Le Thi HJng Nga, Nguyin Ngpc Quynh. Mahatma Gandhi vai Nam Phi
©2019 Vien Nghien ciru An Do vS Tay Nam A T^p chi Nghien cii'u An Op v^ ChSu A So 8 (81), thSng 8-2019 http;//viisas vass.gov vn ISSN: 0866-7314
Mahatma Gandhi voi Nam Phi
Le ThiH&ngNga*, Nguyen Ngpc Quynh**
*Vien Nghien cim An Do vd Toy Nam A. **Vy ban Trung uong Mgt Iran To quoc Vi^t Nam Ngdy nhan bai: 26/6/2019, ngdy giri phdn bien: 01/7/2019, ngdy duyet dang: 17/07/2019
^Tru&c khi tr& thdnh lanh dgo xudt chiing cua phong trdo ddn toe An Do, Mahatma Gandhi dd J. cd Ih&i gian Idm viec vd ddn thdn hogt ddng chinh iri tgi Nam Phi, nai dng da thir nghiem vd thdnh cdng voi phiccmg phdp dau tranh bdt bgo ddng-Men tri chdn ly. Cd thi ndi. An Do Id nai Gandhi sinh ra nhung Nam Phi mai la nai dng Iru&ng thdnh. Bdn thdn Mahatma Gandhi dd md td nhirng nam thdng sdng & Nam Phi nhu Id "phan tdt dep nhdt trong cudc d&i" minh (Nanda, 2012). Trong khodng 21 ndm sdng & Nam PM, tit 1893 den 1914, chdng thanh nien tre nhut nhdt vita mai hoc xong a truang luat da thay ddi rat nhieu de cudi ciing trd thdnh ngudi ddn ddt phong trdo ddc lap ciia An Do vd thiic day phong trdo phi thuc ddn hda cita thi giai. Neu khdng cd nhimg thdch thirc, thir nghiem, nhimg ca hoi md Nam Phi dem Igi cd le Gandhi cUng da khdngphdt trien mot nhdn cdch vd sunghiep chinh tri cd mot khdng hai vd tra thdnh mgt trong nhiing chinh khach cd sire hut nhdt ciia Ihe ky XX. Bdi viel tim hiiu con du&ng din v&i Nam Phi vd dnh hu&ng ciia nhirng ndm thdng & Nam Phi den su nghiep vd nhdn cdch Mahatma Gandhi
Tir khda: Mahatma Gandhi, Nam Phi, Satyagraha, phan biet chung tpc 1. Con diroTig den voi Nam Phi
Vao nhirng nam cudi the ky XIX, van de ngudi nhap cu An Dp la mdt chii de ndng bdng tai Nam Phi. Lao dpng khe udc ngudi An (indentured Indian labour) da bat dau den Nam Phi tii nhung nam 1860 de lam viee tai cae ddn dien mia dudng. Nhieu ngudi trong sd nhirng lao dpng nay d lai dinh cu vi ly do kinh t^. Sy gia tang dan sd An Dp dan tdi su phan doi manh me cOa nhiing ngudi thuc dan da trang, dac biet khi cac thuang nhan An Dp ciing bat dau den day.
Nam 1891, Mohandas K. Gandhi khi dd22 tudi, dang hpc luat tai London thi nghe tin me qua ddi va da phai vdi va trd ve An Dp. Sau khi trd ve An Dp mpt thdi gian, dng bat dau lam vi?e cho mpt Toa an d Bombay va da nd lye de diing viJng trong nghe luat nhung khdng thanh cdng. Ong chuySn den Rajkot lam nghe viet cdng van, dan tir va nhan mpt khoan luong khiem tdn hang thang khoang 300 Rupi. Tuy nhien, dng da pham loi vdi Ollivant, mdt Dai dien Chinh tri eua Anh (British Political Agent) tai Ida an d Rajkot, nai tap trung hSu h6t cac cdng vi?c eiia dng. Dung vao thdi difim dd, Dada Abdullah, mpt thuang gia An Dp d Natal, Nam Phi da mdi dng tham dy vao mdt vu kien dan sy d dSt nude do.
Dada AbduUa va cac con trai dng d Nam Phi can cd mpt luat su cd the ndi tieng Gujarati de giai quy^t mpt tranh chap vdi ngudi anh em hp khdng tra ng cho cdng ty.
Nghien ciiu An Dp va Chau A. Sd 8 - 2019, tr.18-25 18
L6 Thi Hang Nga, Nguyin Ngpc Quynh. Mahatma Gandhi v&i Nam Phi Hgp ddng keo dai mpt nam, vdi khoan thii lao 105 bang, mot tam ve khii hdi hang nhat va nhiing chi phi thue te. Dd la mdt khoan phi khiem tdn, nhung Gandhi mudn rdi khdi Rajkot nen da nhanh chdng chap nhan Idi de nghi. Theo hgp ddng ciia vu kien nay thi dng chi lam viec d Nam Phi mpt nam nhung rdi dng da d lai day ban 20 nam.
2. Nhfrng nam thang 6" Nam Phi
Gandhi den Durban ngay 24/5/1893 tren eon tau 'SS Safari' khi mdi 24 tudi. Dada AbduUa, ngudi cd cdng ty thue Gandhi hanh dpng dai dien cho no trong mpt vu tranh chap thucmg mai vdi mpt thanh vien trong gia dinh, dgi dng tren cAu eang, va Gandhi da chuyen den sdng vdi gia dinh dng d phd Grey.
Nhiing cu sdc bat ngd khd chiu da ehd dpi Gandhi d Nam Phi. Dau tien, khi Gandhi den tham tda an Durban cimg vdi Abdulla ngay sau khi dng den Nam Phi, Gandhi bj tham phan ngudi chau Au yeu cau cdi chiee khan xep cua minh. Gandhi tir chdi va rdi khdi tda an vdi ly do la viee bd khan xep quan tren dau la mpt dau hieu thieu tdn trpng d An Do. Su kien nay da dugc ghi lai tren bao dia phuang, td Natal Advertiser, ngay lap tiic thu hut sy chii y cua mpi ngudi vao sy xuat hien cua dng va y thiic manh me eua viec giii gin pham gia ca nhan.
Nhung day chi la khuc dao dau cho mdt su kien ndi tieng hon dien ra tren tau da khoi day y thiic chinh tri cua dng. Khdng lau sau khi den Nam Phi, Gandhi phai di chuyen den Pretoria vi vu an, va mac dii dng ed ve hang nhat nhung ngudi chi huy tren tau ra lenh dng chuyen den mpt toa hang ba vi ly do mau da cua dng, Thdi ky dd, ngudi da mau d Nam Phi khdng duge phep ngdi d toa hang nhat. Cau chuyen dien ra nhu sau':
Tren chuyin tdu khai hdnh tit Durban, chdng thanh nien Id ludl su Gandhi dang trin doan tdu kh&i hdnh tir Durban di gap khach hdng a Pretoria. Gandhi mua ve hang nhdl vd ngdi a toa hang nhdt. Mot VJ khdch nguoi chau Au di ngang qua khoang vd chit Idng ngu&i khi thdy Gandhi da mau ngdi trong khodng hang nhdt. Mot nhdn vien khudn vdc cd mat tgi toa tdu dd cdnh bao Gandhi: "Tdi khdng biet bdng cdch ndo dng cd ve hgng nhdt, nhung dng dang tu dua minh vdo rdc rdi l&n day " Gandhi liec nhin qua cdnh ciia toa tdu di xem diiu gi khien anh nhdn vien kia sa hdi din vgy. Rdi mot vi khdch chau Au vd ngu&i sodl ve ddy cita bu&c vdo.
Ngu&i sodl ve het vdo mat Gandhi: "Nay, ten cu-li kia, miry dang lam gi trong khoang nay the? "
Gandhi trd l&i: "Sao vgy? Tdi... tdi cd ve md. Ve khoang hgng nhdt. "
Ngu&i sodt ve: "Lam sao mdy lai cd tdm ve nay? "
Gandhi: "Tdi nhdn ve qua du&ng buu dien. Toi Id mot luat suvd tdi khdng cd thai gian de di mua ve true tiep."
Vi khdch chdu Au: "Ngu&i da mdu khdng the ngdi a khoang hgng nhdt Di xudng ngdi & khoang hgng ba cua mdy di "
Gandhi gia tdm the hdnh nghe cho vi khdch chdu Au vd ngu&i sodt ve xem- "Cdc anh nhin nay, Mohandas K. Gandhi, Luat su. Tdi dang tren du&ng den Pretoria de thu ly vu viec cho mot cdng ty thuang mgi An Do. "
Vi khdch chdu Au: "Mdy khdng nghe thdy tao ndi a? Ldm gi cd Luat su da mdu & Nam Phi!"
' Cau chuyen dua tr6n vd kieh ciia Garima Tiwari. Tu lieu cung cap bdi Dai sii quan Viet Nam tai Ha N6i.
Nghien cim An Dp va Chdu A. Sd 8 - 2019, tr.18-25 19
L& Thi Hang Nga, Nguyin Ngpc Quj^nh. Mahalma Gandhi vai Nam Phi Gandhi: "Thua Ngdi. tdi la thdnh vien cua Tda an Cdng ly Toi cao, do do, tdi Id mdt lugt su, vd vi trong mdt ngdi tdi Id nguai da mdu - nen tdi nghi chiing ta cd the suy ludn ra Id cd it nhdt mgt luat su da mdu & Nam Phi "
Vi khdch chdu Au: "Dudi hdn ta ra ngodi"
Sy kien nay danh dau sy chuyen hudng trong cupc ddi Gandhi. Chiu dung cai lanh run ray thau xuang trong dem ddng gia ret d phdng dgi cua ga tau, Gandhi da trai qua sy dau tranh dii dpi; Ong cd n8n tir bd hgp dong de ve An Dp? Hay dng nen chap nhan tinh hinh va doi mat vdi nd? Khach hang ciia dng da khdng bao trudc cho dng biet ve tinh trang si nhuc ciia ngudi An d Nam Phi. Cac thuang gia An Dp d day da hpc each bd tiii sy lang ma gidng nhu viec bd tiii nhung ddng tien kiem dugc. Tir trudc den gid, Gandhi thudng khdng the hien la ngudi quyet doan; trai lai dng thudr]g td ra la ngudi nhiit nhat, rut re va chap nhan. Nhung dem dd, trong can phdng lanh gia cua phdng ehd ga tau, cd mpt sy chuyen bien Idn da xay ra trong con ngudi dng nhu mdt luong thep chay khap eo the va dng da cd quyet dinh quan trpng trong cupc ddi: d lai Nam Phi de dau tranh chong lai su phan biet chiing tpc ddi vdi ngudi da mau.
Tir thdi diem do, dng khdng chiu chap nhan su bat cdng nhu la mot phan ciia trat ty xa hpi d Nam Phi, va sau nay d An Dp. Sy rut re cua chang sinh vien d Anh va luat su tre d An da hoan toan bien mat. Neu dng khdng bj dudi khdi tau, khdng bi phan biet doi xii te bac vi mau da ciia minh, cd le dng da khdng trd thanh mpt "Mahatma" sau nay. Cho nen, rd rang sy kien b| dudi khdi tau t^ii Nam Phi la bude ngoat trong cupc ddi Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Hien nay, cd mot tam bang tai nha ga d Pietermaritzburg vdi ndi dung: "Ogdn tdm bdng nay, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi da bj dual ra khdi toa hgng nhdl vdo dem miing 7 thdng 6 ndm 1893. Su viec nay dd thay ddi dien tiin cuoc d&i dng. Ong da bu&c vdo cuoc dau tranh chdng Igi sir dp biic chiing tdc. Cuoc ddu tranh bdt bgo dgng tich cue ciia dng dd bat dau tirhdm do" {Gandhi.southafrica.net).
Trong khi d Pretoria, Gandhi da nghien ciiu dieu kien song ciia nhung ngudi ddng huang, cd gSng giao due hp ve quyen va nghTa vy ciia hp. Vao thang 6/1894, khi thdi gian hgp ddng sip het, Gandhi trd Igi Durban, chuan bi sin sang ve An Dp. T^l budi tiec chia tay ma khach hang td chiic cho dng, dng tinh cd dpc td The Natal Mercury va biet rang Hdi dong Lap phap Natal (Natal Legislative Assembly) dang can nhac thdng qua mpt dao luat tudc bd quy6n bau cu eua ngudi An. Gandhi ndi vdi gia chii r4ng, day la chiee dinh dau tien ddng vao quan tai ciia chung ta. Hp da nai ni Gandhi d lai 6% bao ve, che ehd hp.
Gandhi ddng y hoan chuyen di ve An them mpt thang.
Ban nang nh^iy ben da hudng dSn chang thanh nien Gandhi trong td chiic chi^n dich chinh tn d5u tien. Khi con la sinh vien d Anh cung nhu khi da la mdt luat su d An, Gandhi chua bao gid quan tam nhieu den chinh trj. V?y ma, vao thang 7/1894, khi mdi 25 tudi, Gandhi nhanh chdng trd thanh nha van ddng chinh tri thanh thao. Ong da sogn thao cac ban kien nghi giii len eo quan Lap phap Natal va Chinh phu Anh, va da thuc hien ky chiing vdi hang tram ddng bao cua minh. Mac du khdng the ngan chan viec thdng qua dao luat, nhung Gandhi da thanh cdng trong viec thu hiit sy chii y ciia cdng chiing va bao chi d Natal, An Dp va d Anh ve su bat binh ciia ngudi An d Natal.
Mpt thang gia ban tgi Nam Phi cua Gandhi nhanh chdng trdi qua. Cpng ddng An Dp tiep tuc cau xin dng d lai de thay mat hp dau tranh. Gandhi cam thSy ngugl An can gap mpt td chiic lau dai d^ cham lo cho Igi ich ciia hp. Chieu theo y cua Dadabhai Naoroji, ngudi luc do la Chii tich Dang Qudc dgi An
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Lg Thj Hang Nga, Nguyin Ngpc Quynh. Mahatma Gandhi v&i Nam Phi Dp nam 1893, Gandhi dadgttenchotochtiremdidNamPhi la Dang Qudc dai Natal vao nam 1894. Td chuc nay lanh dao cac cupc bieu tinh bat bao dpng chdng lai sy doi xu ap biic cua ngudi da trang ddi vdi ngudi chau Phi ban xir va ngudi An.
La mpt thu ky khdng met mdi ciia td chiic, Gandhi da gianh dugc sy quan tam va hudng iing nhiet Het trong mdi bude di. Chien thuat ciia Gandhi bao gdm hai mat. Mdt mat, dng truySn tinh than doan ket cho nhftng thuang nhan Hoi giao va cac giao si Parsi va Hindu giao, nhiing lao dpng khe udc ban nd le tii Madras va nhung tin dd Thien Chiia giao gde An sinh ra d Natal. Mat khac, dng cdng khai rpng rai hoan canh ciia ngudi An de hoi thiic lucmg tam ciia nhan dan va chinh phii d Natal, d An Do va d Anh. Thudc do the hien sy thanh cdng cua Gandhi la nhung td bao quan trpng nhu The Times (London), The Statesman va Englishman ciia Calcutta da cd bai binh luan ve nhiing bat binh va khieu nai ciia ngudi An d Natal. Doi vdi ban than, Gandhi khdng nhan hit cu thii gi tu cdng quy. Trong nhiing nam dau boat ddng va ren iuy?n chinh trj, Gandhi da xay dyng bp quy tie iing xu ciia rieng minh doi vdi mpt chinh tri gia. Ong khdng chap nhgn quan diem phd bien rang, trong chinh tri, ngudi ta phai dau tranh cho mpt dang la diing hay sai. Ong ludn dau tranh vi chan ly, sy that. Ong cd niem dam me ddi vdi sy that, su dam me ma ong da nudi dudng trong thdi gian thuc hanh luat, va dng ciing dem niem dam me dd vao chinh tri. Neu su that diing ve phia dng thi dng khdng cSn phai then det ehiing. Ong tranh viec phdng dgi va ngan chlin cac dong nghiep ciia minh phdng dai su that. Ong khdng bd qua ngay ca nhiing ddng bao dng, dng khdng chi la ngudi ung hp mgnh me nhdt ciia nhiing ngudi An d Natal ma dng edn la nha phe binh nghiem khac nhat ciia hp.
Nam 1896, Gandhi ve An Dp de ddn vg con va de van ddng su iing hp ddi vdi sy nghiep cua ngudi An d nude ngoai. Nhimg cau chuyen v8 hogt dpng va phat ngdn cua dng d An da duac truyen den Natal va lam nhthig ngudi chau Au o d d ndi gign. Khi dng dat chan den Durban vao thang 1/1897, dngdabi tan cdng va suyt bj treo eo bdi dam dong da trang. Nhung Gandhi da khdng truy to nhiing ke tan cdng minh. Dd cung la mpt dac diem trong tinh each ciia Gandhi. Theo Gandhi, nguyen tae ciia dng la khdng tim kiem giai quyet van de ca nhan trong mdt tda an.
Khi xay ra Chien tranh Boer nam 1899, Gandhi thanh lap mpt Quan doan Ciiu thuang An Dp (Ambulance Corps) de ho trg Chinh phii Anh trong cupc ehien - mdt nghia cir dep nhung vd ich ddi vdi ngudi Anh. Chien thang ciia Anh trong Chien tranh Boer cd mang Igi chut thu gian cho ngudi An d Nam Phi. Tuy nhien, sy ky' thi sac tpc va tra tan doi vdi ngudi An dNam Phi van tiSp diln. Nam 1906, Chinh phii Transvaal da ban hanh mpt dgo lugt dgc biet si nhuc yeu eSu cdng dan An Dp phai dang ky than nhan (Asian Registration Act)^. Ngudi An da td chiic mpt cupc hpp bieu tinh ram rd tgi Johannesburg,
^ Dgo lugt Ddng ky Chdu A (The Asiatic Registration Act) tai Transvaal ra doi nham vao ngudi chau A (ngudi An va ngudi Hoa). Theo Dgo luat nky, tit ca nam gidi chau A phai tu d5ng ky va xuat truih giay chiing minh nhan dan c6 dau van tay khi dupe yeu ciu. Nhihig nguoi khdng dang ky va nhihig dan nhap cu bi cam nhap canh c6 thi bi tryc xuSt ma khong c6 quyfin khang cao ho3c bi npp phat tai cho neu hp khong tuan thii Dao luat. Cung theo Dao luSt nay, mpi ngudi chau A, phy ntt hoSc tre em tir tam tuoi trd len, dupe quyen cu tni d Transvaal, phai dSng ky ten cua minh vdi Co quan Dang lo? ngudi chau A (Registrar of Asiatics) va lay giay chiing nhan dSng ky. Ngudi npp don dSng ky phai giao Igi giay phep cu cho Ca quan dang ky, va phai ghi ro trong don ten tu6i, ding cip, nai is... ciia minh. Co quan dang ky phai ghi Igi nhihig dau hieu nhan dang quan trpng doi vdi ngudi nop don va liy.
diu van tay ciia hp. Gandhi gpi Dgo lugt nay la "Dgo luat Den" (Black Act), la mpt su si nhyc doi vdi cong d6ng chau A dNam Phi va da phii Uien khai ni?m Satyagraha de dau tranh. Dgo luat da bj Chinh phii Anh bai bo ngay
Nghien ciiu An Dp vaChau A. So 8 - 2019, tr.18-25 21
__^ Le Thj Hang Nga, Nguyen Ngpc Quynh. Mahatma Gandhi vai Nam Phi
va dudi su lanh dgo ciia Gandhi, hp da the (cam ket) se khdng tuan thu Dao luat dd va se chju dung mpi hinh phgt do sy bit tuan nay. Vi vay, phuang phap dau tranh kien tri chan ly (Satyagraha) dugc sinh ra tir day - mot phuang phap mdi de siia sai va chdng Igi ap biic ma khdng cd sy thii han va khdng cd bao lye. Nhiing nguyen tac va ky thuat ciia phong trao mdi dan dan tien trien trong cac thang va nam sau do.
Phuang phap hanh dpng nay v l sau trd thanh cdng cu boat ddng chinh tri cua Gandhi trong phong trao dan tpc An Dp va cd anh hudng Idn den cac phong trao diu tranh tren the gidi the ky 20, nhu phong trao dan quy6n d Hoa Ky va phong trao chdng lai che dp phan biet chung tpc d Nam Phi. Martin Luther King ndi rang, "Chiia Jesus dem den cho chiing ta ngudn cam hiing con Gandhi dem den cho chung ta phuang phap" {mk.gandhi.org).
Phong trao diu tranh Satyagraha d Nam Phi dudi sy lanh dao ciia Gandhi keo dai tam nam. Hang tram ngudi An da ehpn hi sinh ke sinh nhai va tu do cua minh thay vi phuc tiing nhirng dao luat ma hp thay trai ngugc vdi luang tam va Idng ty trpng ciia hp. Trong giai doan euoi cua phong trao, nam 1913, hang tram ngudi An bao gdm phu nir da vao tu va hang ngan ngudi lao dpng An dinh cdng tai cac ham md cung hi vao tii, bi danh bang roi va tham chi bi ban. Dd la mdt thir thach khiing khiep ddi vdi ngudi An, nhung cung giiip phai bay bp mat tdi te ciia tang Idp cai tri d Nam Phi. Ngay ca Lord Hardinge, Phd vuong An Dp, eiing da phai len tieng cdng khai chi trich nhiing bien phap ciia Chinh phii dNam Phi, nhiing bien phap ma "khdng bao gid cd the dugc tha thii bdi bat ky qudc gia nao ty xung la van minh"
(Nanda, 2012).
Dudi ap luc ciia du luan the gidi va ciia Chinh phii An Dp eiing nhu Chinh phii Anh, nam 1914, hiep dinh Gandhi - Smuts da dugc ky kSt. Mgc dii khdng phai tit ca nhiing khieu ngi eua ngudi An dugc giai quyet, nhung su phan biet chung tdc da giam xudng, va Gandhi da ed the trd ve An Dp. Cd le, Gandhi cung cam nhan rang, van de chiing tdc d Nam Phi khdng the dugc giai quyet ehirng nao chii nghta de qudc chau Au hay sy cai trj ciia ngudi chau Au ddi vdi ngudi chau A va chau Phi vin edn tiep dien. Chinh sy dyng dp cua Gandhi vdi chii nghia dS qudc Anh d An Dp da gdp phan lam xdi mon nen cai tri thue dan d luc dja A - Phi, pha hiiy ly do ton tgi ciia ti'nh uu viet eua ngudi da tring va cuoi ciing md ra trien vpng ciia mdt chinh the da sac tpc va dan chu d Nam Phi.
Mahatma Gandhi rdi Nam Phi ngay 18/7/1914, sau khi danh 21 nam lam luat suva diu tranh vi Ipi ich cdng d do. Gandhi da viet trong khi ngdi tren con tau rdi Nam Phi: "Tdi da rdi khdi Nam Phi, nhung khdng rdi xa nhirng ket ndi ciia tdi vdi dit nude nay" (E.S. Reddy & Gopalkrishna Gandhi, 1993).
3. Anh hu-ffng cua Nam Phi doi vol Mahatma Gandhi
Mdt sd hpc gia cho rang, Gandhi da may man khi bat dau su nghiep hanh lugt va boat dpng ehinh tri dNam Phi (Nanda, 2012). Trong mdi trudng cua nhiing lugt gia va eac nha lanh dgo Idn ciia An Dp, Gandhi khd cd the phat trien dugc nhieu sang kien. Ci Nam Phi, dng cd dugc sy ty do tuong doi vS mgt xa hpi d6 thyc hipn nhiing cupc thu nghiem chinh tri va xa hdi. Ddi vdi mdt ngudi khdng theo chu nghTa giao dieu, viec cd the bat dau boat dpng trong mdt mdi trudng khdng bi anh hudng hay can trd bdi cac bac tien bdi chinh tri la mdt loi the mang tinh quy^t djnh. Vi vay, Gandhi da cd thi dua ra quy tic iing sau khi ban hanh do vip phai phong trao phan d6i do Gandhi iSnh dgo, nhung sau do da dugc tai ban hanh vao nam 1908.
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Le Thj Hang Nga, Nguyen Ngpc Quynh. Mahatma Gandhi v&i Nam Phi xii ciia rieng minh, dii d cuang vi mot luat su, nha bao hay nha lanh dao chinh trj. Dien ngdn dao diic va tam linh ciia dng gay hoang mang khdng chi cho eac ddi thu, ma ddi vdi hau het nhiJng ngudi duang thdi trong gidi tinh hoa chinh tri.
Trong thdi gian d Nam Phi, vao nam 1909, Gandhi xuit ban cuon Hind Swaraj, dugc eoi la ban tuyen ngdn chinh tri va xa hdi day du cua dng. Cudn sach da bj Chinh phii An Dp cim luu hanh, va cung khdng thu hiit dugc nhiSu phan hdi tii phia nhiing ngudi An dugc thira hudng nen giao due phuang Tay.
Cudn Hind Swaraj in dam dau in nhiing trai nghiem eiia Gandhi tai Nam Phi. Chinh dNam Phi va trong nen chinh trj eua Transvaal, Gandhi da cd duge nhung kien thiie dau tien ve chu nghTa dan tpc An Do.
Nam Phi cung chinh la nai lan dau tien Gandhi bat dau nhan thiic rang, nen van minh hien dai la nguyen nhan gde re cua vin dS thudc dia. Neu nhu Le-nin gan chii nghia thuc dan vdi ehii nghTa tu ban, thi Gandhi da di mpt bude xa hem va gan chii nghTa thuc dan vdi chu nghTa hien dgi.
Khi Gandhi rdi Nam Phi vao nam 1914, dng la mpt eon ngudi rat khac vdi chang thanh nien nhiit nhat it kinh nghiem da den Durban hem hai muai nam trudc do. Nam Phi da khdng ddi xii tdt vdi Gandhi ma loi keo dng vao vdng xoay ciia van de ehiing toe duge tao ra bdi sy thdng trj cua ngudi chau Au d chau Phi. Cupc dau tranh khdng can siic ma dng tien hanh chdng lai sy phan biet ehiing tpc da giiip dng trudng thanh va phat trien mpt triet ly ciing nhu mpt ky thuat mdi ve boat dpng chinh tri va xa hdi.
Khdng chi boat dpng ehinh tri ma tinh each eua Gandhi ciing dugc hinh thanh d Nam Phi. Thyc vay, neu khdng cd su chuyen hda ben trong, cd le Gandhi da khd cd the cd dugc nhiJng pham chat lanh dao noi bat khien dng trd thanh mdt nhan vat thdng tri trong nen chinh tri An Dp. Va thyc vay, sy ehuyen hda ben trong eang sau sac bao nhieu, thi kha nang thay doi va ehuyen hda mdi trudng ben ngoai eang Idn bay nhieu. Mdi quan tam cua Gandhi ddi vdi cac van de dao diic va tdn giao da dupe nudi dudng tu khi edn nhd, nhung chinh d Nam Phi dng mdi cd ca hdi nghien ciiu chung mdt each cd he thdng. Mac dii nhung nha truyen dgo Kitd giao da khdng the cai dao Gandhi nhung hp da lam thiic day sd thich nghien ciiu ton giao cua dng. Tgi Nam Phi, Gandhi bat dau dao sau nghien cuu ve Thien Chiia giao ciing nhu nhiing tdn giao Idn khac, bao gdm tdn giao ciia chinh minh (Hindu giao). Sy nghien ciiu so sanh cae tdn giao va nhirng cupc dam dao va trao ddi thu tir vdi nhttng ngudi hieu biet da dua Gandhi den ket luan ring, cd su thdng nhit ca ban trong sy xung dot giiia cac giao ly va hinh thiic, ring tdn giao thuc su la mpt vin dS ciia trai tim ban la cua khdi dc, va rang nhiing niem tin chan chinh la nhiing niim tin dugc sdng tren thyc te. Gandhi bat dau tin ring, sy thir nghiem thue su cua sy tien bp ve tam linh la miic dp ma mpt ngudi cd thi dua niem tin cua minh vao thyc hanh trong cdng vi?c va ddi sdng hang ngay (Nanda, 2012).
Trong qua trinh sdng va hogt dpng d Nam Phi, Gandhi da dpc va duge khai ngudn cam hiing bdi cuon sach Unto This Last ciia John Ruskin. Gandhi ndi rang, cudn sach nay da tgo nen su chuyen bien Idn trong con ngudi dng {mkgandhi.org). Ong tam die nhiing Idi giao huan trong cuon sach nhu: Igi ich cua ca nhan nim trong Igi ich ciia tit ea chii khdng ehi trong so ddng; khdng phai chi coi trpng Igi ich ciia da sd, Igi ich va cam xuc cua thieu so ciing cin dugc tdn trpng (cd le do suy nghi nhu vay n6n Gandhi da tu chdi Idi dl nghi nhan chile ao eua cau be den tham Sabarmati Ashram ciia dng)^; cdng
^ Chuyen kl ring, tai Sabarmati Ashram (Trang trai) cua Gandhi, bpn tre con thudng din tham ong. Mpt h6m, c6 mot cau be din do va to ra v6 ciing bu6n long vdi each an mac gian di ciia Gandhi. Cau be nghi bung: mot con
Nghien ciiu An Dp va Chiu A. S6 8 - 2019, tr.18-25 23
Le Thi Hang Nga, Nguyen Ngpc Quynh. Mahatma Gandhi v&i Nam Phi viec ciia mot luat su hay mpt ngudi thg cat tdc diu cd gia trj nhu nliau (nen dng thay gia trj cdng vi?c cua mpt ngudi nhat rac va thudng xem minh la mpt ngudi nhat rac vT dai); mpi ngudi deu ed quyen kiem song tu cdng viec ciia minh va dugc hudng eupc sdng trpn ven day dii; cupc sdng ciia ngudi lao dpng, ngudi canh tac va thg thii cdng la dang song nhat. Theo Idi Gandhi, "neu nhdn logi mudn tiin bg vd dat dugc ly tuang vi sir binh ddng vd tinh huynh de, thi (nhdn logi) bugc phdi chdp nhdn vd hdnh dgng theo nguyen tdc cua "Unto This Last"; (nhdn logi) phdi mang theo cd nhung ngu&i ddn ddn vd tdn tgt... Birc tranh ve nen dgc lap trong dd khdng cd cho cho nhiing nguai yiu the nhdt khdng phdi Id buc tranh cua tdi Dieu do ddi hdi chiing taphdi tan dung mgi sire lao dgng md con ngu&i sdn cd tru&c khi chiing ta nghi den y tu&ng su dung sue mgnh cakhi." {mkgandhiorg) Dugc khoi ngudn cam hung bdi cudn sach Unto This Last cua John Ruskin, Gandhi da thanh lap Trang trai Phoenix d gan Durban, la nai dao tao can bp ndng cot ve ky thuat dau tranh Satyagraha, la try sd dau tien ciia Satyagraha. Sau do, Gandhi thanh lap them Trang trai Tolstoy d Nam Phi va chinh noi day da khudn due Satyagraha thanh mdt thii vii khi dau tranh mgnh me.
Sy chuyen hda trong npi tam Gandhi da hoc 16 ra ve be ngoai va dieu nay cd the cam nhan dugc bdi nhiing ngudi bgn ciia dng d Nam Phi. Joseph J. Doke, mpt Chii le Rira tdi cua thanh pho Johannesburg, ngudi viet tiSu sir dau tien ve Gandhi, da md ta cam xiic ciia minh khi gap Gandhi lan dau tien vao thang 12/1907: "That nggc nhien, mdt nhdn vat nhd be, lanh loi diing tru&c tdi vd mgt guang mdt nghiem tuc tinh te nhin vdo tdi Nu&c da tdi, ddi mdt sdm, nhung nu cu&i ldm bimg sdng khudn mat, vd dnh nhin true tiep khdng sg hai dd dan gian chiim trgn trdi tim cua ngu&i khdc nhu mgt can bao. Tdi ddnh gid anh khodng 38 tudi vd diiu dd da dugc chung minh Id diing...
Cd mdt siic mgnh yen tdm tham Idng ve anh dy, su vT dgi cua trdi tim, su trung thuc trong sudt, da thu hiit tdi ngay lap tuc din nhd Idnh dgo An Do. Chiing tdi tr& thdnh bgn khi chia tay. Ngu&i bgn An DQ cua chiing ta sdng tren mgt tdng nac cao han hdu hit moi ngu&i... Nhirng nguai khdng biit vi anh nghi rdng cd dong luc khdng tdi phia sau... de gidi thich cho sir thdnh thien sdu sac dd. Nhimg nhiing ngu&i biet ro ve anh thi cdm thdyxduhd tru&c su hiin dien cua anh...
Tiin bac tdi nghi khdng he cd siic hut ddi v&i anh. Ddng bdo cua anh dy ndi gian. Hg ndi "Anh dy se khdng nhgn gi cd. Tiin chung tdi dua cho anh dy khi anh dy Id ngu&i phii giiip chiing tdi di den nu&c Anh, anh dy dd dem trd lai chung tdi NhOng qud tgng chiing tdi ddnh cho anh & Natal, anh cSng trao
ngudi vT dai nhu vay ma Igi khong the c6 noi mpt chiee ao de mac. Can be hoi Gandhi: "Tgi sao ngai khong mSc ao kurta (trang phuc danh cho nam gidi An Dp)?" Gandhi tra loi: "Ta liy tien dSu ha con trai? Ta rat ngh^o, ta khong dii tiin de mua ao kurta." Cau h6 noi day thucmg cam' "M? chau may va rit gioi. Me dS may tit ca do ciia chau. Chau sg nhd me may ao kurta cho ngai." Gandhi tra Idi: "Me chau c6 the may duoc bao nhieu ao kurta?"
Cau be: "Ngai can bao nhieu chiee g? Mpt, hai hay ba chiSc... me chau sg may theo so lupng ngai mong mu6n."
Gandhi d5m chieu ndi: "Nhung con trai a, ta dau phai la ngudi duy nhit khong c6 ao mac. Se that khong hay nlu ta la ngudi duy nhit duoc mac ao kurta." Cau be: "Ngai cin bao nhieu ao Kurta a? Chau sS nhd me may that nhilu theo y mudn Ciia ngai. Ngai chi can bao chau so lupng thoi." Gandhi: "Taco mot dai gia dinh con trai a. Taco din 400 trieu ngudi anh chi em. Chimg nao tit ca cac anh chj em ciia ta con chua c6 ao kurta dl mac, thi ta sao c6 thi sd hiiu cho rieng minh mpt chile ao nhu vay dugc. Gid hay noi cho ta biit, me chau c6 thi may kurta cho tit ca cae anh chj em eua ta khdng?" Khi nghe Gandhi noi, cau be tro nen suy nghi sau sic hon. Qua thuc, d6i vdi Gandhi, chiing nao 400 triSu anh chj em d6ng bao An Dp con chua c6 ao kurta de mac, thi ong khong thi khoac len minh mpt chile ao nhu vSy. (Theo kjch ban ciia Garima Tiwari. Tu lieu cung cip bdi Dai sir quan Viet Nam tai Ha Npi)
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Le Thi Hang Nga, Nguyen Ngpc Qujmh. Mahatma Gandhi vai Nam Phi cho cdc quy cdng ciia chiing tdi Anh dy ngheo b&i vi anh dy se ngheo." Ho chat vdn anh dy, gign dH vi long vi tha ky la cua anh dy, vd yiu guy anh bdng tinh yeu cua niim tu hao vd tin cdy " (Nanda, 2012).
Ket lu^n
Nhu vay, trudc khi lanh dgo phong trao dan tpc ciia An Dp, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi da cd mpt khoang thdi gian dai 21 nSm sdng va lam viec tgi Nam Phi. Sau khi din Nam Phi, Gandhi nhanh chdng trd thanh nha lanh dgo cua cdng ddng ngudi An d day, truyen dat triet ly Satyagraha va dau tranh vi mpt xa hdi khdng cd su phan biet chiing tdc va giai cap. Sy tham gia cua Gandhi trong phong trao bat bao ddng d Nam Phi da tao nen mpt anh hudng Idn den ndi ma, ngay nay, dng van dugc coi nhu mpt vj lanh ty d Nam Phi. Thuc vay. Nam Phi la Id lua da tdi luyen Gandhi trd thanh nha hogt ddng chinh trj va la khiic dao dau quan trpng trudc khi dng trd ve An Do, nai dng ddng vai trd then chdt trong cupc dau tranh gianh ddc lap ciia ngudi An chdng lai sy cai tri ciia thyc dan Anh. Nam 1947, 33 nam sau khi rdi Nam Phi, Gandhi ndi: "Thyc sy, chi'nh sau khi den Nam Phi ma tdi da trd thanh tdi hien nay. Tinh yeu ciia tdi doi voi Nam Phi va moi quan tam eua tdi doi vdi nhiing vin de (ciia Nam Phi) khdng it han ddi vdi An Dp" (E.S. Reddy & Gopalkrishna Gandhi, 1993). Gandhi tiing chia se, dng dupe sinh ra d An Dp nhung dugc tgo thanh d Nam Phi, trai qua nhiing nam thang dep nhat cua tudi thanh xuan d dd va dng ty nhSn minh vira la ngudi An, viia la ngudi Nam Phi (Nanda, 2012).
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Bapu in Africa: 10 things Mahatma Gandhi did in South Africa,
https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-eurrent-affairs/story/bapu-in-africa-344314-2016-10-01, ngay truy cap 19/6/2019.
2. How "Unto This Last" inspired Mahatma Gandhi, https://www.mkgandhi.org/newannou/how- unto-this-last-inspired-Mahatma-Gandhi.html, ngay truy cap 24/07/2019.
3. Mahatma Gandhi in South Africa, http://gandhi.southafrica.net/, ngay truy cap 12/6/2019.
4. Nanda, B.R. {2012), In Search of Gandhi: Essays and Re/lections, Oxford Scholarship Online, https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195672039.001.0001/acprof- 9780195672039 ngay truy cap 7/7/2019.
5. E.S. Reddy and Gopalkrishna Gandhi (1993), Gandhi and South Africa: 1914-1948, Navajivan Publishing House, Ahmedabad, https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/gandhi-and-south-africa-I914-1948- es-reddy-and-gopalkrishna-gandhi, ngay truy cap 23/07/2019.
6. Anthony J. Parel, Gandhi - Hind Swaraj and other writings, Cambridge University Press, New Delhi, 2004.
7. Michael True, Gandhi and Global Nonviolence, https://wn^vw.mkgandhi.org/artieles/Gandhi-and- global-nonviolence.html, ngky truy cgp 10/7/2019.
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