MO HINH TOA AN HIEN PHAP TRONG CHE DO BAO HIEN
L Khai quat chung
Mo hinh Toa an hien phap dugc khoi xuong truoc het 6 khu vuc chau Au luc dia va anh huong toi nhieu quoc gia tren the gioi ngay nay.
Khac voi mo hinh cila Hoa Ky, cac nuoc luc dia chau Au khong trao cho Toa an tu phap thuc hien giam sat hien phap ma thanh lap mot toa an dac biet de thuc hien chuc nang nay. Toa an nay dugc ggi la Toa an hien phap hoac Hgi dong bao hien. Vien bao hien. Day la mo hinh giam sat tap trung (Concentrated system). Toa an hien phap dugc thanh lap 6 Ao nam 1920, Italia 1947.
Dirc 1949. mien Nam Viet Nam 1956, Phap 1958, Th6 NhT Ky 1961. Nam Tu 1963, Bo Dao Nha 1976, Tay Ban Nha 1978, Hy Lap 1979, Ba Lan 1982, Hungary 1983, Lien Xo cu 1988, Nga 1993, Campuchia 1993, Belarus 1994, Ukraina 1996, Thai Lan 1997, Czech 1997 Mo hinh nay co the ggi la mo hinh cua Ao vi Ao la noi thanh lap som nhat, nhung thuong ggi la mo hinh luc dia chau Au vi khu vuc nay la pho bien nhat.
LL Ca cau, cdch thuc thanh lap va tham quyen cua Tod dn hien phdp
a. Ve ca cdu: Toa an hien phap thong thuong CO tu 9 din 15 tham phan. Nhung nuoc CO 9 tham phan la Phap, Italia, Campuchia, 11 tham phan nhu Belarus, 12 thdm phan nhu Tay Ban Nha, 15 tham phan nhu Ba Lan, Czech, Thai Lan, 18 tham phan nhu Ukraina. Toa an hien phap c6 nhieu thdm phan nhdt la Cgng hoa Lien bang Nga -19 thim phan. Nhiem ky ciia tham phan Toa an hiln phap thong thuong la 9 nam nhu Phap, Italia, Tay Ban Nha, Ukraina, Ba Lan, Campuchia ...
' PGS. TS., Vien truong Vien Nha nuoc va Phap luat.
Nguyen Nhw Phdt
b. Ve cdch ihicc thdnh lap: Thong thuong 1/3 so lugng tham phan Toa an hien phap do Tong thong bo nhiem, 1/3 khac do Ha vien bau (hoac Chii tich Ha vien bo nhiem), 1/3 con lai do Thugng vien bau (hoac Chii tich Thugng vien bo nhiem). Cac thanh vien ciia Toa an hien phap khong the dong thoi la thanh vien ciia Chinh phii, Nghi vien hoac la tham phan ciia Toa an tu phap hay Toa an hanh chinh, cQng khong the dam nhiem bat cii chuc Vll gi cua cac co quan cong quyen, hay thuc hien cac hoat dgng kinh doanh.
Cac tham phan Toa an hien phap thong thuong dugc lira chgn tir cac tham phan, cac cong to vien, cac luat su, cac giao su dai hgc CO danh tieng, cac chinh khach, cac quan chuc hanh chinh co uy tin. Mgt so nuoc nhu Phap quy dinh cac cim Tong thong la thanh vien duong nhien cua Toa an hien phap.
c. Ve thdm quyen:
Toa an hien phap co tham quyen xem xet tinh hgp hien cua cac van ban luat. cac dieu uoc quoc te ma Tong thong hoac Chinh phli da hoac se tham gia ky ket, cac sac lenh cua Tong thong, cac nghi dinh ciia Chinh phu, CO the tuyen bo mgt van ban luat, duoi luat la vi hien va lam vo hieu hoa van ban do;
Tham quyen xem xet tinh hgp hien ciia cac cugc bau cii Tong thong, bau cii Nghi vien va trung cau dan y;
Tham quyen tu van ve to chiic bg may nha nuoc, ve cac van de chinh tn doi ngi Cling nhu doi ngoai;
Giai quyet cac tranh chap ve tham quyen giua cac nhanh quyen lire lap phap, hanh phap va tu phap, giua chinh quyen trung uong va dia phuong;
Giam sat hien phap ve quyen con nguoi va quyen cong dan.
NHA NUifC \A PHAI' I.VAT SC) 10/2011
Ngoai ra, mgt so Toa lin hicn phap (nhu Italia) CO quyen xet xii Tong thong khi long thong vi pham phap luat.
1.2. \ l' cdch thirc thue hien qnyOn gidm sdt tinh hcrp hien ciia cdc vdn bdn luqt
a. (ddm sdi ede vdn han ludl Irudc khi cdng hd (Prevenlivc review)
Thong thuong. theo ycu can ciia long thong (Nha vua a cac nuoc quan chii lap hien). Thu tuong. Chinh phii, Chii tich Thugng \ion. Chii tich Ha Nien, l/IO so nghi sT ciia Nghi \icn (hoac 1/3 so Nghi sT cua mot trong hai \ icn). I oa an toi cao, Toa an hien phap sc xem xet tinh hgp hicn ciia cac du luat da dugc hai vicn thong qua nhirng chua cong bo. Cac nuoc thuong quy dinh thoi han na> la 30 ngay, truong hgp khan cap theo \cu cau ciia Chinh phii thoi han co the ngan hon (vi du nhu Phap la 8 ngay).
Trong truong Jagp Hgi dong bao hien luyen bo van ban do Ichong trai voi Hien phap thi qua trinh cong bo se tiep tuc tien hanh.
Ngugc lai. neu Toa an hien phap tuyen bo van ban do \'i hien thi no khong the dugc cong bo hay co hieu luc. Khi mgt hiep uoc CO mgt hay nhieu dieu khoan bj tuyen bo la vi hien, viec ky ket va ban hanh hiep uoc do lap tuc bi dinh chi cho toi khi Hien phap dugc sua doi hoac hiep uoc do dugc cac ben thoa thuan sua doi. Cac quyet dinh ciia Toa an hien phap la quyet dinh co hieu lire cuoi Cling va khong the bi khang nghi hay khang cao,cac co quan cong quyen lap phap, hanh chinh hay tu phap deu phai ton trgng.
(J Phap, theo Hien phap 1958, Hgi dong bao hien dugc trao tham quyen xem xet cac dao luat truoc khi cong bo. Dieu 61 Hien phap 1958 quy dinh: "Nhung dao luat ve to chuc, cac quy tac ciia hai vien, truoc klii ban hanh deu phai de trinh len Hgi dong bao hien xem xet cac van kien do co phu hgp voi Hien phap hay khong. De phu hgp voi Hien phap, cac dao luat khac truoc khi thi hanh cung phai de trinh Hgi dong bao hien boi Tong thong, Thli tuong hay Chii tich cua hai vien"
h. Ciidm .sdi cde vdn hdn ludt dd cd hieu lice phdp ludl (Repressive review)
loa an hicn phap co the dua ra xem xet tinh hgp hicn ciia cac dao lual da co hieu Inc. Vi du. 6 Phap mot s6 dao luat dugc thong qua truoc Hicn phap 1958. nhung theo quy dinh ciia Hien phap 1958 thi nhung quan he xa hgi do cac dao luat do dieu chinh na\ thugc ITnh xuc dicu chinh cua hanh phap. Irong truang hgp nay. Chinh phii co quyen tir do sua doi cac dao luat do bang each thong qua cac sSc lenh tuong duong sau khi da tham khao y kien cua Hgi dong nha nuoc (Conseil d I,lai). I ii\ nhien. nhimg dao luat dugc ban hanh sau nam 1958 co nhirng quy dinh khong thugc pham vi cua lap phap, thl Chinh phii chi co the sira doi dao luat da ban hanh bang mgt sac lenh luong ducmg neu Hgi dong bao hien (Conseil constitutionel) tuyen bo dao luat do CO tinh each lap quy (Dieu 37 Hien phap).
Thuc hien quyen bao hien. Hgi dong bao hiln ciia Phap ngay 16 7/1971 da tuyen bo mgt dao luat da dugc Nghj \ ien thong qua la vi hien \ i no trai vai qu\ cn hgi hgp da dugc qu\ dinh trong Hicn phap 1958.
1.3. Dqc diem cua gidm sdt hien phap theo mo hinh luc dia chdu Au
Giam sat hien phap lheo> mo hinh luc dia chau Au la mo hinh giam sat chii \eu la tap trung thong qua thiet che loa an hien phap hoac Hgi dong bao hien.
Giam sat bao hien theo mo hinh luc dia chau Au khong nhiJng la giam sat tu phap cu the (Concrete judicial review) ma con la giam sat truu tugng (Abstract judicial review), \ i van de xem xet tinh hgp hien cua mgt quy dinh khong nhit thilt phai gan lien voi mgt vu viec nao do, ma no c6 the dugc dua ra theo de nghi eua mgt ca nhan, to chuc CO tham quyen, bao gom Tong thong, Thii tuang, Chu tich Thugng vien hoac Ha vien, Thanh tra Nghi vien (Ombudsman), Chanh an Toa an toi cao hoac 1/10 s6 dai bilu Nghi vien. Ngoai ra, Hgi dong dia phuang, Tinh
.Vl(} HINH TOA AN HIEN I'HAP truong cung c6 quyin dl nghi xem xet tinh
hgp hien ciia dao luat vi ly do cac quyin ciia dia phuong bi vi pham. D6i \oi cac dao luat do Hgi dong dja phuong ban hanh vi hicn.
Bo trirong co quyen dl nghi xem xcl tinh hgp hien ciia cac dao lual dcS.
Mot so nuoc a luc dia chau /\u nhu Bo Dao Nha. Switzerland ton tai he thong giam sat hien phap hon hgp. \ lia tap trung \ ua phi tap trung. 0 Bo Dao Nha \ ua co Toa an hiln phap la CO quan bao hien. mai khac Hiln phap 1982 ciia Bd Dao Nha tai Dilu 207 con CO qu> djnh: "Cac toa an cac cap khong dugc (ip dung cac qu> dinh \a cac ngu>cn tac bat hop hicn trong khi xem xcl cac \an de dua ra truoc loa" Cac qu> dinh cua Hien phap trao cho toa an cac cap quN cn khong ap dung cac qu>' dinh \a cac nguyen tac bat hgp hien. \'an de xem xcl linh hgp hicn c6 the do mgt ben trong duong sir hoac do cong to
\ien dua ra.
Hieu lire ciia cac quNct dinh ciia Toa hien phap theo qu> dinh ciia Hien phap co gia tri bat buoc thuc hien doi voi tat ca cac chu the phap luat ke tu khi mgt quy pham, mgt che dinh hoac mgt van ban nao do bi Toa hien phap tuyen bo la vi hien.
2. Mo hinh Toa an hien phap Cong hoa Lien bang Diic
Toa an hien phap Cgng hoa Lien bang (CHLB) Dii'c la mo hinh dac trung ciia he thong CO quan tu phap doe lap va chuyen trach ve bao hien. Den nay, mo hinh nay dugc coi la mo hinh "manh nhat" ve phuong dien bao hien thong qua co quan quyen lire tu phap dgc lap.
2.1. Vcii net ve lich sir
Tai phan hien phap noi chung la mgt trong nhung thiet che xuai hien trong qua trinh phan than sir thong tri ciia Nha nuoc.
Tu tuong ve tai phan hien phap bat nguon tir lich sir phat trien ciia chau Au va Bac My.
Nhiing yeu to hinh hai ciia tai phan hien phap da manh nha xuat hien khi co quan toa an phai doi mat voi nhung van de eiia hien phap lien quan den trat tu phap ly co ban ciia
cgng dong
Tren lanh tho cua luroc Diic. duoi ihoi Irung CO ihugc dc che La Ma. da chirng kien
\ao nam \2?^S vice thiol lap Irong he Ihong loa an vuong li-icu \a dugc ghi nhan trong hicn phiip ciia dai nuoc tu do viing Main/
(na\ thugc Dirc) mot loa an loi cao vucrng trieu (Kocnigliches llofgcrichl) \oi iham qu\en giai quyel cac d(yn kien lien quan den ciic quyen \a lai san cua vuong trieu, lien quan den tranh chap giua eac ihanh vien ciia
\uong trieu hoac cac vu vice \c thoai quyen ciia cac toa an dia phircrng. Toa an na\ dugc dcM ten thanh loa an boi tham dc che (Reichskammergerichl) va con xcl xii ca nhung vu viec tii' cac ban an ciia loa an dia phuong lien quan den cac than dan ngoai lai.
Trong each nhin ciia cac nha khoa hoc Dirc.
\ iec nil} CO ban chat tuong lu nhu thu luc giai quyel khieu nai hicn phap lai Toa an hicn phap ngay nay. Ben canh do. ciing voi thoi gian. 6 day con ihiel lap mgi Hoi dong de che (Reichshofral) voi ban chat pha Iron cua co quan lu phap va hanh phap ma trong nliieu truong hgp. nguyen don co the lira chon co quan nay hoac Toa boi Iham. Cung duoi che do cai tri ciia La Ma. lir the k) XIV. nguoi la da biet den nhirng toa an Irgng lai dugc lira chon (Ad-hoc) de giai qu\et nhting tranh chap giua cac chinh dang \a sau na\ hinh thanh nen loa an Irgng tai qu\ che, giiii qii\et Iranh chap giua cac hau vuong (1338).
Khi de che La Ma sup do IrtMi dcii Dirc (1806) cung la liic cham dirt he Ihong toa an La Ma ciia dan toe Dirc. Liie do. Lien hiep Due da khong ua diing nhung thill che li^a an luong lir nhu cua La Ma. Thay \ao \\ tri ciia cac to chirc tai phan "dac biet" duoi Ihoi La Ma. nguai Diie da de cao \ ai tro ciia Quoc hgi lien bang^ voi linh each la thilt ehl
D.C.Umbach/Tli.Clement, Bundesverfassungsgesetz Mitarbeiterkommentar und Handbuch. CF.Mueller, 1992, S. 4.
' Khai niem Quoc hoi a day khong d6ng nghTa vol co quan lap phap toi cao cua Lien bang ma tren thuc t6
MIA M'iH\A PHAPI.IAT.SO 10/2011
loi cao di" trieu lap mgi li)a iin nhiini giiii qu\cl nhirng tranh chap giira c;ic thanh \ii'n cua Lien bang. Ti-ong mgt so truiriig hcrp cu the. (,)iioc hoi lien Ixuig sc giir \ai tri' nhir mgt toil an irgng uii trong ciic tranh cliiip giira cac lieu bang.
TUN nhien. the k\' \ L \ \an la tluri k\
khc'ing ro lang \ c mgt thicl che (c<v quan) tai phan W\cn phiip cua Lien bang. () Lii-n minh Bac l^irc \ao nam l(S(i7 \a lai De che Dirc N'iio nam IS71. (^)uoc hcii lien bang da phai
"dau himg'' UuxVc lu tiKvng thiet lap mgt lira an cua Lien bang dc giai qii\el ciic tranh chap hiCMi phap.
Phai dC'n thiri dai C()ng hi)a Weimar, nhung lu lucmg \ a xu hircVng thicl lap mgt nen tiii phan hien phap miri thang the. Vao nam 1925. Tiia an de che Dirc da qu>et dinh dim cac tham phan ap dung cae \ an bim lual
\i hien \a mcV duong cho \ ice kiem tra linh phil hgp cua phap lual lieu bang \ a i phap lual lien bang. Tren linh than dcS. \an dc hgp hien ciia cae van ban phap luiit ehinh thirc dugc kiem tra bang con duong ii)a an. Tuy nhien. nen Cgng hoa Weimar \an chua luong truoc dugc yeu cau cua lai phan hiln phap la phai giai qu>ct eac tranh chap giira eac thiet che ciia Lien bang va giai qu\cl khieu nai hien phap eiia ccing dan (mot trong hai chire nang co ban cua loa an hien phap hien nay. ben canh chirc nang kicm ua tinh hgp hien eiia eac dao lual).
Trong khi do. trong nen Cgng hcia Weimar, a eac lieu bang, nin tiii phan hiln phap lai phal trien kha manh. Tai nhilu lieu bang, tai phan hicn phap da dircTc trao ca nhiem vu giai qu>cl cac tranh chtip giua Chinh phu va co quan dan cir (QuIc h()i lieu bang) eung nhu cae khiiu nai hiln phap.
Nuoc Due khcri xuang \ a bai tran trong hai cugc dai ehien. Trong suit thai ky nay, van de tai phan hien phap khong tra nen thai su va hieu lire ciia he thing tai phan hiln no dugc toan quoc bau ra de thuc hien mot nhiem vu cu the, nhat thoi (Nguyin Nhu Phat).
phiip da ducrc dat nen mong va dang hie hfru niiy cung vi the ma ducmg nhu bi lan]
quen hoac tham chi bi v6 hicu. Van de ta phim hicMi phiip o Dirc chi co the dugc han iKing khi nuac Dirc bai trim xay dung hiei phiip (Luat ccr ban) m(Vi cua minh.
Trong qua irinh soan thao Iiicn phaf moi. ciic chinh khiich \a giiri khoa hgc cuj ( IILB Dirc da cc) dip nghiC-n ciru \ a Icing kei nhung kinh nghiem tien bi) cua qua khu trong \ ice thiet liip mgt nin lai phan hicr phiip d()c liip. IrC'n ccr s(r di). cimg \ai noi kinh hoimg \ a that \ g n g \ e thcri ky Dure quoe xil mil mgt trong nhung ngu\cn nhan cua ni) lii chi- do \ 6 luat. ngucri Dirc da quyet tiim xa\ dung mgt trat tir phiip qii\cn hien dai mil mgt trong nhirng \cii to cua no la mot ncMi liii phim hicn phap dgc liip. co du sirc manh. trong do co muc ticu la ngan chan nguy C(T phuc hoi che do cu. Cucii ciing.
nga\ 23 ihimg 5 nam 1^)49. Hicn phap cua ( Hl.B Dirc da eong bcr \ii lai Dieu 94 Toa an hien phap da duc^c hicn dinh. Can cir vao khoan 2. Dieu 94. Hien phap 1949. ngay 16 Ihiing 4 nam 1951 Luat \ e Ida an hien phap dugc cong hCr \i\ tai Dicu I cua Luat. Toa an hien phiip CTI LB Dirc dugc xac dinh la
"tcia iin lu chil \ a dgc lap voi liu ca cac co quan hicn phap khac"
Nhu \ a \ . khiic \oi mo hinh a Hgp chiing quoe Hoa Ky. CHLB Dire thill lap mc>l he thong tai phan hien phap co thiet che rieng, \cVi chirc nang \ii nhiem vu kha ro rimg. cu the \ a cci \ i tri phap ly. chinh tri rat eao. Den n a \ . mo hinh nii\ da ga\ dugc anh huong den he thcSng tai phan cr nhieu nirac chau .\u \ a chiiu A nhu fhai Lan.
Campuchia. mgt sci nuoc thuoc Lien bang X o V i l i c i i . . .
La mot quoc gia lien bang, eac tilu bang cua CHLB Due cung thilt lap cac Loa an hien phap eiia eac lieu bang vcri mo hinh tuang tir nhu ciia Nhii nuae Lien bang.
•' Luat nay co hieu lire tir ngay 17 4 1951 va d^n nay da trai qua 6 lan sira doi.
MO HI Ml TOA AN II UN PHAP . 2.2. Vi tri cua Toa dn hien phdp Lien
bang trong hp mdy nha nudc
Theo mo hinh ciia Dire, vai [vb va \i tri eiia Toa an hien phap Lien bang duge xem xet duoi hai phirong dien:
Ld mpt CO' quan loci dn. Toa an hiCMi phap Lien bang la eo quan lcia iin cat) nhiit Irong he thong toa an lien bang \a dirge coi la "Toa an ciia cae loai li)a an" Dicu nii>- cung khong co nghTa la Tiia an hicn phap la noi dien ra trinh lir giam doc tham ha> giiim sat. xet xir lai cac ban im cua ciic liia an tu phap ha} liia an chuxen Irach^ Tiia an hicn phap Lien bang ton lai dgc lap (\c ki chirc
\ il tham quyen) \ cii liil ca ciic uba an khae.
De Toa an hicn phap Lien bang khong tra thanh "uii dung" cua mgi loai tranh chiip trong xa hgi \ a dong thcri \ a n dam bao linh dge lap trong xet xir ciia tat ca eae co quan loa an. mo hinh Toa an hien phap Lien bang Dire da thiet ke nhung bg lgc theo ngu} en tac bo trg thir yeu (Subsidaeriael), theo do.
Toa an hien phap. sau khi co thu luc dae biet ve thu ly. chi giai quyet nhung \ iec: (i) Co lien quan true liep den Hien phap, den quyen co ban cua cong dan. (ii) Co y nghTa ehinh tri, phap ly quan trgng \ a (iii) Sau khi tan dung het eac kha nang \ ii co' hgi lai cac toa an lien bang ma trat lu phap ly \ cin chua dirge dam bao. Viee giai quyel loai vii viec nay duge lien hanh ehii > eu Irong trinh lu va thil lue giai quyel "khieu nai hien phap"
Ld mpi thiet che hien dinh dpc lap.
Khae voi a nhieu nuoc khae, vi du nhu 6 Hoa Ky. Toa an hien phap CLILB Due la mgt eo quan dge lap dugc hien phap thiet
^ CHLB Dirc co mot he th6ng to chuc toa an kha phi'ic tap. La mot qu6c gia lien bang, nudc Dirc co he thong toa an cac ti6u bang, ton tai kha doc lap vol he thong toa an lien bang. Trong he thong toa an lien bang, ben canh toa an thudng (toa an tu phap xet xu cac tranh ch§p dan su, kinh tS, thuong mai va hinh sir) con CO he thing cac co quan toa an chuyen trach:
Toa an hanh chinh. Toa an lao dpng, Toa an xa hoi, Toa an cong vu va Toa an sang che.
lap. ton lai ben eanh ciic co quan lc)i eao cua Nha nuoc nhu Quoc hcii. ("hinh phu va ri)a an ti)i cao lien bang. Mac dii. irinh Ur vii ihii luc thiet lap co quan nii}' khii diic ihii so \oi ciic CO quan khiic trong bg mii\ nha niitVc Ihco che do phim qu\c'n o Dire. I i)a im hicn phap Lien bang khimg phai la co quan cua Quoc hcii. khiing chju sir giam sal eua (^)u6c hgi. Chinh phu ha\' Toa im loi cao lich bang.
Ngucre lai ciin lha\ rang, trong quii trinh ihire hien chirc niing ciia minh. lija im hicn phiip ciin kiem tra linh hcrp hicMi ciia cac vim ban phcip lual ciia Quiic hgi \a ci) the lu>en bi) linh \ i hien \ ii chiim dix{ hieu lire thi himh cae lual cua Quiic hcii. Tuyen bo nii\ se ducrc thuc thi \'i. Ihco phcap luat, mgi qu\cl dinh hay lu\en bo ciia Tiia an hicn phap Lien bang CO gia Iri nhu mot dao lual. Viec thuc hien nhiem vu na\' dugc tien hanh Irong loai trinh tu vii ihii luc lai Toa an hien phap ducrc ggi la "kicm tra quy pham Iriru lugng"
Ben eanh do. tuy la m()l trong cae ihiel che hien phap, song phap lual lai cho phep Toa an hien phap Lien bang dan xep. giai quyel eae tranh chap ve tham quyen giua Chinh phu va Qucic hc)i lien bang, giira chinh quyen \ a phap lual lien bang \a\ ehinh quyen va phap lual eiia cac lieu bang, giua cae dang phai ehinh trj: \ e nhung don kien chong lai Tong thong, cae Bg Irucrng ha)' tham phim va \ e nhirng bien phap khac nham bao vc trai lu hien phap ...
La mot eo quan doe lap, Toa an hicn phap Lien bang cung co mot ngiin sach dgc lap, ben canh he thong nhan sir. Ngan sach ciia Toa an hien phap Lien bang do chinh co quan nay thiet lap vii dugc thong qua trong loan bg ngan saeh lien bang (duoi dang nuit dao lual). Khi dci. ngan sach cua Toa an hien phap Lien bang tro nen dgc lap \ii do ehinh eo quan niiy quan ly.
2.3. To chiic vd nhiem vu cita Toa an hien phdp Lien hang
Dilu 94 Hiln phap CHLB Dirc qu\
dinh:
\//,\ .\rOC \ A PHAP H'.\TSO 10/2011
w
"1. ri)a im hii-n phiip Lii-n bang dirge co ciiii hoi ciic ihimi phim lien bani' \ii ciic thiinh viiMi khiic. Mgt nua si) thimh vien do Quiic hcii biiu. nua ci)n lai do I lgi dong lien bang hiui. Ciic thimh \icn cua Lia iin hicn phiip Lien bang khimg dugc kicm nhicm tai (^)uoc hgi lien hang. I lgi dong lien bang.
Chinh phu lien bang ha\ tai cac ccr quan lirc7ng tir cua mgt ticni bang..."
Dieu 2 Luat lo chirc loa im hicn phiip Lien bang qu\ dinh:
"1. loa an hien phap Lien bang ci) co ciui gom hai tiia.
2. Irong moi tiia dugc biiu tiim thiim phim.
3. Ba trong so ihiim phim cua miii tiia dixgc biiu lir si) ihiim phim cua ciic Ti)a im liii cao cua lii-n bang. C'hi UCMI biiu eho nhung tham phan da co il nhiit ba nam cong tiic lai mcit CO quan Toa an toi eao ciia licMi bang"
Voi eae qu> dinh Iren da\ cho lha>'.
tham phan eiia 16a an hien phap Lien bang khong ehi bao gom nhung ngucri la thiim phan chuyen nghiep. Dieu na\ 1\ giai mc)l
\an de dac ihii thugc nhicm eu ciia Toa an hien phap la. Toa an hien phap Lien bang khong chi giai qu\cl nhung NU \ ice mang linh phap ly thuan lii\. Tren ihirc lc. ri)a an hien phap LicMi bang Dirc dii giai qu\ei nhieu van de lien quan den dcri song ehinh tri xii hgi cua dat nuc're.
Mae dil \ i i \ . theo qin dinh eiia phap lual. de ircr thimh tham phan eiia Toa an hien phap Lien bang khong the la nhirng nguiri chi CO hieu biet \ c chinh tri. xii hen. Cung giong nhu cac tham phan ehu\en nghiep (eong lae lai eae loa an ciia IICMI bang xii lieu bang), tham phan Toa an hien phap Lien bang phai c6 "trinh do tham phan"^' Ben
•'' Dugc hieu la tham phan lien bang va cac thanh vien khac. Khi hci dugc bau thi trd thanh tham phan Tda an hien phap Lien bang.
'' Rieng ddi vdi nghe luat, nudc Dirc cd he thong dao tao dac biet. De cd dugc "trinh do tham phan" la mgt ngudi phai tot nghiep dai hgc lual (thi quoc gia l4n
eanh do. nhirng ngiriri dugc hiiu phai ci) d luoi loi thieu la 40 \ii loi da lii 68. xoi nhier kx la 12 niim va khi)ng liii nhicm. I lg khoii]
duoc tiong thiri kiem nhiem them \iee gian]
day dai hgc lual Viri xicc bo nhiem In thimh thiim phim loa im hicn phap Liei bang thi mgi quan he lao dgng cua hg Iron;
eiic cir quan khiic deu chiim dirt.
Khiic x(Vi ciic ihiim phim o cac uia ar thong llurirng. thiim phiin I oa an hien phaf LiC-n bang ciing huirng ihem mgt so quy ch(
diie thil.
11 HOC hit. khac xcri cac tham phim ihoni ihirirng. hg khimg chi la ctic can hi) cua cc quan loa im ma ci)n la thanh vien cua motet quan hiln phap. Co le ngiriri Dirc muim the hicMi xai tro cua cac thiim phiin loa an hicr phap Lien bang nhu nhung ehinh khiich (nghi sT. Bg tnrong). Vi theo qux dinh. cac tham phcin loa an hien phiip khong chiu bat kx moi sir giiim sin himh chinh (cong x u) nao. Tronj khi di). ciic thiim phan 1 6a iin toi cao xan cc the bi kx luiit theo quycl dinh cua loa an conj xu (l6a iin kx liuit)'
Luiil To chire r6a an hien phap Lier
thu nhi^t). 1 icp theo do phai loi nghiep chuang irinl dao tao nghi- lual (thi quoc gia lan thu hai). I uc na;
dugc coi la co irinh dg tham phan \a mdi co du diei kiC-n do trd ihanh tham phan. cdng to wen. luat su cdng chung \ ion. chuxcn \ ion phap l\ trong he thon]
CO quan nha nuoc. Cjiao su luai mac nhien la cd trini iSC^ tham phan.
' Nguxon \;ln khoan 4. f)icu 3. Luat Td chirc Toa ai hiCn phcip la: "Mgt hoat dgng ngh6 nghiep khac nhi la giang sien luat tai mgt trudng dai hgc d Dirc I khdng phu hcrp xoi hoai dgng tham phan. Hoat don
\di tinh each la tham phan lai Tda an hien phap Lie bang dugc coi trgng hon vdi linh each la giang vie dai hgc"
^ O Dirc, nhfing tranh chap, bien phap ky luat... ph<
sinh tir quan he cdng vu se dugc giai quyet cuoi ciin tai tai phan kx luat. Trach nhiem cdng vu vi the chia dung cho cdng chirc va ngudi sii' dung lao dpng con vu. Doi vdi cac chinh khach (Bg trirdng) khong a dung che do trach nhiem nay, vi hg khdng phai j cdng chirc. Hg chi cd the cd che do trach nhiem hic phap ma thoi. nen d Dirc, viec Thii tudng Chinh pli quyet dinh ky luat Bd trirdng la di6u xa la.
fi
MO HINH TOA AN HIIN PHAP bang quy dinh ro l6a an nay eo co cau gom
hai loa. Tux nhien. khac voi Ccie l6a trong cac CO quan l6a an Ihong ihucVng. 6 do cac l6a chi la nliung bg phan chuyen mon ma eu the la nhirng hgi dong xet xu, khong eo tu Ccich ve Ihiel ehe. thi hai t6a ciia T6a iin hiln phiip Lien bang lai eo xai lr6 diie thii xl phuong dien the che. Theo do. moi loa deu dirge ggi la Toa an hien phiip Lien bang, co xai lr6 xii xi iri binh dang xoi nhau xii xi the. thuc chit T6a an hien phiip Lien bang La mc)l "cap t6a an song sinh"' Nhu x iix'. mcM l6a diu co thiim phan rieng ciia minh xa xe nguxen liic la khong dugc phep dieu dting. luiin chuyen.
Viee mcit tham phiin eiia loii niix iham gia x iio hoat dgng ciia loa kia chi duge phep neu trong trucmg hgp khiin ciip. mil l6a do khong CO dli nang lire hieu quyel hoac trong trircmg hgp giai quxin don kien cua Tong thong lien bang hax cua tham phan.
Phap luat eiia CHLB Dirc cung phan djnh ro nhung loai x'li x iec (tranh chap) duge giiii qux ct 6 moi toa. Theo do, nhung xu xiee lien quan den moi quan he giira Nha nuoc xii cong dan dugc trao cho "Toa thir nhai"'"
Trong khi cac vu viec lien quan den moi quan he giira cae bg phan x a nhanh quyen lire khae nhau trong ngi bg Nha nuoc thi dugc trao eho "T6a thir hai"
T6a thir nhat: xem xet ve tinh khong phii hgp voi eac quyen co ban (dugc ghi nhan Irong Hien phap) cua mat quy dinh phdp ludt Cling nhu giai quyel nhung khieu nui hien phap. Do la eac Irucrng hgp:
Tranh chap hoac nghi ngo xe sir phii hgp voi Llien phap lien bang cua phap lual lien bang hay lieu bang, hay xoi phap lual Lien bang cua phap lual tieu bang, theo de nghi eua Chinh phii lien bang, ciia mgt ehinh phil lieu bang hoac eiia 1/3 so dai bieu Quoc hoi:
'' Xem: Quylt dinh cua Tda an hien phap sd 7, 17 [18]; D.C.Umbach/Th.Clement, Sdd, tr.225 -226.
'° Nguyen van trong Luat cac tda dugc dat ten nhu vav.
Vc sir phil hgp ciia mc)l dao luat eua lien bang hiiy cuii lieu bang vcVi hien phap lien bang, ciia mgi diU) luat hay phap lual khiic ciia mgt lieu bang xtVi lual ciia lien bang theo di- nghj ciia mot loa iin.
Trong khi do. lini thir hai lap trung giai quxcl nhung xiin de tranh chap theo lual ct'ing. phal sinh lir moi quan he giCra ciic nhanh quyen lire (Quoc hgi Chinh phu).
giu'a Ciic cap quyen lire (lien bang - lieu bang) X ii eac tranh chap khae theo lual cong. Do lit:
Ve vice thuc hien quxen co ban ciia eong dan;
Ve viec cam hoat dgng ciia mgt dang chinh tri;
Khieu niii chong mgt quxel dinh eiia Quoc hgi x e lu each dai bieu:
Khieu kien ciia Quoe hgi hay Hgi dong lien bang chong lai Tong Ihong lien bang;
Truang hgp giai thich hien phap eua eo quan loi cao lien bang nhan dip eo tranh chap X e pham vi quyen va nghTa vu ea ban;
Tranh chap x e quyen x a nghTa vu eua lien bang va cac lieu bang, dac biet lien quan den viee Ihue thi phap lual lien bang cua cac lieu bang hay lien quan den hoat dgng giam sat (eiia) lien bang;
Cac tranh chap khac theo lual eong giu'a lien bang va eae lieu bang, hoac giua eac lieu bang voi nhau eung nhu trong ngi bg mgt lieu bang, khi chimg khong the duge giai quxel bang l6a an thong thuong;
Tnrong hgp co nghi ngo x e khii nang tro thanh phap kuil lien bang eiia phap luat quoe te. theo de nghi ciia mgt loa im;
Truang hgp mgt l6a an hien phiip lieu bang muon giai thich hien phap lien bang khae voi quyel djnh ciia T6a an hien phap Lien bang hay eiia mgt T6a an hien phap tieu bang khac, theo de nghj eiia ehinh T6a an hien phap lieu bang na>';
Truong hgp eo y kien khac nhau ve van de tiep luc co hieu lue eiia phap lual lien bang.
(Xem tiep trang 15)
TO CHl'C \A HOATDONC, ...
cae bicn phap lanh dao eong lac ciia UBND phuong ve: dieu hanh. phli hgp va kilm tra.
don doe viee to chirc trien khai eac chii truong, quycl dinh. quy hoaeh. kl hoaeh ciia CO quan co tham quyen Ccip tren phii hgp xtri dac diem kinh le xa hgi ciia dia phuong; iip dung eac bien phiip nham ciii lien ll lli kim viee; quan ly xii dicu himh bg may hcinh ehinh boat dgng co hieu qua; ngiin ngira x ii dau tranh chong cae bieu hicn quan lieu, cira quyen. tham nhung. king phi xii Ccic hicu hien lieu cue khae eiia eong chirc trong bt) may hanh chinh dia phutTng; chi dao xit}c thue hien qu)- che dan ciui eo so; tilp dan, xet va giiii quyet kien nghj. khieu nai. to ciio ciia nhan diin theo qux dinh eiia phap kuil;
quan lx dgi ngu eong chirc eong tae lai phuong theo tham qu>'en phiin cap; ehi dao
vii iip dung Ciic bien phap dc giai quyel ciic cong xicc dc)l xuiil. khiin ciip trong ph6ng.
chong ihicn lai, an ninh. trat lir; to chire vii quiin ly dtri song diin cu tren dia ban; to chirc xil hirong diin vice thuc hien ciie chuong trinh. ke hoaeh. di- an khuyen khich phiit trien vii irng dung lien bc) khoa hge. cting nghe eic phiil trien sim xuiil xii kinh doanh;
ngan chan kip thiri nhung himh vi vi pham phcip lual xe quiin ly db thi; quan ly viec xiix dung, kicm tra \\cc thuc hien phiip kuil xc xay dirng vii xir ly vi pham phap lual theo tham quyen do phiip luat qux dinh.
Ngoai eae nhicm x u. quyen ban neu tren.
Chu lich UBND phucrng eon phai thue hicn cae nhiem vu khiic do Chii lich UBND quan u) quyen.
(Tiep theo trang 9 - Mo hinh Toa dn ...) Trong to chirc x a nhieni vu ciia T6a an hien phap Lien bang. Chu tieh (Chanh an) Toa an hien phap Lien bang giir vai lr6 quan trgng. Day la mgt nhan vat quan trgng trong hang ngii lanh dao nha nuoc, nen sau nhieu tranh luan. nha lam lual Dire quxel dinh, Chanh an x a Pho chanh an Toa an hien phap Lien bang phai do Quoc hgi xa Hgi dong lien bang bau ra tbeo nguyen lac luan phien (alternierend). Dieu do eo nghTa la. khi Quoe hgi bau Chanh an thi I Igi dong lit^n bang biiu Pho Chanh an; ngugc Iai, den nhicni ky sau, khi Hgi dong lien bang bau Chiinh an thi Quoc hgi bau Pho chanh an.
Chanh an va Pho chanh an" phai dugc bau ra tir so thanh vien ciia Doan ehii tich Toa an hien phap Lien bang. Vi sir dge lap va binh dang cua moi l6a ma chiing deu phiii dugc "dai dien" trong ban lanh dao ciia T6a an, nen phap luat yeu cau Chanh an va Pho chanh an phai thugc hai l6a khae nhau va thuc te la hai Chanh toa.
" Dai dien cho Chanh an trong mgi hoat ddng ddi ndi va ddi ngoai va liic dd dugc coi nhu Chanh an.
Nhu da trinh bax tren day. cac iham phan T6a an hien phap khae xcii tham phan thong thuong la hg khong co "cap tren"
trong CO quan. Vi Xcix. hai ngiroi dirng dau hai loa nay, ke ca Bg truong Bg Tu phap.
deu khong eo quyen ehi thi. ky lual ciie tham phan. Dugc eoi la nguoi diing dau eo quan.
Chanh an ehi co nic)t chiil quyen trong quan ly hanh chinh doi voi cae tham phan. thi du nhu eho di eong liic. Ngay ea x iec eho ihiini phap nghi huu hax mien nhieni ciing thuc)e quyen ciui long thong.
Tom kai. Chiinh an Loa iin hien phiip ki ngu6'i dirng dau co' quan nhung x'tii x ai tro la nguoi quiin ly hiinh ehinh. la ciip tren ciia nhung cong chirc khong phai la tham phan.
Chirc nang nghiep vu ciia Chiinh iin dugc the hien ehii yeu trong xai lr6 ki Chanh l6a va Chil lich Doan ehu lich l6a iin. Tux nhien. xe doi ngoai. Chanh im Toa im hicn phcip Lien bang CO vai tr6 xii xi tri riil eao trong trat tir nha nuoc va xa hgi. 'Lrong trinh lir le lan nhci nuoc. nhan vat nay dirng ngay sat 'Lhii tuong Chinh phil lien bang.
