Quan diem cua C.Mac ve hinh thai kinh te - xa hoi
Nguyen Ngpc Ha', Trinh Thi Hang-
' Tap chi Khoa hoc xa hpi Viet Nam, Vien Han lam Klioa hoc xa hoi Viet Nam.
Email: [email protected]
^ Vien Triet hoc, Vien Han lam Khoa hgc xa hpi Viet Nam.
Email; [email protected]
Nhan ngay 27 thang 12 nam 2018. Chap nhan dang ngay 14 thang 1 nam 2019.
T o m tat: Sir k h a c biet t h u c chat giira quan d i e m cua C . M a c ve h i n h thai k i n h te - xa hpi vcri quan diem ciia cac nha hiet hpc truac C.Mac ve hinh thai kinh te - xa hgi la a cho, lan dau tien CMac giai thich tren quan diem duy vat bien chiing ve quan he giii'a ton tai xa hpi vai y thirc xa hpi, quan he giiia luc luang san xuat vai quan he san xuat, quan he giiia ca sa ha tang vai kien tnic thuang tang. Khi phan ky cac hinh thai kinh te - xa hpi theo thii tu tir thap den cao, C.Mac dua vao cac loai phuang thirc san xuat; each phan ky do coi lich sir la mot qua trinh tu nhien, Khi tien doan ve xa hpi tuong lai, tuy C Mac chua chi ro tinh dac thii ve hinh do ciia luc luang san xuat trong chii nghTa xa hpi, nhimg ong cho rang lire lugng san xuat trong chii nghia xa hgi phai cao hon lire lupng san xuat trong chii nghia tu ban. Quan diem cua C.Mac ve hinh thai kinh te - xa hgl la quan diem khoa hgc.
Tu' khoa: C.Mac, binh thai kinh te - xa hgi, phan ky lich sir, luc lugng san xuat.
Phan loai nganh: Triet hgc
Abstract: The essential difference between K.Marx's view of socio-economic formations and those of philosophers before him is that, he was the first to base on the perspective of dialechcal materialism to explain the relationship between social being and social consciousness, the relationship between productive forces and production relations, and the relationship between infrastructure and superstructure. When dividing the periods of socio-economic formations in the order from low to high, K.Marx based on types of mode of production The way of division regards history a natural process. When predicting the fumre society, although K Marx did not specify the specificity of the level of productive forces in socialism, be said that the forces in sociahsm must be higher than those in capitalism. The view of K.Marx on socio-economic formations is a scientific one.
Keywords: K.Marx, socio-economic formahons, division of periods of history, productive forces.
Subject classification: Philosophy
Khoa hoc xa hgi Viet Nam. s6 2 - 2019 1. Mo-dau
Tir cuoi nhimg nam 1970, thS gioi diln ra nhieu sir kien moi. Trong do, cac sir kien noi bat la sir cai each (cai t6, dfii mai) o hhx het cac nuac xa hpi chu nghia, Dang Cong san mat vai tro cam quyen a Lien X6 va cac nuoc Dong Au, thanh tuu mai ciia each mang cong nghiep (each mang cong nghiep lan thu tu), sir gia tang ciia xu thi toan cau hoa, tinh phirc tap mai hong quan he quoc te. NhiJTig thay doi do doi hoi phai nhan thirc sau sac hon cac van de triet hgc ma truac do nhieu ngu'ai tuang rang da duac giai dap thoa dang bai chii nghTa Mac - Lenin. Quan diem (hay hpc thuyet) cua C.Mac ve hinh thai kinh te - xa hpi (thucmg duac gpi tat la. hpc thuyet hinh thai kinh te - xa hpi) la ca sa Iy Iuan khoa hpc cho viec nhan thiic cac xa hpi cu the, cho viec nhan thiic ve tinh chat thai dai ngay nay va cho viec hoach dinh chinh sach va phap luat cua nha nudc. Tuy nhien, quan diem cua C.Mac ve hinh thai kinh te - xa hpi ciing can diroc nhan thirc chinh xac han, dong thai can dupc bo sung va phat trien. Vay, co nhij'ng van de nao lien quan den hinh thai kinh te - xa hoi ma C.Mac chua ly giai hoac ly giai chua day du, va do do can dugc ly giai day du hon? Van de nay da dupc de cap trong nhieu cong trinh. Bai viet nay de cap den 3 van de: thuc chat quan diem cua C.Mac ve hinh thai kinh te - xa hpi, quan diem ciia C.Mac ve thir tu cac hinh thai kinh te - xa hpi, quan diem cua C.Mac ve trinh dp cua iuc lupng san xuat trong chii nghTa xa hgi.
2. Thuc chat quan diem cua C.Mac ve hinh thai kinh te - xa hgi
Truac khi danh gia, nhan xet, bo sung va phat trien quan diem ciia C.Mac ve hinh
thai kinh te - xa hgi, chiing ta can hieu dung thirc chat quan dilm ciia C.Mac vk hinh thai kinh te - xa hgi. De xac dinh dimg thuc chat quan diem ciia C.Mac vl hinh thai kinh tl - xS hgi, thi can lam ro sir khac nhau giiia quan diem ciia C.Mac vl hinh thai kinh tl - xa hgi vai quan dilm cua cac nha hilt hgc xa hpi truac do vl hinh thai kinh tl - xa hpi.
Doi tuong nghien cim cua C.Mac vai tinh each nha triet hgc xa bpi va doi tugng nghien ciiu ciia cac nha triet hpc xa hpi truac do la giong nhau, deu la hinh tiiai kinh tl - xa hgi. Nhung, quan diem ciia CMac vl dli tuong nghien ciru nay khac vai quan dilm ciia cac nha hiet hpc xa hpi truoc do ciing ve doi tugng nghien ciiu ay. Mac dii C.Mac la nguai lan dau tien dua ra thuat ngii "hmh thai kinh te - xa hpi", nhung ong khong phai la ngudi dau tien dua ra quan diem ve doi tupng dugc ggi la hinh thai kinh te - xa hgi.
Khi nghien cmi ve xa hgi, ngudi nghien cim (du sir dung hay khong sir dung thuat ngii hinh thai kinh te - xa hpi) cimg phai dua ra mgt quan dilm nao dd ve doi tugng dupc gpi la binh thai kinh ti - xa hpi.
Khi nghien cim xa hpi, cac nha nghien ciiu diu thdy rang, d bat ky mpt xa hpi cu the nao cung cd hai quan he, do la quan he giiia ngudi vdi tu nhien va quan he giu'a ngudi vdi ngudi. Ndi den quan he giiia ngudi vai tu nhien la ndi den nang luc chinh phuc tu nhien ciia con ngudi. Nang luc chinh phuc tir nhien cua con ngudi dupc the hien d sir tien bg ciia lire lupng san xuat.
Trong lire lugng san xuat, con ngudi la yeu td quyet djnh. Tuy nhien, de xac dinh miic dp tien bg cua luc lugng san xuat thi chung ta can can cir vao su tien bp ciia cdng cu san xuat (cong cu lao dpng); bdi vi sir tien bp cua cdng cu san xuat la bieu hien cua nang luc chinh phuc tu nhien bdi con ngudi.
Nguyen Ngoc Ha, Trmh Thi Hang Cdng cu san xuat cang phat trien thi con
ngudi cang lam chii tu nhien; ngugc lai, con ngudi cang lam chii tu nhien tbi cdng cu san xuat cang phat trien. Ndi den quan he giila ngudi vdi ngudi la ndi den ba quan he:
quan he giira ngudi vdi ngudi ve kinh te (hic la quan he giiia ngudi vdi ngudi hong san xuat, hay la quan he san xuit, hoac la quan he kinh te), quan he giua ngudi vdi ngudi ve chinh tri (tiic la quan he chinh tri), quan he giQa ngudi vdi ngudi v l xa hgi (hie la quan he xa hgi). Luc lupng san xudt, quan he giQa ngudi vdi ngudi v l kinh t l , quan he giua ngudi vdi ngudi ve chinh trj, quan he giira ngudi vdi ngudi ve xa hgi la 4 yeu to CO ban cua xa hgi, bdn yeu to nay cd anh hudng qua lai vdi nhau. M6i hinh thai kinh te - xa hpi (hay moi hinh thai cua xa hpi) la mpt giai doan xac dinh trong lich sir;
cd 3 bp phan gdm luc lugng san xuat, quan be giira ngudi vdi ngudi ve kinh te, quan he giiia ngudi vdi ngudi ve xa hgi. Cf mpt so hinh thai kinh te - xa hgi cdn cd them quan he giiia ngudi vdi ngudi ve chinh tri. Khi nghien cuu xa hgi, van de dat ra khong phai la xac dinh ten gpi ciia 4 bg phan ndi hen cua xa bpi, ma la xac djnh quan he giiia cac bp phan do.
Van de xac dinh quan he giiia 4 bp phan (yeu td) cua xa hpi da dugc C.Mac ly giai tbeo quan diem mdi so vdi cac nba triet hpc xa hgi trudc do. Tbeo C.Mac, luc lugng san xuat phat trien mdt each tu nhien va tuan tu tir thap den cao; su thay ddi ciia lire lugng san xuat se keo theo su thay ddi cua quan he san xuat; su thay ddi ciia quan he san xuat se keo theo su thay doi ciia quan he chi'nh tri va quan he xa hdi. Ndi each khac, theo C.Mac, su thay ddi cua quan he chinh tri va quan he xa hdi cd nhieu nguyen nhan, trong dd nguyen nhan suy cho cimg la su
thay ddi cua quan he san xuat; su thay ddi cua quan he san xuat cd nhieu nguyen nhan, trong dd nguyen nhan suy cho cung la sir thay ddi cua luc lugng san xuat. Sir phat trien ciia luc lugng san xuat la mpt qua trinh lich sir - tu nhien; tii: do sir thay the cac hinh thai kinh te - xa hpi ciing la mdt qua trinh lich sir - tu nhien.
Quan diem tren day cua C.Mac ve hinh thai kinh te - xa hpi la diing dan va co tinh each mang; bdi vi cac nha nghien ciiu xa bpi tra'dc dd khong cho rang, nguyen nhan suy cho cung gay ra su tliay doi ciia cac quan he giila ngudi vdi ngudi la sir thay ddi cua Iuc lupng san xuat, tir dd hp khdng cho rang sir thay the cac hinh thai kinh te - xa hpi la mpt qua hinh lich sir ~ tu nhien.
Mdt sd ngudi tuy ddng y vdi quan diem ciia C.Mac ve hinh thai kinh t l - xa hpi, nhung khi chii giai quan dilm ciia C.Mac ve hinh thai kmh te - xa hdi lai sa da vao viec giai thich thuat ngu "hinh thai kinh te - xa hpi", ma khdng chu trgng giai thich thyc chat each mang trong quan diem ciia ong.
Thuc chat each mang trong quan diem cua C.Mac ve hinh thai kinh te - xa hgi khdng phai la viec de xuat mdi cac thuat ngii nhu hinh thai kinh te - xa hgi, luc lugng san xuat, phuang thiic san xuat, quan he san xuat, CO sd ha tang, kien tnic thuang tdng, ton tai xa hpi va y thiic xa hgi, ma la sir giai thich mdi (tren quan diem duy vat bien chirng) VC quan he giira luc lupng san xudt vdi quan he san xuat, quan he kinh t l vdi quan he chinh hi va quan he xa hpi, quan he giija ton tai xa hpi vdi y thirc xa hpi. Cac nha triet hpc tnrdc C.Mac giai thich cac quan he dd tren quan diem duy tam sieu hinh, cdn C.Mac giai thich chiing hen quan diem duy vat bien chiing.
Khoa hgc xa hgi VietNam, s6 2-2019 3. Quan diem cua C.Mac ve thu t u cac hinh thai kinh te - xa hoi
Lich sir ciia xa hdi loai ngudi hi trudc den nay (hr khi loai ngudi hinh thanh each day hang chuc van nam), tuy cd liic suy thoai, nhung nhin chung la phat trien. Phan ky cac giai doan lich sir la phan ky cac giai doan phat h i l n tdt y l u cua xa hdi. Vay, lich sir cua xa bpi cdn dugc phan ky nhu the nao theo trinh tu tir thap den cao?
Theo cac sach giao khoa hiet hpc mac- xit d Viet Nam hien nay, lich sir xa hpi loai ngudi da cd 4 hinh thai kinh te - xa hgi (gdm: hinh thai kinh te - xa hpi cpng san chil nghia, hinh thai kinh te - xa hgi chiem him nd le, hinh thai kinh te - xa hgi phong kiln, hinh thai kinh te - xa hdi tu ban chu nghTa), va nhdt dinh se co hinh thai kinh te - xa hpi cdng san chu nghia. Hinh thai kinh te - xa hgi cdng san chii nghTa se trai qua hai giai doan hi trinh do thap len trinh dp cao ban. Giai doan thap cua hinh thai kinh te - xa hdi cpng san chu nghTa (hay giai doan dau ciia xa hpi cdng san) la chu nghia xa hpi (hay xa hgi xa hpi chii nghia). Giii'a xa hpi tu ban chii nghTa va xa hgi cpng san chii nghTa la mgt thdi ky qua do. Trong thdi ky qua do, nha nudc tu san bj thay bang nha nudc vo san; nha nudc vo san se xda bd che do tu hilu ve tu lieu san xuat, xda bd ca giai cap tu san va giai cap vd san. Khi thdi ky qua do ket thiic, hinh thai kinh te - xa hpi cpng san chii nghTa se binb thanh. Khi binh thai kinh te - xa hpi cpng san chii nghTa binh thanh, xa hpi se khong cdn giai cap, khdng cdn nha nudc, khong con che do tu' hiru ve tu Heu san xuat, khong cdn ap biic va bdc lot, khong con tinh trang mat tu do.
Cach phan ky ciia C.Mac ve cac giai doan phat hien ciia xa hpi c6 sir khac biet
ddi chilt so vdi each phan ky ndi hen.
Trong Ldi hra "Gdp phdn phe phan khoa kinh t l chinh t n " (vilt nam 1859), C.Mac cho rang: "Ve dai the, cd the coi cac phuang thiic san xuat chau A, co dai, phong kiln va tu san hien dai la nhftng thdi dai tiln triln ddn dan cua cac hinh thai kinh te - xa hpi. Cac quan he san xuat tu san la hinh thiic ddi khang cudi ciing cua qua trinh san xudt xa hpi, ddi khang khdng theo y nghTa la ddi khang ca nhan, ma theo y nghTa la ddi khang nay sinh tir trong nhftng dieu kien sinh hoat xa hpi cua cac ca nhan; nhung nhftng luc Iugng san xuat phat trien hong xa hdi hi san ddng thdi cung tao ra nhung dilu kien vat chat de giai quyet ddi khang dy. Cho nen vdi hinh thai xa hpi do, thdi ky tiln su cua xa hdi loai ngudi dang ket thiic"
[5, t.II, tr.638-639]. Vao nam 1859, C.Mac chi ndi din giai doan lich su thanh van cua xa hpi (chu khong ndi den giai doan lich sic trudc thanh van, hoac giai doan lich su dau tien ciia loai ngudi). "Hinh thai kinh te - xa hpi" ma C.Mac ndi d day can dugc hieu trudc hit la hinh thai kinh te cua xa hoi (chii khdng phai la hinh thai chinh hi ciia xa hdi, cung khdng phai la hinh thai xa hpi cua xa hdi). Tuy nhien, hinh thai kinh te nhu the nao thi hinh thai chinh tri va hinh thai xa hdi ciing se nhu the. Vi vay, "hinh thai kinh te - xa hpi" ma C.Mac ndi d day cQng cd the dugc hieu la hinh thai cua xa hpi (gdm ca luc lugng san xudt, quan he kinh te, quan he chinh tri, quan he xa hgi).
Vdi luan diem tren, cd the cho rfing, C.Mac da phan ky ljch sir thanh 4 hinh thai kinh te - xa hdi gdm: hinh thai kinh t l - xa hpi dua tren phuong thiic san xudt Chau A, hinh thai kinh te - xa hpi dua tren phuong thiic san xuat cd dai (phuang thuc san xudt chiem huu nd le), hinh thai kinh t l - xa hpi
Nguyen Nggc Ha, Trinh Thi Hang dua tren phuang thirc san xuat phong kien,
hinh thai kinh te - xa hpi dua hen phucmg thuc san xuat tu san hien dai. Cac hinh thai kinh te - xa hdi nay thupc thdi ky tien su cua xa bdi. Sau thdi ky tien su ciia xa hpi la thdi ky van minh ciia xa bdi. Thdi ky van minh ciia xa hdi la xa hdi cdng san. Nhu vay theo C.Mac, ljch su cua xa hgi loai ngudi neu tinh den ca thdi ky ban dau khi mdi "thoat thai" tu ddng vat se cd 6 hinh thai kinh te - xa hgi; dd la: hinh thai kinh te - xa hdi cdng san nguyen thiiy, hinh thai kinh te - xa hdi dya tren phuang thuc san xuat Chau A, hinh thai kinh te - xa hpi dua tren phuang thirc san xuat cd dai (hinh thai kinh te - xa hpi chiem huu no le), hinh thai kinh te - xa hdi dya tren phuang thiic san xuat phong kien (hinh thai kinh te - xa hdi phong kien), hinh thai kinh te - xa hpi dua tren phuang thiic san xuat tu san hien dai (hinh thai kinh te - xa bpi tu ban chii nghia), hinh thai kinh te - xa hdi cdng san chu nghTa. Cach phan ky lich sir nay cua C Mac ve ca ban phu hgp (chu khdng phai hoan toan phii hop) vdi each phan ky ciia sach giao khoa triet hoc mac-xit d Viet Nam, vi C.Mac cho rang phuang thiic san xuat Chau A la mgt loai phucmg thurc san xuat tdn tai sau phuong thuc san xuat cpng san nguyen thuy va trudc phuang thirc san xuat cd dai.
Ngoai hai each phan ky tren day ve lich Sli xa hpi loai ngudi, cdn cd 3 each phan ky dang chil y sau. Thiic nhdt, lich su xa hpi loai ngydi da trai qua 2 giai doan: xa hpi tien cong nghiep, xa hgi cdng nghiep. Cach phan ky nay khdng can cii vao quan he san xuat, ma can cu vao tinh chat cong nghiep hay khdng phai cdng nghiep ciia Iyc lugng san xuat. Khi cd phat minh ra may hai nudc (nam 1780), mdt sd nudc bat dau chuyen tu xa hgi tien cdng nghiep (chi cd san xuat
ndng nghiep) sang xa hdi cdng nghiep.
Hien nay, nhieu nudc van chua phai la nudc cdng nghiep. Thu hai, lich sir xa hgi loai ngudi da trai qua 4 giai doan: xa hpi khdng cd giai cap lan thii nhat, xa hdi cd giai cap, xa hdi khdng cd giai cap lan thu hai, xa hdi cd giai cap Ian thii hai. Cach phan ky nay can cii vao viec cd hay khdng cd giai cap.
V I du, xa hpi Nga Iiic dau la xa hpi khdng cd giai cap; tir thdi cd dai den nam 1917 la xa hgi cd giai cap; tu nam 1917 den nam 1985 la xa hpi khong cd giai cap Ian thir hai; tir nam 1985 (khi dien ra cdng cupc cai td) la xa hgi c6 giai cap Ian thu hai. Cac nudc Anh, Phap va nhieu nudc khac dang la xa hpi cd giai cap lan thu nhat, Thu ba, lich su xa hdi loai ngudi da trai qua 4 giai doan: xa hdi khdng cd che do tu hilu ve tu lieu san xuat Ian thu nhat, xa hpi co che dp tu hftu ve tu lieu san xuat lan thu nhat, xa hdi khdng cd che dp tu' huu ve tu lieu san xuat lan thii hai, xa hpi cd che dp tu hftu ve hi lieu san xuat Ian thu hai. Cach phan ky nay can cu vao viec cd hay khong co che dp tu hihi ve tu lieu san xuat, va tuong iing vdi each phan ky can cii vao viec cd hay khdng cd giai cap; bdi vi khi khong cd chi dp tu hftu ve tu lieu san xuat thi ciing khong cd giai cap. Tu nam 1917, nudc Nga bat dau chuyen tu xa hpi cd che do tu hftu ve tu lieu san xuat lan thii nhat sang xa hdi khdng cd che dp tu huu ve tu lieu san xuat lan thu hai; tu nam 1985, nudc Nga Iai bat dau chuyen tir xa hpi khdng cd che dp tu huu ve tu lieu san xudt idn thu hai sang xa hdi cd che dp tu hftu ve tu lieu san xuat Ian thu hai.
Tren day la 5 each phan ky lich sir. Mdi each phan ky Ijch su trong 5 each phan ky ay deu cd y nghia nhat dinh. Ngoai 5 each phan ky dd, chiing ta cd the phan ky lich su
Khoa hgc xa hgi VietNam, so 2-2019 theo mpt s l each khac tiiy theo muc dich nhan thuc cu thi v l lich su. Dii ap dung each phan ky nao thi cung can quan hiet nguyen tdc thing nhdt lich su va logic.
Theo nguyen tdc nay, bat ky sy vat nao cung cd lich su, bic la cd qua trinh sinh thanh, phat triln va mdt di, qua trinh do tat ylu phai trai qua cac giai doan nao dd gidng nhu cac giai doan phat trien tat yen ciia mpt CO thi sinh vat. Ndi each khac, lich sii ciia bdt ky su vat nao ciing dien ra co tinh logic.
Tinh logic ciia lich sir cd nghia rang, lich sir la su nli tilp tdt y l u cua cac cac giai doan kliac nhau, trong dd giai doan sau la sy phat trien ban giai doan trudc.
Khi xem xet each phan ky cua C.Mac ve lich sir xa bdi loai ngudi, ta can chu y 4 dilm sau. Thic nhdt, xet ve lich sir, mdt so cpng dong da budc sang giai doan sau trong khi mdt so cdng dong khac van d giai doan trudc. Chang han, tren the gidi hien nay, mpt so cpng ddng dang d hinh thai kinh te - xa hpi cpng san nguyen thuy, hoac dang d hinh thai kinh te - xa hpi phong kien; trong khi do mdt so cpng ddng khac thi dang d hinh thai kinh te - xa hpi tu ban chii nghTa;
mpt sd cpng dong (nhu d Chau A) khdng cd hinh thai kinh te - xa hdi chiem huu nd Ie, ma Iai cd phuang thirc san xudt Chau A va tucmg ling cd "hinh thai kinh te - xa hdi dua tren phucmg thirc san xudt Chau A"; mpt sd cpng ddng (nhu d Chau Au) khong co hinh thai kinh te - xa hpi dua hen phuang thuc san xuat Chau A. Xet ve Idgic, moi hinh thai kinh te - xa hpi la mot giai doan cua ljch su; thii hr hinh thanh cac hinh thai kinh t l - xa hpi nhin chung la hr hinh thai kinh t l - xa hdi cdng san nguyen thiiy (dua tren chi do cong huu v l tu lieu san xudt) din cac hinh thai kinh te - xa hdi dua tren chi dp tu him ve tu lieu san xudt ("hinh thai kinh t l -
xa hdi dua tren phuang thiic san xuat Chau A", hinh thai kinh te - xa hgi chiem hilu no Ie, hinh thai kinh te - xa hgi phong kien, hinh thai kinh te - xa hdi chii nghTa tu ban);
va se d i n hinh thai kinh te - xa hgi cpng san chu nghTa (dya tren che dp cdng hilu ve tu lieu san xuat). Nhu vay, thir tu thay the hinh thai kinh t l - xa hdi tuy la mot qua trinh lich sir - ty nhien nhung khdng gidng nhau d cac cpng dong khac nhau. Qua trinh lich sii - tu nhien thi bien d cbo, lich sir cua mpi cpng dong deu da va se phai trai qua ba giai doan: xa bpi dua tren che dp cong hftu ve tu lieu san xudt (giai doan I), xa bdi dua tren chi dp tu hftu ve tu lieu san xuat (giai doan 2), xa bdi dya tren chi do cdng hftu ve tu lieu san xuat (giai doan 3). Giai doan 3 la su lap Iai giai doan 1 nhung d trinh dp cao hem. Thie hai, khdng cd xa hpi nao la giai doan cao tot cimg. Sy phat trien cua xa hpi thi hien trudc bet va chu yeu d sy phat trien ciia cong cu san xuat; cdng cu san xuat phat trien dan dan va ty nhien; dieu dd keo su thay thi cac quan he xa hpi d trinh dp thap bang cac quan he xa hdi d trinh dp cao ban;
xa hdi loai ngudi khdng ngimg phat trien tir trinh dp thap ban den trinh dp cao hon tbeo su phat trien khdng ngimg ciia cong cu san xudt. Tiln trinh 3 giai doan d tren (xa hpi khdng cd che dp tu huu -> xa hdi co che dp tu hu'u -^ xa hpi khong cd che do tu hilu) chi la mdt vdng khau hong vd sd vong khau. Xa hdi khdng cd che do tu hftu sau lan phu djnh thii hai khdng phai la giai doan tot cimg cua xa hdi. Xa hdi loai ngudi co giai doan khdi dau (xa hdi khdng co che dp tu hilu) nhu'ng khdng cd giai doan cudi cimg. Cd the hinh dung tien trinh phat trien cua xa hdi loai ngu'di nhu sau: xa hoi khong cd che dp tu huu -^ xa hdi cd che dp tu hilu
•^ xa hpi khdng cd che dp hr huu -> xa hpi
Nguyen Ngoc Ha, Trjnh Thi Hang cd che dp tu huu -^... Tiln trinh nay la vo
tan. Tien trinh nay la mpt trudng hgp bieu hien cua quy luat phu dinh cua phii dinh (dugc ndi den trong Idgic hgc cua Hegen).
Xda bd che do tu hihi va phuc hdi che dp tu hilu la hai lan phu dinh. Phuc hdi che dp tu hilu la phii dinh ciia phii dinh che dp tu huu.
Hai lan phu dinh nay la hai lan thay ddi theo chieu hudng phat triin. Xa hdi d giai doan sau cao hon xa hdi d giai doan ttudc;
xa hdi d giai doan sau lap Iai xa hdi d chu ky tmdc (vi deu cd hoac khdng cd che dp tu hiru) nhung lai cao hon xa hdi d chu ky trudc. Mpi cpng ddng (bd tdc, dan tpc, qudc gia, khu vuc) deu di tbeo tiln trinh nay.
Viec nudc Nga xda bd che dp tu buu (tu nam 1917) va phuc hdi c h i dp tu' hilu (nam 1985) la phii hpp vdi Idgic tren. Khdng chi nudc Nga ma cac nudc khac cung se nhu vay. Thir ba, lich sir cua mdt nudc hoac mdt khu vyc cu the cd the bd qua mdt sd giai doan trung gian neu cd su giiip dd cua cac cpng ddng tien bd hon. Vi du, mdt cdng ddng CO the chuyen tit xa hdi nong nghiep, bd qua xa hdi cdng nghiep bac 1, tien thang len xa hdi cdng nghiep bac 2; hoac bd qua xa hpi tu ban chu nghTa, tien thang len xa hdi cdng san van minh; tham chi cd the tu xa hpi cdng san nguyen thuy tien thang len xa hgi hr ban chii nghia. Su bd qua dd la dieu cd the neu cd sy giiip dd ciia cac cpng ddng tien bd hem. Thu tu. thdi ky qua dp tu hinh thai kinh te - xa hpi nay den hinh thai kinh te - xa hdi khac khdng phai la mdt hinh thai kinh te - xa hpi, thdi gian tdn tai cua thdi ky qua dp do khdng lau nhu thdi gian tdn tai cua mdt hinh thai kinh te - xa hdi. C.Mac khdng dy doan cu the ve thdi gian tdn tai cua thdi ky qua do tir hinh thai kinh te - xa hpi tu ban chu nghTa len hinh thai kinh te - xa hdi cpng san chii nghTa.
Tuy nhien, dng cung khdng dy doan nao cho rang thdi gian tdn tai cua thdi ky qua dp dd la hang tram nam (die la lau han ca thdi gian tdn tai dy doan cua hinh thai kinh te - xa hdi tu ban chii nghTa).
4. Q u a n diem cua C.Mac ve trinh do ciia lu-c lugng san xuat trong chii nghia xa hoi C.Mac du doan rang, xa hdi tu ban chu nghTa nhat djnh se mat di, xa hdi cdng san nhat dinh se hinh thanh. Hon nft'a, dng cdn dy doan rang, cd 3 giai doan khac nhau sau khi nha nudc tu san mat di. Do la: thdi ky qua dp tu xa hdi tu' ban chu nghTa len xa hdi cdng san, giai doan dau ciia xa hpi cpng san (chii nghia xa hdi), giai doan cao cua xa hgi cdng san. Thdi ky qua dp hi xa hpi tu ban chil nghTa len xa hpi cpng san van co chi do tu hilu, CO kinh te thi trudng, cd tinh trang ngudi boc lot ngudi, cd tdn tai hinh thuc phan phdi khdng theo lao dpng, co bat cdng, cd bat binh dang ve thu nhap, cd giai cap, CO nha nudc, cd che dp dan chu, co sy cuang birc, cd su mat tu do. Tuy nhien, trong thdi ky qua dp, nha nudc tu san dugc thay bang nha nudc vo san, chi dg dan chu hr san dugc thay bang chi dp dan chii vd san, "che dp dan chii vo san so vdi bat cir che do dan chu tu san nao cung dan chu hem gdp trieu Idn" [4, t.37, tr.312], giai cdp vd san cudng biic giai cdp tu san (chu khdng phai giai cap tu san cudng buc giai cap vd san).
Trong he thdng quan dilm ciia C.Mac ve hinh thai kinh te - xa hpi, chu nghia xa hdi la mdt giai doan cua xa hdi cpng san chu nghia. Chii nghTa xa hdi cd c h i dp cong hilu ve tu lieu san xudt; khong cd nen kinh t l thi trudng; thyc hien nguyen tdc phan phdi
Khoa hoc xa hgi VietNam, so 2 - 2019 theo lao ddng; khdng cd tinh trang ngudi bdc lot ngudi, nhung van cd tinh trang bat cong; van cd tinh hang bat binh dang ve thu nhap. Chii nghTa xa hdi khdng cd giai cap, khong cd nha nudc, khdng cd che dp dan chii, khong cd su cuong buc, cd tu do. Giai doan cao cua xa hdi cdng san phat trien cao ban chu nghTa xa hpi ve lye luong san xuat;
thyc hien nguyen tdc phan phdi theo nhu cdu (chii khdng phai theo lao ddng). Chu nghTa xa bdi phat trien cao han chii nghTa tu ban ve lye lugng san xuat. Chu nghTa xa hdi cung cd nen san xuat cdng nghiep nhu chii nghTa tu ban, nhung nen san xuat cdng nghiep trong chii nghia xa hdi cao han nen san xuat cdng nghiep trong chu nghTa tu ban. Mac du cho rang chu nghTa xa hdi phat trien cao ban chu nghTa tu ban ve Iuc lupng san xuSt, nhung C.Mac chua chi ra su khac biet ve trinh dp giua lye lugng san xuat trong chii nghia tu ban vdi luc lugng san xuat trong chu nghTa xa hdi; chua chi ra sy khac biet gifta nen san xuat cdng nghiep hong chii nghia tu' ban vdi nen san xuat cdng nghiep trong chu nghia xa hdi.
Cach mang cong nghiep lan thii nhdt da lam cho xa hdi phong kien mat di va xa hdi tu ban chii nghia hinh thanh. Vao thdi ciia C.Mac, mdi cbi cd each mang cdng nghiep lan thii nhat. Cach mang cdng nghiep hien nay da la each mang cdng nghiep idn thu tu.
Vao gifta thi ky XX, khi Lien X6 cdn la cudng qudc, nhieu ngudi mac-xit cho rdng, hinh dp cua nen san xudt cdng nghiep liic dd (hic la san xuat cdng nghiep dya tren thanh tuu ciia each mang cdng nghiep idn thii' ba) da khong hrong thich vdi quan he san xuat tu ban chu nghTa. Cach mang cong nghiep phat hien khong ngung. Tilp theo each mang cdng nghiep 4.0 se la each mang cong nghiep 5.0, rdi each mang cdng nghiep 6.0, va cii the mai. Khd co thi du
doan chinh xac rang den each mang cdng nghiep lan thii bao nhieu thi quan he san xuat tu ban chu nghTa se can kiet siic sdng, nhudng chd cho quan he san xuat xa hpi chu nghTa. Vi vay, neu cdn song, C.Mac ciing se bo sung nhan thuc mdi ve hinh thai kinh te - xa hgi, theo do quan he san xuat tu ban chil nghia cd kha nang doi mdi de tuong thich vdi each mang cdng nghiep 4.0.
5. Ket luan
Khi nghien cuu hpc thuyet do, chiing ta can chu y den thuc chat quan diem ciia C.Mac, chu khdng phai chu y den cac thuat ngii mdi dugc C.Mac dua ra. Cach ma C.Mac phan loai phuang thiic san xuat va phan ky Hch sft tuang ung vdi cac phucmg thuc san xuat, tuy khdng ap dung cho mpi cpng dong, nhung la mdt each phan loai khoa hpc vi each do dya tren nguyen tac coi lich sir la mgt qua trinh tu nhien, Mac du C.Mac chua chi ro tinh dac thu ve trinh dp ciia Iuc Iugng san xuat trong chu nghTa xa hpi, nhung dng dy doan rang lye Iugng san xuat trong chii nghTa xa hpi phai cao han luc lugng san xuat trong chu nghTa tu ban.
Ngay nay, vdi bao bien co Hch su, quan diem ciia C.Mac vl hinh thai kinh tl - xa hpi hi the ky XXI can phai dupc bd sung va phat trien hem nfta. Mac dii vay, quan dilm cua C.Mac ve binh thai kinh tl - xa hpi van la quan diem khoa hpc, vi vl thyc chdt do la quan diem duy vat bien chung vl lich su.
Tai lieu tham khao
[ I ] Hoang Chi Bao (Chu bien) (2010), Bdn chat khoa hgc vd each mgng cua chii nghia Mdc - Lenin, Nxb Chinh Iri qu6c gia, Ha Ngi.
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N g u y e n N g g c Ha, Trjnh Thj H a n g
[2] Nguyen Trgng Chuan, Ph^m Van Diirc, Ho ST Quy (D6ng chii biSn) (1997), Nhiing quan diem cua C Mdc Ph.Anggheii V.ILenin ve chii nghTa xa hgi vd Ihdi ky qua do, N x b Chinh trj quoc gia. Ha Noi [2] Nguyin Chi Dung (2015), "Hoc thuylt cua
C M a c ve hinh thai kinh te - xa hgi duai anh sang then dai ngay nay", Tap chi Khoa hgc xd hgi Viet Nam, so 2.
[3] Nguyin Nggc Long (Chii bien) (2010), Chit nghia Mdc - Lenin voi van menh vd tuong lai ciia chu nghia xa. hoi Men thuc, Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia. Ha Ngi.
[4] V.LLenm (1976 - 1981), Todn tap, t.l6, t.l7, t.33, t.36, 37, t.39, t 4 2 , t.43, Nxb Tiln bg, Matxcova.
[5] C M a c va Ph Angghen (1984), Tuyen tap, Gom sdu tap, t.I, t.V, Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia. Ha Noi.
[6] Duong Phii Hiep (Chu bien) (2001), Tien len chit nghia xa hoi bo qua che do lu bdn chu nghTa d Viet Nam, N x b Chinh tri quoc gia.
Ha Noi.
[7] Tran Van Phong (2013), "Co phai hoc thUylt cua C.Mac ve hinh thai kinh te - xa hoi la sai lam?", Tap chi Khoa hoc xd hoi Vi^t Nam, so 8.
[8] Duong Van Thinh (2016), "Ve hgc thuylt hinh thai kinh te - xa hgi cua C.Mac", Tap chi Khoa hgcxahdi VietNam. so 5.
[9] Ha Dang (2011), Tir bo chu nghTa xd hdi la mgt sai ldm Idn. http://www.qdnd.vn/chong- dien-bien-hoa-binh/tu-bo-chu-nghia-xa-hoi-la- mot-sai-lam-lon-522845, tmy cap ngay 20/12/2018
