CHfNH S A ^ H V A Q U A N L " ?
UEN MINH 5 A N XUAT MOT HINH THITC PHAT HUY CHUOi GIA TR! TRONG SAN XUAT NONG NGHIEP
PHAM XUAN C A N Phi Gi^m A6C ed liH&CN Nghfi An
Lien minh s i n xuat (LMSX) giffa doanh nghi$p vd nfing ddn Id mQt hinh thtfc lifin kfit con kha mdi mh & nudc ta. Hi$n nay, ngoai cdc khodn tdl tr^ cJ!ia Ngfin hdng t h ^ gidi (WB) thfing qua D^ an C^nh tranh nfing nghl$p (Agricultural Competitiveness Project - ACP), hinh thdc LMSX chua dif^c thy hudng cdc chinh sach rifing cua Nhd mrdc. Thfing qua xem xet vfi^ hi$u qud cfia hinh thdc LMSX mang i^i, chung ta cin thuc dffy vifc xfiy dung mdt sfi'cor chfi', chmh sdch nhdm khuyfi'n khfch vd tgo diiu kifn cho cdc LMSX hogt dOng hifiu qud han, thfing qua do phat huy chufii gia trj trong sdn xufit nfing nghifip d nUdc ta.
M
ot trong nhffng ckn trfi ldn nha't thffdng dffoc n6i d§'n trong skn xuat nong nghi§p d Nghg An noi ri3ng, ck nffdc noi chung la sff manh mun v€ quy mo, do lay quy m6 hg lam chfnh. Tff manh mun ve quy m5 dan d^n kho khan trong ap dgng ckc ti^n bo khoa hpc va cdng ngh§(KH&CN), nhff cd gidi hda, ap dgng ky thu§t mdi, dffa gidng mdi vao sSn xuSt. Ode bi3t, quy md sdn xuat manh mun cung la cdn trd chrnh trong vi$c dffa ndng skn cua ta thanh hang hda, vl khdng cd du khdi Iffdng cSn thi^t, khdng ddm bdo sff ddng d^u v^ ch^t Iffdng v^
ti3u chuan, ddng thdi cung khdng t h i xay dffng dffdc thffdng hidu thdng nhat. Hdu qud la, gid trj va hidu qud san xuSt th^p, khd canh tranh tren thj trffdng.
Trd l^i con dffdng tap the hda d l tang quy md la didu khdng t h i va khdng ndn. Xay dffng cdc cdng ty c6 ph^n ndng nghidp quy md Idn cung la md hinh da vd dang dffdc thffc nghidm, nhffng th^t b^i
nhidu hon thanh cdng. Trong bdi cdnh dd, tff thffc tiSn sdn xuat kinh doanh trong vd ngodi nffdc, gdn ddy nhilu nhd nghidn cffu ddnh sff quan tdm cho mdt hinh thffc mdi, dd Id LMSX ndng nghidp giffa doanh nghi$p vd ndng ddn.
Ddy cung Id hdp phdn quan trpng nhdt trong Dff an Cgnh tranh ndng nghidp, do WB tdi trff, md Nghd An Id mdt tTnh dffpc hffdng lpi.
Thffc ra, sff lidn ket giffa doanh nghidp vd ndng ddn khdng phdl la cdi gi dd thffc sff mdi md. Cdch ddy hdn 10 ndm, ngdy 24.6.2002, vd'n d l ndy da dffpc Nhd nffdc quan tdm vd t h i c h l hda thdnh Quylt djnh sd 80/2002/QD-TTg v l chlnh sdch khuyin khfch tieu thg ndng sdn hdng hod thdng qua hpp ddng do Thij tffdng Chlnh phu ky. Quylt djnh ndy da d l cdp chu trffdng va mdt sd chfnh sdch khuyin khich cdc doanh nghidp thudc mpi thanh phdn kinh t l ky k i t hpp ddng tidu thg ndng sdn hang hda vdi ngffdi sdn xuat (hpp tac xd, hp ndng ddn, trang trai, dai didn hd ndng ddn) nham gan sdn xult vdi c h l biln
vd tidu thg ndng sdn hdng hda d l phdt triln sdn xuat I n djnh, ben vffng. Sau dd, lien kit "bdn nhd"
(nhd ndng, nhd doanh nghiep, nhd khoa hpc va Nhd nffdc), hoac
"nam nhd" {thdm nha bang - ngdn hdng) dffpc d l cdp, thdm chf ddi khi coi nhff Id "Idi thoaf cho nen ndng nghidp manh mun, l^c hdu d nffdc ta. Khdng t h i khdng thffa nh$n hidu qud cua cdc hinh thffc lidn kit ndy d l i vdi ndng nghiep, nhffng cdi gpi Id "lien kit bdn nhd", hay "ndm nhd" dd vdn ch? ton tgi nhff mdt phong trdo, nang ve hd hdo, kdu gpi thidn chf, ma thilu dl cdc md hinh mang tfnh thilt che kinh t l bin vffng cd sffc thuyet phgc. Vd sau bao nhidu ndm, cd sd phdp ly cho nd vdn ch? dffng 6 Quylt djnh sd 80/2002/QD-TTg, md thffc chdt dd mdi ch? Id mpt d^ng phap quy v l hpp ding tidu thg ndng sdn giffa doanh nghidp vd ndng ddn.
Tff ndm 2009 den nay, Dff dn ACP vdi ting gid tri khodng 75 trieu USD do WB tai trp dffdc trien khai thffc hien trdn dia bdn 8 t?nh (trong
S6 thang 9.2012 Kjj'J^JI'g^"^ 17
dd cd Nghd An) treng thdi glan IU ndm 2009 d i n 2013. Mgc lidu cCia DU dn Id ndng cao khd ndng c^nh Iranh cOa ndng ddn sdn x u l l nhd l?l khu vi/c miln Trung vd Tdy Nguydn Ihdng qua vide lidn k l l sdn xult vdl cdc ddanh nghidp; eg I h l Id: ndng cao khd ndng tilp cdn thj IrUdng cCia ndng ddn, chuyin giao vd dp dgng cdc cdng nghd sdn xult mdl; t l chUc l^i cdc nhdm sdn xud't cija ndng ddn vd lidn k i t vdl doanh nghiip; h i trd m|l phdn cd sd ha ting thilt y l u cho sdn xult.
Treng 4 hdp phin cDa DU dn Ihl hdp phdn B - H i trd LMSX Id quan trpng nhdt, chUa dgng trilt \^
vi cdch tilp cdn cCia WB v l chlnh sdch phdl triln ndng nghidp trong dilu kidn sdn xult n h i manh mun cDa Viit Nam. Mgc tidu cOa hdp phdn nhdm ndng cao khd ndng c^nh Iranh cua hd ndng ddn sdn x u l l n h i va doanh nghidp nhd vdo nhOng ho Ird thilt ldp, phdt triln vd dua vdo hoal ddng cdc LMSX Iheo hudng doanh nghiep lu nhdn, ddp Ung nhu c l u thi trudng vdl sg ho trd cua Nha nudc. D i n nay, sau hdn 2 nam thgc hidn da cd 71 LMSX dUdc xdc djnh vd 33 LMSX du dilu kidn ho^it d|ng gidi ngdn.
Ridng tai Nghd An da cd 6 LMSX b l l dau sdn xud't vd 4 LMSX di vdo hoal ddng IU ndm 2012.
Ngoai cdc LMSX dUdc thdnh ldp va hoal ddng Irong khudn k h i DU dn, tu trudc d i n nay trdn dja bdn Nghe An cung nhu cd nudc dd vd dang xult hidn cdc hinh thUc to chUc mang tlnh lien minh khdc giOa doanh nghidp vd ndng dan. Thuc lidn ho?t ddng cija hinh thUc LMSX dang ddt ra 2 vd'n d l c i t ydu: 1- M6 hinh LMSX vdl tu cdch Id mgt thilt c h l sdn xudt ndng nghidp ben vOfng; 2- Khudn kho phap ly, ddc biet id cdc chinh
sdch cho LMSX phdl Iriln m|t cdch b i n vDng. Ddy Id 2 gdi i cho nhOng odng Irlnh nghidn cUu quy md ldn vd mile d | sdu. Qua theo ddi vd quan sdi ho^t d|ng cOa cdc LMSX vd ode hinh thUc IUdng tg trong thdi glan g i n ddy d Nghd An, Chung tdl xin n l u m|l vdl nhdn xdt dudi ddy:
1. Vi tlnh chtt, nil dung hoft ding cia Mn mlnh
Nlu nhu theo Quylt d|nh s i 80/2002/QB-TTg, sU lldn k l l glOa doanh nghidp vd ndng ddn ddn thudn ch! Id lidu thg ndng sdn theo hdp ding, Ihl n i l dung cua LMSX ring hdn, bad gim lodn b i , khdp kin chuii sdn xull, c h l biln, tidu thg ndng sdn. Di liln vdi nd cdn Id cdc hoal ding chuyin giao ky thudt, ddo tao ndng ddn, xdy dgng thuong hidu, phdt Iriln th| trudng...
VI vdy, LMSX cDng Id m i l cdch lllp cdn mdl dli vdl sdn xudt ning nghidp, tilp cdn IU chuii gid trj.
Dilu ndy cOng cd nghTa Id, sU lidn k i t ndy khdng phdi chl Id thdi vu, lidu thg xong ning sdn Id h i t hdp ding, md Id sg lidn kit b i n vOng mang Ifnh chit ddu lu, kinh doanh Idu dai.
2. Ve phia doanh nghltp Tham gia LMSX ndi chung ndn Id cdc doanh nghidp hoal ding trong ITnh vuc ndng nghidp. ho$c cd lldn quan d i n ndng nghidp, nhu: che biln ndng sdn, buin bdn xud't nhdp khiu ndng sdn, cd gidi ning nghiep, kinh doanh phdn bdn, bdo v i thuc vdt_. c i nhu du W thin cln lidn k i t vdi ndng ddn thi mdt sdn xud't kinh doanh dUdc, ding thdi trdn thgc le hp cung da cd nhOfng hinh IhUc lidn k i t ndo dd. Chinh nhu c l u tg thdn nay se Id ding igc d l hp vudi qua khd khdn, cdn trd vd d i n vdi ning ddn.
Duong nhidn, doanh nghidp phdi
cd nguin igc cd v l tdl Igc, thilt b|
vd nhdn Igc diJ d l Ihgc hidn LMSX vdi ndng ddn. Ding Ihdl, cdc doanh nghidp cDng c l n phdi dUtfc ddo 190 vd rdn tdP nhilu v l kiln IhUc, kinh nghl|m vd k? ndng Idm vide vdl ning ddn, nhlt Id v l thgc hidn hdp ding kInh l l . Cd t h i ndi, nhilu LMSX cd y ludng r l l hay, nhung Ihlt bai, hole khdng thdnh cdng, vl khdng thilt Idp vd duy Irl duoc tilng ndi chung glQa doanh nghldp vd ning ddn. Nhilu doanh nghidp t>^en philn v l tlnh luy tidn cCia ning ddn, khdng Ihuc hidn nghidm luc cdc quy Irlnh ky thudt, oQng nhu hdp ding kinh t l . Dilu dd dung. Tuy nhidn, Ihed chung l i l , c l n coi ning ddn vdi tdt cd cdl I I I vd cdi x i u c l hOu Id hdng si.
Doanh nghiip khi lldn minh vdl ndng ddn khdng ndn hy vpng se sdm thay d l i nhOng "hdng s ^ dy md ndn tim cdch chung sing vd h^n c h l sg b i t I n bdng sg Ihdu hilu, thuyit phgc vd hdp ding ch$t chd, Irong dd c l l Idl Id luin tim cdch chia sd ldi Ich cung ndng ddn.
3. Vi phia ndng dSn D l tham gia LMSX, ngudl nong ddn cdn Ihilt vd ndn l l chUc lai dudi m i t hinh IhUc ndo dd. 06 I h l Id hdp Idc xa, t l hdp lac hay hidp b i i . Hidn nay, lai mdt s i dja phudng, cdc hdp Idc xa dUng ra ddng vai Ird Id l l chUc thay mdl ndng ddn Irong LMSX. Dilu nay cd thudn ldi, vl s i dgng dupc mil thilt c h l s i n c i , cijng vdi cd sd vdt chd't, b i mdy nhdn sg vd cdc dieu klin khdc. O nhOng ndi chua c6, hodc khdng cd hdp Idc xa ddm bao ydu cdu Ihl vide Ihdnh ldp to hop tdc hidn nay khdng gdp khd khan.
Tuy nhidn, Irong khi n i i dung hogt ddng cua hdp Idc xd Ihudng bao g i m nhilu TTnh vuc sdn xuat kinh doanh, thi LMSX I9I chu y l u tdp
K H " O A H O ' C S « » ' = " 9 3 2012
trung cho mOt sdn phim cy t h i . Mdt khdc, mdc du hpp tdc xd, hay t l hpp tdc Id t l chffc dffng ra d l lidn doanh, nhffng trdn thffc t l , cdu chuyen sdn xud't, kinh doanh vdi nhffng h^ch todn cg t h i vdn Id cija tffng hO gia dinh. Chfnh v) vdy bdn chdt cOa LMSX d ddy vSn Id ci:ia mdt bdn Id doanh nghidp, mOt bdn Id hd ndng ddn. Hpp tdc xd, hay t l hffp tdc, hay hidp h$i thffdng ddng vai trd Id ngffdi d^i didn, t^o khdu kit nil giffa doanh nghi$p vd cdc hd ndng ddn, ding thdi t^o ndn sff ddng thudn giffa cdc hO ndng ddn.
Mudn vdy, trong ndi bd hpp tdc xd hay t l hdp tac tham gia LMSX phdi cd dilu Id ho$c quy c h l chdt che, trong dd Iffu y gdn Ipi fch ciJa xd vidn hodc hd ndng ddn vdi vi$c thffc hien nghTa vg vd trdch nhidm trong LMSX. 6 nhffng ddn vj cd sdn phdm mang thffdng hidu tdp t h i chung, th) phdl Idy vi$c qudn ly nhan hieu tdp t h i , bao gdm cd qudn \)f chdt Iffdng d l rdng bu$c trdch nhiem cua ndng dan.
Tham gia LMSX Id ngffdi ndng ddn da tiep can vdi mdt hinh thffc qudn ly tidn tiln, coi trpng KH&CN vd k$r cffdng, phap ludt. Chfnh vi vdy, cdc to chffc dgi dien cua ndng dan cdn chu y boi dffdng cac kiln thffc, ren tap thdi quen tdn trpng vd thffc hien dung cdc quy trinh ky thudt, quy djnh qudn ly ve chit Iffdng, tieu chuan sdn phim cung nhff hpp ddng kinh te.
4. V^ thuang hifu LMSX thffdng hffdng tdl sdn xuat mot san pham nhat djnh. Viec xdy dffng, bdo hd va phat triln thffdng hieu cho sdn phdm dd Id mdt yeu cau hit sffc quan trpng.
Ddng thdi, LMSX cung Id mdt dilu kidn quan trong d l xay dffng vd phdt triln thffdng hieu. Vd'n d l ddt ra Id: sdn phdm do LMSX ra mang thffdng hieu cija ai? Tuii ddi cCia
lldn mlnh cd t h i ngdn hdn tuii ddi cDa sdn phim, vl vdy vdn d l thffdng hidu cdng phdi dffOc Iffu y. Ngogi trff mOt s6 LMSX chl sdn xudt sdn phdm mang tfnh chdt Id nguydn li^u, cdc LMSX khdc d i u phdi gidi quylt cdu hdi ndy. Hl$n nay do nhdn thffc v l thffdng hiiu cDa cd phfa doanh nghidp vd ngffdi ddn cdn hgn c h l ndn chffa phdt sinh nhilu phffc tgp, t h i nhffng v l Idu ddi, vdn d l thffdng hi$u sdn phim cua LMSX cln phdi dffdc quan tdm xff ly ngay tff ddu.
Trdn thffc t l , hdu hit cdc sdn phim lidn doanh ddu chffa cd thffdng hi$u, ndi chfnh xdc hdn Id chffa xdc ldp vd bdo h | sd hffu cdng nghidp (nhan hidu, nhan hidu tdp t h i , chl ddn dja \y...). Mdt sd doanh nghidp d Ngh$ An khi tham gia LMSX da cd y thffc ve xdy dffng nhan hi$u (nhff Ggo Xff Nghd cua Cdng ty TNHH VTnh Hda d huydn Ydn Thdnh, Vjt Bau Quy cCia Doanh nghidp tff nhdn Didu Chdu, d huygn Que Phong). Vdi cac doanh nghiep nay, sdn pham cCia LMSX sau khi che biln, hodc sd c h l , chpn Iffa se mang nhdn hieu ciia doanh nghiep. Chung tdi cho rdng dilu nay cung la hpp ly va hpp phap.
Trffdng hpp sdn phim Id dgc sdn dja phffdng, nhan hi^u nen Id cCia dja phffdng, song trong cdc trffdng hpp khdc, nhan hidu ndn Id cCia doanh nghiep. Ngay cd khi Id tdi sdn chung cua LMSX thi doanh nghiep vdn phdi ddng vai trd chu dgo trong qudn iy chdt Iffdng va thffdng hieu.
5. Khung kho phdp /y va chinh sdch
Khung kho phap ly ciia LMSX hien nay la Quye't dinh sd 80/2002/
QD-TTg da d l cap d trdn, vdi ndi dung v l hpp ddng tieu thg sdn
phim. Dd Id khung k h i phdp 1;^ cho mOt hogt dOng kinh t l . Trong khi LMSX cdn Id mOt thilt c h l kinh t l . Chfnh vl vdy, chung tdi cho rdng, cdn dijc nit kinh nghidm tff vide thffc hi$n Quylt djnh d l xdy dffng vd hodn thidn khung khi phdp ly cho LMSX theo hffdng Id m$t thilt c h l kinh t l . Trong dd, ngodi quy djnh Chung v l mgc dfch, nguydn tdc, ndi dung hogt ddng cDa LMSX, cdn cd quy djnh v l dilu kidn tham gia LMSX tff cd 2 phfa; quyln, nghTa vg vd trdch nhidm cua mdi bdn; cd c l u t l chffc vd cd c h l hogt ddng; vdn d l tdi sdn (hffu hinh vd vd hinh); xit ly tranh chap; chfnh sdch khuyin khich h6 trp; qudn ly nha nffdc dd'i vdi LMSX...
Hidn nay, ngodi cdc khodn tai trp tff cdc dff an, LMSX chffa dffpc hffdng cac chfnh sdch cCia Nhd nffdc. Theo chiing tdt, tff hieu qud ciia LMSX mang Igi, cln thilt xay dffng chfnh sdch nhdm khuyin khfch sff ra ddi vd hogt ddng cd hieu qud cCia cac LMSX. Trong dd, cd t h i nghien cffu ho trp mdt khodn kinh phf cho vide van ddng lap cdc LMSX, tdp hudn cho ndng ddn vd doanh nghiep, ho trp dp dgng tien bd KH&CN, xdy dgng, bao hd vd phdt triln thffdng hieu, chl phf gia nhdp thj trffdng. Ngodi ra, hd trp cdc LMSX thdng qua cac chfnh sach thue, tilp cdn dat daL.
Trffdc mdt, trong khi chffa cd cdc chfnh sach rieng cho LMSX, cd t h i vdn dgng cdc chfnh sdch ddn Id, Ilng ghep cho cac LMSX de cd t h i tgo ra mdt cii hfch can thiet cho ndng ddn vd doanh nghiep •
So thang 9.2012 i Hoat ddng
