KINH NGHIEM QUOC TE
PHAP DIEN HOA LUAT T U : MO HINH VA THlTC TIEN QUOC TE^
Trao Kien*
Pham Ho Nam**
*1S. Pho Vien tmdng, Vien Nghien OJU Phat trien xa hpi; Giang vien Bg mon Luat Dan su", ICioa Luat - OHQGHN
**Nghien cuU vien, Vien Nghien aiU Phat trien xa hgi; Universite de Paris, Cgng hoa Phap
Thong tin bai viet:
Tir khoa: Phap dien hoa, luat tu, cac truySn thong phap ly, luat so sanh.
Lich SIC bdi viet:
Nhan bai : 07/01/2020 Bien tap : 15/01/2020 Duyet bai • 03/02/2020 Article Inlomation:
Key words: codification, private law, legal traditions, comparative law.
Article History:
Received : 07 Jan. 2020 Edited : 15 Jan. 2020 Approved : 03 Feb. 2020
Tom tat:
Bai viet tap trung phan tich phap di^n hoa duoi goc dp so sanh giua hai truyan th6ng Dan luat va Thong luat, lam ronhupg trudng phai Iy thuyet lien quan, cSu tnic cua cac bg phap dien Cling nhu ky thu|t phap di^n ciia tung quoc gia, tir do nit ra nhiing ket lu|ii va kinh nghi?m co gia ni tham khao doi vai hoat dgng phap dien hoa cr Viet Nam, gop phan vao qua trinh xay dung va hoan thi^n phap luat.
Abstract!
This article is focused on analysis of codification by comparison between the traditional laws - Civil Law and Common Law, clarifying the relevant theories, the structm-e of the codifications as well as the codification techniques of each country. It is then to provide conclusions and experiences as reference for codification activities in Vietnam, to facilitate the law developments and improvements.
1. Dan nhap
Trong thua so khai cua nen van minh nhan loai, cac quy tac ung xu ttong xa hpi khong ton tai duoi cac dang thanh van nhu chiing ta biet den pho bien ngay nay, ma chi nam ttong nhirng tap quan dupe duy tri va tiep noi den cac the he sau chu yeu dya tten kha nang ghi nha va truyen mieng cua cpng dong-, Nhimg quy tac tap quan nay la nguon duy nhat dieu chinh cac quan he phat sinh giiia cac thanh vien ttong cpng dong do. Tuy nhien, sy phat trien nhanh chong dan den
yeu cau xa hpi can phai dupc ti chuc mpt each CO he thing hem ma ttong khi d6, nhung quy tic tap quan dSn boc 16 ro yiu diim cua minh - thiiu ro rang, tliiiu in dinh, ban che ttong pham vi ap dung - va kh6ng cung cap dii nhimg giai phap can thiit dieu chuih cac quan he phap ly moi phat sinh^ Vi le do, nhimg bp luat thanh van diu tien ra doi voi muc dich tao lap nen mot he thing cac quy dinh minh thi, cy thi va ro rang chua dyng nhimg quy t§c mang tinh khai quat ap dyng vcri cac thanh vien trong cpng dong. Nhimg bp luat d k tien duac ghi nhan
2 3
52
Bai Viet nay ducrc phat trien tir nghien ciiu da cong bo: Tran Kien, Pham Hfl Nam, "Phap dign hoa luat n "
trong Nguyen Manh Thing, D6ng bp hoa luat tu 6 Vi?t Nam hi§n nay (Nxb Cong an Nhan dan 2 0 1 8 ^ Csaba Varga, Codification as a Socio-Historical Phenomenon (Second, Szent Istvan Tarsulat 201 l l n is George Mousourakis, The Historical and Institutional Context of Roman Law (Routledee 20031 D'I \\
NGHICN CUU /—, LAP pHAP_/^°^''^°^'"™^°^°
xuat hien ttong thai ky ci dai: Bp luat Umammu duac ban hanli vao khoang nam 2100 TCN duai thcri tri vi cua vua Umammu, xii Ur, a Luong Ha c6 dai'*; Bp lu^t Harmnurabi a Babylon duac ban hanh vao khoang nam 1700 TCN, liy cam hiing tir tap hop nhimg phan quyit va tap quan cua nguai Sumeri va Akkad^; Luat 12 Bang du9C ban hanh a La Ma c6 dai nam 450 TCN va noi bat nhit la Bp luat ciia hoang de Justinian La Ma vao nam 534 SCN vai nhijng quy dinh a nhieu van de va lmh vuc khac nhau*. Ky thuat phap ly de tao nen nhimg bp luat nay dupc gpi la phap dien hoa.
Phap dien hoa (codification), theo dinh nghia ciia Black's Law Dictionary, la "qud trinh tgp hpp, sap xip vd hi thong hda cdc quy dinh cda he thong phdp Iupt, hodc cua mpt ngdnh ludt nhdt dinh, vdo trong mpt bd ludtcd trdttu"^.
Theo truyen thong khoa hpc phap ly Viet Nam, phap dien boa "la hoat ddng cua co quan nhd nudc cd thdm quyin vi tap hop.
sap xep cdc quy pham phdp ludt trong cdc vdn bdn quy pham phdp ludt dang cdn hiiu luc theo mdt trinh tu nhdt dinh, loai bd nhung quy pham ldi thdi, mdu thudn, sua ddi, hd sung, hodn thien, xdy dung nhirng quy pham mdi thay thi cho cdc quy pham (25 bi loai bd di xdy dung cdc bp phdp diin ", va ket qua cua qua trinli nay la viec "tao lap nin nhung vdn bdn quy pham phdp luat mdi theo ddng trinh tu, thu tuc phdp ly nhdt dinh vd cd gid tri phdp ly bdt bupc thuc hiin "*.
TiJt hai dinh nghia tten, co the hieu rang, phap diin hoa la qua trinh khong chi tap hpp cac quy tic phap ly co san vao mpt dao luat hay bp luat, ma con lam cho tap hop nhiing quy tac ay co sy lien ket va co tinh he thong.
KINH NGHIEM QUOC TE Tren the gioi ngay nay, boat dong phap dien hoa thuong dien ra ttong lmh vyc luat tu noi chung, hay cy the hon la cac nganh luat nhu dan sy, thuang mai, sa huu tri tue, hinh sy,... doi vai nhiing quoc gia khong co sy phan loai cong - tu ttong he thong phap luat.
Mpt ttong nhiing diem khac biet giiia he thong phap luat xa hpi chu nglua va cac he thong phap luat khac la viec dat luat hinh sy vao nganh luat cong. Ve ban chat, phan Ion quan he hinh sy ttong cac he thong phap luat Dan luat hay Thong luat gan bo chat che voi cac quyen lai ciia cac chu the tu, gom cac quyen lien quan den nhan than nhu guyen dtroc song, quyen duoc bao dain ve than the,... va cac quyen lien quan den tai san nhu quyen so hiru. Vi vay, Idii nhac den phap dien hoa, cac bo phap dien hoa luat tu van duoc xem la pho bien va mang tinh dai dien honca.
Trong he thong khoa hpc phap ly ngay nay, dac biet la ttong Iinh vyc luat so sanh, cac luat gia thuang phan loai cac he thong phap luat chinh yeu tten the giai thanh he thong Dan luat (Civil Law) va he thong Thong luat (Conomon Law). Mpt ttong nhiing dac diem quan trpng nhdt dimg de phan biet hai truyen thong phap luat pho bien nay nam 6 tinh phap dien hoa: neu nhu truyen tiifing Dan luat, chiu nhieu anh huong cua luat La Ma, xay dyng cac bp luat chiia dyng nhiing quy dinh mang tinh khai quat, luat thanh van trong truyen thon^ Thong luat, dii la nguon duoc uu tien nhat, nhung khong pho bien boi anh huong ciia cac phan quyet tu phap. Tuy nhien, nhu cau hai hoa va thong nhat boa phap luat da keo gan khoang each giua hai truyen thong phap luat de tiep thu va hpc hoi rihiing kinh nghiem
4 Nguyen Minh Tuan, "Bg luat Umammu - Noi dung va gia tri"; http.7/tuanhsl.blogspot.com[/20I2/ll/
bo-luat-umammu-noi-dung-va-gia-tri.html, accessed 13 September 2018.
5 Jean Louis Bergel, 'Principal Features and Methods of Codification' (1988) 48 Louisiana Law Review.
6 George Mousourakis (n 3) p. 119.
7 Codification: The process of compiling, arranging, and systematizing the laws of a given jurisdiction, or of a discrete branch of the law, into an ordered code, Bryan A. Gagner (ed). Black's Law Dictionary (9th edn. West Publishing Co 2009) p.294.
8 Hoang Thi Kim Que (ed), Giao trinh Ly luan Nha nuoc va Phap luat, Nxb. Dai hoc Qu6c gia Ha Noi nam 2015, tr.388-389.
NGHltN COll I S6 7(407) - T 4 / 2 0 2 0 ^ ^ ^ p p H A p
53
KiNHNGHiEMQUOCTE
cua nhau, nham hoan thien he thong phap luat ciia minh vai ciiu canh la dat den sy cong bang va hpp ly cua cac quy tac phap ly.
Vi vay, an le ngay nay khong con la ky thuat phap ly xa la voi cac luat gia Dan luat, va qua trinh phap dien hoa ciing tta nen pho bien hem tai cac quoc gia thupc truyen thong Thong luat. Do do, nghien ciiu ve phap dien boa khong the chi dung lai a nhiing quan diein va tri thiic truyen thong ciia he thong Dan luat, ma can thiet jihai danh gia va xem xet xu huong phat trien ciia qua trinh phap dien dien ra cf nhiing quoc gia thupc truyen thong Thong luat.
2. Phap diin hda trong truyen thong Dan lu^t (Substantive Codification)
2.L Khdi qudt chung
Truyin thing Dan luat thuang dupc gan voi sy hinh thanh va phat trien ciia luat La Ma ci dai, danh diu bai sy ra doi cua luat Muoi Hai Bang'. Nhung sau nhieu the ky bj lan^ quen ke tir sy syp do ciia De cheByzantine, luat La Ma dupc tai sinh ttong thoi ky Phuc Hxmg, giai doan ma xa hpi chau Au tai nhan thuc duac tam quan ttpng cua cac quy tie phap ly ttong viec duy tri on dinh va trat ty xa hpi, thay th6 cho nhung giao diiu ton giao ttong thai ky Tnmg ci. Phap luat tra lai vai vi the dpc lap ciia no, va tir do, tta thanh dac tnmg cho loi tu duy ciing nhu nin van minh chau Au'". Sy tai sinh cua phap luat ttong xa hpi ciing danh diu sy phat trien cua cac tmong phai phap ly mai: (1) truong phai Luat hpc su (Glossators), (2) trucmg phai Chii giai (Commentators) hay Hau Luat hpc su (post- Glossators), (3) truong phai Nhan van (Humanists), (4) trudng phai Luat Ty nhien (Natural Law) va (5) truong phai Hien dai kiiu Diic (Pandectists).
Phap diin hoa dupc xem la mpt ttong nhiing phuong dien thanh cong ciia phong ttao Luat Ty nhien hi thi ky XVI den the Ky XVIII. Khac vai ten gpi cua minh, tnrmig phai Luat Tu nhien choi bo sy phu thupc cua con nguoi vao mpt dang toan nang;
nguai vao trung tam cua mpi chi dp xa hoi.
Theo xu hucmg chung cua phong "^'"/j^
hung, cac luat gia cua truong phai nay khang dinh ring luat phap la san pham cua ly tri con nguroi chii khong phai la mot hien tucmg tu nhien, thay thS cac phuong phap kinh vi^n bang viSc muon cac phuong phap hi cac nganh khoa hoc dS xay dung nen mot he thflng CO tinh logic". Su ung ho cho chu nghia duy ly da huong moi quan tam cua cac luat gia tcri phap diSn hoa, each thiic dugc xem la hieu qua nhit dS luu giii va duy tri nhung nguyen tie va quy tic phap ly dupe gin giii, phat triSn, va giang day tai cac trudng dai hoc, noi tap hgp nhimg hi tue dat dSn dinh cao, va dk mang nhilng tmh hoa do ag dung vao doi song xa hgi trong thgc tien". Phap di6n hoa dugc coi la ky thuat can thiSt dg hien thuc hoa nhiing j ' do ciia trudng phai Luat Tu nhien, ciing co tiin trinh phat triin cua Luat La Ma qua nhieu the ky, giai thich mgt each co he thong phap luat sao cho phu hgp vdi hoan canh xa hpi the ky XVIII, do do dugc tiep nhan va ap dung d ca phuong dien ly thuyet lan thuc tiln'^
Ky thtiat phap dien hoa d cac quflc gia thugc truyen thong dan luat dugc ggi la ky thuat phap dien hda ngi dung (substantive codification). Phap dien hoa ngi dung, hay phap diin hda thuc chit, la qua trinh bao gom vice tao ra va dinh hmh "mgt tap hap chat che cua cdc quy lac mdi vd tdn tien "
vdd muc dich nhjm "too lap hodc ddnh gid mgt Irgt tti phdp ly "". Cu thi hem, ky thuat
11 12 13
54
John Heniy Menyman and Rogelio Perez-Perdomo, The Civil Law Tradition: An Introduction to the Legal Systems of Europe and Latin America (3rd edn, Stanford University Press 2007) p.2,
Rene David and John E. C. Brierley, Major Legal Systems in the Worid Today: An Introduction to the Comparauve SUjdy of Law (Third, Stevens & Sons 1985) p.39.
Rene David and John E. C. Brierley (n 10) p.47.
Peter de Cruz, Comparative Law in a Changmg World (Cavendish Publishing 1999) p.58.
Rene David and John E. C. Brieriey (n ID) p.64.
NGHICH CUU
LAPPHAP^ /S6 7(407)-14/2020
phap dien hoa nay tap trung vao viec xay dyng mpt van ban quy pham phap luat mai tten CO so tap hop, ra soat va he thong hoa cac quy dinh cua phap luat a nhieu van ban quy pham phap luat khac nhau, cung voi su siia doi, bo sung va hoan thien. Noi each khac, ky thuat phap diin hoa npi dung co ban chat la mot hoat dpng lap phap ciia Nghi vien/Quoc hpi, xay dyng mot dao luSt thanh van moi de dap ung nhu cAu cua thyc tien'^.
Phap dien boa npi dung, khong chi bo hep nhu ten gpi ciia minh, c6 nhung yeu cau ve ca phuang dien npi dung vajphuong dien hinh thiic. Ve mat npi dung, moi bp luat deu chiu anh huong cua nhiing tu tuong nhat dinh, the hien tinh he thong hoa va hoan thien cua no ttong moi tuong quan voi toan bp he thong phap luat hay mot nganh luat cu the vai muc dich duy tri sy on dinh'^. Han nua, boi moi dao luat la su the hien ra ben ngoai cac quy tac phap ly, hinh thiic cua ky thuat phap dien khong chi the hien tinh dac thii ma con phan anh npi dung va tinh he thong cua dao luat ay. Ve phuang dien hinh thiic nay, cac luat gia thuang de cap tai hai khia canh, do la (1) cau tnic cua bp phap dien va (2) each thiic dien dat ngon tir ttong bp phap dien do.
Phu thupc vao tu tuang, trucmg phai, ciin^
nhu quan diem cua nhung nha lap phap, moi dao luat, bp luat lai mang mot dau an rieng ve hinh thiic, qua do the hien mong muon dat dupc myc dich ciia hp? thong qua qua trinh xay dyng phap luat, dong thoi tao nen sy hai hoa va thong nhat cho ca he thong'^.
Khi nhic taij>hap dien hoa luat tu, y tuong dau tien xuat hien thuang se tap trung vao cac bp dan luat, dac biet la hai bo dan luat diin hinh cua Phap va Due. Hai quoc gia ke tten co chung ducmg bien gioi, cung
HaNH NGHSBvi QUOC I E thupc luc dia chau Au, chia se mpt nen tang lich sit phap ly chung cua Tay Au, nhung hai bp phap dien ciia hai quoc gia nay lai di theo nhiing truong phai hoan toan khac biet, the hien nhiing each tiep can khac nhau ve qua trinh phap dien boa, qua do cung cap cho chiing ta nhiing chat lieu quan ttpng de phan tich, danh gia va xem xet sy da dang ttong qua ttinh phap dien hoa trong cung mpt truyen thong phap luat.
2.2. Phdp diin hda luat tir d Phdp Cho toi truoc Cach mang Phap nam 1789, nuac Phap khong co he thong luat tu thong nhat tten toan lanh tho, ma chia thanh hai vimg vai he thong phap luat khac nhau:
niia phia Bac ap dung phap luat thanh van dya tren nen tang luat La Ma, ttong khi nira phia Nam lai ap dung cac tap quan phap co nguon goc chii yeu tir Diic va tii nhiing ghi chep ciia cac ca nhan. Chinh sy thieu nhat quan nay la mpt ttong nhirng tta lyc lan kim ham sy phat trien kinh te xa hpi'^. Va khi tinh hinh nuoc Phap da on dinh tto lai sau Cach mang nhof su kiem soat ciia Napoleon, cong cupc phap dien hoa duac tien hanh nhu mpt trong nhiing bien phap cai t6 va chan chinh xa hpi sau nhiing bien co moi xay ra.
Nuoc Phap dupc xem nhu que huong cua phap dien hoa'^; dieu nay dupc danh dau bai sy ra dai cua Bp luat Dan sy Phap, hay Bp luat Napoleon vao nam 1804, voi sy no lyc cua ong cung bon luat gia hang dau ciia Phap liic bay gia. Tuy nhien, tien ttinh phap dien hoa can duac xem xet truoc tien tii nhirng anh huong ve mat tu tucmg va ly thuyet. Y niem ve ly tri ty nhien anh huong manh me toi tu duy phap ly cua Phap vao the ky XVII va XVIII. Mot mat, cac luat gia su dung Luat La Ma nhu mpt dang ly tri thanh
14 Jean Louis Bergel (n 5).
15 HoangThi Kim Qug (ed), Giao trinh Ly luan Nha nuac va Phap luat,Nxb. Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi nam 2015,tr.389.
16 Sigmund Samuel, "The Codification of Law' (1943) 5 The University of Toronto Law Journal p. 148; Jean Louis Bergel (n 5).
17 Jean Louis Bergel (n 5).
18 Michael Bogdan, Luat so sanh (Le H6ng Hanh and Duong Thi Hien trs, Swiss: KLuwer Law and Taxation 2004)131,132.
19 Remy Cabrillac, 'LesEnjeuxde La Codification En France'(2005)46 Les Cahiers de droit p.533.
N G H I E H CVU I EC So 7(407)-T4/2020\^|_^p P H A P
KINH NGHIEM QUOC TE van de giai thich va binh luan cac tap quan, coi Luat La Ma nhu nhiing giai phap can thiet khi tap quan c6 thieu sot, tic do co gang xay dyng mpt he thdng phap luat dya tten luat La Ma co dai'**. Mat khac, nhiing quan niem ve phap luat ciia truong phai Luat Ty nhien la nen tang quan ttpng cua nhiing hoc gia soan thao nen Bp dan luat. Chinh dieu nay da dan den sy xem xet lai mot each toan dipn cac quy t^c ciia Luat La Ma duoi anh sang cua ly tri: cac quy tac dang ton tai dupc sap xep theo mot loi logic hgp ly hon; cac nguyen tic chung ciia phap luat dupc phat trien, tao tien de cho loi tu duy dien dich co he thong. Chii nghia duy ly, vi vay, da tao nen co so ly thuyet viing chac cho qua trinh thong nhat phap luat cua Phap ttong giai doannay^'.
Ve phuang dien npi dimg, truong phai luat tu nhien cung cap cho nhiing nha lap phap y niem rang phap luat phai bmh dang vai tat ca mpi nguoi. Ben canh do, Bp luat Napoleon cting duoc dat tten nhung y niem CO ban kha mai me ttong thoi ky nay: sy thong nhat cua phap luat tten toan bp lanh tho, sy ghi nhan lap phap nhu la co quan duy nhat duoc quyen lam luat, sy bao ham ciia luat phap toi mpi quan he xa hpi khac nhau, va sy tach biet cua luat phap khoi dao diic, tin nguong va chinh tri^^. Mgt diem dang chii y khac, Bp luat Dan sy Phap la ket qua cua nhung sy thoa hiep: thoa hiep ve mat tu tuong giiia chu nghTa ca nhan cua the ky XVIII voi nhn dao diic Co doc giao, thoa hiep ve mat chinh tri giiia cac nguyen tac hiiih thanh nha cupc Cach mang va nhiing di san cua che dp cii, thoa hiep ve mat ky thuat phap ly giiia ap dyng cac quy t4c tir tap quan truyen thong va cac quy tic ciia Luat La Ma^^
Theo quan niem ttuyen thong ciia Phap, mpt bo luat cimg liic phai thoa man hai dac tinh la khai quat va thyc te; ciing vcri do, phai
trdnh dupc hai nhupc diSm la qua cnung chung va nguy bien. Mot bp luat phai dua ra nhirng quy tic c6 tinh khai quat phu bcqJ d^
CO the diiu chinh mpi quan he ttong xa hpi va khong duoc dat ra nhiing quy tac cho nhung truong hop CM thh hay ca biet, boi le nha lam luat khong thi dy doan truoc mpi quan he xa hpi co thh phat sinh^^ Vi m ^Pt ttong nhiing dac tnmg quan ttpng ya cung dupc nhieu qu6c gia khac hpc hoi, do la viec Bp luat Dan sy Phap thi^t lap nen nhirng quy tic mang du tinh khai quat dk thani phan dya tten phuong thiic diin dich co the tim thay nhimg giai phap cho cac quan he khac nhau.
Vg phuang dien hinh thirc, truoc tien, Bp luat Dan sy Phap sir dung he thong ngon ngir rq rang, khuc chilt va dl hieu, voi muc dich ring ngay ca nhiing nguoi co dan tri 6 miic trung binh ciing co the nam duac cac quy dinh ciia phap luat, nhung van giii duoc sy tinh th ttong ngon tir^^ Ben canh mot so it dilu khoan dupc quy dinh ttong Thien Mo d4u (Titre preliminaire), ban 2300 dieu khoan tiep theo dupc chia vao ba phan chinh, dupc gpi la cac quyen: (1) Quyen dau tien de cap den van de ca nhan, bao gom cac van de ve ca nhan va gia dinh; (2) Quyen thii hai de cap den van de tai san va quyen tai san; (3) Quyen thii ba giai guyet cac van de ve thii dac tai san^*. Cho den ngay nay, cac quy dinh ttong Bo luat nay da duoc sua doi, bo sung kha nhieu; trong do, ve cau tnic, Nghi vien Phap da bo sung them hai q^uyln moi: Quyen thii tu giai quyit cac vin de lien quan den cac bien phap bao dam, va Quyin thii nam chiia dyng nhihig quy dinh ap dung dii vai Dao Mayotte thupc lanh th6 Pliap.
Sau hon 200 nam ton tai, dii da ttai qua nhieu iin sira dii va nhan khong it phe binh tir nhuujg hpc gia vl yai tto va vi tri cua no trong boi canh thay dii nhanh chong ciia xa hpi, Bp luat Dan sy Phap van dupc xem nhu
20 Rene David and John E. C. Brierley (n 10) p,54-55.
21 J.G. Sauveplane, Codified and Judge Made Law, The Role of Courts and Legislators in Civil and Common Law Systems (North- Holland 1982)
22 Jean Louis Bergel (n 5).
23 Jean Louis Bergel (n 5).
56
NGHIEN CVULAPPHAP. /So 7(407)-T4/2020
nen t^n§ va la nguyen mau phap dien hoa ciia truyen thing Dan luat tten khip thi gioi ngay nay.
Sau khi Bp luat Dan sy ra dai, nuac Phap tiep tuc cho ra doi nhung bp luat, dao lugt khde vi du nhu Bp luSt To tung dan sy nam 1806, Bp luat Thuong mai nam 1807, Bp luat T6 tung hinh sy nam 1808 va Bp luat Hinh sy nam 1810. Mot diim dang chii y la quan niem ve sy phan biet giiia luat dan sy va luat thuang mai ngay tii thi ky XIX. Mac du CO the xep luat thuong mai vao nganh luat tu, va chiu sy dieu chinh cua cac quan he tu dupc quy dinh ttong Bp luat Dan sy, nhung tten thyc te, Bp luat Thuong mai khong co nhung quy dinh lien quan den cac quan he tu khai quat, ma chi tap trung vao cac van de dac trung cua luit thuang mai, hay cac van de lien quan den thuong nhan va cac hanh vi phap ly ciia hp.
2.3. Phdp dien hda luat tie & DAc Neu nhu Phap la quoc gia tien hanh qua tiinh phap dien hoa kha sam, vao khoang dau the ky XIX, thi cr Diic, cong viec nay chi duoc bat dau vao khoang cuoi the ky nay.
Mpt ttong nhiing nguyen nhan chinh cua sy cham tte ke tten nam a van de to chiic quyen luc nha nuoc cua quoc gia Tay Au nay. Cho den tan nam 1871, Diic moi tto thaidi mpt quoc gia hoan toan thong nhat, con truoc do, nuac Diic du co hoang de nhung van la mot quoc gia bao gom hang ttam vuong quoc lanh dia dpc lap khac nhau, va tham chi doi khi con gay chien vai nhau^'. Dieu nay khien nuoc Diic kho co the cq cho minh mot he thong phap luat thong nhat. Tuy vay, bai yeu to tam ly va he tu tuong rang Diic la quoc gia ke thira ciia de che La Ma, luat La Ma nh&i dupc sy chap nhan rpng rai tren toan lanh tho cua dat nuoc nay, dupc nghien ciiu.
KINH NGHIEM QUOC TE giang day va dupc coi la nguon luat bo sung khi cac tap quan khong dua ra dupc giai phap^^.
Ciing nhu a Phap, nhiing vien gach dau tien dat nen mong cho he thong phap luat thanh van va qua ttinh phap dien hoa manh me a Dire sau nay da khai nguon t\x trong suot hai the ky, tir the ky XVI den the ky XVIII. Trong khoang thai gian nay, cac luat gia La Ma a Diic tien hanh phat trien nhiing tong hop ve luat La Ma hien dai bang viec dtmg hoa no vai luat ty nhien va luat ciia ly tri. Truong phai va dac trung ve mat triet ly cua phong ttao nay nham muc dich phu hpp boa luat La Ma voi xa hpi Diic bang nhung sy phat trien co tinh khoa hpc va ttat ty cua nhung y niem^^. Truong phai khoa hpc phap ly mang dam chat Due nay dupc gpi la truong phai Hien dai, hay Pandectists.
Nhiing luat gia theo truong phai nay nghien ciiu mpi nguon goc lich sir hinh thanh nen luat La Ma, nhin nhan phap luat nhu mpt he thong d6ng gom cac y niem, nguyen tac va thiet che cua luat La Ma, dat phap luat ngoai mpi quan niem ve dao diic, ton giao, va tiep can bang mpt phuang phap khoa hpc va each tiep can logic de tim kiem giai phap cho cac van de phap ly'°.
Ra doi vao cuoi the ky XIX, Bp luat Dan sy Due dupc danh gia la hien dai va vupt ttpi hon nhieu so vai Bp luat Dan sy Phap, nhung dieu nay khong phai do sy chenh lech ve ttinh dp cua nhung nguoi soan thao ma chi don gian rang bp luat o Dire ra dai sau den gan 100 nam^'. Muc dich chinh cua cac nha lam luat khi soan thao Bp luat nay do la su ro rang va on dmh cua phap luat, ciing voi no lyc hai hoa cac quy tic phap ly a khap cac vung mien tten toan lanh tho". Ciing nhu Bp luat Dan sy Phap, gia tri ve mat chinh tri ciia Bp Dan luat Diic la sy phan anh mpt each
24 Rene David and John E. C. Brieriey (n 10) p.96-97.
25 Peter de Cruz (n 12) p.63.
26 Michael Bogdan (n 18) p.l33.
27 Michael Bogdan (n 18)p.l45.
28 Michael Bogdan (n 18) p.l47.
29 Peter de Cruz (n 12) p.81.
30 Peter de Cmz (n 12)p.81.
31 Michael Bogdan (n 18)p.l47,
32 Peter de Cruz (n 12) p.86. — ^ NGHIEN CVU I C 7
S6 7(407}-T4/2020\_|j^p p | | A P ^'
KINH NGHIEM QUOC I E
hoan hao cua no ve nhiing quan niem ve ty do cua thai dai nay: chii nghia ty do, bao ve quyen so hiiu tu nhan, ty do y chi va ty do giao ket hpp dong^^. Bp luat nay ttao cho cac ben sy ty do rpng rai ttong qua trinh giao ket cac quan he tu ciing nhu ttong dia hat ve tai san, the hien quan niem ve su binh dang cua ty do danh cho mpi ca nhan, qua do dam bao cho sy van hanh on dinh ciia cong ly xa hpi^'*.
Ve phuang dien cau true, Bp lu|it Dan sy Due ciing duac danh gia la co cau tnic khoa hpc, khi dat rieng Quyen dau tien chiia dyng nhiing quy dinh chung ciia he thong luat tu, diing nhu nhiing ket qua nghien ciiu ve phap luat La Ma cua Diic duac giang day a trucmg dai hpc^^. Cac quy dinh rieng con lai duoc xep vao bon quyen, bao quat cac van de ve ttai quyen, quyen doi voi tai san, hon nhan gia dinh va thua ke. Tuy nhien, ttong khi Bp luat Napoleon la cong trinh cua nhung nha boat dpng thyc tien day kinh nghiem, Bp luat Dan sy Diic chiu anh huong ciia truong phai Hien dai va loi tu duy tmyen thing ciia nguai Diic va dupc xem nhu khong danh cho dai chiing, ma la san pham ciia nhiing tri me bac hpc danh cho nhirng luat gia va nhiing nguai hanh nghe luat.^^ Vi vay, cac thuat ngy ttong bp luat nay thuang rat chat che va hoan toan thong nhat, nhung mang tinh trim tuong cao. Hon niia, nhiing cau van mac du co tinh chinh xac nhung thuong dai,phiic tap, viet theo loi van phong hpc thuat de gay kho hieu cho nhimg ngucri khong CO chuyen mon ttong khoa hpc phap ly". Mpt vi dy dien hinh la bp luat nay lien tuc sir dung vien dan cheo trong van ban, mpt cong viec giup cho no tto nen ro rang
hon, khiin cho nguoi dpc khong co nen tau^
ve luat cam thiy kho khan ttong vi?^
ging hiiu npi dung khai quat cua no • Bp luat Dan sy, tuong ty nhu t9^i Pbap, khong phii la san ph4m phap dien boa mB chii y duy nhjt 6 Diic. Ben canh bo luat nay, Nghi vien Buc cung da cho ra doi nhung o^
luat CO nhiSu anh huong trong linb vi^'^ '"•
M nhu Bo luat Thuong mai, Bo luat 1 ? m^
dan SV, Bo luat Hinh sv, Bo luat To wng bmh su. Buc cung lua chon viec phap O'en hoa rieng biet cac van dS chung cua luat m va cac van sh mang tinh chuyen nganh va cu thd ciia luat ±uong mai, nham dap ung nhu ciu duoc d6i xu mot each die thu cua linh vuc nay Mot diSm dang chii y trong boat d6ng phap d'ifa hoa o Biic, do la viec quoc gia nay cung tien hanh phap dien boa trong linh vuc luat cong, mot linh vuc von duoc xem la kho khan d6 ban hanh mot dao lu|t chung boi su da dang ma van doi hoi su dieu chmh chi ti6t ciia no, bao gSm Bo luat Hanh cblnh va Bp luat T6 tung banh chmh".
3. Phap diin hoa trong hf thong Thong luat (Common Law)
3.1. Bac diim chung cua phip dien hdadi cdc nu&c theo hf thdng Thong luat
Nhu da nhic den trong phan truac, phap dien boa thudng duoc gioi thieu nhu mpt trong nhung san pham quan trpng va pho bien nhat cua truyen thong phap luat Dan luat, trong khi do an le luon duac coi la dac trung rieng biet ciia thuyen thong Thong luat. Quan niem nay dan den nhung hieu nham pho bien khi nghien ciiu va giang day v4 hai he thdng phap luat chinh tren the gi6i nay, khi cho rang an le khong dupc su dimg
33 Jacky Hummel. 'La Codification En Allemagne (XIXe - XXe Siecles): Une Cristallisation Du Droit National Entre Romanite et Germanite' (2007) 85 Revue histonque de droit iranQais et etranger p. 105.
34 PeterdeCni2(n 12)p86
35 Michel Fromont, Cac h? thong phap luat co ban tren th^ gicri, Nxb. Tu Phap 2006, tr. 56.
36 Michael Bogdan (n 18) 146, 147; Peter de Cruz (n 12) p.86.
37 Michel Fromont (n 35) p.57.
38 Michael Bogdan (n 18) p.l48.
39 Michael Bogdan (n 18) p.146.
40 Eva Steiner 'Codification in England: The Need to Move from an Ideological to a Fimctional Approach A Bridge Too Far?' (2004) 25 Statute Law Review p.209, p 215.
41 EvaSteiner(n40)p.215.
42 Eva Steiner (n 40) p.215.
58
I tAp"pHAP_/^' ''''°"' ™^°^°6 cac nuoc theo truyin thing Dan luat, cung nhu a cac nuoc theo he thIngThong luat, dac biet la o Anh, Idiong tin tai luat thanh van.
Ngupc lai, da tin tai mot lich sir phap diin hoa 6 Anh, bat nguin tir dy an phap dien boa cac luat le duoi thoi James I cua Sir Francis Bacon vao nam 16 U'^". Vao cuii thi ky XVIII, Jeremy Bentham, mpt ttong nhirng luat gia nguoi Anh, ttong cac tac pham ciia minh, da de cao phap dien hoa nhu mot phuang tien thong nhit phap luat. Nhiiu luat gia Anh nii tieng khac, nhu J. Austin, F. W.
Maitland, H. Maine, S. Amos va Mackenzie Chalmers, cung la nhiing nguoi ung hp manh me cho phap dien hoa'". Dac biet, vao the ky XIX, nhiing luat su 16i lac nguoi Anh duong thoi da soan cho An Dp, liic nay la thupc dia ciia Anh, mpt tap hop cac bp luat, vai ten t6n %oi Indian Codes, bao gim cac ITnh vyc h9p dong, hinh sy, uy thac (trust), so hiiu, bang chiing va cac chii de khac nham quan ly hieu qua hon thong qua con duang tu phap''^. Day duoc xem la cong trinh phap dien hoa thanh cong nhat cua Anh 6 thi ky XDC^l Sang thi ky XX, a Anh, viec soan thao va ban hanh cac dao luat tto nen pho bien, nhung moi dao luat chi co pham vi dieu chinh han che hon nen khong duoc soan thanh cac bp, nhu Dao luat Mua ban hang hoa 1893 (Sale of Goods Act) hay Dao luat vl Tre em 1989 (Children Act),..^.^. 6 Hoa Ky, bp luat dau tien dupc phap diin boa Cling da xuat hien tu the ky XIX voi cong lao ciia David Dudley Field''^
Nhu vayj khong the noi rang phap dien hoa khong he dupc coi ttpng a cac quoc gia theo be thong Thong luat ma ttai lai, con co mpt lich sir phat trien tir lau doi. Tuy nhien, phap dien hoa a cac nuoc theo he thong Thong luat co nhirng dac diem khac biet so vcfi phap dien boa 6 truyen thong Dan luat.
KiNH NGHIEM QUOC TE Dac diem dau tien ciia phap dien hoa a cac nuac thupc he thing Thong luat la ky thuat phap dien hoa hinh thirc (formal codification). Khac voi phap dien hoa noi dung, ky thuat phap dien hoa hinh thiic khong nham xay dung mpt tap hop cac quy tac CO tinh lien k6t va he thing, ma don thuan la sy tap hop cac quy tac rieng le ma khong CO sy thay doi gi vl npi dung''^. Myc dich cua ky thuat phap dien hoa nay la dam bao sy hai hoa giua cac quy dinh ciia phap luat, dong thai giiip tap trung cac dieu luat, tao dieu kien cho sy tim kiem dl dang cac giai phap phap ly. Chinh vi vay, cac dao luat thong thuong khong dupc trinh bay duoi dang cac nguyen tac chung, ma ngupc lai chiia dyng iihung quy tac rieng nham dieu chinh mpt so tinh huong dac biet mpt each kha chi tilt^^.
Khi nhan dinh vi tri va dac diem cua luat thanh van trong he thong phap luat Thong luat, khong the bo qua yeu to lich sii ran§ su phat trien ciia Nghi vien la nham can bang quyen lyc voi Nha vua. Ve phan minh, nha vua va cac bp phan thupc Toa an Hoang gia giu mpt thai do cam ghet va doi khi thu dich doi vai quyen lyc dang ngay cang len cao cua Nghi vien. Mpt ttong nhirng bieu hien ciia sy chong doi nay la viec cac tham phan CO tinh ne ttanh hieu lyc cua cac dao luat bang each diin giai luat ciing nhac tten cau chii, va hoan toan khong quan tam den lich sii lap phap hay qua trinh soan thao, dieu ma cac tham phan trong truyen thong Dan luat thudng lam''*. Truac tinh ttang nay, cac nha lap phap da chuyen tir nhiing nguyen tic khai quat chimg sang soan thao nhirng quy dinh chi tiet nham bupc tham phan phai ap dung luat ciia minh. Hp co gang giai thich y dinh ciia mmh mpt each ro rang va chi tiet nhat c6 the, va dua vao cac truong hpp cu the ma luat
43 Gunther A Weiss, 'The Enchantment of Codification in the Common-Law World' (2000) 25 Yale Journal of Intemational Law 484.
44 Eva Steiner (n 40) 215, 216.
45 Eva Steiner (n 40) 218.
46 Jean Louis Bergel (n 5).
47 HoangThi Kun Que (n 15) 389.
48 Joseph Dainow, 'The Civil Law and the Common Law: Some Points of Companson' (1966) 15 The Amencan Journal of Comparative Law 419, 425.
S6 7(407)-T4/2020\ -LAP PHAP
KINH NGHIEM QUOC TE
bat buoc phai ap dyng. Hp ban chi khai quat thanh nhung nguyen tic chimg bai thim phan CO the de dang cho rang chiing qua ma ho de hp nam duoc y nghia cua dieu luaf ^.
Mac du mpt ttong nhiing nguai ling ho manh me viec su dyng luat thanh van la luat gia nguai Anh Jeremy Bentham, cac thim phan va luat su a Anh giu thai dp kha bao thu dii voi vai tto cua luat thanh van. p l i vol he thong phap luat nay, sy thong nhit cua phap luat hoan toan co the dat dupc thong qua boat dpng xet xii ciia toa an.
Tuy nhien, y tuong cua Bentham lai dupc don nhan rpng rai a Hoa Ky^". Tir thi ky XIX, duai sy anh huong cua Dudley Field, nguai ling hp manh me y tucmg ciia Bentham vS phap dien hoa, nhiiu bang bat dau ban hanh cac bp luat. Tuy nhien, nhiing bp luat nay khong giong vcri nhiing bp luat dupc ban hanh a chau Au. Chiing duac coi nhu ket qua ciia cong viec thuan "tdng hpp"
thanh van ban nhiing quy t§c nit ra tir an le vk duoc giai thich dya tten cq so an le.
Chung khong co gang bao tnim tat ca nhiing quan he ph^p luat lien quan den mpt lmh vyc va dieu chinh mpi kha nang xay ra ciia cac van de phap ly lien quan den cac quan he phap luSt do, ngoai ra bit cii khilm khuylt nao deu co the dupc giai quyet bang an le.
Do do, mac dii phap dien hoa manh me han so voi Anh, he thong phap luat Hoa Ky van dupc xem la mpt he thong phap luat dya tten an le^'. Dii vay, ttong cac bp luat Hoa Ky, vi dy nhu Bp luat Thuong mai Thong nhat Hoa Ky (V.C.C), vin co the chiia dyng nhiing dieu luat mang nguyen tac chung tuong tu nhu cac dieu luat ttong cac Bp luat Ion cua cac nuoc chau Au luc dia.
Khac biet ve npi dung dan den khac biet ve hinh thiic. Mot diem khac biet nen tang giiia cac bp luat tong hop Hoa Ky va cac bp
luat a chau Au lyc dia dupc the j^^f^jj^a Kj' ttTic trinh bay.,Phk lan cac bp M^ ^^ ty sip xip cac vkn dl theo myc va tn ^ ^ alphabet, thay vi mqt cau tnic ^ha[ .^ i^i a cac bo luat chau Au, vi dy m l^^nf, nhd nudc", "chiin tranh va ^}^°^^^^n vfl
"ngdn hdng vd tdi chinh , >» j^^
thuong mai",...'\ Ngoai ra, ch / | ' ^ap luat chiu anh hucmg cua W ^ " ^ ^ g Jhap luit La Ma-Diic hay phong cach^l^P, P^P Chau Au, nhu BP luat Dan - ^^.
dan sy Lousiana hay ^P " | ^^-^^h bay
can nhat hon^'*. , , , 3 2 Phdp tiSn hoa luat tu if cac quoc gia titeo he thing Thong lu9{
Mot dac diem ciia he thong phap lu?t Common Law bit nguon tir tinh each cua cac luat gia Anh, do la khong chap nhan sv phan biet giiia luat cong Qus publicum) ya luat nr (jus privatum) nhu each phan chia ciia cac luat gia chau Au lyc dia". Sv ac cam vai each phan chia nay, mot inat, CO hen quan toi cac cupc diu tranh v6 quySn Ivc chinh tri vao thS ky XVII, khi viec phto chia nay duac xem la y mu6n cua nhiing nguoi bao hotog ap dat che do quan chu tren phap luat. Bai vay, hoc thuyet phan quyen khong dugc ap dung a Anh. Trong suot nhiSu the ky trong lich su, nhiju ca quan nha nuac Cling thvc hien ca ba quySn luc lap phip, hanh phap va tu phap. Khong hk c6 mot sv ranh giai ro rang ve mat chuc nang giiia toa an. Hoi d5ng ca mat Hoang gia va Nghi vien, mac du ba ca quan nay tach biet nhau.
Nghi vien hoat dong nhu mpt toa an cong ly, va tcia an hiu nhu la nhirng nha lam luat chu ySu. Ngay ca ngay nay, Thuong vien vSn la CO quan tai phan toi cao 6 Anh".
49 Joseph Dainow (n 48) 426.
50 J.G. Sauveplane (n 21) 12.
51 J.G. Sauveplane (n 21) 12.
52 Jean Louis Bergel (n 5) 1902.
53 Jean Louis Bergel in 5) 1092.
54 Jean Louis Bergel (n 5) 1093.
55 Michael Bogdan (n 18)^83
56 Wencelas J. Wagner,' Nineteenth Cenmry m the United States [ly^JJ
h''^iSA-^^m^^y&^^'^'^^'^^^-''^^'^l
{NGHltN CVU
L&P P H A P _ / So 7(407)-T4/2020
Mat khac, cdc luat gia Anh tir choi each phan chia nay, la do da quen thupc voi each phan chia truyin thing cac loai ttat khac nhau, moi loai ttat dai dien cho mpt quan he phap luat khac nhau". Mac du ttat da bi xoa bo, each phan chia truyen thing nay van tiep tuc anh huong din cac quan niem cua cac luat gia Anh ve phap luat, va sau nay la ca he thong Thong luat ma hien nay vdn con the hien ro. Theo each phan chia nay, he thong phap luat dupc tach thanh rit nhiiu cac nhanh nho, nhu quan he hop dong, quan hp giao pho tai san, quan he tang cho,... (ttong khi do, doi vai truyen thong Dan luat, cac quan he nay deu duac coi la quan he hpp dong).
Vi tinh chat nay, kho co the tim duoc mpt khai niem ve luat tu ttong khoa hpc phdp ly thupc truyen thong Thong luat, cung nhu khong the tim duoc mpt bp luat chung nen tang cho ITnh vyc luat tu o cac nuoc theo truyen thong nay. Nhung dieu do khong co nghia rang a cac nuoc nay khong ton tai cac quan he phap luat mang tinh chat dan su, ngupc lai, chiing dupc dieu chinh bai cac nhanh phap luat nho nhu luat hap dong, luat ttach nhiem boi thuong ngoai hpp dong, luat uy thac, luat dai dien, luat tai san, luat gia dinh,... Ciing khong the cho rang kh6ng co phap dien hoa luat tu, bai thay vi inpt bp luat dan sy chung nhu cac nuac chau Au lyc dia, cac quan h? phap luat dan sy a cac nuoc ttieo hg thong Thong luat duac dieu chinh boi cac dao luat rieng tucmg ung voi timg nhanh luat rieng biet. Tuy nhien, yi luat thanh van, theo quan diem cua cac quoc gia nay nhu da neu a phan truoc, khong duac xay dung vai tham vong bao quat toan bp lmh vyc phap luat, nen chi mpt so quan he phap luat quan ttpng va chiia nhieu npi dung can dieu chinh, mdi phap dien hoa thanh cac dao luat. Ci Anh, CO the ke den Dao luat Mua ban hang hoa (Sale of Good Act 1893, da bi thay the bai Sale of Good Act 1979), Dao luat ve Tai
KINH NGHIEM QUOC TE san (Law of Property Act 1925), Dao luat ve Cho thue tai sau (Rent Act 1977), Dao luat ve Thu tuc va tai san hon nhan (Matrimonial Proceedings and Property Act 1970),... O Hoa Ky, ngoai cac dao luat ban hanh rieng bai cac bang, khong the khong nhac den Bp luat Thuang mai Thong nhat (Uniform Commerical Code).
3.3. Dcio luat Mua bdn hdng hda (Sale of Good Act 1893, da dtrp^c thay thi bdi Sale of Good Act 1979)
Dao luat ve Mua ban hang hoa nam 1893 la mpt dao luat dupc ban hanh boi Quoc hpi Vuong quoc Anh va Ireland nham dieu chinh cac hop dong ma ttong do hang hoa duac ban va mua. Muc dich ciia dao luat nay la xac dinh cac quyen va nghia vu cua cac ben (ma khong dupc xac dinh ro rang ttong thoa thuan), ttong khi dac biet khong anh huOTig den hieu lyc dieu chinh cua cac nguyen tac hop dong thong thuang co liSn quan. Dao luat nay hien nay da bi bai bo va thay the tai Anh, nhung van con hieu lyc tai Cpng hoa Ireland^^.
Dao luat Mua ban hang boa 1893 duoc coi la vi du dien hinh cua phap dien boa kieu Anh; no dua tten cac nguyen tac phap ly pho bien do tham phan thiet lap va dupc chuyen doi thanh mpt hinh thiic thanh van de tiSp can hon. Cau tnic cua Dao luat nay bao gom 6 phkn: Sy hinh thanh hop dong (Phan I), Hieu lyc cua hop ding (Phan II), Thyc hien hop dong (Phan III), Quyen ciia nguoi ban chua dupc thanh toan doi voi hang hpa (Phin IV), Hanh vi vi pham hpp dong (Phan V), va Cac quy dinh bo sung {Phan VI). Dao luat nay da dupc soan thao tot den miic, khi no duoc bai bo va tai ban hanh, Dao luat Mua ban hang hoa 1979 ke nhiem da dupc soan thao vai cimg mpt cau tnic, each su dung thuat ngir va tham chi la each danh so giong nhu Dao luat nam 1893^^.
Mac dii Dao luat ra doi khong nham muc dich xoa bo an le, nhung sy toan dien
57 Michael Bogdan (n 18) 83.
58 'Electronic Irish Statute Book' (electronic Irish Statute Book) <www.irishstatutebook.ie> accessed 25 September 2018.
59 'Sale of Goods Act 1893' (Wikipedia) <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sale_of_Goods_Act_1893> accessed 25 September 2018.
V NOHitN cini I e i So 7 ( 4 0 7 ) - T 4 / 2 0 2 0 Y _ L A P P H A P * "
KINH NGHIEM QUOCTE
cua dao luat nay dupc xem la da khiin cac tham phan tap trung vao ngon ngir va y nghia cua no de ap dung khi xet xir thay vi ap dung cac an le ra doi truoc dao luat nay.
Dao luat nay duac xem la mpt trong nhimg dao luat da co dong gop dang kl ttong viec tang tinh on dinh va logic ciia mpt lmh vuc phap luat^".
3.4. Bp lugt Thtrong mgi Thdng nhdt (Uniform Commercial Code)
Tai Hoa Ky, tir nhiing nam 40, truoc nhu cau ve mpt khung phap luat In dinh va CO tinh dy doan truoc cho cac boat dpng thuang mai, y tuong ve mpt bp luat thuong mai thong nhat da ra doi. Chiu ttach nhiem soan thao Bp luat Thuong mai Thong nhat (Uniform Commercial Code - U.C.C), thay vi sii dung tii ngii mot each chi tilt va cu the nhk CO thi, Karl Llewellyn (1893-1962), mpt nguai theo chii nghTa hien thyc phap luat (legal realism), nhan biet rq sy han che cua quan diem lap phap cimg nhJc kilu Anh, da chil truong dua vao U.C.C nhiing quy dinh khai quat chung va danh phan viec con lai cho tham phan^'.
U.C.C duoc thong qua nam 1951, va da ttai qua nhieu lan sua doi, bo sung. Hien nay, U.C.C bao gom 9 npi dung sau day: mua ban hang hoa (Dieu 2), cho thue hang hoa (Dieu 2A), cac cong cy chuyen nhupng (Dieu 3), tien giri ya cac khoan thu ngan hang ^ i l u 4), chuyen tien (Dieu 4A), thu tin dung (Dieu 5), mua ban hang boa so luong Idn (Dieu 6), bien lai/van don kho bai va cac chiing tir khac (Dieu 7), chiing khoan dau tu (Dieu 8), va giao dich/mua ban co bao dam va giay tcf cam co (Dieu 9)f^. Ve hieu lyc, ca 50 bang cua Hoa Ky deu da thong qua U.C.C, ttong do chi co bang Louisiana - bang duy nhat cua Hoa Ky theo dong hp
phap luat chau Au luc dia khong ft^*!^^^^
toan van ma co bao luu mpt so dieu kho lien quan din he thing phap luat cua minh- Mac du duoc dat ten la mot bo luat, van con nliilu ttanh cai giiia cac hpc S'^^H?^
quanh tmh ch^t phap diin hoa cua no. Nhieu hoc gia khong cho rSng U.C.C la mot Aann qua phap diin hoa hoan chinh, boi no khong thi thay thi hoan toan cho nhimg t^P 1"J?' an 1? da tin tai truoc khi bp luat ra doi^. Mpt si hpc gia khac ciing cho ring U.C-C cm la sy tong hop cac giai phap dieu chinhda co ma khong c6 y dinh bao ham va d\x h^u cho hjong lai". Ve mat c4u tnic, co y kien cho rang khong thi tun thdy ttong U.C.C mpt ket ckn CO he thing, va mirc dp khai quathoa cao nhu 6 cac bo luat diin hinh cua he thong Dan luat*^ Tuy nhien, day la nhimg danh gia cyc doan ya qua dl cao cac bp luat cr chau Au, boi ban thaii cac bp luat nay cung khong he hoan chinh vl npi dung, va cung khong the bao quat toanbp cac van dl phap ly ma khong can din su bo sung cua tap quan va an le.
N6 lyc ciia cac nha lap phap va sy thanh cong ciia U.C.C la khong the phu nhan. Hien nay, U.C.C dupc biit den nhu mpt bp luat thanh cong ttong viec dap ling tinh ro rang va dong thai duy tti tmh linh hoat cua luat, va dan den tham phan co the giai thich luat dya tten myc dich, y nghia ciia bp luat va dya tten nhiing nguyen tac nen tang ciia no, thay vi giai thich luat don thuan dua vao cac an le nhu truoc day^^ Sy thanh cong nay dupc cho la bdi: sy toan dien ve npi dung cua mpt bp luat, hudng d^n tai Dilu 1-103, theo do bl luat phai dupc bilu mot each thing nh4t vdi muc dich cua no, tuy nhien khong loai bd viec duy tri ap dung an le va cac quy tdc cong binh khong ttai vdi cac quy dinh cua bo luat^^ va so luong Idn nhirng binh luan vd
61 62 63 64 65 66 67
62
Maiy Keyes and Therese Wilson, Codifying Contract Law: International and Consumer Law Perspectives (Ashgate 2014) 5.
Gunther A. Weiss (n 43) 520.
'Uniform Commercial Code' (Legal Information Instimte) <https://www.law.comell.edu/ucc> accessed 25 September 2018.
Gunther A. Weiss {n 43) 518.
Gunther A. Weiss{n43)519.
Gunther A. Weiss (n43) 521,522.
Maiy Keyes and Therese Wilson (n 60) 6. _
§ 1-103. Xay di^g [Bo luat thuong mai thing nhat] nham thuc dhy cac muc dich va chinh sach ciia no' INGHICN ciru
LAPPHAP_ / So 7(407)-T4/2020
hudng ddn kem theo cac dilu luat. U.C.C duoc xem la mot bg luat "mau" ddng tham khao ddi ydi mdi n6 lyc phap diin hda nao ttong truyin thing Thong luat^l 4. Kit lu^n
Dya tten_nhung phan tich d hai phan tten, cd the thdy rdng qudttmh phap diin hda d Viet Nam co nhieu diim tuong ding vdi cdc quoc gia thupc truyin thing chau Au luc dia, thie nhdt bdi sy anh hudng cua truyin thong nay tdi nudc ta qua qud ttinh thupc dia trudc ddy, va thir hai la bdi sy gan gyi giiia truyen thdng Dan luat va truyin thing phap luat xa hpi chii nghia. Tii sau D6i Mdi, vdi nhu cau cap thiet can nhijng dao luat dieu chmh cdc quan he tii mdi phdt sinh, qua trinh phdp dien hoa phat trien manh me d Viet Nam vdi hang loat cdc dao luat Idn nhd, ttong do ^dang chu y phai nhac tdi Bp ludt Dan sy dau ti^n nam 1995. Sau hon 20 nam, sy ra ddi cua Bo luat Dan sy hien hdnh vao nam 2015 da phan nao khac phuc duoc thieu sot ciia nhiing bp luat trudc no. Nhung dilu ndy khong ddng nghia vdi viec bp luat hien hanh da thyc sy hoan hao. Tu nliiing phan tich d tren, tac gia dua ra hai diem quan ttpng ma thiet nghi, chiing ta co the can rihac de CO nhiing thay doi ttong lan sira doi tiep theo ciia bp luat nay, ciing nhu trong qud ttinh phap dien hoa cac dao luat thupc linh vuc luat tu.
Thu nhdt, lya chpn mpt md hinh phap dien hda thong nhat. Bp luat Dan sy Viet Nam hien nay la sy ket hop giiia md hinh Diic va mo hinh Phdp, vdi cau tnic bao gom phan chung chira dyng cdc quy dinh mang tinh khdi quat, nhung cac phdn rieng lai c6 npi dung kha tuang ty vdi Bp luat Dan sy
KINH NGHIEM QUOCTE Phap^^. Viec sao chep mpt each hoan toan chua bao gid duoc xem Id diing ddn, dac biet la trong qua ttinh phap dien boa, nhung nhiing thay dpi va ket hop can phai di ciing vdi sy can nhac ve tinh he thong va sy phu hop cua chiing. Ky thuat phap dien hda theo trudng phai Pandectists cua ngudi Diic to ro sy vupt ttpi ve tinh khoa hpc va ro rang ciia no, nhung lai doi hoi trinh dp va ky thuat phap ly cao, dieu ma Viet Nam chua the dap ling ttong mpt thdi gian tuong doi ddi ttong tucmg lai. Do do, Jya chpn mo hinh cua Phdp nhu mpt hinh mau de chiing ta co thi thiet ke nen mpt bp luat la phuong an xiing dang duoc can nhac can ttpng.
Thir hai, ben canh Bd luat Dan sy, Quoc hpi Viet Nam da ban hdnh dao luat rieng biet ve thuang mai. Tuy nhien, mot mat, dap luat nay lai chua bao qudt het duoc nhihig van de ve thuang mai. Mat khac, dao luat nay cung cho thdy su tyt hau cua minh, thieu cac giai phdp phap ly thoa ddn_g de dap ling duac nhu cau phat trien kinh te ttong thdi diem hien tai ciing nhu ttong tuang lai. Do do, ttong qud trinh xem xet va xay dyng dy thao Luat Thuong mai (mdi), can can nhac phdp dien mdt bo luat mang tinh tong quan, chiia dyng cdc van de chung va bao quat cua cdc quan he CO tinh chat thuang mai, lam co sd viing chac cho viec xac dinh tu cdch phap ly, boat dpng ciing nhu hinh thiic boat dpng ciia thuang nhan.
Nhiing de xuat so khdi tren cung vdi nhiing phan tich, danh gia ve cac hinh mau phap dien boa khac nhau tren the gidi mong rang se la nhirng vi du sinh dpng va thyc tien, gop phan hoan thien qud trinh phdp dien boa cua Viet Nam ttong tucmg lai •
Kha nang ap dung cac nguyen tac bo sung ciiaLuat.
(a) [Bg lu^t thuang m£ti thong nhat] phai duac hieu va ap dung mot each tu do de thii,c day cac muc dich va chinh sach co ban cua no, ijo la: (1) don gian hoa, lam ro va hien dai hoa luat dieu chinh cac giao djch thuang mai; (2) cho phep tiep tj^c md rpng cac hoat dpng thuang mai thong qua thong le, tap quan va thoa thuan ciia cac bin; va (3) de thong nhat luat giiia cac tham quyen phap ly khac nhau.
(b) Trir khi bi thay the boi cac guy dinh cy the cua [Bo luat .thuong mai thong nhat], cac nguyen tac cua luat va cong binh, oao gom luat Buon ban va luat lien quan den nang lire hop dong, tru so va dai ly, khong phii nhan(estogpel), giaij lan, xuyen t?ic, cuong ep,ep bugc, sai sot, pha san, va cac can cii cong nhan hi?u luc hoac vo hieu khac bo sung cno cac quy dinh cua bp luat.
68 Mary Keyes and Therese Wilson (n 60) 6.
69 Ngo Huy Cuong, "Tong luan ye che dinh tai san trong Du thao sira doj Bg luat dan su nam 2005", Chi dinh tai san, nghTa vu va hgp dong trong D^r thaoBo luat Dan su (sira doi) nam 2015.
— \ NGHltN CUU I CO S6 7 ( 4 0 7 ) - T 4 / 2 0 2 0 V _ L A P P H A P ^^
KINH NGHIEM QUOC TE
Danh muc tai tif u tham khao , 1. Hoang Thi Kim Qua (ed), Giao trinh Ly luan Nha Nudc va Phap luat, Nxb. Dai hoc Quoc
gia Ha Noi nam 2015.
2. Michael Bogdan, Luat so sanh (Le H6ng Hanh and Duong Thi Hi6n trs, Swiss : KLuwer Law and Taxation 2004).
3. Michel Fromont, Cac he thong phap luat ca ban trSn thS gioi, Nxb. Tu Phap 2006.
4. Ngo Huy Cuong, 'T6ng luan ve ch6 dinh tai san trong Du thao sua d6i Bp luat Dan su nam 2005'^ Che dinh tai san, nghia vu va h ^ ddng trong Du thao Bo luat Dan su (5!>fl d^O nam 201:).
5. Nguyen Minh Tuan, "Bo luat Umammu Npi dung va gia tri", tren http://tuanhsl.blogspot.com/2012/llfto-luat-umammu-noi-dung-va-gia-m.html, truy cap ngay 13/9/2018.
Tai lif u tieng Anh
1. Bryan A. Gagner (ed). Black's Law Dictionary (9th edn. West Pubhshing Co 2009).
2. Csaba Varga, Codification as a Socio-Historical Phenomenon (Second, Szent Istvan Tarsulat 2011).
3. "Electronic Irish Stahite Book" (electronic Irish Statute Book), www.irishstatutebook.ie, accessed 25 September 2018.
4. Eva Sterner, 'Codification in England: The Need to Move from an Ideological to a Functional Approach - A Bridge Too Far?' (2004) 25 Statute Law Review 209.
5. George Mousourakis, The Historical and Institutional Context of Roman Law (Routledge 2003).
6. Gunther A. Weiss, 'The Enchantment of Codification m the Common-Law World' (2000) 25 Yale Journal of Intemational Law.
7. Jean Louis Bergel, 'Principal Features and Methods of Codification' (1988) 48 Louisiana Law Review.
8. J.G. Sauveplane, Codified and Judge Made Law, The Role of Courts and Legislators in Civil and Common Law Systems (North- Holland 1982).
9. Joseph Dainow, 'The Civil Law and the Common Law: Some Points of Comparison' (1966). 15 The American Journal of Comparative Law 419.
10. Mary Keyes and Therese Wilson, Codifying Contract Law: International and Consumer Law Perspectives (Ashgate 2014).
11. Peter de Cruz, Comparative Law in a Changing World (Cavendish Publishing 1999).
12. Rene David and John E. C. Brierley, Major Legal Systems in the World Today: An Introduction to the Comparative Study of Law (Third, Stevens & Sons 1985) 13 Sigmund Samuel, 'The Codification of Law' (1943) 5 The University of Toronto Law
Journal 148.
14. 'Uniform Commercial Code' (Legal Information Institute), https://www.law.comell.edu/
ucc> accessed 25 September 2018.
15. Wencelas J. Wagner, 'Codification of Law in Europe and the Codification Movement in the Middle of the Nineteenth Century m the United States' [1953] Articles by Maurer Faculty: Indiana University.
Tai li$u tieng Phap
1. Jacky Hummel, 'La Codification En Allemagne (XIXe - XXe Siecles): Une Cristallisation Du Droit National Entre Romanite et Germanite' (2007) 85 Revue historique de droit fran^ais et etranger 105.
2. Remy Cabrillac, 'Les Enjeux de La Codification En France' (2005) 46 Les Cahiers de droit 533.
LAPPHAP.
