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T H | TRLTO-NG T A I C H I N HPHAT TRIEN THI TRirCTNG DjCH VU THE VIET NAM:
M a rpng mqng lirdi POS HAY ATM?
ThS. TRINH THANH HUYEN
Truang Dao tao va Phat trien ngudn nhan li/c VIETINBANK
Cdnh ciia WTO mo ra cung la luc cdc ngdn hdng thuong mai Viet Nam (NHTM) dang vuon. ra "bien Ion" day tiem ndng nhung cdng day thdch thuc khi khong nhung phdi ccinh tranh vdi cdc NHTM trong nuoc md cd cdc NHTM nuoc ngodi - nhung ngdn hdng von dd rdt chuyen nghiep trong phdt trien cdc dich vu ngdn hdng bdn le, ddc biet Id dfch vu the. Voi gdn 86 trieu ddn, trong do phdn Ion la ddn so tre, Viet Nam hien dang duoc ddnh gid la mot trong nhiing thi trucmg tiem ndng ciia cdc ngdn hdng trong chie'n lugc phdt trien dich vu the.
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 6/2009
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
J
SdLl/ONGPOS
1 1 .OOC
8.750 M
ULI
14.000
i
22.959 24.912
28.300
i
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 6/2009
Ngudn: Hi$p hpi the ngan hang, Bao cao tinh hinh hoat dpng the 2008 44
Thut trang thi trvdng thd Viet Nam
N a m 1996, Ngan hang ngoai thuong Viet N a m (Vietcombank) la N H T M d i u Hen hien khai dich vu thanh toan the tai Viet Nam, danh da'u su hinh thanh thi trudng the Viet N a m . Tuy nhien, phai den n a m 2001 thi trudng the mdi cd n h u n g chuyen ddng rd net va thuc su chuyen minh tir nam 2003 hdlai day. Hon mdt thap ky qua, su phat trien eua thi trudng nay la khdng the pbii nhan. Tir ebd ea nudc chi sd 02 may ATM (may riit Kin tu ddng) ciia Vietcombank vdi ehiie nang don gian la riit Kin mat thi d i n nay, da cd tren 30 ngan hang tham gia phat hanh the va lam dai ly thanh toan the. Sd lupng the eiing tang rat nhanh, dae biet trong 3 nam trd lai day. Cudi nam 2006, ca nudc ed gin 3,5 trieu the thi den cudi nam 2007 da len tren 8 hieu t h i va cudi nam 2008 la 14,6 trieu the, tang gap hon 4 l i n chi trong vdng 2 nam, trong dd, tren 97% la the ghi np va p h i n ldn trong sd nay la the ghi np ndi dia.
The la linh vue canh tranh kha gay g i t giua eae ngan hang, vi the, eac dich vu gia tang di kem vdi the tang len khdng ngimg va mang lai
Tai chinh THANG n/aoos
rat nhilu lpi ich cho eac chu the.
Chile the ngan hang gid khdng ehi dcm t h u i n dupc dung de riit Hin mat tir cae may ATM n h u trudc kia ma cdn mang lai kha nhilu tien ich khac nhu chuyen khoan, thanh toan Kin hang hda dich vu tai cac d i l m chap nhan the POS (Point of Sale), tra phi dinh ky vdi cae khoan thanh toan thudng xuyen (tiln dien, tiln nudc, dien thoai, internet), mua hang true tuyen tai cae sieu thi online v.v... Su phat triln manh me eua dich vu the khdng ehi mang lai nhung tien ich cho cac ehii the ma cdn mang lai nhilu lpi ich eho ngan hang bdi le, thu hut dupc mdt so lupng ldn khach hang den m d tai khoan khdng nhung giiip cho
hoan toan n h u vay bdi le cae ngan hang diu rat quan tam tdi sd lupng the phat hanh, sd lupng may ATM/POS dupc l i p dat nhung rat it ed thdng ke v l so lupng giao dich va gia hi cae khoan giao dich va ehng ehua ngan hang nao cdng bd sd lupng
"the ngii". D i u r i n g , de thi trudng phat trien theo "chilu sau" dupe thi Hudc h i t nd phai phat trien theo "chilu rdng", song, n l u tinh Hi thdi diem Vi- etcombank phat banh chile the d i u Hen thi d i n nay chng da hon mdt thap ky. Dilu dd cd nghia la cung da d i n liic chung ta c i n chii trpng phat trien thi trudng ea vl mat "chat" thay vi chi quan tam den mat "lupng"
nhu hien nay.
Gia nhgp WIO, nganh ngan hdng Viet Nann da va dang phdi duong ddu vdi mpi log} cdc si; cgnh franh lu" ben ngodi doi vdi mpi sdn phdm djch vy. Ihj Irudng Ihe Ihanh lodn cung vgy. Neu khong c6 nhung nd luc phdt Irien Ihi rdi co Ihe, Viei Nam se "ddnh roi" Ihj phdn ndy vdo lay cdc ngdn hdng nudc ngodi ngay d Ihi Irudng Irong nudc.
eac ngan hang huy ddng dupc mpt lupng vdn ldn vdi chi phi tha'p ma cdn la co hdi d l eae ngan hang quang ba cac san pham dich vu cua minh d i n vdi khach hang.
Co sd ha t i n g phuc vu cho boat ddng cua thi trudng the khdng ngimg phat trien. Cac NHTM da lien tuc d i u tu vdn cho viec l i p dat them may ATM va md rdng cac POS, song chu yeu van tap trung tai cac thanh phd ldn nhu: Ha Npi, Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh, Nha Trang, H u l . . .
Xu huong phdt t r i e n trong thoi g i a n tdi
N l u chi nhin vao nhirng so lieu thdng ke ndi tren thi ed the ndi r i n g , thi trudng the Vi?t Nam da cd nhung bude phat trien vupt bac. Song, chua b i n
Can tiep tuc & rong mang lw&iATI\/l...
Thuc t l cho thay, thdi gian qua, cae ngan hang dua nhau phat hanh the, ehu y i u la the ATM, nen dii so lupng may ATM dupc l i p dat them ra't nhilu eung khdng the dap iing dii nhu ciu ngay cang tang eua ngudi sii dung the. Tai khdng it may ATM d thanh phd Ha Ndi va thanh pho Hd Chi Minh da xay ra tinh trang qua tai, khach hang phai xIp hang chd kha lau mdi dupe giao dich, dac biet va vao thdi dilm cudi nam. Mac du eac ngan hang gidi thieu rat nhilu Hen ich khi sii dung the, tuy nhien tren thuc t l nhung tien ich nay v i n chua phat huy bet tae dung ciia nd. Dai da sd eae chu the d Viet Nam hien nay ehi m d t h e ATM de riit Hin mat
ma ehua cd thdi quen sir dung cae dich vu tien ich ma the c6 t h i mang lai. Trong budi giao luu true tuyIn do Thdi bao Kinh t l Sai Gdn td chuc ngay 8/6/2009 vira qua, TS. Duong Hdng Phuong, Phd Vu trudng Vu Thanh toan thudc NHNN eho biet, theo thdng ke, khoang 80% giao dich qua ATM la de rut tiln mat. Dd cd le cung la nguyen nhan ma may ATM vdn ten tiing Anh cua nd la may giao dich tu ddng (Automatic Teller Machine) nhung phin ldn trong chiing ta gpi nd la may nit tiln tu ddng.
Tai nhilu Hung tam, sieu thi ldn cd the de dang nhan tha'y sd lupng khach hang rat nhilu n h u n g lupng khach dimg the thanh toan v6 eimg it di. May POS dupe lip dat nhung ed khi ca thang may mdi dupe "quet"
vai lin. Nguyen nhan thi nhilu nhung nguyen nhan ehii yiu gay lang phi va thu hep Hen ich ciia tbl la cdng nghe va su lien k i t giira eae ngan hang. Mdt khach hang khdng the cd ta't ca cac loai the eua ta't ea eae NHTM dupc ma mdi may dpc the ehi ed t h i dimg d l thanh toan eho mpt sdloai the nhat dinh. Do vay, de tien cho viec thanh toan ciia minh, ciia ngudi ban hang va cho Cei nhirng ngudi dang xIp hang d i n g sau chd thanh toan, khach hang thudng phai rn riit tiln mat d cac may ATM ben ngoai sieu thi de mang vao thanh toan. H i u het nhirng ngudi da di nudc ngoai d i u ed chung mdt suy nghi la the, dac biet la the tin dung, chi diing de
"quet" khi di nude ngoai ma thdi. Chinh dilu dd da gay nen Knh trang "iin t i c " tai cac may ATM vao "gid cao diem" eudi nam.
N l u nhin vao mat dp phan bd may ATM binh quan tai Viet Nam hien nay mdi ehi dat miic khoang 23.000 d a n / m a y ATM, trong khi tai Singapore con sd nay khoang 2.638 ngudi/ma)' ATM thi thay la ehiing ta edn qua thilu ATM. Tuy nhien, neu phan Heb sau mdt chiit ta cd the
• Xem tie'p tr 49
Tai chinh THANG 11/2009 45
cho phat trien thi Hudng phi tap Hung OTC thue su.
• Nghien ciru, xay dung eo c h i dau gia theo hudng dam bao su phat Hien lanh manh, cdng b i n g ciia thi hudng, nha't la dam bao ngudi lao ddng eung duoc hudng lpi true Hip Ki cd phin boa, tranh hien tupng thao King thi trudng va true loi bat ehinh (cd the tang ty le so tiln dat eoc da'u gia, dat trin gia da'u thiu, xac dinh miic gia iru dai theo gia da'u gia thanh cdng tha'p nhit, hoac khdng tinh Hong sd cua nhung cd phieu dupc dat mua song khdng mua...).
• Quy dinh chat che va cd che tai hiiu hieu d l gin ket chat che hem viec IPO vdi viee niem yIt.
• Hoan thien he thd'ng edng khai thong Kn, nang eao chat luong, dp tin cay va chuan hoa ndi dung thdng tin cdng bd.
• Hoan thien cae cosd phap ly eho viee sap nhap, hpp nha't va mua lai cung n h u pha san eae edng ty chirng khoan.
• Xay dung he thd'ng kiem soat va giam soat cac ludng vdn d i u tu Hi nudc ngoai Hen TTCK de quan ly cae boat ddng d i u tu ehiing khoan huu hieu va an toan. Trong Hudng hop nay, kinh nghiem ciia Trung Qud'e la rat dang tham khao.
• Tilp tue tang cudng che tai thuc thi va tang eudng ky luat Hen TTCK.
Nang cao che tai, miic xii phat hien tai n h i m tang Knh ran de va phdng chdng sai pham, tai pham Hen TTCK, nha't la Hong dilu kien thi Hudng phat triln qua ndng.
• Nang eao nang lue nghiep vu chuyen mdn va quan ly tai san ddi vdi edng ty chiing khoan, ap dung rdng rai cac thdng le ehuan muc ke toan.
kiem toan qud'e te.
Tdi lieu tham khdo:
1. mp (2007), '1IVIF Executive Board Con- cludes 2007Article IV Consultation with
Vietnam", Public Information Notice (PIN) No. 07/136, November 21.
2. Le Xuan Sang (2003), '•Developing the stock market in China: Are there any les- sons to be learnt for Vietnam?", Manuss- cripts. Institute of East Asian Studies, Singapore, December
3. Le Xuan Sang (2007), cic chuyen de nghien c&u trong De an 59 "Phat then cac the che kinh te thi Iru&ng dinh hu&ng xi hpi chu nghia & Viet Nam", De in ciia
Vien Nghien cuu Quin ly kinh te Trung uang trinh Chinh phu.
4. NguySn San (2009). "Thi tru&ng chung khoan Viet Nam nam 2008. du bio nam 2009 vi cic giii phip phat tnen dn dinh, ben vung", Bii viet Hpi thio "Cai each thi truang tii chinh Viet Nam trong bdi cinh khung hoing: Thuc trang, van de va tam nhin den nam 2020" tai Vien Nghien cuu Ouan ly kinh te Trung uang.
• Tiep theo tr. 45
tha'y rang chiing ta ehi ed hem 22,8 trieu dan thanh thi trong tdng so khoang 88 trieu dan va sd lupng ngudi sdng tai cac dd thi ldn, ed tiim nang phat trien dieb vu the thi edn it hon nira. Trong khi dd vdi Singapore - mdt trung tam tai chinh eua khu vue va la n i n kinh t l lai chu yeu dua vao dich vu vdi g i n nhu toan bo la dan thanli thi. N l u vay, ty le nay kh6ng phai la qua tha'p ddi vdi thi trudng the Viet Nam.
...Hay tang cir&ng phat trien POS?
Tren the gidi tir lau viec thanh toan bing the da trd nen phd biin va dupe ngudi dan dimg rat linh boat trong cude sdng hang ngay. Cac Hen ich cua thi ATM dupc khai thac tdi da de bil d i p nhirng chi phi ma ngan hang va xa hdi da phai bd ra. Cdn he thd'ng cae thiet bi POS bao gid eung phcit trien cham hem 1 budc so vdi viee lip dat Ctie may ATM vdi mue dich la de ngudi sir dung quen d i n vdi eae tien ich eua the tai may ATM.
Song hanh vdi ehinh sach phat trien thanh toan khdng dimg Kin mat va eung d l giai quylt Knh trang "ach tic" kl tren, cae ngan hang da ed g i n g lip dat them nhilu may ATM nhung neu nhin vao b i n chat eiia van d l , dieu nay dudng nhu dang di ngupc lai vdi muc tieu dien tir hoa eae giao dich thanh toan. Bdi cang nhilu may
ATM dat tai cac trung tam thuang mai, ngudi diing cang de nit tiln mat de thanh toan khi mua hang. N h u vay, ty trong thanh toan b i n g tiln mat van khdng h i giam.
May ea the POS va may ATM d i u ed mdt diem chung la giao dich dupc qua the ATM song may POS cd uu dilm gon nhe chi chilm mpt dien tich ra't nhd, cd the de dang lip dat nhilu noi. Khi sir dung may POS, nhan vien giao dich ehi cin "quet" tbl len may dupe dat tai quiy Knh Kin, sau dd ehii the ky ten xae nhan len bien lai, hoan ta't qua trinh thanh toan. Nhan vien tai cae diem giao dich ed Hach nhiem ddi chieu chii ky cua chii the vdi ehii ky tren the nham bao ve quyin lpi va ban e h i rui ro eho khach hang. Mpi thao tae d i u kha dcm gian, cd su hd trp hudng dan eua eae nhan vien tai q u i y giao dich. Trong khi de d i u tu van hanh mdt may ATM tdn chi phi gap nhilu lin so vdi may POS. Van minh thucmg mai chinh la d h e thd'ng POS chii khdng phai ATM. ATM chi la eai may thue hien mdt so giao dich ngan hang, cdn POS g i n Iiln vdi nganh edng nghiep ban le va dich vu.
Khi xu hudng mua sim d cae eiia hang, trung tam thucmg mai h d nen phd bien, nhu eiu thanh toan b i n g the qua POS se tang nhanh, dac biet la gidi tri, nen rat e i n dupc k h u y i n khich sir dung. Thay vi md rdng he thdng ATM rat tdn kem, cae ngan hang nen tang cudng hop tae vdi eae dem vi kinh doanh d l md rdng he
thd'ng POS cho ca the ATM va the tin dung. Klii ngan hang dam bao eho he thdng may POS van hanh td't, ngudi dan de dang riit the quet vao may POS d l thanh toan d mpi noi thi khdng cd ly do gi ho phai ra ngoai nit Kin mat vao thanh toan. Cd nghia la sd lupng tiln luu lai trong moi tai khoan se tang len, dilu nay rat ed lpi eho ngcin hang, thay vi cd tiln la ngudi dan rut hit, tranh phai tra ehi phi eho mdi lin nit nhd le nhu hien nay.
Phat triln he thd'ng POS khdng phcii la viee qua khd, eac ngan hang cd t h i hpp tac vdi cac cdng ty de tan dung POS n h i m giam chi phi dau tu, ngoai ra d l kich thieh xa hdi hoa viee nay c i n giam chi phi giao dich. Ngan hang ein lien kit sir dung chung mpt may eha'p nhan nhilu loai the, tranh Knh trang tai eae diem chap nhan the tdn tai n h i l u loai may eiia cac ngan hang khac nhau, gay ra su lang phi kh6ng cin thilt. Chi khi dd, thdi quen sir dung tiln mat ciia ngudi dan mdi thay ddi dupe va dilu nay eung lam lpi eho xa hdi rat nhilu.
Gia nhap WTO, nganh ngan hang Viet Nam da va dang phai dirong d i u vdi mdt loat eac su eanh tranh tir ben ngoai d6i vdi moi san pham dich vu.
Thi trudng tbl thanh toan cung vay.
N l u khdng ed nhung nd lue phat trien thi rat cd thi, Viet Nam ,se "danh roi"
thi p h i n nay vao tay eae ngan hang nude ngoai ngay d thi trudng trong
nudc. *
JU Chinh THANG 49
