde hinh thai kinh te - xa hdi thi eac nha ky tri cung cd each phan chia xa hpi loai ngudi thanh cde nen van minh. Tieu bieu cho xu budng ndy la nha tuong lai hpc ngudi My - Alvin Toffler.
Ong da phan chia lich sir phat trign cua loai ngudi dua tten ca sa 3 ngn van minh: van minh ndng nghigp, van minh cdng nghiep va van minh hau edng nghiep. Ddy Id nhung nghien ciiu vd phat hien cd tinh duy vat ve su phdt ttign xa hgi, trong dd cd cd nhung du bao khd ro rdng vg nhung bien ddi trong xa hdi tuong lai. Tuy nhien, eung phdi thay rdng, xet vg tdng the, nghien ciiu eua Alvin TofQer edn nhigu digm ehua vupt qua duge hpc thuygt cua C.Mae. Do tuyet ddi hda vai ttd cua khoa hpc ngn dng cbi coi day la tieu chi de phan dmh sir khae nhau cua eac giai doan phat trien ttong lich sir ma dng ggi dd la cde nen van mmh.
Ngdy nay, trong bdi eanh cua cudc each mang edng nghiep 4.0, khi ma khoa hpc - cdng nghg dang ngay cang ed vai ttd to ldn ddi vdi su phdt trien eiia xa hdi lodi ngudi, eac nhd ky tri mdi lai dang tim each vin vdo nhimg thanh tuu cua khoa hpc - edng nghe hien dai de phu nhdn nhiing quan diem duge eoi la sdng cdn cua hpc thuygt hinh thai kinh tg - xa hdi. Mdt trong nhimg quan diem dd la viee C.Mdc da khdng dinh con ngudi la chii the eiia lich sir, ngudi lao
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DEIN DANddng Id nhan td ddng vai ttd quyet dinh su phat trien eua lire lugng san xudt. Tuy nhign, cde hge gid ciia thuygt ky tri hien dai cho rdng, ngay nay, vdi sir xuat hien ngdy cdng nhieu "robot thdng mmh"," tri tue nhan tao" khien ngudi may dang ddn thay thg con ngudi. Digu dd khidn ngudi lao ddng vdn tir chd la chu the eiia qua trinh sdn xuat dang bi gat ra bgn lg qua trinh san xuat dy, trd thdnh nhan td ddng vai trd thii yeu. Bieu hien ciia su thay ddi nay la thay vi can den nhieu nhan cdng de lao ddng, san xudt thi ngdy cdng cd nhigu doanh nghiep chi can it nhan edng. Thay vi trd luang eho nhan cdng, cdc doanh nghiep ddu tu vdo may mdc, cdng nghe.
Do dd, cac nha ky tti hien dai eho rdng da dgn lue edn xem xet lai quan digm cua C.Mac vg vai ttd, vi tri tnmg tam, cd y nghia quyet dinh cua ngudi lao ddng ttong san xudt vat chdt.
Nhu vay, cd the nhan thay, ngay tir khi ehii nghia Mac ra ddi da trd thanh muc rieu tan cdng cua cac hgc gia tu san, cae phan tii ea hdi, phan ddng. Dae biet, sau su sup dd cua CNXH 6 Lien Xd va Ddng Au, cae the lire thu dieh da tim mpi each de phu nhdn hoc thuygt binh thdi kinh tg - xa hdi, nhdt la quan digm vg tuong lai eiia xa hdi loai ngudi la CNXH, ehii nghia edng san. Ngay nay, trong bdi canh ciia cudc Cdch mang cdng nghigp 4.0, ede hge gid tu san, nhdt Id nhiing ngudi theo thuyet ky tri hien dai lai dang trni mpi cdch phii nhan hpc thuyet hinh thai kinh tg - xa hdi, nhdt la quan digm coi con ngudi Id ehu the eiia lieh sir, la nhan td ddng vai ttd quyet dinh su phat trign ciia lire luang san xuat. Dieu dd dat ra thii thdch ldn ddi vdi nhiing mdcxit chdn chinh la can phai kign tri, kien dinh va sdng tao vdi ehu ngMa Mae va ludn ddu tranh phdn bae chdng lai nhiing quan diem sai trai, thu dich dg bao ve ehu nghia Mdc.
2. Tiep tuc khing dinh tinh khoa hoc, tinh each mang cua Iy lu^n ve hinh thai kinh te - xahoi
Chiing ta khdng thg phu nhdn mdt hien tiiue la su sup dd ciia CNXH hien thue a Uen Xd va Ddng Au Id mdt bude liii lich sii cua cua phong ttao cpng san va cdng nhan toan thg gidi. Dd ciing la mgt tdn thdt to ldn cho phong ttao dau tranh eho nhiing muc tigu cao ea va tdt dep eua nhan loai: hda binh, doe lap dan tdc, dan chu, tign bd xa bdi vd banh phiic eua con ngudi. Tuy nhien, sir sup do dd khdng phdi la sir "eao chung" cua chu nghia Mac ndi ehung vd hpc thuyet binh thdi kmh tg - xa hpi ndi rieng. Nd Cling khdng phai la do chu nghia Mac - Lenin da Ige hau, 151 thdi md dd thue su Id do da higu sai, van dung sai nhiing quan diem eiia cac nha sang lap chii nghia Mae trong qud ttinh xay dimg CNXH. Ban chdt ehii nghia Mac - Lgnin la each mang vd khoa hgc. Do do, nd ddi hdi viec nhan thiic, van dung vd phat trien vira phai dung viing trgn lap trudng cdch mang, lap trudng cua giai cap cdng nhan, vira phai thuc bign vdi mdt tinh than vd phuang phdp khoa hpc nghiem tiic, diing ddn.
Nhimg ngudi macxit tham thi'a sau sdc nhiing tdn that to ldn tir sir sup dd CNXH d LienXd va Ddng Au, nhung eiing nhdn ra rdng, digu dd da khdch quan tao cho chiing ta cd them dii heu de nh§n thiic diing, trd vg diing vdi nhirng quan digm ciia C.Mae, PhAnghen vd V.LLgnin va van dung, phat trign diing ddn, sang tao phii hpp vdi digu kien lieh sii mdi. Nd eho thay ro ban nhiing sai lam cua eae Dang Cdng san d cac nude XHCN trong viee ndm bdt ban chdt each mang, khoa hpc eiia ehu nghia Mdc - Lgnin va van dung vdo thuc tign; thay rd ban tinh chat nguy hiem eua cdc ddn tan edng, xuyen tae eua eae the luc thii dieh trong viee
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phii nhdn chd nghta Mac trdn pham vi todn thg gidi.
Trong tinh Mnh bien nay, chmh tir cdc quoc gia tu ban phuang Tdy, ngudi ta lai thay cd nhiing tigng ndi vg nhiing gia tri ciia ehii nghia Mae, cila hpc thuygt kinh td Mac, vg phong ttao
"ttd vg vdi Mae", tim dpc Mae. Dac biet, dnhung didi digm dign ra eude khimg hoang tdi chinh va suy thoai kinh tg todn eau 2008 - 2009, trong khung khoang n p cdng va suy thoai kinh te d nhigu qudc gia tu ban phat trien, phong trao "ttd vgvdi C.Mac", tim dgc C.Mac lai ttd nen sdi ndi ban bao gid hgt. Nhiing tae pham kinh dien cua CMac va V.LLenin vdn dupe tim dpc nhigu nhdt, ddc biet la bd "Tu ban" cua C.Mae van xep sd mpt trgn the gidi va dupe dich ra 134 ngdn ngu d 63 nirdc'^"'. Khdng thg cd ndi bira rdng, ehu nghia Mae - Lenin Id hge thuygt "ao tudng", da
"lac hdu, ldi thdi" khi chinh hge thuyet nay da tao nen nhiing hign thue ldm bign ddi the gidi, thlic day sir phat trien, tien bd eua lich sir loai ngudi vd cd siie ldi cudn eiing nhu tam dnh huong sau rdng todn nhdn loai.
Trong bdi canh mdi cd nhieu thay ddi hign nay, dg bdo vg tinh khoa hpc vd tinh each mang ciia hgc thuygt hinh thai kinh tg - xa hdi, chiing ta khdng chi can khang dinh nhiing chdn gia tti trong quan diem ciia ttiet hge Mac - Lenin ma cdn phai bd sung, phdt trign de nhiing quan diem do thgm siic sdng mdi eiia thdi dai. Tbi du, quan diem ciia hpc thuyet ky tri hien dai khi dg cao vai ttd quyet dinh eiia khoa hoc - cdng nghe ddi vdi san xudt vat chdt hien nay, ban than CMdc ehua bao gid phu nhdn vai ttd ciia khoa hpc bdi chinh Pb.Angghen da tiing khang dinh:
"Ddi vdd Mac, khoa hpc la mdt ddng lue lich su, mdt luc lupng each mang"'^^'.
Khdng thg phii nhdn duoc ngay nay nhiing thdnh tiru cua khoa hpc - cdng nghe bien dai vdi
su ra ddd ciia ngudd may da thay thg khdng ehi nhung cdng viee nang nhpe, nhiing hoat dpng ca bdp md edn cd thg thay the eho ea nhung boat dgng tinh vi, phuc tap ciia eon ngudi. Tuy nhien, dieu dd khdng cd nghia la khoa hpc - cdng nghe hien dai ttd thanh ygu td quyet djnh su phat trign eiia lue lugng san xudt, tir dd ngirdi lao ddng ttd thdnh ygu td thii yeu, diing ben ngoai qua trinh san xudt. Ve thuc chdt, khoa hge - cdng nghe trudc hgt Id san pham cua qua trinh nhdn thiic, sdn pham eua su phdt trign tri tue cua eon ngirdi.
Cd thg ndi, do yeu eau eua san xuat ma con ngudi da sdng tao va quygt dinh khuynh hudng, tde dp phat trign cua khoa hgc - edng nghe, ddng thdi quygt dinh viee su dung khoa hgc - cdng nghe vdo san xuat theo muc dich ciia minh. Thuc tg cho thdy, ky thuat, edng nghe hien dai vdi tu each la phdn vat chat ttong cae ygu td cau thanh cua luc lupng san xudt du nang ddng va cdch mang den may eiing chi la san pham do bdn tay va khdi dc cua eon ngudi lam ra va chiu sir didu khidn, gidm sat eua eon ngudi. Do do, tii tue nhdn tao dii dugc menh danh la tien tien den dau eiing chi la sdn pham cua con ngudd, boat ddng eiia nd phu thudc vdo nhiing chuong trinh ma con ngudi da lap ra, da cdi dat vao may tinh dien tii vd ngudi mdy cdng nghiep. Vi vay, khoa hpc - cdng nghe la eiia con ngudi, gdn lign vdd con ngudd, phu thudc vao eon ngudd vd phdi thdng qua hoat ddng eua con ngudi mdi ed the dugc vat hda vdo qua trinh san xudt. Neu khdng xudt phat tii eon ngudd, dupe tidn hdnh bdi con ngudi vd khdng hudng vg muc dich phuc vu eon ngudd, khdng cd qua trinh san xuat ndo cd du ly do dg tdn tai va phat trien. Do vay, ttong bdt cii thdi dai ndo, ke ea thdd dai cua khoa hgc - cdng nghe hien dai, ngudi lao ddng van la nhan td ddng vai ttd quyet dinh su phat trien eua luc lupng sdn xudt.
\^ the, quan digm ciia C.Mdc vg vai trd quygt
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DIIN DANdinh ciia ngudi lao ddng ddi vdi su phdt trien cua lire lugng san xudt vdn cdn diing dan.
3. Mot so khia canh can bo sung, phat trign ciia Iy luan ve hinh thai kinh te - xa hoi
Hien nay, so vdd thdi dai cua CMac, khoa hge - edng nghe cd nhiing bude tien nhay vgt gdp phdn tao ra mpt lire lugng sdn xuat ma xua nay nhan loai ehua timg dugc chung kign. Quatrinh qudc tg hda md C.Mac ndi den vdo the ky XIX da thuc su ttd thdnh qua trinh todn eau hda ttong thdi dai ehiing ta. 6 cac miic dp khdc nhau, tat cd eac nude dgu bi cudn vdo toan eau hda, bod vi nd da "xam nhap vao khdp nod, tru lai dkhdp noi va thigt lap nhimg mdi hdn he d khdp noi"'^^'.
Trong bdi canh dd, ly luan vg binh thai kinh tg - xa hdi mac dii ed nhigu gid tri bgn vung cho den ngay nay nhung khdng phai khdng cd nhimg digm cdn duoc bd sung, phat trien. V.I.Lenin - Ngudd da khdng ngirng bao ve, phat trign hpc thuygt Mac da nhieu ldn nhan manh: "Chiing ta khdng he coi ly ludn ciia Mac nhu Id mdt cdi g?
da xong xudi ban va bdt kha xam pham; ttai lai, chung ta tin rdng ly ludn dd chi dat ngn mdng cho mdn khoa hpe ma nhung ngudi xa hdi chu nghta can phai phat ttign hon niia vg mgi mat, ngu bp khdng mudn tro thdnh lae hau ddi vdi cupc sdng "''^^'.
Tir su phat trien cua luc lupng san xuat hien dai ttong giai doan hien nay, chiing tdi de xudt bd sung, phat trign hpe thuygt hinh thdi kinh te - xa hdi tten mot sd digm ea ban nhu sau:
Thdnhit, C.Mac sdng d thdi ky phat trien cua CNTB ngn dng eiing ban nhigu den xa hdi tu ban. Khi bdn den suphat trign cua lire lugng san xudt d thdi ky TBCN, theo CMdc, ngirdi lao ddng chii ygu Id ngudi cdng nhan, la giai cap vd san.
Dd la "mdt giai cdp xa bdi hoan toan ehi kiem sdng bang viec ban lao ddng cua minh", la "giai cap nhiing ngudi hodn toan khdng cd eua", la
"giai cdp nhiing edng nhdn lam thue hien dai, vi mat cae tu heu san xuat ciia ban thdn, nen bupc phai ban siic lao dpng ciia minh de sdng"'"'; hgu nhu dng It ndi dgn tdng Idp cae bae sy, ky su, nhd khoa hpc. Ngdy nay, giai cdp edng nhan khdng chi cd nhiing ngirai lao ddng chan tay thudn tiiy md edn bao gdm ca tang lap nhirng ngudi tri thlic ciia mmh niia. Han niia, trong giai doan hien nay, ban than ngudi lao ddng Id edng nhan cung cd su thay doi dang kg. 6 thdi dai eua CMdc, chu ygu la edng nhan eo khi, da sd la lao ddng thu edng nhung ngdy nay, nhung thdnh tuu cua cudc Cach mang cdng nghidp 4.0 da lam eho cdng cu lao ddng ngdy cdng dupe cai tien;
siic lao ddng cua con ngudi dupe giai phdng;
trinh dp, tay nghg, ky nang, ky xao eua ngirdi lao ddng khdng ngimg dupe ndng cao. Do dd, ttong rdt nhieu nhd may, xi nghigp, sd lupng nhan lire khoa hpc tham gia true tigp vdo qua trinh sdn xuat chiem ty le ngay cang cao, vugt ttdi han han so vdi sd lugng lao ddng lam viee ca bdp thdng thudng. Dpi ngu cdng nhan tri thiic xudt hien va cd xu hudng ngdy edng gia tang ca vg sd lupng vd chdt lupng dang ldm thay ddi dan ty ttgng ciia lao dpng phd thdng va lao ddng cd trinh dp cao.
Viec bd sung them ndi ham eiia khai niem ngum Iao ddngla. rdt cdn thigt ttong bdi eanh hien nay vi "Digu ndy bet sue quan ttpng ddi vdi ehiing ta khi ddt nude dang timg budc tign tdi ngn kmh tg tri thvic, khi nhiem vu tri thiic hda edng nhan tta thdnh ddi hdi bat budc, ngu chiing ta mudn dua ddt nude tien kip thg gidi, ttanh tut hdu xa ban trong qua trinh hdi nhap vdi khih tg thg gidi""^'.
Thuhai, tiudc ddy, khi ndi den lirc lupng sdn xuat, C.Mac nhdn manh nhieu den khd nang ciia eon ngudi ttong viee chmh phuc gidi tir nhign.
C.Mac vigt: "Luc lugng san xudt chang qua la nang luc thue tign ciia eon ngudi trong viec chinh phuc gidi tu nhidn""^'. Vi le dd, de the bign
LYLUAN CHlNHTR!-So 10/2019
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Internet, Cong nghe 4.0 da khien ddu ra cua lite luong sdn xudt hien dgi mang tinh todn cdu _ Anh: TL kha nang cua minh, con ngudi da su dung
nhiing phuang tien, ky thuat hien dai dg ehinh phuc gidi tu nhien ngay cang nhigu hon. Thuc te cho thdy, ttong qua trinh san xuat vat chat, con ngudi khdng ehi chinh phuc tu nhidn ma edn phai tiiieb nghi vdi gidi tu rihien nen khi dg cap dgn pham tni Iuc luong sin xuat ma chi nhan manh den boat ddng ehmh phuc, xem nhe boat ddng thieh nghi la ehua ddy du: "Quan niem nhu vdy khdng chi ban chg npi bam eiia khai niem luc lugng san xudt ma cdn khd dung nap vda sir phat trien ben vung, phdt trign lien tue""^'. He qua ciia quan diem nay Id "con ngudi tim mpi each chinh phuc, khai thac sao eho dupe nhieu nhdt cua cai tir thidn nhien, bdt chap mpi hau qua"»8) Trong bdi canh hien nay, vdi muc tieu phat Mgn bgn viing, quan niem vg lue lupng sdn xudt can bd sung thdm khia eanh sdng hai hda vdi hi nhign. Do mdi quan he giiia con ngudi vdi
tu nhien ngdy edng xung khdc, bigu hien qua viec thien tai xuat hien ngdy edng nhieu, miie dp nghigm trgng ngdy cdng gia tang, nen eon ngudi can timg bude die'u ehinh lai hoat ddng sdn xuat vat chdt, chuygn hudng sang phdt tridn luc lupng san xudt mgt each cd chpn Ipc, ttanh lam tdn hai ddn tu nhien. Thay vi ndi phdt trign lire lugng san xuat nhu trudc kia, can phai phdt tridn luc lupng san xuat chgn Ige vi "luc lupng san xudt la khai niem the hien khdng ehi boat ddng ddu tranh ma edn the hien su kdt hgp hdi hda giu'a eon ngudi va gidi tir nhien""^'.
Tbiiba, nhd sir phdt trign manh cua edng nghe thdng tin, nhdt la mang internet, khoa hpc ndi rieng vd tri tiiiic ndi ehung dupe phd bign nhanh chdng, hdu nhu tiic thdi (online) vdi nhieu su kien khoa hpc tten todn thg gidi. Ddng tri tiiiie, ddng cdng nghe eung vdi ddng vdn dugc luu tiidng vdi tde dp chua tiing cd tten toan the gidi. Ngudi ta
LY LUAN CHINH TRI - So 10/2019
cd the san xuat tiing bd phan eau thanh eua mdt san phdm dnhigu noi ttgn thg gidi, sau dd Idp rap va luu tiidng 6 cdc nude khac nhau nhdm dat hieu qua cao nhdt. Vi vay, ddu ra eiia luc lupng san xuat hien dai khdng cdn la san pham rieng cua lao ddng amdt qudc gia niia ma mang tinh toan cdu.
Do do, lire lugng sdn xudt bien dai ttd thanh mdt yeu td quan ttpng bang ddu ttong viec day manh qua trinh toan cdu hda. Day la dac diem mdi chi rieng cd d lire lupng san xuat hign dai md lire lupng san xuat d eae giai doan trudc kia ehua cd hoac mdi d trong mdt pham vi hep. 0 thdi ciia C.Mdc, dng da dg cap dgnxu hudng phat trien tat yeu cua nen san xuat Id "thigt lap mdi quan he d khdp mpi nai tten the gidi" nhung chua thue su dat ra vdn dg todn cdu hda ciia luc lupng san xuat.
Do vdy, dg cd the tiep tuc van dung nhirng quan diem eiia C.Mac vg luc lugng san xudt, cdn md rdng ndi bam ciia khdi nidm nay khdng chi d mdt ngn san xuat vat chat ciia mdt qude gia nhdt dinh ma tten pham vi todn thg gidi. Digu dd gdp phan lam cho hgc thuygt Mac ndi ridng vd quan digm ve luc lugng san xudt ndi chung dugc bdi dap
"them da them thit" bdng thue tign sinh dpng eiia thdi dai ngdy nay.
Ml u vay, de bdo ve hpc thuygt hinh thdi kmh tg - xa hdi, mdt mat ehiing ta cdn phdi tinh tdo nhan dien nhiing quan diem sai ttai eua cae the luc thil dieh; mat khac chiing ta cdn phai manh dan de xuat bd sung, phat tngn nhirng quan diem cua hgc thuygt nay cho phii hpp vdi thuc tign. Viec bd sung, phdt trign dd khdng phai la
"xet lai" chu nghia Mac; ciing khdng phai la lam lu md chan gid tri ciia chu nghia Mac ma Id lam cho nhiing ndi dung, quan diem cua hpc thuygt Mdc dupe ed them siic sdng mdi, phu hop vdd digu kien, hodn cdnh eiia giai doan hien nay. Dd la mdt viee ldm hgt siic khd khan ddi hdi nhiing ngudi macxit phai kien tri, ed ban linh va ed
ttach nhigm vdi he thdng ly luan each mang vd khoa hpc dupe coi la nen tang tu tirdng cua Dang ta hien nay O
(1). (2), (3) Ban Tuygn giao Trung uong: Phepbin, bac bo cac quan diim sai trii, thu dich, bao ve nSn tang tu tuang cua Dang Cong san Viet Nam, Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia, Ha Npi, 2007, tt.48,47-48,48.
(4) Mot so vin di vi chij nghia Mic - Linin trong thdi dai hien nay, Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia, Ha Ndi, 1996, tt.l2.
(5) Viet Nam din budc cdng thoi dai, Nxb Giao due Viet Nam, Ha Npi, 2009, tt.29.
(6), (7), (8), (9) Xem: Nguygn Xuan Thdng: "Phg phan quan digm: "Su sup do eiia Ugn X6 va Dong Au bdt ngudn tir chu ngbia Mdc - L6nin"", Tap chi
Tuyen giao, sd thang 12,2014, tt.4-5,5,6,6.
(10) Xem: Nguyen Chi Diing: "Hpc thuygt Mae ve liinh thai kinh te - xa hgi va cugc thir nghiem ttong tiigkyXX", Tap chi Triit hoc, sd 1 (200), tiidng 1- 2008, tt. 11.
(11) C. Mac va Ph.Angghen: Toin tap, t.l9, Nxb Chinh til qudc gia. Ha Npi, 1995, tt.500.
(12), (14) C.Mac va PhAngghen: Toan tip, t.4, Nxb Chinh tti qudc gia, Ha Ngi, 1995, tt.601,456.
(13) V.I.Lenin: Toan tip. t.4, Nxb Tien bd Matxcova, 1974, tt.232.
(15) Nguygn Trong Chuan: "Nang cao nhan thiic, bd sung va phat trien triet hpc Mac - Lenin nhdm dap ling yeu cdu cua thuc tign va cua thdi dai md rpng giao luu qudc te". Tap chi Triit hoc, sd 9 (208), tiiang 9-2008, tt.56.
(16) C.Mac va Ph.Angghen: Toan tap, t.23, Nxb Chinh tri qude gia. Ha Ngi, 1995, ir.268.
(17), (18), (19) LyBan: "Quan niem mai ve phat trien luc lupng san xudt", Thong tm nhung vin dilfluin, sd 19, 2008, tt.lO, 10,9.
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