TRifiT HOC, SO 8 (231), T H A N G 8-2010
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MAU T H U A N G I C A IVGirdi v d l I^GlJdl:
M6T S 6 N6I DUNG ca BAN
NGUYfiN NGOC HA ^*^
De ldm rd mpt sdngi dung cd bdn cua mdu thudn giUa ngUdi vdi ngUdi, trong bdi viet ndy, tdc gid diia ra detrao do'i vdi ddc gid ve nhiing ddc triing cd bdn ciia mdu thudn ndy, ve nguyen nhdn xudt hiin cua nd, ve cdc logi mdu thudn giUa ngiidi vdi ngUdi, vi vai tro cua cdc chu the trong mdu thudn ndy ddi vdi sii phdt trien xd hdi, vi ket qud vd phUdng thiic gidi quyet mdu thudn ndy. Theo tdc gid, mdc dii mdu thudn ndy Id hiin tiidng binh thiidng trong xd hpi, song do la mdt hiin tiidng cdn diidc quan tdm nghien cUu, bdi nd khdng chi gidp chiing ta xdc dinh ddng mdu thudn, md cdn liia chgn dung ddn phiidng thiic gidi quyei mdu thudn vi ldi ich con ngiidi vd xd hdi.
M d d a u
Mau thuan giia ngfldi va ngfldi la mgt hien tfldng tdn tai phd bien trong xa hgi va thfldng xuyen dflde noi dg'n trong sach bao chlnh tri - xa hgi cung nhfl trong sinh boat hang ngay. Nghign e i u de lam ro ban cha't e i a hien tfldng nay la nhiem vu cua trig't hgc xa hgi. Trong eae sach giao khoa ve phep bien chflng duy vat, mgt sfi' mau thuan gifla ngfldi va ngfldi dfldc nfii de'n nhfl la vi du de chflng minh thgm cho quy luat mau thuan. Nhflng, vfii tfl each mgt khai niem e i a trig't hge xa hgi, mau t h u i n gifla ngfldi va ngfldi con It dflde quan tam nghign c i u .
1. Dac trtfng ctf ban cua mau thuan giiJfa ngxicli va ngifdi
Khi nfii dg'n mau thuan gifla ngfldi va ngfldi, trflde hg't e h i n g ta phai xac dinh dae trflng cd ban phan biet nfi vfii eac hien tfldng xa hgi khae. Nhfl c h i n g ta da bie't, boat dgng c i a con ngfldi la boat dgng CO muc dleh; khi hoat dgng mfii ngfldi efi the n h i m dat dflde nhieu muc
dich khac nhau (chang ban, dat muc dich A de dat mue dleh B, dat mue dleh B de' dat muc dleh C); nhflng mue dleh cuoi c i n g ma mfii ngfldi mufi'n dat dfldc bao gid cung la ldi Ieh, t i c la eai dg dap i n g n h i n g nhu eau vat chat va tinh t h i n cia minh. Thfing qua hoat dgng tim kig'm cai dap i n g nhflng nhu ciu, eon ngfldi efi quan he vfii mfii trfldng tfl nhign va quan he vfii nhau. Quan he gifla ngfldi vfii ngfldi la sfl tac dgng qua lai gifla eae chu the (gifla ca nhan vfii ca nhan, gifla tap the vdi tap the, gifla cgng ddng vfii cgng ddng, gifla ca nhan vfii tap the hoac cfing ddng). Sfl tae dgng qua lai nay efi the la mau thuan nhau (can trd I i n nhau, bai t r i Iin nhau, d i u tranh Iin nhau) hoac la thfi'ng nhat vfii nhau (hd trd Iin nhau, giip dd I i n nhau, hdp tae vfii nhau). Nhfl vay, mau t h u i n gifla ngfldi vfii ngfldi la sfl tac dgng qua lai gifla ngiidi vfii ngfldi
(*) Phd giao sfl, tie'n si, Phd vien trfldng Vien Triet hoc, Vien Khoa hoc xa hoi Viet Nam.
(gifla c h i the nay vfii c h i the khac) theo hflfing can trd I i n nhau, bai t r i i i n nhau, da'u tranh I i n nhau(l).
2. N g u y e n n h a n xuS't h i e n m a u t h u a n giufa ngiffiri vtfi n^iffiri
Sli tae dgng qua lai gifla hai c h i the, nhfl da nfii d trgn, efi thd la mau t h u i n nhau (can trd I i n nhau, bai t r i Iin nhau, da'u tranh lan nhau) hoac thfi'ng nha't nhau (bfi trd lan nhau, giip dfi Iin nhau, hdp tac vfii nhau). Nhflng hoat dgng lai do muc dleh ehi dao. Vi thg', sfl mau thuan va sfl thfi'ng nhat gifla ngfldi vfii ngfldi ve hoat dgng phai efi nguyen nhan d quan he gifla hai muc dleh ma hai c h i the theo dudi. Mue dleh ma hai e h i thg theo dufi'i efi thg thuge mgt trong ba trfldng hdp: mau thuan, thfi'ng nhat va khae nhau.
Khi hai ehu the theo dufi'i mgt mue dleh thfi'ng n h i t thi hg se e i n g dat dflde hoac eing khfing dat dflde mue dleh e i a minh (ng'u e h i thg nay dat dflde thi e h i thg kia cflng dat dflde, ng'u e h i the nay khfing dat dfldc thi e h i thg kia eung khfing dat dfldc). Trdng trfldng hdp nay, gifla hg khfing efi mau thuan. VI du, ng'u hai ngfldi e i n g van dgng eho mgt i n g vign vao mgt chic vu nao dfi thi efi nghia la hg theo dufi'i mgt muc dleh thfi'ng nhat va do dfi, hg se c i n g dat dfldc hoac c i n g khfing dat dflde mue dleh e i a minh. Sfl thfi'ng n h i t gifla hai e h i the ve muc dleh se dan dg'n sfl thfi'ng nhat gifla hg trong boat dgng, tflc la hg se bfi trd lan nhau, giip dfi Iin nhau, hdp tae vfii nhau.
Khi hai chu the theo dudi hai mue dleh mau t h u i n thi hg khfing thd cing dat dflde muc dleh e i a minh. VI du, ne'u hai ngfldi nao dfi van dgng cho hai flng vien
khac nhau vao mgt chflc vu thi hg dang theo dufi'i hai mue dleh mau thuan va do do, hg khfing the cung dat dflde mue dleh e i a minh (ng'u ngfldi nay dat dflde thi ngfldi kia khfing dat dflde). Sfl mau thuan gifla hai e h i thg ve muc dleh se d i n dg'n sfl mau t h u i n gifla hg trong hanh dgng, t i e la hg se d i u tranh vfii nhau, bai t r i nhau, can trd nhau.
Trong trfldng hdp hai e h i thg theo dufii hai muc dleh khae nhau (khfing mau thuan va eung khfing thfi'ng nha't) thi hg efi thg c i n g dat dfldc hoac khfing cung dat dflde hai mue dleh nay. VI du, nhflng ngfldi trdng lua va n h i n g ngfldi det vai la hai e h i thg theo dudi hai muc dich khac nhau va do dfi, hg efi thg eung dat dfldc hoac khfing eung dat dfldc mue dich c i a minh. Sfl khac nhau ve muc dich tuy khfing trflc tig'p dan dg'n sfl mau thuan hay sfl thfi'ng nha't trong hanh dgng, nhflng gian tig'p va It hay nhieu cflng se dan dg'n sfl mau thuan hay sfl thfi'ng n h i t trong hanh dgng. Bdi vi, mgi ngflcii trong xa hgi deu efi lign he vfii nhau; boat dgng c i a mfii ngfldi d i It hay nhidu, trflc tig'p hay gian tie'p eung deu efi tac dgng dg'n boat dgng c i a t i t ca nhflng ngfldi khac
(1) Hien tfldng can trd lan nhau, bai trfl l l n nhau d&'u tranh lan nhau gifla ngfldi vdi ngfldi la hien tfldng ton tai khach quan va phd bie'n trong xa hoi ma ai cung cd the de dang nh^n thay. Tuy nhien, dd'i vdi nhflng ngfldi khdng thfla nhan hoc thuye't cua phep bien chflng ve mau thuan thi mau thuan (trong dd cd mftu thu&n xa hdi) khdng ton tai trong hien thUc, chi ton tai trong tfl duy va la bieu hien cua tfl duy sai lam. Mac du thfla nhan cd hien tUcing can trd l l n nhan, bai trfl lan nhau, dau tranh l&n nhau gifla ngfldi vdi ngUdi, nhflng ho lai khdng goi hien tfldng dd la mau thuan. Cd the vi the ma trong mot so' tfl dien tie'ng Anh, tuy cd thuat ngfl contracdition (mau thuan), social conflict (xung dot xa hoi), nhflng khdng he cd thuat ngfl social contracdition (mau t h u i n xa hoi).
NGUYEN NGOC H A
ma sfl tae dgng nay efi the la mau t h u i n hoac thfi'ng n h i t . Chang han, nhflng ngfldi trdng l i a va nhflng ngfldi det vai trong qua trinh thflc hien mue dich c i a minh nha't dinh efi sfl tac dgng qua lai vfii nhau theo ea'chieu hflfing mau thuan va chieu hflfing thfi'ng nha't (sfl tac dgng dfi CO the la tfl phat, nam ngoai y t h i c c i a hg). Hg efi sfl tac dgng lan nhau theo chieu thfi'ng n h i t , vi nhflng ngfldi trdng l i a thi c i n vai, con nhflng ngfldi det vai thi can l i a . Hg efi tac dgng lan nhau theo chieu mau thuan, vi ea hai bgn ddu e i n rugng da't dg san xua't, can thi trfldng dg tieu thu san pham trong khi rugng d i t va thi trfldng dg tigu thu san pham lai efi han; hoac vi nhflng ngfldi det vai gay 6 nhilm mfii trfldng, t i dfi can trd boat dgng c i a nhflng ngfldi trdng l i a .
Nhfl vay, nguygn nhan xua't hien mau thuan gifla ngfldi va ngfldi la do hai c h i thg theo dufii hai muc dleh ma viec dat dfldc mue dleh c i a c h i thg nay t i t nhign se loai t r i hoan toan hoac mgt p h i n viee dat dflde mue dleh c i a e h i the kia. Vfii nguygn nhan a'y thi sfl x u i t hien mau thuan gifla ngfldi va ngfldi efi yg'u tfi' c h i quan, vi eon ngflfii efi the tfl giac tfl bd muc dleh nay dg theo dufi'i muc dich khae.
Nhflng mue dleh dflde hinh thanh trgn ed sd nhu eiu, ma ngfldi nao eung phai efi nhu eiu dae biet la nhu e i u vat cha't. Vi thg', Sli xuat hien e i a mau t h u i n g i i a ngfldi va ngfldi efi ca ye'u tfi' khach quan.
3. Cac loai m a u t h u a n giijfa ngifo^i va ngvfcfi
Co nhieu each phan loai mau thuan gifla ngfldi va ngfldi. Trflfie hg't, dfi la each phan loai mau t h u i n xa hgi thanh mau t h u i n cd ban va mau t h u i n khfing cd
ban. Ne'u trong mgt cgng ddng efi nhieu e h i the va tfldng i n g efi nhieu mau t h u i n gifla eac ehu the, thi ngflfii ta eo the phan eae mau t h u i n i y thanh mau t h u i n cd ban va mau t h u i n khfing cd ban. Vi du, trong mgt qufi'c gia nao dfi efi ba c h i thg la giai cip tfl san, giai c i p vfi san va giai ca'p tieu tfl san, tfldng i n g efi ba mau t h u i n la mau thUin gifla giai cap tfl san vfii giai c i p vfi san, mau t h u i n gifla giai ca'p tfl san vfii giai ca'p tigu tfl san, mau thuan gifla giai c i p vfi san vfii giai ca'p tieu tfl san. Trong ba mau thuan i y thi mau t h u i n gifla giai ca'p tfl san vfii giai cip vfi san la ed ban; hai mau thuan eon lai la khfing cd ban. Mau t h u i n ed ban 6 day dfldc hieu la mau thuan qUy dinh ban c h i t e i a sfl vat, tdn tai c i n g vfii sfl vat, quye't dinh xu hflfing van dgng c i a sfl vat, trong trfldng hdp d day la mau t h u i n quy dinh ban chat cua cgng ddng, tdn tai eung vfii cfing ddng, quyet dinh xu hflfing van dgng e i a cgng ddng.
Quan he gifla hai e h i thg nao dfi tai mgt thdi digm nao dfi hoac la thfing nha't (khfing efi mau t h u i n ) hoac la v i a mau thuan (efi mgt mau thuari hoac efi nhigu mau t h u i n ) , v i a thfi'ng nha't (thfi'ng nhat d mgt sfi' mue dich nay va mau t h u i n d mgt sfi' muc dich khac). Khi efi nhieu mau t h u i n xua't hign gifla hai c h i the nao dfi thi e h i n g ta efi the phan loai eae mau t h u i n a'y thanh eac mau t h u i n quan trgng va cae mau t h u i n khfing quan trgng. Mau t h u i n quan trgng d day dflde hieu la mau t h u i n ve nhflng muc dich quan trgng. Con mau t h u i n khfing quan trgng dflde hieu la mau t h u i n ve nhflng muc dleh khfing quan trgng. Tuy nhign, sfl phan loai nay la tfldng dfi'i va khfing ed
dinh, vi tinh cha't quan trgng hay khfing quan trgng c i a mue dleh va do dfi, e i a mau t h u i n thay dfi'i theo hoan eanh bgn ngoai va theo ea quan diem e i a tflng e h i thg vg m i c do quan trgng c i a muc dleh tranh cha'p dfi'i vfii ban than minh. Chang han, mau t h u i n gifla hai qufi'c gia trong vige giai quyg't mgt v i n de thfldng mai nao dfi efi thg la quan trgng hoac khfing quan trgng tuy theo quan digm e i a mfii qufi'c gia trong viec xac dinh mue dleh tranh chap la quan trgng hay khfing quan trgng so vfii cac mue dleh khae. Quan diem nay efi thg thay dfi'i t i chfi cho muc dich tranh chip la quan trgng dg'n chfi cho mue dleh tranh chap la khfing quan trgng, hoac ngfldc lai. Ng'u mue dleh cang dflde e h i thg coi la quan trgng thi hoat dgng c i a c h i the de dat dflde muc dleh cang manh me.
Mgt each phan loai khac dfi'i vfii mau thuan gifla ngfldi va ngflfii la each phan loai thanh mau thuan dfi'i khang va mau thuan khfing dfi'i khang. Can cfl cua each phan loai nay la gi? Co y kig'n can c i vao ldi Ich tranh chip la cd ban hay khfing cd ban. Thed dfi, mau thuan dfi'i khang la mau thuan ve ldi Ich cd ban, eon mau thuan khfing dfi'i khang la mau thuan ve ldi Ieh khfing cd ban. Cfi y kig'n thi can c i vao phfldng t h i c giai quyg't mau thuan bang bao lufc hay khfing b i n g bao Ifle.
Theo dfi, thuan dfi'i khang la mau thuan dfldc giai quyg't b i n g bao Iflc; eon mau thuan khfing do'i khang la mau thuan dfldc giai quyg't khfing phai bang bae Ifle.
Cach phan loai sau (can cfl vao phfldng thflc giai quyg't mau t h u i n bang bao life hay khfing bang bao Ifle) cu the hdn va do dfi, cfi y nghia thflc t i l n hdn. Ne'u muc
dleh tranh cha'p gifla hai e h i the nao dfi cfi y nghia Ifin dfi'i vfii sfl tdn tai va phat trien c i a ea hai e h i thg thi hai e h i the nay thfldng chgn hinh thflc bao life dg giai quyg't mau thuan gifla hg, lam cho mau thuan gifla hg efi tinh dfi'i khang.
Tuy nhign, trong nhieu trfldng hdp, tuy muc dleh tranh chap la khfing efi y nghia Ifin dfi'i vfii sfl tdn tai va phat trign e i a hai bgn, nhflng mau thuan gifla hai bgn van efi tinh dfi'i khang, vi hg van chgn hinh t h i e bao Ifle dg giai quyg't mau thuan. Viee Ifla chgn hinh thflc bao life hay khfing bao Ifle dg giai quyg't mau thuan khfing chi phu thuge y nghia Ifin hay khfing Ifin e i a mue dleh tranh chip dfi'i vfii hai e h i thg, ma efin phu thuge vao nhan t h i e c h i quan cua hai e h i thg. Vi thg', tinh dfi'i khang hay khfing dfi'i khang c i a mau thuan khfing cfi' dinh: mau thuan cfi the chuyen t i dfi'i khang thanh khfing dfi'i khang hoac t i khfing dfi'i khang thanh dfi'i khang (ng'u hai c h i thg mau thuan thay dfi'i phfldng t h i e giai quyg't mau t h u i n t i b i n g bao life sang khfing bang bao Iflc hoac ngfldc lai).
Mau thuan gifla ngfldi vfii ngfldi efi thg dflde phan loai thanh mau thuan ve kinh tg', mau thuan ve chlnh tri - xa hgi, mau t h u i n ve tfl tfldng. Ng'u muc dich tranh chip gifla hai e h i the la mue dleh kinh tg' thi mau t h u i n g i i a hg la mau thuan ve kinh tg'. Tfldng tfl, ng'u mue dleh tranh cha'p gifla hai c h i thg la muc dich chlnh tri - xa hgi thi mau thuan gifla hg la mau t h u i n ve chlnh tri - xa hgi. Con ng'u mue dleh tranh chip gifla hai e h i thg la muc dleh tfl tfldng thi mau thuan gifla hg la mau t h u i n ve tfl tfldng. Mau thuan ve kinh te', mau thuan ve chlnh tri - xa hgi.
NGUYEN NGOC H A
mau thuan ve tfl tfldng efi mfi'i quan he vfii nhau va do dfi, khi hai c h i the efi mau thuan ve kinh te thi gifla hai e h i the a'y it hay nhieu se nay sinh mau t h u i n ve chinh tri - xa hgi va mau t h u i n ve tfl tfldng. Do vay, tuy efi nhieu nguygn nhan khac nhau lam nay sinh mau t h u i n ve chlnh tri - xa hgi va mau t h u i n ve tfl tfldng gifla hai c h i the (dae biet g i i a hai giai ca'p, gifla hai dan tgc), nhflng trong sfi' eae nguyen nhan dfi, nha't dinh efi nguyen nhan sau xa la mau t h u i n ve kinh tg' gifla hg.
Mau thuan gifla ngfldi vfii ngfldi c i n g cfi the dfldc phan loai can cfl vao cae c h i the c i a mau thuan. Cae e h i the c i a mau thuan xa hgi rat da dang. Ching ta cfi the nfii dg'n, chang ban, mau thuan gifla ca nhan vfii ca nhan, mau thuan gifla ca nhan va xa hgi, mau t h u i n trong ngi bg nhan dan, mau thuan gifla nhan dan vfii ke t h i c i a nhan dan, mau t h u i n gifla cae giai ca'p, mau t h u i n gifla cae dan tfic, mau thuan gifla cac tfin giao, v.v.. Tuy nhien, c i n c h i y rang, gifla hai c h i the ba't ky (ke ca gifla hai giai ca'p nao dfi) khfing phai l i e nao eung xua't hien mau thuin. Bdi vi, nhfl da nfii d trfin, mau thuan chi xua't hien khi hai c h i the theo dufii hai muc dleh ma viee dat dflde muc dich c i a e h i thg nay ta't nhign se loai t r i hoan toan hoac mgt p h i n viee dat dflde mue dich e i a c h i the kia.
4. Vai t r o c u a c a c c h u the' t r o n g m a u t h u a n giiifa ngifofi vtfi ngifdi do'i vtfi 81^ p h a t t r i e n x a h o i
Theo quan digm bien e h i n g thi mau thuan la dgng life c i a sfl van dgng. Khi ap dung quan diem dfi vao linh vfle xa hgi, dfldng nhign, phai t h i a nhan rang,
mau t h u i n trong xa hgi nfii ehung va mau t h u i n gifla ngfldi va ngfldi nfii rigng la dgng liie c i a sfl van dgng xa hgi.
Nhifng, va'n de la d eho, cfi the cho ring, mau t h u i n la dgng Iflc e i a sfl phat trig'n hay khfing? Cu the hdn, eo the eho rang, mau t h u i n gifla ngfldi va ngflfii la dgng Iflc e i a suf phat tridn xa hgi hay khfing?
Ng'u hieu sfl van dgng ddng thdi la sfl phat trign thi dfldng nhign, mau thuan la dgng life e i a sfl phat trign, mau thuan gifla ngfldi va ngfldi la dgng life e i a sfl phat trign xa hgi. Nhflng, ng'u higu sfl van dgng khfing phai bao gid cflng la sfl phat trign thi bgn canh cai la dgng life c i a sfl phat trign con cfi cai la phan dgng life c i a sfl phat trign (hay eai kim ham sfl phat trign). Cai la dgng life cua sfl phat trien va cai la phan dgng Ifle e i a sfl phat trign bao gid c i n g tdn tai e i n g vfii nhau va hdp thanh mgt mau thuan. Khi do, mau t h u i n khfing phai la dgng life c i a sfl phat trign, mau thuan gifla ngfldi va ngfldi khfing phai la dgng Ifle eua sfl phat trign xa h6i(2). Trong trfldng hdp eoi sfl van dgng khfing ddng thdi la sfl phat trign ma van cho r i n g mau thuan gifla ngfldi va ngfldi la dgng life c i a sfl phat trien xa hgi thi dieu dfi cfi the d i n den quan niem khfing dung r i n g , ca hai mat
(2) Trong cac tac pham cua cac nha kinh dien ciia chu nghia Mac-Lenin khdng cd cau "mau t h u i n la ddng Iflc cua sfl phat trien". Ph.Angghen cd vie't:
"Dong Iflc cua toan bd lich sfl hien dai, it nha't la cl trong hai nUdc tien tien nhat ndi tren" (tflc la Anh va Phap), chinh la cudc dau tranh cua ba giai cap ldn dd (tflc la giai c&'p tfl san, giai ca'p vd san, giai cap quy tdc dia chu) va nhflng xung dot ve ldi ich cua ho (Xem: C.Mac va Ph.Angghen. Todii tap, t.21. Nxb Chinh tri Qudc gia. Ha Ndi, 1995, tr.439). "Dong Iflc cua lich sfl" ndi d day can dfldc hieu la ddng lUc cua sfl van dong xa hoi, ehfl khdiig phai la dong Iflc cua sfl phat trien xa hdi.
hdp thanh mau t h u i n deu la tfi't, deu la dgng liic c i a phat trie'n; xa hgi nao cfi mau thuan eang nhieu hoac efi mau thuin cang gay g i t thi xa hgi dfi eang phat trign nhanh.
Trong mgt mau t h u i n gifla ngfldi va ngfldi cfi hai e h i the, vai tro c i a hai e h i thg' do dfi'i vfii sfl phat trig'n xa hgi la trai ngfldc nhau tuy theo mue dleh ma mfii chu thd theo dufi'i la tig'n bg hay khfing tien bg ( p h i hdp hay khfing p h i hdp vfii sfl phat trien xa hgi) (3). Neu e h i the nao theo muc dich tig'n bg thi c h i the i y la dgng life c i a sfl phat trign xa hgi, con c h i thg' kia theo muc dich khfing tig'n bg la phan dgng life eua sfl phat trien xa hgi.
VI du, khi cfi sfl mau t h u i n gifla hai e h i the trong viee i n g hg hay phan dfi'i mgt chg' do xa hgi hien tdn ma chg' do nay dang p h i hdp vfii sfl phat trien xa hgi thi chi the i n g hg ehe do ay la dgng Iflc c i a sfl phat trien xa hgi, efin c h i the kia la phan dgng lufc c i a sfl phat trien xa hgi.
Ngfldc lai, khi efi sfl mau t h u i n gifla hai chi thg trong viee i n g hg hay phan dfi'i mgt chg' do xa hgi hien tdn ma chg' do nay khfing p h i hdp vfii sfl phat trien xa hgi thi e h i thg i n g hg che do a'y la phan dgng liic c i a sfl phat trien xa hgi, eon chu the kia la dgng liic e i a sfl phat trien xa hgi.
Trong mau thuan gifla Iflc Ifldng each mang va life Ifldng phan each mang thi life Ifldng each mang la dgng liic c i a sfl phat trign, con life Ifldng phan each mang la phan dgng Ifle c i a sfl phat trien. Trong mau t h u i n gifla ngifdi ap bflc vfii ngfldi chfi'ng ap bflc thi ngfldi chfi'ng ap bflc la dgng Ifle c i a sfl phat trien xa hgi, con ngfldi ap b i c la phan dgng liic e i a sii phat trien xa hgi.
Trong mgt ed quan, mgt ddn vi, mgt tap thg do nhieu nguygn nhan khae nhau efi the efi tinh trang ma't doan kg't ngi bg, t i c la cfi xua't hien nhflng mau thuan gifla ngfldi va ngfldi. Dfi'i vfii nhflng mau t h u i n gifla ngflfii va ngflfii trdng mgt tap the nhfl vay thi c h i n g ta phai phan tich cu the vd hai mat (d day la hai c h i thg') e i a t i n g mau t h u i n de xem ngfldi hoac nhfim ngfldi nao la tieh efle, con ngfldi hoac nhfim ngfldi nao la tigu efle, ehfl khfing ngn khang dinh chung ehung r i n g mat doan kg't la tigu efle. Khi trong ed quan cfi mgt sfi' ngfldi suy thoai dao dflc, nhfl tham nhung, ehuygn ehe, quan ligu..., thi viee doan kg't vfii nhflng ngfldi suy thoai dao d i e la tieu efle; con viee da'u tranh chfi'ng lai nhflng ngfldi suy thoai dao dflc la tieh efle. Ng'u coi viec da'u tranh e i a mgt sfi' ngfldi chfi'ng lai cac hanh vi tigu efle eua mgt sfi' ngfldi khae trong mgt tap thg la sfl gay mat doan kg't ngi bg thi hanh vi "gay ma't doan kg't" ay phai dfldc eoi la tich efle.
5. Ke't qua va phiftfng t h i c giai quye't mau t h u a n giifa ngifdi va ngifc/i
Khi gifla hai c h i thg nao dfi xua't hien mau thuan thi mau thuan dfi sfim hay mugn cung se dflde giai quyg't. Kg't qua giai quyg't cfi thg la mgt trong eac trfldng hdp sau day. Tha nhdt, mgt chu the hoan toan dat dfldc muc dich c i a minh; e h i thg con lai hoan toan khfing dat dflde mue
(3) Viec xac dinh mdt muc dich nao dd la tie'n bd hay khdng tie'n bd phai can cfl vao nhieu tieu chuan khach quan cua sfl tien bd, ehfl khdng the can cfl vao sU tuyen bd' cua chu the theo duoi muc dich ay.
Bdi vi, khi theo duoi muc dich nao thi chu the theo dudi muc dich ay bao gid cung cd' chflng minh muc dich ma minh theo duoi la tie'n bd.
NGUYEN NGOC HA
dich e i a minh (dfi'i vfii n h i n g mau t h u i n do'i khang, trong nhieu trfldng hdp c h i the hoan toan khfing dat dfldc mue dich cua minh tham chi eon bi dfi'i phfldng tigu diet). Tha hai, mgt e h i the hoan toan khfing dat dflde muc dleh eua minh va e h i the con lai ehi dat dflde mgt p h i n mue dleh c i a minh. Tha ba, ca hai e h i the deu ehi dat dfldc mgt p h i n muc dleh e i a minh. Tha ta, ca hai c h i thg hoan toan khfing dat dfldc muc dleh e i a minh.
Mau thuan gifla ngfldi va ngfldi efi thg dfldc giai quye't bang nhieu phfldng thflc khac nhau tuy thuge vad dac diem e i a t i n g loai mau thuan va vao sfl Ifla chgn c h i quan c i a hai e h i the mau thuan. Cfi phfldng thflc giai quye't b i n g bao life va cfi phfldng thflc giai quyg't khfing b i n g bao life. Cfi phfldng thflc giai quye't b i n g thfldng Ifldng va cfi phfldng thflc giai quyg't khfing b i n g thfldng Ifldng. Cfi phfldng t h i c giai quyg't trflc tiep bdi hai c h i the mau t h u i n va cfi phfldng thflc giai quyg't gian tie'p nhd vai trfi c i a cac e h i the khae. Viec Ifla chgn d i n g phfldng thflc giai quyg't mau t h u i n efi y nghia nghia quan trgng de'n hieu qua c i a viec quyg't mau t h u i n . Chang ban, neu mgt chu the Ifla chgn phfldng thflc bao life de giai quye't mgt mau thuan ve mgt muc dich ma viec dat dfldc hay khfing dat dfldc muc dich a'y khfing lam anh hifdng den ldi Ich sfi'ng efin e i a minh, thi efi the e h i the dfi chang nhflng khfing dat dfldc mue dich c i a minh ma con phai chiu nhflng to'n tha't Ifin.
Dfl mau t h u i n gifla ngfldi va ngfldi dfldc giai quyg't b i n g phfldng thflc nao thi bao gid viec giai quye't mau t h u i n gifla
ngifdi va ngifdi eung deu cfi sfl tham gia e i a yg'u t o y thflc c i a con ngfldi. Dieu nay khae vfii viec giai quyet mau t h u i n d dgng vat. Bdi vi, gifla eae ea the dgng vat cflng efi mau t h u i n , nhflng sii giai quyg't mau t h u i n d dgng vat la tfl phat, khfing cfi sfl tham gia c i a yeu tfi'y t h i e . Neu con ngflfii cang hieu big't sau sac vd quy luat xa hgi thi hg eang tranh dfldc nhflng to'n tha't khfing dang efi do sai l i m trong viee Ifla chgn phfldng thflc giai quyg't mau thuan. Sfl xua't hien e i a mau thuan gifla ngflfii va ngflfii la dieu binh thflfing trong sfl phat trign xa hgi. Nhflng, dieu quan trgng la d sfl Ifla chgn d i n g dan phfldng t h i e giai quyg't mau thuan dg tranh dfldc nhflng mat mat khfing dang cfi cho xa hgi.
Ke't l u a n
Mau thuan gifla ngflfii va ngflfii vfii nhflng ngi dung nhfl trgn la hien tfldng binh thfldng trong xa hgi. Mac d i vay, dfi la mgt hien tfldng c i n dflde quan tam nghign e i u , bdi viec nhan t h i e hien tfldng a'y efi vai trfi quan trgng dfi'i vfii viee nhan thflc nhieu hien tfldng xa hgi khae. Chang ban, e h i n g ta se khfing higu d i n g ban cha't c i a eac hien tfldng phap luat, nha nflfic, khfing eong bing, khong dan e h i , khfing tfl do va nbieu hien tfldng xa hgi khae neu khfing phan tich mau t h u i n gifla ngifdi va ngfldi.
Nhan thflc mau t h u i n gifla ngflfii va ngflfii efin g i i p mdi ngfldi, dac biet la nhflng ngfldi cfi trach nhiem quan ly xa hgi, xac dinh d i n g d i n mau t h u i n va Ifla chgn d i n g dan phfldng thflc giai quyg't mau t h u i n thfldng xuygn nay sinh trdng quan he gifla ngufdi va ngifdi vi ldi ich c i a minh va e i a xa hfii. •
