NHliNG THACH THUfC DOI VOTI BARACK OBAMA OCHAUPHI
^ ^ ng Barack Obama dUdc bau lam
£ \ T d n g thd'ng Hoa Ky khien phan V - ^ d d n g cdng chiing nhieu nUdc tren the gidi pha'n khdi, nhUng khdng d dau thanh cdng cua dng dUdc ddn chao ndng nhiet nhU tai khu viic chau Phi. Obama ke thiia ca thanh tiiu l l n khd khan ma Tong thd'ng George W.
Bush de lai tren luc dia nay. Ddng thdi, dng phai dUdng d i u vdi nhieu thich thiic d ndi kbac ngoai chau Phi, nhu tinh binh chie'n tranh tai Iraq va Afghanistan, mdi de dpa hat nhan tii Iran, va cupc khung hoang kinh te toan cau, Tuy nhien, Obama cd tiem nang de lai da'u I'n cua dng d chau Phi m l khdng tdng thd'ng nao trUdc dng lam dUdc. Trong dien v i n nham chifc, Obama da gifi de'n cac nha lanh dao chau Phi mdt thdng diep ve t r i c h nhiem d nhan va chinh tri. Ong cd the giiip t i n g cUdng sifc manh cho d c chi'nh phu va xa hdi dan sii chau Phi dang ddi hdi tinh than tracb nhiem va the cbe' dan chu. Cac budc di cua dng se khien chUdng trinh vien trd va thUdng mai cua My, mdt di san cua Tdng thd'ng Bush, cang them hiiu hieu. Trong khi dd, dng phai ddi mat vdi d c cupc khung hoang nghiem trpng ma Bush khdng giai quye't dUdc.
Nam nam sau khi ciiu Tong thd'ng George W. Bush gpi dien bie'n tai Darfur la cupc diet chung, viing nay v i n xay ra xung dot, hang trieu ngUdi cdn sd'ng d nhiing trai ti nan bap benh trong khi nhiing ke gay ra bao luc v i n tu do hoanh hanh. Tai Somalia, chinh
Do Trong Quang sach chd'ng khiing bd' cua Hoa Ky that bai da de lai mpt da't nUdc hdn loan, vdi mdi de dpa tii cac phan tii ciic doan va tren mot trieu ngUdi dang rat can vien trd n h a n dao. O nUdc Cdng hda Dan chu Congo, cupc chie'n tranh td'n kem n h a t chau Phi, vdi hdn 5 trieu ngUdi thUdng vong, chUa dUdc giai quye't h i n . Cac nhdm vii trang v i n ung dung di lai, thach thiic lUc lUdng gin giii hda binh. Nan cUdng hiep va nhiing vu vi pham nhan quyen khung khie'p kbac khdng bi triing tri, tai nguyen khoang san cila da't nudc cdn la nguyen n h a n d i n de'n b i n giet nhau. Cudi ciing, Hoa Ky mat Sli iing hp cua nhieu nUdc chau Phi trong d c cupc thUdng lUdng budn ban qud'c te. Ne'u ngUdi My de ra dUdc mpt chinh sach budn ban mdi vdi chau Phi thi chang nhiing giiip chau luc nay thoat khdi phu thudc, ma cdn tang CUdng vi tri cua My d vdng dam phan Doha cua To chiic ThUdng mai The gidi (WTO).
T h a n h tUu c u a T o n g t h o n g B u s h 0? c h a u P h i
^ Nam 2000, dng Bush tuyen bo r i n g , chau Phi cd tam quan trpng chie'n lUdc ddi vdi Hoa Ky. Dudi chi'nh quyen Bush, vien trd cho chau Phi tang gap hdn ba lan. Ke hoach Ciiu trd Khan cap ciia Tong thd'ng cho Nan nhan AIDS (PEPFAR) khdng nhiing thiic day toan the gidi phan iing manh me hdn doi vdi dai dich AIDS, ma cdn
tu hao vi da ciiu gan hai trieu ngUdi, phan ldn d chau Phi, thoat chet. Cac sing kien chd'ng sd't ret va lao phdi khien mpi ngUdi chii y de'n cac d n benh hiem ngheo niy. Sang kien Gilo due chau Phi (AEI) dac biet hd trd cho linh viic dd. Mdt sang kien niia ciia dng Bush, Quy Thich thiic Thien nien ky (MCA), da tai trd cho nhiing nUdc dUdc cai quan td't, du hp cd tam quan trpng chinh tri va chie'n lUdc hay khdng, va tai trd dang ke trong nhieu nam cho d c Uu tien phat trien cua hp.
Vien trp cho chau Phi la 2,3 ty USD nam 2000, t i n g len 6,6 ty nam 2006.
Ong Bush hifa t i n g vien trd len 9 ty USD n i m 2010.
Obama tie'p tuc chii y de'n chau Phi, dng ke thifa each tie'p can ciia hai dang ddi vdi chau Phi, b i t dau tif thdi Bill Clinton v l dUdc chinh quyen Bush tie'p tuc thi h i n b . Trong thdi ky elm quyen cua Clinton, d c nha lanh dao thudc dang Cdng hda va dang Dan chu trong Qud'c hdi de ra Dao luat ve Tang trUdng v l Cd hdi ciia chau Phi (AGO A), md cif a cho d c nUdc chau Phi xui't khIu h i n g hda vao Hoa Ky ma khdng phai chiu thue quan. 0 ca thdi Clinton v l thdi Bush, AGOA dUdc cai tien deu dan de bd sung them vao dd nhiing dieu khoan tu do hdn. Hang hda cua chau Phi nhap khau vao Hoa Ky tang hdn gap ddi tii nam 2001 de'n 2007. Tham chi, Qud'c hdi do dang Dan chu cam dau ciing nhiet tinh ung hd PEPFAR. Hoa Ky hd trd deu dan viec giii gin hda binh ciia Lien hdp qud'c trong khi chi phi cho d c chUdng trinh dd t i n g manh. Hien nay, gin mdt niia boat ddng gin giii hda binh cua Lien hdp qud'c dUdc tie'n hanh d chau Phi, va nhiing boat ddng ldn nha't tai nUdc Cdng hda Congo da dUdc md rpng. Phan ddng gdp cua Hoa Ky cho nd lUc gin giii hda binh hien gid la tren 1 ty USD.
Theo ke't qua t h i m dd dU luan, Tong thd'ng Bush liic man nhiem van dUdc 80% sd' ngUdi d chau Phi ung hd, phan ldn do cac sang kien vien trd cua dng. Tuy chinh sach cua My ddi vdi chau Phi cd nhiing tie'n bd ldn, nhUng van cdn nhiing t h i c h thifc rdi rdt trong chie'n lUdc trd giiip, trd nen ngay d n g cap thie't phai giai quye't ddi vdi chinh quyen Barack Obama.
Mdt trong d c thach thiic dd la phai thiic hien ldi dng Bush cam ke't tang vien trd gap ddi nam 2010. Cd the muc tieu 2010 se dUdc d i p iing b i n g nhiing khoan tien lay tii Td hdp Thach thiic Thien nien ky (MCC) v l PEPFAR, nhung lieu chi'nh quyen Obama cd duy tri dUdc miic dd khdng.
Ne'u mifc vien trd thay doi thi d c van de kbac khd dUdc giai quye't, nhU an ninh lUdng thiic, bie'n ddi khi hau, chd'ng dai dich HIV/AIDS, thiic hien d c Muc tieu Pbat trien Thien nien ky va cai thien cd sd ba tang d luc dia.
Nhieu thach thifc chdng cheo ddi hdi mdt chie'n lUdc bao q u i t v l sii phdi hdp nd lUc cua cac cd quan dUdc chi dinh giai quye't nhiing van de dd. Mdt trong d c di san cua dng Bush de lai, m l Obama phai giai quyet, 11 sii gia t i n g d c chUdng trinh va cd quan boat ddng d chau Phi va d c ndi kbac.
PEPFAR t i c h khdi Cue P h i t trien Qud'c te cua Hoa Ky (USAID), hang chuc cd quan v l v i n phdng hien nay tham gia trd giiip nUdc ngoai, hang tram td chiic phi chinh phii (NGO).
Dac biet dang lo ngai la khoan vien trd cho nUdc ngoai do Bd Qud'c phdng (DOD) quan ly, t i n g tii 3,4% trong vien trd phat trien chinh thiic ciia My nam 2000 len 22% nam 2008. Ong Obama cd the ddng gdp nhieu hdn vao hieu qua cua vien trd b i n g each td chifc lai can than va cai tie'n sU phdi hdp thay vi tang them tai trd.
Gil lUdng thiic cao vpt d i n de'n khung hoang lUdng thiic toan cau nam 2008, gay ra nhiing vu phan ddi v l tham cbi bao loan tai nhieu nUdc.
Nhieu nhan to' dUdc xae dinh la da d i n tdi Sli khan hiem, ke ca nhu cau ve lUdng thiic tang len do tang ldp trung lUu ngay cang ddng dao d nhiing nUdc phat trien nhanh chdng nhu Trung Qud'c, An Dp va Brazil, do san xua't nhien lieu sinh hpc nhieu hdn, gia d i u t i n g va nan ban ban.
Tuy gia dau sau dd cd giam, nhUng gii lUdng thiic khdng ha xud'ng mifc cu, khien them hang trieu ngUdi lam vio nan ddi. Cupc khiing hoang bpc Id rd nhieu van de ve tinh hieu qua cua vien trd lUdng thiic khan cap, die biet viec chuyen chd lUdng thiic ciia My t i c ddng manh de'n nganh van tai nUdc My. Hdn niia, cupc khimg hoang khien mpi ngUdi ngac nhien trUdc sii suy giam la lung ve trd giiip ndng nghiep cua ca Hoa Ky va Ngan hang The' gidi tif nhiing nam 1990 va chi mdi b i t dau phuc hdi.
Ong Bush cdn de lai mdt di san ldn ve van de HFV/AIDS d luc dia nay. Viing chau Phi can Sahara cd khoang 67%
tdng sd' ngUdi lay nhiem HIV tren the gidi v l 72% sd' ngudi chet vi AIDS. Ke hoach PEPFAR, dUdc cung cap 15 ty USD trong 5 nam, la "cam ke't ldn nha't cua bl't cif qud'c gia nao de chd'ng mdt can benh hiem ngheo trong hch su". Nam 2003, PEPFAR chi chi tien de chiia tri va phdng ngiia HIV/AIDS cho 50.000 ngudi d vung chau Phi can Sahara. Hien gid, gin 2,1% sd'nan nhan ciia dai dich nhan dUdc thud'c chiia benh, dai da so'tai chau Phi can Sahara.
Chi phi cua Ke hoach Khan cap trong 5 nam dau la 18,8 ty USD; Qud'c hdi cho phep chi 48 ty cho 2 nam sau.
Theo Udc ti'nh, tien dimg cho d c dich vu HIV se can tdi 15,4 ty nam 2010
cho toan the gidi. Ngoai ra, trong khi gdp p h i n kiem che AIDS thi ca PEPFAR l l n cac chUdng trinh khae deu khdng t h a n h cdng trong viec ngan ehan nhiing trUdng hdp lay nhiem mdi. Cii them 2 ngudi dUdc dieu tri thi lai cd 5 ngUdi mdi lay n h i i m . Dieu nay cho tha'y tracb nhiem lau dai ddi vdi hang chuc trieu ngUdi trd thanh phu thudc tai trd cua Hoa Ky va qud'c te, cd the tieu hao tien bac dung cho d c nhu cau khae.
Nganh y te de nghi chinh quyen Obama phat trien mdt chie'n lUdc rdng rai hdn n h a m t a n g cUdng cd sd ha tang y te d cac nUdc dang phat trien, va trii diet b mdt mifc dp ldn gd'c re xa hpi cua Sli lay lan can benh nay. Ban dau, chi'nh quyen Obama da tii bd chi'nh sach ciia dng Bush la chi gidi ban Sli trd giiip cua My cho d c td chiic khdng ddng y thiic day hole thiic hien viec nao thai, mdt chinh sach chang nhiing b a n che viec tham gia chUdng trinh, ma cdn khien cac chUdng trinh HIV/AIDS tach khdi nhiing chUdng trinh cham lo sifc khde sinh san. Cac khoan d i u tU vao viec c h i m sdc sifc khde, phat trien vic-xin ciing nhQng chUdng trinh chiia tri benh lao, sd't ret, ciim gia cam va cac benh khae ddi hdi mpt chie'n lUdc y te toan cau.
Cac M u c t i e u P h a t t r i e n T h i e n n i e n k y ;•' .
De cd' gang xda bd khoang each giiia d c nudc giau va ngheo, cac nha lanh dao tren the gidi hpp nhau hdi t h i n g 9/2000 de thdng qua Tuyen bo Thien nien ky cua Lien hdp qud'c. Tam muc tieu dUdc goi la cac Muc tieu Phat trien Thien nien ky (MDG), bao gom nhiing cam ke't xda bd ngheo ddi;
phd cap giao due tieu hpc; thiic day cdng b i n g gidi; giam tii vong tre em;
cai thien sifc khde b l me; chd'ng HIV/AIDS, sd't ret ciing cIc chiing benh kbac; bao dam mdi trudng ben viing; va thie't lap mdt quan he ddi t i c toan ciu de phat trien. Nhiing tham vpng d i n g ca ngdi nay khdng t r i n h khdi bi chi trich. Cac n h i phe binh ndi rang diem c h u i n t o i n cau de so sanh, chii khdng phai diem chuan qud'c gia hay khu viic, lam md nhat mdt each khdng cdng b i n g bUdc tie'n bd dang quy, tuy cdn han che cua d c nUdc ngheo v l l i m cho viec dat d c muc tieu da tuyen bd' gan nhU khdng thiic hien dUdc ddi vdi nhiing nUdc bat dau tii mdt cd sd thI'p.
Ddng thdi, hp cho r i n g d c MDG khdng bao gdm nhiing ye'u td' cd ban khic cua t i n g trUdng kinh te, nhU dau tu vao cd sd ha tang va cai thien cd hdi budn b i n . Chau Phi diing trUdc Sli thie'u hut ldn ve cd sd ha tang.
Thie'u mang ludi van chuyen, khdng dUdc cung cap n i n g lUdng day du, khdng cd d c he thd'ng thuy ldi, thie'u nUdc sach v l he thd'ng ve sinh, cdng vdi chi phi dich vu qua cao, l i m tdn hai cac nd liic xda bd ddi ngheo.
Chuyen chd 1 tan liia mi tii Mombasa d Kenya de'n Kampala d Uganda d l t bdn chuyen chd sd' liia mi dd tif Chicago tdi Mombasa. P h i t trien cd sd ha tang la dieu c i n thie't de md rdng budn ban v l khuye'n khich d i u tU cl nhan. Ngay d Nam Phi, ndi nhan vd'n tu nhan ldn nhi't de phat trien cd sd ha tang, nhu cau ciing rl't dang ke.
Chi phi udc tinh de den bu sii thie'u but cd sd ha tang 11 khoang 75 ty USD. Chi'nh quyen Bush da b i t dau giai quye't d c nhu cau ve cd sd ha ting thdng qua MCC, nbUng chUdng trinb nay khdng dUdc ung hd manb me trong Qud'c hdi.
Cbinh quyen Obama se phai trien khai mpt khudn kho phat trien mdi v l
mdt md hinh mdi de dUdc sU ddng thuan qud'c te, khi ma suy thoai kinh te, cupc khung hoang lUdng thiic t o i n cau v l cd sd khdi d i u cua chau Phi khie'n khdng MDG n i o dUdc d i p iing d chau Phi can Sahara. Md hinh mdi phai thuye't phuc dUdc Qud'c hdi va dUa tdi sU cam ke't qud'c te cbo nhiing muc tieu cd le thiic te hdn, nhUng ,chlc c h i n td'n kem.
Md hinh mdi can giai quye't mdt bien tUdng vd'n chua dUdc chii trpng d d c chUdng trinh vien trd trUdc kia va bay gid, dd la bie'n ddi khi hau. Bie'n ddi khi hau se cd tac ddng nghiem trpng ddi vdi chau Phi. Thie'u nUdc va nan han ban xay ra nhieu hdn 11 nhiing nguy cd ldn. Thieu nUdc se t i c ddng de'n san lUdng miia mang. Vdi san lUdng ngii cd'c theo dii doan giam Slit tdi 50% d mdt sd' qud'c gia n i m 2020, thi tinh hinh thieu an ninh lUdng thiic, mdt dieu nghiem trpng, se trd thanh van de ldn hdn." Miic khi dzdn cao se tac ddng manh den siic khde con ngUdi d mien Trung va mien Nam chau Phi. CIc nba nghien cifu tin r i n g nhiet dp trung binh cao hdn d Ddng Phi da sinh ra nhieu mudi mang mam benh sd't ret. Bie'n ddi kbi hau se khien dan chiing di cU d at tii d c viing de tdn thUdng vi kbi dzdn de'n mien Nam chau Phi vd'n da chdng chit khd k h i n va d c dd thi ddng diic yen bien, die biet cd the d i n de'n mdt lan sdng di cU b i t hdp phap sang chau Au, lam tram trpng them d c van de xa hdi va chinh tri. 0 chau Phi, d c vu xung dot vi da't va nUdc se t i n g them, nhu da tifng xay ra d d c bang mien trung Nigeria, mien Ddng nUdc Cdng bda Dan chil Congo va Darfur.
Chinh quyen Obama se pbai quan sat ky mpi khia canh cua cIc chien lUdc phat trien hien nay de xem lieu d c chien lUdc dd cd. giai quyet difdc
thich dang nhiing thay ddi nay b i n g each chuan bi cac phUdng tien, cdng nghe va nhiing tie'n bd khoa hpc kbac khdng, n h i m giam thieu tac ddng cua chiing.
Viec trd giiip nUdc ngoai t i n g len nhieu da lam nd ra mdt cupc tranh luan dii dpi trong chi'nh quyen Bush ve cd ciu cua vien trd My, va khien Bd Ngoai giao phai nd lUc t i n g cUdng viec dieu phdi. Chinh quyen Obama se phai dUdng dau vdi siic ep ve v i n de nay tii Qud'c hdi va nhiing ngUdi ung hd hp n h i t . Hau he't d c khuye'n d o deu phan anh mdt cam giae rang, phat trien da dUdc gan ke't qua chat che vdi an ninh v l d c muc tieu ngan han trong chinh phu Bush, nen can cd tam nhin va sii img hd chinh tri xa hdn trong nhiem ky tdng thd'ng cua dng Obama. Mdt sd' ngUdi mud'n cd mdt cd quan p h i t trien tUdng tii nhU Vu P h i t trien Qud'c te ciia nUdc Anh. Cd quan n i y cd the nang p h i t trien cimg vdi qud'c phdng va ngoai giao thanh mdt cdng cu chu chdt cua chinh sich ddi ngoai My, va bao dam nhieu ngudn cung cip hdn de vien trd nUdc ngoai.
Tuy nhien, cd the cd sii chd'ng ddi dieu nay, die biet trong Qud'c hdi. Nhiing ngUdi kbac thi cho r i n g USAID v i n nen cam dau d c chUdng trinh vien trd, ciing nhu phdi hdp vdi d c cd quan vien trd khic, nhUng tap. hdp d c chUdng trinh vdi nhau cUng cd nhiing v i n de cua nd. Mdt chUdng trinh nhu PEPFAR cd the thu hiit qua nhieu thdi gian v l tien cua cd quan. Mdt chUdng trinh nhu MCC, trd giiip tien tren cd sd chinh phu nUdc nhan vien trd phai CO kha n i n g cai quan d i t nUdc chif khdng phai cin cif tren nhu ciu.
Cd nhiing quan diem khae cho ring, trd giiip nUdc ngoai nen dUdc coi la nipt phan cua chie'n lUdc an ninh qud'c gia. Hp lap luan r i n g khi chu
nghia khiing bd' cd the phat trien d nhiing nUdc ye'u kem, thi cac cd quan vien trd can phai phdi hdp chat che vdi cac Bp Qud'c phdng va Ngoai giao de dap iing nhu cau tai thie't sau chien t r a n h nhU d Iraq, Afghanistan va d c nUdc chau Phi n h u Cdng hda Dan chu Congo va Somalia. Trong khi mudn de phat trien dai han ddng vai trd quan trpng hdn trong chinh sach cua Hoa Ky va coi dd la mpt ye'u to' chu yeu trong chinh sach an ninh qud'c gia, thi each tie'p can nay van n h i n m a n h sii gan ke't mat thie't giiia d c cd quan vien trd vdi Bd Ngoai giao, chii khdng phai dvfng ddc lap.
Chinh phu Obama nen danh Uu tien nao cho v i n de nao? Bat cif each cai td nao ciing ddi hdi nhieu thdi gian va Sli chii y ciia d c quan chiic cao cip, yeu cau cd sii dan xep giiia cac cd c i u quyen liic trong nganh hanh phap va can trao ddi y kien rdng rai vdi Qud'c hpi. Nhu cau cai td chac c h i n la ldn, nhUng do cupc khiing hoang kinh te va nhieu Uu tien khae nhau trong chinh sach ddi ngoai, nen mpt cupc cai td ldn cd the qua khd k h a n ddi vdi chinh quyen hien hanh. Nhiing each thu xep hdp tinh the hdn la con dUdng ma dng Obama nen theo.
Nhiifng t h a c h thijfc v e a n n i n h Mdt trong nhiing dieu can thiic hien dau tien cua chinh quyen Obama la giai quye't ba tinh hinh xung dot ldn. Thd nhdt, chi'nh phu Bush da cam dau mdt no liic qud'c te n h i m ke't thiic cupc chie'n t r a n h dai d i n g cua Sudan. NhUng qua trinh hda binh nay kha bap benh va cdn phiic tap them do bao liic tie'p di§n tai Darfur. Mac' du hai dac phai vien dUdc cU lien tie'p de'n giai quye't vu xung dot Darfur, nhUng chinh quyen Bush khdng the c h i m diit d i goi la cupc diet chung.
ThU hai, cbi'nh quyen Bush ddng mdt vai trd khdng nhd trong viec gianh hda binh d Cdng hda D i n chu Congo, img bd mdt hanh ddng manh cua Lien hdp qud'c, gdp phan t h i n h lap mdt nhdm lam viec cua Congo, Uganda, Rwanda v l Burundi de mang hda binh den cho vUng bien gidi phia Ddng. NhUng tif liic chie'n sii lai bimg nd d dd nam 2008, thi Hoa Ky khdng tich ciic nhu Anh, Phap va Lien hdp qud'c. Thii ba, chinh quyen Bush tin tudng nhieu d giai p h i p q u i n sii chd'ng mdt phong t r i o Hdi giio cUc doan tai Somalia. Cbinh sach dd gdp p h i n gay ra mdt cupc khiing hoang ldn v l l i m cho chinh phong t r i o ma Hoa Ky chd'ng ddi lai ndi len.
Mdt tinh trang m l chinb quyen Obama phai chii y 11, Bd Ngoai giao hien nay thie'u nhan sii tram trpng.
Vu chau Phi thudc Bd Ngoai giao la cd quan nhd n h i t mac dii cd nhieu viec phai lim tai 48 nUdc v l giai quyet nbieu cupc khimg hoang ldn. Tuy Ngoai trUdng Condoleezza Rice phai bd nhiem nhieu ngUdi den l i m viec d chiu Phi va cac sif quan k h i c ngoii chau Au, nhUng trong thiic te r i t it nhan sii danh cho chau Phi theo chUdng trinh nay va, nhin chung, n h i n vien cdn hi riit di do nhu cau d Iraq va Afghanistan. Mdt thif nghiem dau tien ve tinb nghiem chinh cua cbinb quyen Obama, nham dem hda binb den cho chau Phi, la danh them nhan sii v l tien cho chau luc dd. Cupc chie'n tranh Darfur cd the 11 mdt thif nghiem ve dieu dd, nen Dai sif My tai Lien hdp qud'c Susan Rice keu gpi phai cd hanh ddng manh de chim dift cupc khung hoang. •' r •
Mdt trong nhiing quye't dinh gay tranh luan nhieu n h i t cua chinh quyen Bush ve chau Pbi, da thdng bio nam 2007, 11 viec thanh lap mdt Bp
Chi buy duy n h i t cua Hoa Ky d chiu Phi (AFRICOM) de bao dam ldi Icb an ninh cua nUdc My tai luc dia nay.
TrUd.c day, mdi quan tam do dUdc giai quye't qua ba bd chi huy rieng re: Bd Chi huy Hoa Ky d chau Au (EUCOM)', Bd Chi buy Hoa Ky tai Thii Binh DUdng (PACOM) va Bd Chi huy Trung t i m cua Hoa Ky (CENTCOM).
Viec t h i n h lap mdt bd chi huy duy n h i t phan I n h mdt nhan thiic rang, chau Phi cd tam quan trpng chie'n lifdc dd'i'vdi nUdc My.
Tuy nhien AFRICOM bi chi tri'ch gay g i t d chau Phi. AFRICOM la nan nhan cua chinh nd khi mud'n trd t h i n h mdt cai gi mdi va kbac, mdt d i gi khdng phai la mdt "bd cbi huy chien diu" truyen thd'ng. Nhiing ngudi chiu t r i c h nhiem giai tbich AFRICOM n h i n manb rang, nd khdng de ngUdi My dinb liu vio cupc chie'n d chau Phi, m l nd se lam viec vdi d c cd quan kbac nhu Bd Ngoai giao, Bd ThUdng mai,... de xiic tien dn diiih, d i n chu v l p h i t trien. NhUng theo ngUdi chau Phi, thi dieu n i y cd nghia la t i t ca chinh sacb chau "Phi cua Hoa Ky deu se trd t h a n b "quan Sli hda", tiic la mpi chUdng trinh p h i t trien, dan chu v l cifu trd nhan dap tii nay se dUdc chi dao qua l i n g kinb cua ldi Ich an ninh My.
V i n de cang x i u them khi AFRICOM tuyen bd' mud'n dat cd quan dau nao d luc dia chau Phi. Ddi vdi d c nha lanh dao chau Phi, ludn ludn ngd viic ldi Ich an ninh cua My va thudng canh gilc vdi can cif q u i n sU nUdc ngoai, thi day la mdt ldi canh bao. Nhieu nUdc chau Phi, ke ca nhiing nUdc cd nhieu anh hUdng nhU Nigeria va Nam Pbi, cbinb thifc tuyen bd' phan ddi AFRICOM, va ching nUdc nao, trii Liberia, mud'n cd quan dd dat dau n i o tren d i t minh.
Cupc tranh d i ban dau ve AFRICOM khdng dat ke't qua vi diing liic Hoa Ky cdng nhan tam quan trpng chie'n lUdc ngay cang tang cua chau Phi, va cd the giai quyet d c v i n de an ninh nghiem trpng d day mdt d c h hieu qua bdn. Chinh quyen Obama cd the gdp phan xda bd ndi lo ngai cua chau Phi ve AFRICOM b i n g d c h giai quye't v i n de t h i n g t h i n va g i n lien nhiing v i n de dd vdi d c nhu cau va Uu tien cua chau Phi. Mdt sd' trong nhiing v i n de n i y ddi hdi phai hdp n h i t d c chie'n lUdc ciia Bd Ngoai giao, Bd Qud'c phdng va USAID. Cd quan AFRICOM cd the lam td't ne'u tap trung vio nguy cd ve an ninh dang de dpa ca sU dn dinh cua chau luc dd va ldi ich cua My.
Vung Tay Phi nhieu d i u lifa la ngudn cung cip 15% sd' dau nhap khau cua My, va cd the trd thanh ngudn n i n g lUdng ldn hdn niia khi viec khai t h i c ngoai khdi dUdc tien hanh v l d c nha may khi hda ldng dUdc xay diing. Tuy nhien, viing n i y lai thudng xuyen b i t dn. Tai chau thd sdng Niger cua nUdc Nigeria, d c vu t i n cdng thiet hi san x u i t d i u lifa lam ngiing tre den 10% viec san x u i t dau cua nUdc n i y , va cd le khoang 5 ty USD My dang hi liy di mdi n i m de mua vii khi va hdi Id d c cip chinh quyen. Cudp bien lam rdi loan ca viing vinh Guinea, ndi cd d c nUdc san x u i t d i u lUa chu ehd't kbac cua c b i u Phi nhu Angola, Guinea xich dao v l Cameroon.
Cac v i n de cua chau thd sdng Niger va viing vinh Guinea khdng the chi giai quye't b i n g phUdng tien quan sii.
Tuy vay, chic c h i n kha n i n g cua hai quan va Hnh canh gae bd bien dUdc cai thien cung vdi sii hdp tac giiia cac nUdc d vinh la nhiing ye'u to' can thiet. Mdt khi d c chinh phu chau
Phi s i n sang giai quye't t a n gd'c re xa hdi va chinh tri cua v i n de, thi AFRICOM cd the cung cap sii giiip dd r a t can thie't ve ky t h u a t va vat tU.
Bd Chi huy cua My d chau Phi dang hua'n luyen cho cac n h a lanh dao quan sii tUdng lai trong k h u vUc. Cd quan dd dang xiic tie'n sii hdp t i c giiia cac nUdc d vinh, vi c h i n g nUdc nao cd the mpt minh bao dam an ninh cho thie't bi san xua't dau lifa ngoai khdi. AFRICOM, ciing vdi Bd Ngoai giao va USAID, cd the cung cip cho Nigeria va cac nUdc san x u i t dau lifa khae trong k h u viic sii giiip dd toan dien de ngudn tai nguyen r i t quy gia nay khdng hi cUdp di.
Chau Phi khdng t r a n h khdi nan khimg bd' gid'ng nhU cac ndi kbac tren the gidi. Cac sif quan My hi danh bom tai Kenya va Tanzania nam 1998, cho tha'y Sli cd mat cua nhieu nhdm al- Qaeda d bd bien phi'a ddng chau luc.
Osama bin Laden da tiing hoanh hanh tii do d Sudan, cac p h i n tii Hoi giao ciic doan van de doa gianh lai quyen kiem soat Somalia sau mpt cupc ndi day dam mau chd'ng quan dpi Ethiopia, mac du My cd' gang ngan ehan chiing. O Tay Phi va Trung Phi it cd Sli de dpa cua cac phong trao Hdi giao ciic doan hdn. Vdi sii lan t r a n dao Hdi ciic doan va sii phat trien cac hoat ddng khiing bd', t h a t khdng de ddi phd vdi chu nghia k h u n g bd'. AFRICOM rd rang cd vai trd quan trpng trong viec chd'ng lai d c mdi de dpa nay.
O Somalia dien ra tinh hud'ng chd'ng khimg bd' nghiem trpng n h i t ma chinh quyen Obama dang giai quye't tai chau Phi. Day la ndi Hoa Ky dinh Hu nhieu nha't ve quan sii ciing nhu ngoai giao, va la ndi chinh sach nay t h i t bai. Somalia h a u n h u khdng cd chinh phii trong hdn 20 nam. Trong thdi ky nay ciia d c t h u linh quan sil,
d c rao c h i n va b i n giet nhau trong ndi bd, mdt phong trao Hdi giao ciic doan khdng kbac phong trao Taliban liic dau v l da bi My dUa vio danh sich d c nhdm khung bd', dUdc d c n h i kinh doanh va cac thu linh bd tdc khic hd trd. Vdi sU giiip dd ngam cua Hoa Ky, quan dpi Ethiopia da tien vao day danh do chinh phu Hdi giio ciic doan, mdt cupc can thiep l i m bimg p h i t mdt cupc ndi day lau dii, tao ra mdt tinb hinh k h i n cip ve n h i n dao.
Trong thdi gian nay, ten lifa My phdng vio d c phan tif vii trang bi tinh nghi d Somalia da chim ngdi cho tu tudng chd'ng My. Liic dng Obama len lim Tdng thd'ng, ngUdi Hnh Ethiopia cudi cimg riit khdi Somalia, chi de lai mdt liic lUdng gin giU hda binh ye'u dt d mdt d i t nUdc lai rdi vao ndi chie'n, vdi phong t r i o Hdi giio ciic doan de dpa trd lai n i m quyen.
Ong Obama can phai dUa ra mdt cbinh sich h o i n toan mdi de bao dam ldi ich cua My trong khu vUc. Ong nen it dua vio hanh ddng quan sii triic tiep v l nen img hd mdt q u i trinh chi'nb tri do Lien hdp qud'c cam dau tai Somalia. Ngoai ra, cbinb pbu My nen giiip dd xiy diing lai mdt lien minh cac qud'c gia chau Phi de hdp t i c kiem che d c mdi de dpa khiing bd'.
Hien gid AFRICOM, v l trUdc kia EUCOM, da gdp phan thiic day hdp tic giuta d c nUdc d mien Bac v l khu vUc Sahel ciia chau Phi de kiem che boat ddng cila to chifc al-Qaeda trong vung Maghreb (AQIM), mdt td chiic khiing bd' x u i t sif tif Algeria. Nhdm nay d l sif dung khu viic Sahel rdng ldn thUa thdt dan cU, bao gdm d c nudc ngheo nan nhU Mali, Mauritania, Chad v l Senegal, de trd'n t r i n h sU truy duoi cua Algeria, v l de tuyen md v l hul'n luyen linb mdi.
Chiing ciing b i t cdc ngUdi nUdc ngoai
de ddi tien chudc. Theo mdt chUdng trinh trUdc dd ciia EUCOM trong khu vUc, Bd Qud'c phdng My, vdi AFRICOM ddng mdt vai trd ldn, hien nay cbi dao Quan be Ddi Tic Cbdng khimg bd' Xuyen Sahara, tim d c h ciing cd' kha n i n g d c nUdc viing Sahel kiem solt bien gidi, gdp phan bat giii bpn AQIM. Quan he Ddi t i c Chd'ng khimg bd' Xuyen Saraha la mdt vi du td't ve Sli c i n thie't hdp t i e giiia d c cd quan trong linh viic an ninh.
Mdt chUdng trinh chd'ng khung bd t h i n h cdng trong khu vUc c h i n g nhiing can liic lUdng an ninh manh hdn, m l cdn ddi hdi pbai cai quan d i t nUdc td't v l p h i t trien kinh te.
Nd chi t h a n h cdng ne'u cac cd quan vien trd nhU USAID nhan dUdc du tien de giiip nhiing nUdc ngheo n i y l i m cbo cupc sd'ng cU d i n mien Bic td't dep hdn.
Ve viec gin giii hda binh. Lien minh chau Phi (AU) dUdc thanh lap nam 2002 v l nd lap tifc cam ket ddng mpt vai trd ticb cUc trong viec giai quye't xung dot. Td chifc dd gifi lUc lUdng gin giii hda binh den Burandi, Darfur vl, tbdng qua Cdng ddng Kinh te CIc nudc Tly Phi (ECOWAC), den Bd bien Ngi, Liberia v l Sierra Leone, nbUng ching bao lau AU lam vio nbUng kbd k h i n nghiem trpng. To chifc dd chUa bao gid dat dUdc siic manb da hifa, va dUdc trang bi tdi de'n ndi cb^ng cd t i c ddng n i o ddi vdi cupc tan p h i didn ra d day. Mdt liic lUdng phdi hdp giiia AU va Lien hdp qud'c sau dd ciing gap nhUng khd k h i n tUdng tu. AU hifa dUa 8.000 quan thay the lUc lUdng Ethiopia tai Somalia, nbUng khdng cd dupc 4.000 quan. Bay gid quan dpi Ethiopia riit di, thi liic lupng gin giU bda binh cdn lai cam t h i y bi nguy hiem va ciing de dpa riit di. Cam ket gin giii hda binh cila AU nhu vay ye'u
di nhieu, trd t h a n h mdt v i n de nghiem trpng cho ca My va Lien hdp qud'c, vi ca My lan Lien hdp qud'c deu phu thudc Sli tham gia cua chau Phi d Sudan, Somalia va Cpng hda Dan chu Congo, cUng nhU d nhiing tinh hud'ng xung dot k h i c tai chau Phi.
Ban dau AU tim d c h dUa 5 lii doan s i n sing tdi gin giii hda binb, nhUng khdng thiic bien dUdc mifc cam ke't niy. AFRICOM cd the lam td't ne'u coi viec trang bi va hua'n luyen liic lUdng dd la mdt trong nhiing Uu tien hang diu. Ngoii ra, chinh quyen Obama nen quye't dinh cung cap trang bi cin thiet cho liic lUdng Lien hdp qud'c va AU dang hi bao vay tai Darfur. Sii hd trd tich cUc cua dng Obama se khie'n AFRICOM thUdng xuyen dUdc tin nhiem d luc dia nay va xda bd nhiing ldi b i n t i n xi xlo trUdc day.
Chau Phi cdn gap mdt nguy cd mdi.
CIc tap doin budn ban ma tiiy d chau My Latinh dang md dUdng chuyen h i n g qua Tay Phi sang chau Au. Cac nudc Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde va nhieu qud'c gia chau Phi khae dang hi bpn n i y tham nbap, vdi du tien hdi Id gidi lanh dao cac nUdc ngheo dd va tim d c h tao ra nhiing khu viic ma d diy Sli kiem soat cua nha nUdc dUdc nhudng cho cbiing, nhu tai Guinea- Bissau. CIc qud'c gia ma tiiy d chau Pbi se 11 moi de dpa ldn cho ldi Ich cua chau Pbi va My. Nhiing nudc dd se p h i hoai xu hudng tie'n tdi dan chu va cai quan d i t nudc td't cua hai thap ky qua. Su dn dinh se gap nguy cd d toan bd viing Tay Phi, mdt ngudn cung cip nang lUdng ldn, va cd the bpn khiing bd va budn ban ma tiiy se hdp tac vdi nhau tai nhiing virng nhu chau thd Niger cimg nhieu ndi kbac.
AFRICOM da thifa nhan tinh nghiem trpng cua nguy cd nay va sii can thiet hdp t i e giiia cac cd quan d l
xii ly mdi de dpa nd. Sii hdp tac ve tinh bao, cai each linh viic an ninh, dat ra cac chudng trinh phat trien td't hdn, hd trd xa hdi dan sii va tang cUdng the che dan chu phai la mdt bd phan cua chie'n lUdc chd'ng ma tiiy.
Chinh quyen Obama nen tai trd rpng rai cho chUdng trinh nay, ngan c h i n nguy cd dd trUdc khi nd bat re sau hdn vao luc dia chau Phi.
C a c n h a n t o mdi of c h a u Phi:
Nga, Trung Quoc va Brazil
Nam 2008, dng Obama ndi r i n g :
"Su x u i t hien anh hudng cua Trung Qud'c d chau Phi la mdt trong nhiing dien bie'n ldn n h a t tai luc dia nay tif khi Chie'n t r a n h Lanh ke't thiic". That vay, quan he b i t dau phat trien giQa Trung Qud'c vdi chau Phi da dUdc nhieu ngUdi chii y.
Trung Qud'c diing b h a n g dau trong d c du an xay diing cd sd ha tang tai chau Phi, d i u tU xay diing cau dUdng k h i p luc dia nay. Cho de'n nay, cd tren 800 cdng ty Trung Qud'c boat ddng d 49 nUdc chau Phi. Trung Qud'c nhap khau nhieu dau lUa tu: chau Phi, trong dd Angola la ngudn cung cap cbinh. Sudan, ndi Trung Qud'c dau tU triic^ tie'p vao cdng nghiep, la mdt ngudn cung c i p ldn nuta. Trung Qud'c d i u tu vao d c md khoang san ldn tai Zambia, Tanzania va nhieu ndi khae, va 11 nudc nhap k h a u chu ye'u gd tif Trung Phi. Nudc dd cQng trd thanh mdt ddi tac thUdng mai ngay cang quan trpng vdi chau Phi, budn ban hai chieu tang tii 10 ty USD nam 2000 len 73 ty nam 2007. Nam 2010, Trung Qud'c cd the vUdt Hoa Ky lam ddi tac thUdng mai quan trpng n h i t cua chau Phi. Cimg vdi dau tu va budn ban la hoat ddng ngoai giao dUdc thiic day manh, bao gdm d c chuyen vieng tham cua chu tich va thil tudng, mdt
chUdng trinh van hda ngay cang ldn, viec dao tao hang nghin ngUdi chau Phi trong d c linh vUc kbac nhau.
Ching nhiing Trung Qud'c da nhan t h i y so' lUdng to ldn n i n g lUdng v l tai nguyen chUa khai thIc d chau Phi, m l ca Brazil, Nga va An Dp ciing quan tam. Tuy cdn tut hau xa sau Hoa Ky v l Trung Qud'c ve vien trd va budn ban, nhUng ngUdi Nga da bieu Id d i u hieu rd r i n g la hp mud'n t i n g cUdng Sli cd mat tai day. T h i n g 9/2008, cdng ty kbi dd't qud'c doanh Gazprom cua Nga da dUdc nhupng quyen khai thIc khi dot tai Nigeria v l cd ke hoach xay diing dudng d'ng dan khi tri gii 10 ty USD, dii khoang 2.700 dam qua Sahara sang chau Au. Nga cdn cd y dinh xda nd g i n 20 ty USD cho d c nUdc chau Phi, va thdng bio d c khoan vien trd.
Ngay sau khi Tong thd'ng Lula da Silva len d m quyen, Brazil ciing cd' ging lap quan he mat thiet hdn vdi chau Phi . Chi trong 3 n i m dau tien tif kbi nham chifc, Tdng thd'ng Lula d l thiic hien 5 chuyen cdng du den luc dia nay, va t h i m hdn 20 nUdc chau Phi. Tii nam 2003 de'n 2007, Brazil md them 20 sii q u i n mdi tai chau Phi v l budn ban hai chieu tang gip ddi.
Hdi nghi thUdng dinh chau Phi - Nam My d i u tien dUdc td chute d Abuja tai Nigeria n i m 2006, trong dd Brazil ddng vai trd lanh dao. Hdi nghi thUdng dinh thuf hai dUdc dii kien vao n i m 2009 tai Venezuela.
CIc chi'nh phii chiu Phi hoan nghenh mdi quan tam ngiy d n g ldn ciia d c nUdc nay, va d i p lai d c dii I n vien trd va xay diing cd sd ha tang
b i n g viec nhUdng quyen khai thIc dau khi va cho phep khai thac md khoing san. Mdt so' chinh phii t h i y d c nUdc dd da tao ra mdt "md hinh p h i t trien kbac" va la nhiing ngudn vien trd khae, dac biet khi cac khoan vien trd ciia phUdng Tay hi d c chinh phu chau Phi coi la da dUdc thiic hien vdi q u i nhieu dieu kien r i n g budc. Tuy nhien, chau Phi khdng khdi e ngai khi nhieu nhan cdng Trung Qud'c dUdc dUa vao day thiic hien dii In. Hang hda Trung Qud'c v l An Dp nhap vio chau Phi da p h i hoai d c n g i n h cdng nghiep h i n g tieu dimg trong nUdc cua d c qud'c gia chau Phi. Ngoai ra nhieu ngUdi lo ngai ve chit lUdng mdt sd' dii an cd sd ha tang cua Trung Qud'c, ciing nhu dudng sa va benh vien.
Ket luan
Qua nhiing phan tich tren, chinh quyen Obama dang phai ddi mat vdi nhieu thach thutc d chau Phi. Ong cd ldi the la diia vao thanh tiiu cua ciiu Tdng thd'ng Bush va sii ung hd cua hai dang ddi vdi t h i n h tiiu dd trong t i m n i m qua. Vi the, duy tri t h i n h qua cua Bush nen dUdc coi 11 Uu tien ldn, va dng can tang cUdng sii cam ket ciia Hoa Ky trong viec giai quyet d c vu xung dot ldn tai chau Phi •
Tdi lieu tham khdo:
1. Foreign Affairs 87, (November/December 2008).
2. Journal of International Spring/Summer 2009. Affairs,
