MANG LUcn QUAN HE ANH HUONG »EJ> Jvjs i QUA HOAT DONG CUA DOANH NGHIEP KHOI
NGHIEP TAI VIET NAM
Nguyen Quang Thu Tru&ng Dgi hgc Kinh ti TR Hd ChiMinh
Email: [email protected] Ngd Quang Huan Tru&ng Dgi hgc Kinh ti TP. Ho ChiMinh
Email: [email protected] Trdn Nha Ghi Truang Dgi hgc Vdn Lang Email: [email protected]
Ngay nh^in. 02/12/2019 Ngay nh|ln ban siia: 17/01/2020 Ngay duyet dang: 05/8/2020
Tom tat:
Nghiin cicu ndy do lu&ng muc do tdc dgng cua mgng lir&i quan he cua nhd kh&i nghigp den kit qud hogt dgng cua doanh nghiip khai nghiip. Bdng phuang phap hdi quy bdi vol camdu Id 150 doanh nghiip kh&i nghiep, kit qud nghiin cuu cho thay: quan hi v&i cdn bg Chinh phii, quan hg xd hdi vd quan hg v&i ddi tdc kinh doanh tde dgng ciing chiiu den kit qud hogi dgng cita doanh nghiip kh&i nghiep trong giai dogn ddu. Nghiin cuu da dem lgi y nghia thuc tien cho nhd khdi nghiip cdn chu trgng xdy dirng mgng lic&i quan he trong giai dogn ddu nhdm cdi thiin kit qud hogt ddng, gidm thiiu ti li khai nghiip that bgi. Cudi cung, nghien cuu da dua ra mgt hdm y qudn tri. hgn che vd hu&ng nghien ciru tiep theo.
Tir khda: Doanh nghidp khdi nghidp, kit qud hoat d^ng, mgng ludi quan hp M a J E L : L 1 4 , M I 3 .
Impact of relationship network on the Start-up performance in Vietnam Abstract
This study measures the impact of relationship networks on the performance of start-up firms.
By applying the method of multiple regression with a sample size of 150 start-up firms, the results show that the relationship with government officials, social relations and business partnerships have positive impacts on performance of start-up firms in the first phase. The study has suggested practical significance to entrepreneurs that need to focus on building a relationship network in the early stages for improving performance and minimizing the rate of start-up failure. Finally, the study proposed managerial implications, limitations and further research directions.
Keywords: Start-up firms, performance, relationship network.
JEL code: L14, M13.
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Khdi nghidp dupe dinh nghia la vide tao ra doanh nghidp mdi (Peng, 2000). Doanh nghiep khdi nghiep (DNKN) la cac td chiic cd dy an kinh doanh mang tinh ddi mdi sdng tgo, cd nii ro va tde dp tang tmdng eao, tiiudng ddi hdi mdt khodn tdi frp Idn tii bdn ngoai (Cable, 2010). Hdu het, cdc nguon vdn khdi nghidp ed tir ngudn tich ISy cd nhdn va nhdn dupe img hO phi ehinh thiic tir ban be, gia dinh hoge nhiing ngudi trong eupe (Alden, 2011).
Tgi Viet Nam, frong giai doan ddu hoat dpng, doanh nghidp khdi nghiep dupe uu tien hd frp tii cae td chiic Chinh phii. Cac thdng tin va ngudn luc ho frp eho doanh nghidp khdi nghiep dupe quy dinh ttong eae van bdn ehinh sach ban hdnh (vi dy, Dl an 844 ban hdnh ngdy 18 thdng 05 nam 2018, Nghi dinh 35 ban hanh ngdy 16 tiiang 05 nam 2016, Nghi dinh 39 ban hanh ngdy 11 thdng 03 nam 2018, v.v.).
Thyc td, ede doanh nghidp khdi nghidp rat khd tilp cgn cac ngudn luc hd ttp tii bdn ngodi. Mat khde, nguy CO that bgi cua cae doanh nghidp khdi nghipp ttong giai dogn ddu Id kha ldn ndn viec xay dung mang ludi quan he rdt dupe khuyen khich (Zhang
& Li, 2010).
V§n dl xdy dung mang ludi quan h? ttong hp sinh thdi khdi nghidp tgi Viet Nam da dupe co quan Chinh phii quan tam (vi dy, Bp Khoa hpc & Cdng nghd, Bp Ke hogch & Ddu tu). Hien tgi, mang ludi kit ndi khdi nghiep ddi mdi sdng tao da dupe hinh thdnh d phgm vi ttong vd ngodi nude (Duy Vii, 2018).
Mang ludi quan he dupe xem la nen tdng giiip ede nhd quan ly cd the tilp egn cac ngudn Iuc tii nhung ngudi khde, bao gdm vdn, thdng tin va Idi khuydn, ho ttp tinh thdn vd sy chiing thuc (Coleman, 1988).
Doanh nghipp nhd thudng phy thude vdo mgng ludi quan hp cd nhan cua ngudi quan ly (Ralston & cpng sy, 1999). Shaw (2006) cung eho rdng cdc nhd khdi nghidp nen dya vao mgng ludi quan hp ciia minh de tiep can cac ngudn Iuc. Cac quan didm neu frdn Id phil hop vdi van hda Vi^t Nam.
Cac nghien cihi thyc nghidm tai Vidt Nam ve ede yeu td anh hudng den kdt qua hoat dpng ciia doanh nghiep khdi nghiep dd cd nhieu. Chdng hgn nhu, nang lye eua nha khdi nghipp vd mdi tiudng hd ttp khdi nghipp dnh hudng ddn kit qua hoat ddng (Ngd Quang Huan & cdng su, 2016); sy khac bidt kit qud hogt ddng thdng qua cac bidn nhan khau hpc (Tran ThI Hoang & Trdn Dang Khoa, 2016); ndng luc cua doanh nhan nir dnh hudng din kdt qud hogt ddng ciia doanh nghipp nhd va vira (Hodng La Phuong Hidn
&cdngsy, 2018), v.v.
^ Tren thd gidi, nghien ciiu vl cdc ylu td anh hudng ddn ket qud hoat dpng ciia ede doanh nghipp mdi thdnh lap, doanh nghiep ddu tu mgo hiem dupe nhieu ngucri quan tdm. Lap ludn cua hdu hit cac hpc gid ddu cho rang kit qua hoat dpng chiu anh hudng bdi ydu td ca nhdn cua nhd khdi nghiep vd ylu td mdi trudng. Vi du, ydu td co hdi kinh doanh, kinh nghidm cua nha sdng lap (Dencker & Gruber, 2014), dac didm tinh each ciia nha khdi nghidp (mong mudn ty chii, tu tin, kiln thiie va thdng tin, nhdn didn co hdi...), mdi trudng khdi nghiep (hd ttp tdi chinh, chinh sach cua chinh phii, gido due va dao tgo, co sd ha tdng, van hda vd xa hdi...) (Gomezelj & Kusce, 2013), vdn con ngudi va von xa hdi (Pirolo &
Presutti, 2010), rang budc tdi chinh (Stucki, 2013), v.v. Nghidn ciiu diln hinh eua Peng & Luo (2000) cho thay quan hd vdi can bd Chinh phii vd ddi tdc kinh doanh anh hudng tich cyc den ket qua hogt dpng eua SMEs tgi Trung Qudc.
Qua lupc khdo ttdn eho thdy vdn de nghidn eiiu giira mang ludi quan he va kit qua hogt dpng eua doanh nghidp khdi nghidp ttong giai dogn ddu cdn kha it, dac bipt frong ndn kinh chuydn ddi nhu Vipt Nam. Nghidn ciiu nay khdm phd cdc mgng ludi quan he eiia doanh nghidp khdi nghiep d giai dogn ddu frong he sinh thai khdi nghipp tgi WicX. Nam. Nhd vdo mang ludi quan he, doanh nghidp khdi nghiep se dd ddng tilp can cac thdng tin va nguon lyc hd ttp, gdp phan nang eao kdt qud hoat dpng va gidm thieu ty Id khdi nghiep thdt bgi.
2, Co so ly thuylt va gia thuyet nghien cihi 2.1. Ly thuyit mgng lu&i xa hpi
Trong thugt ngir kinh doanh, mgng ludi cd nghia Id bidt "diing ngudi" vd tao su ket ndi de thye hidn eae myc tidu cd nhan va td chiic (Powell & Smith- Doerr, 1994). Trong tai lieu hpc thudt, mang ludi dupe dinh nghia la su nd lyc ban than ttong vide giao tidp cd nhan nham kidm lpi tir cac ca hpi gia tang (Burt, 1997), hoac nd luc hpp tac vdi nhimg ngudi khde d l dgt dupe va duy tii loi thd canh tranh (Jones & edng sy, 1997).
Ndn tdng ciia ly thuyet mgng ludi xa hOi la mpi ngudi cd xu hudng suy nghi va hanh dpng gidng nhau vi hp dupe kit ndi. Ly- thuyet nay xem xet tap hop ede mdi quan hp (cd nhdn, nhdm hoac td chiie) dupe xac dinh, vdi quan didm rang todn bp cdc mdi quan hp dd cd the dupe sii dyng dd dien gidi hanh vi xa hpi cua cac bdn lien quan (Tichy & cpng sy, 1979). Mpi ngudi ed dupe vdn xd hpi thdng qua vi
I
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tri ciia hp ttong edu tnic xa hdi hoac mgng ludi xd hpi (Lm, 2002).
2.2. Mgng lu&i quan hg cda doanh nghiep kh&i nghigp
Mang ludi quan hp ciia doanh nghidp khdi nghiep dupe dd cap gdm: mgng ludi quan he chinh thitc vd mang ludi quan he khdng chinh thiic. Trong do, mang ludi quan he chinh thiic vdi ngan hang, CO quan Chinh phii, ludt su, v.v. vd mang ludi quan he khdng ehinh thiic vdi gia ditih, bgn be vd ddng nghidp. Trong giai dogn ddu, nha khdi nghidp quan tam den mgng ludi quan he khdng chinh thiic hon la mgng ludi quan he chinh thuc (Peng, 2000). Cac nha nghidn cuu cho rang, nhd khdi nghidp cd xu hudng kheo leo hon tiong vide suf dung cac ngudn Iuc bdn ngodi ttong mang ludi cua hp (Burt, 1992).
2.3. Khdi ni$m kit qud hogt ddng cua doanh nghigp kh&i nghiip
Jin (2017) dinh nghTa kdt qua hoat ddng ciia doanh nghidp khdi nghidp Id kit qua thu dupe khi su dung hipu qud ngudn lyc. Doanh nghidp khdi nghipp phai hoan thanh cac mue tidu khde nhau ttong mpt khodng thdi gian nhat dinh, the hien dudi dang hidu qua, nang suat, chat Iupng vd su ddp ling. Trong nghien ciiu ndy, kit qua hogt ddng ciia doanh nghidp khdi nghiep dupe hieu la sy dat dupe muc tieu dgt ra ban ddu (doanh thu, thi phan, v.v.) vd dupe ddnh gia cao bdi ddi tac.
2.4. Phdt trien cdc gia thuyet nghiin ciru Sy tuong tac vdi cdc eo quan Chinh phii cho phep doanh nghidp tidp can co hdi kinh doanh mdi vd cdc ngudn lyc cd gia tri bao gdm dat dai, cac kenh phan phdi, hdnh vi dge quyen (privileged behavior) vd Ipi thi giay phep, v.v. (Khwaja & Mian, 2005).
Cdn bO d cdc cdp chinh quyen cd quydn Iuc ddng
kefrong viJ-i-'A-i ^'_.yp''.;! ;iir,n.,_> .„,•-,",, ' ° "
lyc (Walder, 1995). Tgi ndn kinh tl chuydn ddi nhu d Trung Qudc, cdc gidm ddc dilu hdnh bdo cdo rang frong sd tam ylu to mdi trudng tdc dpng ddn ket qua hogt dpng cua doanh nghiep thi chmh sach dieu tidt cua Nha nude cd dnh hudng mgnh nhdt, phiic tgp vd it dy dodn dupe nhdt (Peng & Luo, 2000). Quan hp vdi can bp Chinh phu dupe cdng nhgn huu ich vi nd dem lai hidu qud hoat dpng cho du an kinh doanh mao hilm (Kotabe & cpng sy, 2017). Tir phan tich frdn, gid thuylt H| dupe phdt bidu:
H^: Mdi quan hi tdt vai cdn bd Chinh phu cda cdc doanh nghigp kh&i nghiip si tdc dgng ding chieu den kit qud hogt ddng;
Quan he xa hdi' da dupe chiing minh dem lai sy thanh cdng cua SMEs d nhieu bdi cdnh (Hoang &
Antoncic, 2003). Greve & SalaflF (2003) cho rdng frong giai dogn ddu lap k l hogch kinh doanh, cdc nhd khdi nghipp sii dyng cac mdi quan he xa hpi cua hp dd thir nghipm y tudng kinh doanh. De cd dupe su hd frp can thidt, cdc nhd khdi nghipp can tuong tdc vdi gia dinh, bgn be, vd ede ddi tac kinh doanh, v.v. (Kregar & Antoncic, 2016). Ddi vdi cac doanh nghidp nhd cd ngudn lue hgn che, ket qua hogt dpng phu thupc vao sy hd tip tii ngudn lyc ben ngodi (Partanen & cpng su, 2011). Mpt sd nghien ciiu dd xde nhgn mgng ludi quan he chat ehe se tang Ipi nhuan, phdt tridn doanh nghidp (Shaw, 2006) va tang trudng doanh sd (Tuli, 2006). Vi vgy, gia thuylt H^ dupe phat bieu:
H,: Mdi quan he xd hgi tdt eua ede doanh nghigp kh&i nghiep se tdc dgng ciing chiiu din kit qud hogt dgng:
Doanh nghipp quan he tdt vdi nha eung cap se cd dupe nguydn Hdu chdt Iupng, dich vu tdt va giao hdng kip thdi. Tuong tu, mdi quan he tdt vdi ngudi Hinh 1: Mo hinh nghidn ciru
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mua se rn"c aa.y loog tmng ffianh cua ngudi mua, khdi lupng bdn hang va thanh todn dang tin cay.
Hon niia, quan h^ tdt vdi cae gidm doc dieu hdnh ciia cdc ddi thii cgnh tianh cd the tgo didu kidn cho sy hpp tac ben trong va thdng dong ngam (implicit collusion), gidm thidu su khdng chdc chdn (Peng &
Luo, 2000). Doanh nghidp quan he mgnh vdi ddi tac cd uy tin se dupe tiep can cac ngudn lyc: ngudn lao dpng chdt lupng cao, ngudn luc tdi chinh, cdng nghe va ho tip ciia Chinh phii (Stuart, 2000). Cde ngudn lyc nay dem lai su tang trudng cho doanh nghidp.
Do dd, gid thuydt H^ dupe dd xuat:
H^: Mdi quan hi tdt v&i ddi tdc kinh doanh cua cdc doanh nghiip kh&i nghiep se tdc dgng ciing chieu din kit qud hogt dpng;
3. Phuong phdp nghien cirii 3.1. Quy trinh nghien cuu
Nghien ciiu nay dupe tiln hanh theo hai giai doan chinh: (I) nghien cim so bd bdng phuong phap dinh tinh va dinh lupng sa bp, (2) nghidn ciiu chinh thiic.
Nghien cicu sa bg dinh tinh: Tir van dd nghidn ctiu hinh thanh ndn cdu hdi nghien cihi, muc tidu nghien ciiu, nghidn ciiu tdng hpp ca sd ly thuylt (ly thuydt mang ludi xa hdi, khdi nidm ket qua hogt ddng) cd lidn quan. Tren co sd dd, md hinh nghien ciiu, cac gid thuydt va bien do ludng thang do dupe hinh thanh. Thdng qua phuang phdp chuydn gia (phdng van tay ddi vdi 7 chuydn gia^), cac thang do dupe dieu chinh/bd sung cho rd rang, phu hpp vdi ngii cdnh nghien cihi. Kit qua nghien ciiu dinh tinh da bd sung "cdn bp d td chirc Bdo hilm xa hpi va Lien doan Lao dpng" vdo bidn quan sat (BQS) sd 3 d thang do quan hp vdi can bd Chinh phu. Ba BQS sd 4 dupe bo sung vdo thang do quan he xa hpi, ddi tac kinh doanh, vd kdt qud boat dpng cua doanh nghidp khdi nghidp (xem Bang 1 vd Bang 3).
Nghiin cuu sa bd dinh luang: Thang do dupe phdng vdn tini vdi mdu 50 doanh nghidp khdi nghiep.
Budc nay nham ddnh gid he sd tin cay Cronbach's Alpha vd phdn tich EFA. Sau budc nay, thang do dupe hoan ehinh vd sir dyng cho nghidn cihi dinh
lupng chinh thiic. Kit qua phan tich cho thdy cdc thang do cd he sd tin cay Cronbach's Alpha deu >
^'6 («qu™ h^ V*, ciobpchfij, phu = 0.895; a^^^„ ^. ^^^, - 0,879;
"qiianJi6™i<I6itackmbdoanh7 0 ' . 8 ' * 6 ; "iftquaho^Hd^ng^ ^ , 7 8 6 ) v d
he sd tuong quan bien tdng > 0,5. Ket qud EFA: tdng phuong sai tiich - 74,426% > 50% (eigen-value = 1,719) va frpng sd tai ddu > 0,5. Nhu vgy, cdc thang do ddm bao dp tm cdy, gia tti hpi tu vd phdn bipt.
Nghien cieu chinh thicc: thuc hidn bdng phuong phap nghien ciru dinh lupng vdi mdu la 150 doanh nghiep khdi nghidp. Muc dich cua phuong phap nay danh gid miic dp phii hpp eua md hinh vd kilm dinh gid thuylt nghidn cim dk xudt ban ddu.
3.2. Do lu&ng thang do
Trong md hinh ed bdn khai nidm nghien eiiu, dd Id: quan hd vdi can bd Chmh phd, quan he xa hpi, quan hp vdi ddi tdc kinh doanh va kit qua hoat ddng eiia doanh nghidp khdi nghidp. Thang do quan he vdi cdn bp Chinh phii dupe do ludng bdng 3 BQS, dupe kd thira tir nghien cuu ciia Peng & Luo (2000).
Quan he xa hpi duoc do ludng bdng 4 BQS, dua theo thang do eua Le & cdng sy (2006). Quan he vdi ede ddi tac kinh doanh dupe do ludng bdng 4 BQS vd dupe xdy dung dya frdn nghidn eihi eua Peng &
Luo (2000). Cudi ciing, ket qua hogt dpng cua doatih nghipp khdi nghiep dupe do ludng bdng 4 BQS, dya vdo nghidn ciiu cua Ju & cdng su (2019) (xem Bdng 1)-
Cac BQS dupe do ludng bang thang do Likert 5 bdc tiong dd: (I) Rdt it, (2) it; (3) Vua phdi; (4) Rpng vd (5) Rdt rdng diing cho cdc thang do thupc mang ludi quan hp. Cac BQS ciia thang do kit qua hogt ddng do ludng bang thang do Likert 5 bae: (I) Hoan toan phdn ddi, (2) Phdn ddi, (3) Trung lgp, (4) Ddng y, vd (5) Hodn todn ddng y.
3.3. Mdu nghiin cuu chinh thurc
Tieu chi chgn mdu quan sdt: doanh nghidp khdi nghidp ddi mdi sang tgo dupe chpn phdi cd 4 dac didm sau: (1) thdi gian hoat ddng khdng qua 5 nam, (2) du dn khdi nghidp cd ung dung cdng nghd hode khai tilde tai san tii tue, (3) cd toe dp tang frudng Bang 1: Do luong thang do
Ma boa thang do TIESGOV SOTIES TIESMANAGER STARTPERF
Thang do
Quan h? vcfi can bp Chinh phu Quan he xa hgi
Quan h? doi tdc icinh doanh K^t qua hoat d^ng oiia DNICN
s i BQS 3 4 4 4
Nguon Peng & Luo (2000) Le & cons su (2006) Peng & Luo (2000) Ju& cpng s(t (2019)
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Bang 2: Dac diem ciia mSu nghien cuu
Loai hinh hoat dpng
LTnh vuc hoat dong
(^ymo lao dpng
fiac diem Doanh nghiep tu nhan C^ng ty trach nhiem hiiu han Cong ty CP phan Loai hinh khac San xuat Dich vu Thuang mat Kh4c Duoi 10 Tir 11 den 30 T u 3 1 - 5 0 T4 51 tro len
Tiln so 64 65 17 4 26 74 45 5 65 62 18 5
Ty 1? (%) 42,7 43,3 11,3 2.7 17,3 49,3 30 3,3 43,3 41,3 12 3,3 Phanh (doanh thu, khach hang, v.v.), vd (4) md hinh
kinh doanh khac vdi md hinh cd sdn fren thi trudng.
Mdu nghidn cuu chinh thirc dupe chpn bang phuong phdp thugn tidn, khdo sdt true tuyen qua Microsoft Forms 365. Sau khi nhdn dupe sy ddng y, dudng din bang hdi khao sdt dupe gui trye tiep den timg doanh nghipp khdi nghidp. Theo Hair & cOng sy (2006) de xuat, sd Iupng mdu dupe chpn theo phuang phap thuan tidn la: 5* (so BQS). Theo kdt qua nghien curu dinh tinh, sd BQS Id 15, vdy mdu tdi thilu: 5 * 1 5 = 75. Ket qud khdo sat true tuyin
cho thdy cd 153 doanh nghidp khdi nghipp phdn hdi, tiong dd ed 3 phdn hdi khdng hpp 1$ vi thdi gian hogt ddng ciia doanh nghiep khdi nghidp frdn 5 nam.
Sd phan hdi hpp Id chinh tinic cdn Igi la 150 doanh nghidp khdi nghipp, dupe sir dung cho nghien ciiu dinh Iupng chinh thirc.
4. Kit qua vd thao ludn 4.1. Bgc diim cua mdu nghiin cdru Mau nghidn ciiu chinh thiic Id 150 doanh nghipp khdi nghiep dupe chpn tai TP. Ho Chi Minh, Bd Ria - Vung Tdu, Ddng Nai, Binh Duong vd ede tinh lan Bang 3: Kilm dinh dO tin
Trung binh Thang do thang do neu loai bien
cay Cronbacli's Alpha cua c^c Phinmg
do neu sai thang loai bien
Tuomg quan bien
tong
thang do Cronbach's Alpha neu loai
bien nikv Mang luoi quan he xa h$i
Quan h^ vai can bQ Chinh phu: a - 0,849
tiesgovl 7,63 tiesgov2 7,61 tiesgov3 7,43
3,818 4,024 3,992
0,770 0,646 0,743
0,740 0,860 0,766 Quan h^ xa hoi: a = 0,880
sotiesl 10,53 soties2 10,59 soties3 10,70 soties4 10,82
7,432 7,560 6,977 7,571
0,741 0,732 0,767 0,726
0,847 0,850 0,837 0,852 Quan h^ vai doi tac kinh doanh: a = 0,860
tiesmanagerl 10,37 tiesmanager2 10,55 tiesmanager3 10,80 tiesmanager4 10,59 6,746 6,155 7,034 6,310
0,646 0,795 0,678 0,710
0,846 0,782 0,833 0,820 Ket qua hoat d$ng cua DNKN: a - 0,806
startperfl 9,95 startperf2 9,95 startperfl 9,95 startperf4 9,87
8,864 7,817 8,386 7,821
0,600 0,666 0,624 0,603
0,768 0,734 0,755 0,768
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Bang 4: Chi so thong ke cor ban cua thang do Kihi^u Npi dung
tiesgovl tiesgov2 tiesgov3
Moi quan h^ tdt vdi lanh dgo cac cdp chinh quyln 3,71 Moi quan hd tdt vdi can bp cua Cue Cdng Nghiep dia phuong 3,73 mdi quan he tdt vdi can b§ ciia cac td chiic hd trp nhu: Cue Thul,
Ngan hdng Nha nude, Sd Cdng thuong/Sd Khoa hpc vd Cong 3,91 nghp, Bao hiem xa hpi, va Lien doan Lao ddng, v.v.
1,084 0,887 1,135 0,800
sotiesl soties2 soties3 soties4
Mdi quan hp tdt vdi cac thanh vien tir hipp hoi khdi nghiep Mdi quan hp tdt vdi cdc thdnh vien tii can Igc bo khdi nghim Mdi quan hp tit vdi ngudi than trong gia dinh, ban be, va dong nghipp
Mdi quan hp tdt vdi cac trudng dgi hpc va vien nghien ciru
3,68 3,63
1,025 1,007 3,51 1,098 3,39 1,009 0,919 0,811 0,886 0,768 tiesmanagerl
tiesinanager2 tiesmanager4
Mdi quan hp tdt vdi quan ly cap cao cua khach hang doanh nghidp Mdi quan hp tdt vdi quan ly cdp eao eua nha eung cdp Moi quan hp tot vdi quan ly cdp cao cua ddi thu canh ttanh Moi quan hd tot vdi qudn ly cap cao ciia ben thii ba (vi du: ddi tac cua khach hang, khach hang ciia khach hang, v.v.)
3,73 1,008 3,55 1,007 3,31 0,912 3,51
0,726 0,903 0,867 1,047 0,825 startperfl
startperf2 startperfi startperf4
DNKN da cd don dat hang dn dinh va thu nhap tang deu DNKN dgt dupe myc tidu ddt ra ban ddu (doanh thu, tU phdn, s;
pham/djeh vy mdi, v.v.)
DNKN dupe ddnh gid cao bdi cac doi tac vg hoat dong khdi nghidp
DNKN dgt dupe sy tin nhipm ciia khach hang va ddi tac
3,29 3,29 3,29 3,37
1,051 1,200 1,127 1,272
0,637 0,624 0,869 0,819 Eigenvalue
% phuong sai trich Phuang sai hrich IQy ke Gid tri KMO Kiem dinh Bartlett
6,178 41,186 41,186 Chi - binh phutmg (x2) Bae m do (df) Sig
1,898 12,654 53,841
1,625 10,832 64,672 0,861 1197,602 105 0,000
1,060 7,067 71,740
Ghi chii: M: tmng binh; SD: dp l^ch chudn; X: trong so tdi EFA
can khde. Trong miu, cac doanh nghipp khdi nghidp hoat dpng ehii ylu dudi hinh thirc Id doanh nghipp tu nhan (42,7%) va cdng ty frdeh nhipm hiiu hgn (43,3%). Vd ITnh vuc hogt dpng, cac doanh nghidp khdi nghipp hogt dpng ehu ydu frong linh vyc dich vy (49,3%) vd tiiuong mgi (30%). V l quy md lao d^ng, cac doanh n g h i ^ khdi nghipp cd quy md lao dpng chii ylu dudi 10ngudi(43,3%)vdtir 10dln30 ngudi (41,3%) (xem Bang 2).
4.2. Bdnh gid thang do
Nghien ciru su dyng dp tin cgy Cronbach's alpha va phuong phdp phan tich nhan td EFA d l danh gia cdc thang do. Kdt qud Cronbach's alpha cho thdy, dp tin c§y cua tiiang do ddu > 0,6 vd he sd tuang quan bien tdng > 0,5 nen cdc thang do diu dupe chap '^^- \ ^ . = 0349; a ^„= 0.880; a , _ _ ^ ^ = 0,860;
•^s.«,p<rf= 0,806 (xem Bdng 3).
Ket qud EFA cho thdy cac thang do ddu dat ydu
cdu ve nhan td trich, tdng phuang sai trich va frpng sd nhdn td cua cac BQS: tdng phuang sai trich = 71,741% > 50%. (eigen-value = 1,060) va frpng | tai ddu > 0,5 (Anderson & Gerbmg, 1988). Bdng 4 trinh bay chi sd thdng ke co bdn cua cdc thang do.
4.3. Kit qud u&c lirgng
Md hmh hdi quy bdi vd phuong phdp binh phuong nhd nhdt (OLS) dupe su dyng de kidm dinh mdi quan he giua mang ludi quan he vd ket qua boat ddng cua doanh nghipp khdi nghiep (xem Bdng 5).
Kdt qud udc Iupng OLS cho thay: quan he vdi can bd Chinh phu ciia doanh nghidp khdi l mdi quan he duong vdi ket qud hogt dpng ( 0,382; p = 0,000 < 0,001). Kdt qua nghidn cihi g l vdi nghidn ciiu ciia Peng (1997), khuyin khich cdc doanh nghipp quan he tot vdi cdn bp Chinh phu vi nd anh hudng ddn kit qud hogt ddng eua doanh nghipp, nghidn ciiu cua Du & cdng su (2016) phdt hipn cac
So 278 thdng 8/2020 37 kiiih t^baUrifB
Mo hinh hoi quy Hang so TIESGOV SOTIES TIESMANAGER BiSn phu thuoc: Ket Ghi chit: B: trong so
qua hot
B -0,066 0,369 0,281 0,278 hoat d6ng;
ITofe lugmg SE 0,306 0,063 0,072 0,076 R'luSmhi* = 0,456 (p
3
0,382 0,269 0,251
< 0,001) quy chua chuan hoa: (i: trong so hoi guy
t -0,215
5,858 3,889 3,667
P 0,830 0,000 0,000 0,000
dd chudn hoa; SE: sai
Chi s6 da c^ng
1,165 1,313 1,283
• i^ch chudn.
du dn kinh doanh mgo hiem tdn tai vd phdt tridn nhd vao mgng ludi chinh tri, nghien ciiu cua Kotabe &
cdng su (2017) cho thay rdng quan he vdi can bd Chinh phil dem lai hieu qua hogt ddng cho dy an kinh doanh mao hidm.
Gia thuyet H^, quan he xa hdi cua doanh nghiep khdi nghiep cd mdi quan hd duong vdi ket qua hoat ddng (H^: p = 0,269; p = 0,000 < 0,001). Kit qud nghien ciiu gidng vdi mot sd nghidn ciiu ttudc. Vi dy, nghien ciiu ciia Birley (1985) da chirng minh quan he mgnh vdi xa hpi giup SMEs thanh cdng;
nghidn ciru eiia Peng (2004) cho thdy quan he hp hang giilp doanh nghidp tu nhan gidm su khdng chae chdn, nang cao ty Id sdng sdt va thanh cdng d Trung Qude.
Gia thuylt H^, quan he vdi ddi tac kinh doanh cua doanh nghipp khdi nghidp cd mdi quan he duong vdi kit qua hogt d^ng (H^: p = 0,251; p - 0,000 <
0,001). Kdt qua nghien ciiu nay gidng vdi nghidn ciiu eua Peng & Luo (2000), cho rdng khi doanh nghiep quan hd vdi ddi tac kinh doanh se tac dpng ciing chieu ddn kit qud hogt ddng ciia doanh nghidp.
Hay, nghidn ciiu cua Su & cdng su (2015) cho thdy quan hd vdi ddi tdc kinh doaiih tac dpng tich cyc ddn hipu qud sir dyng vdn mao hidm tgi Tnmg Qudc.
Tdm Igi, ket qua hdi quy eho thay mgng ludi quan hp ciia nhd khdi nghiep (quan he vdi edn bd Chinh phii, quan he xd hpi, va quan hp ddi tdc kinh doanh) gidl thich dupe 45,6% biln thidn ciia ket qua hogt dpng cua doanh nghiep khdi nghidp. Cdc gia thuydt Hj, Hj, Hj diu dupe chap nhgn.
5. Ket luan va ham y qudn tri
Myc dich ehinh cua ngjiidn ciiu nay kham pha cac mgng ludi quan he ciia doanh nghiep khdi nghiep frong giai doan ddu khdi nghiep, dac bidt Id tgi cdc ndn kinh te chuyen ddi tihu Viet Nam. Ket qud nghien cihi cho thdy cdc thanh phdn cua mang luoi quan he cd mdi quan he duong vdi kdt qud hogt dpng
ciia doanh nghiep khdi nghiep. Kdt qua ndy cho chung ta mpt sd hdm y vd mat ly thuyet vd thue tidn.
vi mat ly thuyet, nghidn ciiu da chi ra mpt sd mgng ludi quan hp ma doanh nghiep khdi nghipp can phai xay dung tiong giai dogn ddu boat dpng.
So vdi nghien ciiu cua Peng & Luo (2000), nghidn ciru da bd sung thdnh phan quan he xa hpi frong mgng ludi quan h? khdng chinh thiic. Thanh phan ndy ddng vai frd quan tipng frong khdi su ban dau cua doanh nghiep khdi nghipp.
Ve mat thirc tien, kit qua nghidn cuu gdp phan giiip cho doanh nghiep khdi nghiep chii dpng xay dyng mang ludi quan he vdi cac ben lidn quan.
Thdng qua mang ludi quan hp frong he sinh thai khdi nghipp, doanh nghiep khdi nghiep cd nhidu eo hdi tilp cgn thdng tm vd ngudn lyc gdp phan cai thien ket qua hogt dpng va gidm thidu ty lp khdi nghipp that bgi tiong giai dogn dau. Ve phia cdc td chiic hd tip khdi nghipp, nhgn thay dupe vai frd cua minh frong hd frp cho doanh nghidp khdi nghidp, trien khai cac van bdn chinh sach tir Trung uong thanh cdc ehuong tiinh hd fro cy the cho doi tupng doanh nghiep khdi nghiep tai dia phuang. Mdt sd hdm y cho nha khdi nghidp cu the nhu sau:
Xdy dgmg mdi quan hg v&i cdn bg Chinh phu: Theo ly thuydt mang ludi xa hpi, mdi quan hp ragnh/ydu dupe do ludng bang tidu chi: thai gian ddnh cho mdi quan he va tan sd trao ddi giira cdc thdnh vidn frong mgng ludi. Nhu vgy, vai frd ciia nhd khdi nghipp Id rdt quan tipng tiong vide xay dyng quan hp vd giao dich thuong lupng vdi cdn bd Chinh phu, cdc cap chinh quyln. Nhd khdi nghipp bilt cdch van dpng hdnh lang se cd dupe thdng tin, chinh sach, quyet dinh cd lpi cho doanh nghiep trong khudn khd cua phap lugt. Theo kinh nghidm eiia cde doanh nghipp d Trung Qude ldm vipe vdi chinh quydn dia phuong, lanh dao cua cac doanh nghipp danh den 30 - 40%
thdi gian dd ldm vide vai can bp Chinh phii vd eo
So 278 thdng 8/2020
kiililfj>ballri(>i
-^(miai)i-jfi^."iiT (^iivp-ir; TfiK') "lav tisd thdy vipc xay dung moi quan ne vai can op cninn phii la rat quan frpng, Sy thay doi ve ehinh sach, phdp lugt dnh hudng ldn ddn sy tdn tgi va phat trien cua doanh nghiep. Do dd, nhd khdi nghidp can chu dOng tham gia, ddng gdp y kiln vao qua ttinh hinh thdnh chinh sach. Mdt sd gpi y dupe de xudt nhu sau:
(i) Nhd khdi nghiep can tuan thu nhiing quy tdc hanh xir ddi vdi can bp Chinh phu, phdi tham dy cac cupe hpp hoac su kidn quan frpng vdi chinh quydn cdc cap ma doanh nghidp khdi nghiep dang cd quan he de the hidn sy thipn chi ddi vdi can bd.
(ii) Doanh nghidp khdi nghipp cdn tim hieu thdng tin cde can bd cd anh hudng den quylt dinh cua doanh nghiep. Dd ed su ehdp thudn/phe duyet ciia CO quan chinh quyen, nha khdi nghiep phai tich eye frao ddi, cung cdp thdng tin ddy du ve du dn vd mong mudn cua doanh nghipp, dilu ndy giup cho hp cam thay dupe tdn ttpng vd se hd tip tdt cho doanh nghiep d giai dogn sau nay.
Vi vgy, ngudi chii/quan ly cua doanh nghiep can dau tu mpt Iupng thdi gian nhdt dinh de xay dung, duy tti va cung cd mdi quan hp tieh cue vdi can bp Chinh phu va cac cdp ehinh quydn dia phuong.
Xdy dung moi quan he xd hdi:
- Ddi v&i hiip hdi vd cdu lgc bg khai nghiip:
Doanh nghidp khdi nghipp cdn tich eye tham gia vdi tu each la thanh vidn cua cdc hidp hdi va cau Igc bd khdi nghiep tai dia phuang. Doanh nghidp khdi nghidp dau tu thdi gian hode hdi phi de sinh hogt frong cac hiep hdi vd edu Igc bp khdi nghidp. Trong qua trinh tham gia, doanh nghidp khdi nghidp cd thd nhgn dupe tiidng tin hiru ich cho hogt ddng doanh nghidp. Ngoai ra, nha khdi nghidp cd thd giao luu, hpc hdi, ket ndi va chia se ca hpi giiia cac tiidnh vien vdi nhau.
- Ddi v&i ngu&i thdn, bgn be vd ddng nghiep: hp Id nhiing ngudi thdn thilt, chia se khd khan frong timg giai dogn phdt tridn eua doanh nghiep. "i kidn vd ldi khuydn ciia hp rdt cd gid tri khi doanh nghiep khdi nghidp can nhde thyc hipn cac quyet dinh quan ttpng. Ngodi ra, ngudn vdn hd ttp tii ngudi than, ban be va ddng nghipp frong giai doan ddu Id rdt quan frpng, giup gidi quylt nhu cdu v l vdn khdi nghiep khi ma su tidp cdn nguon vdn tir cac td chirc hd frp la hgn che. Hon niia, chi phi sii dyng vdn tir ngudn ho ttp nay khdng ddng kl.
- Ddi vdi cac trudng dai hpc va vidn nghien ciiu:
Doanh nghiep cd thi lidn hp trye tilp vdi cac nhd
khoa hpc hi cac truimg dgi hpc va vidn nghien ciiu de tham gia dl tai nghien cihi khoa hpe cdp co sd, cdp tinh. Muc dich Id nhdm hodn thidn sdn phdm, cdng nghd mdi hoac hodn thidn co sd Iy thuydt cho dy dn khdi nghidp. Ddi vdi tiudng hpp doanh nghidp ggp khd khan frong viec kdt ndi vdi cdc trudng dgi hpc va vidn nghidn ciiu, doanh nghiep cd thi kit ndi vdi Quy khdi nghiep doanh nghidp khoa hpc vd cdng nghd Viet Nam (SVF). Nhiem vu ciia Quy SVF Id hd tip chuong trinh khdi nghiep tai cdc dia phuong, kit ndi vdi cde nhd khoa hpc, Vidn Hdn lam Khoa hpc Cdng nghd Viet Nam, ho ttp phdng thi nghipm, hoan thipn sdn phdm, nghidn ciiu va phdt triln cdng nghd cua dy an khdi nghiep.
Xdy dimg mdi quan he vai ddi tdc kinh doanh:
- Ddi vdi khdeh hang: doanh nghipp khdi nghidp can danh thdi gian cham sdc, nam rd nhu cdu, thi hilu tieu diing eua khach hang, ndm bdt thdng tin nhdm tao co sd dir tidu cho viec qudn ly quan he khdch hang. Ngodi ra, doanh nghipp khdi nghiep thudng xuydn Hen Igc hdi thdm, idy y kidn ciia khach hang sau khi sii dung sdn phdm/dich vu. Lpi ich cua vide xay dung quan he khach hang la thiic ddy ldng trung thanh cita khdch hdng, gia tang khdi lupng ban hang va thanh toan dang tin cay (Peng, 2000). Vi vdy, dk xdy dung quan he tdt, doanh nghipp can ldm eho khdch hdng hdi long ve chat Iupng sdn pham/
dich vu, tgo nilm tin cho khdeh hdng.
- Ddi vdi nhd cung cap: Mdi quan hd tdt vdi nha cung cdp se giiip doanh nghidp ed dupe nguydn vat lieu cd ehat lupng, dich vu tdt va giao hdng kip thdi (Peng, 2000). De cd dupe mdi quan he tdt vdi nhd cung cap, doanh nghipp phdi tgo "chii tin" vdi nha cung cap. Vi du, doanh nghidp thanh todn dan hang diing thdi gian thda thuan hay doanh nghipp chia sd thdng tin, ki nang dd hai ben ciing cd lpi.
- Ddi vdi ddi thu canh tianh: Doanh nghipp khdi nghiep cd mdi quan he tdt vdi ddi thu cgnh ttanh ed thd tgo dieu kidn hpp tac, giam thieu sy khdng ehac chdn vd bdt ngd (Peng, 2000). doanh nghidp khdi nghiep can thay ddi quan diem suy nghT vd ddi thu cgnh franh. Trude ddy, ddi thii cgnh tranh la ke thu nhung hien nay, ddi thu cgnh tranh Id ngudi ban vd ciing la ngudi thdy dd doanh nghiep chia se vd hpc hdi. Dd giao luu vd kit ndi vdi ddi thu cgnh tranh de ddng, nha khdi nghidp cdn danh thdi gian tham gia cac cau lac bd, hpi doanh nghipp tie, mgng ludi kinh doanh qudc td, v.v.
Mot sd hgn ehi cua nghiin cuu:
Nghidn ciiu nay tap tnmg khdo sat ehii ydu Igi
S6 278 thdng 8/2020
kJflhieAltriei
mdt sd tinh cd nin kinh t l frpng didm phia Nam. Sd nghi$p. Niiir vSy, eoti --^,',Q-A -•-r- C-^ - ^'^
lupng doanh nghipp khdi nghiep chua phdn dnh tdng cac nhdn td khac se dupe tilp tyc nghidn cuu frong thd mau. Vi vgy, frong tuong lai, nghien cihi can dp tuong lai.
dung phuang phdp chpn mau phan tdng vd khdo sat j ^ jj^^ng ludi quan he, doanh nghipp khdi nghipp them mdt sd tinh thanh cd phong tido khdi nghipp cd dupe ngudn luc ho tip (tiidng tin, kiln tinic/ki phat tiiln manh (Ha Ndi, Da Ndng, Cdn Tha, vv.). nang, ddi tdc tang tiiem, v.v). Trong nghidn cihi tilp Kdt qua nghidn ciiu cho thay mgng ludi quan he theo, cac nha nghien can danh gid lpi ich tir mang cua nhd khdi nghiep giai thich dupe 45,6% bidn ludi quan he din ddn kit qua hogt dpng cua doanh thidn ciia kdt qua hogt dpng cua doanh nghidp khdi nghiep khdi nghidp.
Ghi chu:
1. Doanh nghipp khdi nghiep quan he vdi ngudi than, ban be, va thanh vien tii cau lac bp/hiep hoi khdi nghipp dupe gpi tdt la quan he xa hpi (Le & cong sy, 2009).
2. Cac chuyen gia la nhd sang lap/ding sang lap ra doanh nghipp khdi nghifp.
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