Doi mdi mo hinh tang trudng, co cdu iqi nen i<inh te - Ichau dot pha quan trong cua chien
luqc phat trien icinh te - xa hoi 2011 -2020
H 6 NGOC HY
yij^ di mdi md hinh tdng trUdng, cd cdu lai nin kinh tUd mdt chu trUdng Idn did dUdc niu A^ ra trong vdn kiin Dai hdi Ddng todn qud'c idn thit XI, chiin lUdc phdt triin kinh ti- xd hdi 2011 2020. Ddy Id khdu ddt phd. Id bUdc phdt triin mdi cua nin kinh tiViit Nam.
Vd'n di ndy nhdn thiie nhU thi r^do trong hi thd'ng ehinh thi phdt triin cua cdc quan diim, muc tiiu vd cdc gidi phdp Idn cua chiin lUdc. Theo dd, quyi't tdm hdnh dgng, tdehitc thUe hiin quyi't Hit didgt dUde yiu cdu chuyin ddi md hinh tdng trUdng, cdu true Igti nin kinh ti- ndng eao chdt lUdng, hiiu qud, tinh bin vitng.
1. S u can t h i l t doi mdi m o h i n h t i n g trUdng, c a u triic lai n e n k i n h t l Vide doi mdi md hinh t i n g trUdng, ciu triic lai n i n kinh t l Ii ydu ciu khach quan ciia mpi n i n kinh t l , mpi qud'c gia trong chiin lUdc phat trien eua minh, die bidt I i cac nUde cd n i n kinh t l phat trien, dang p h i t trien v i mdi noi
Chii nghia tU ban dU^c sU d i n dat eac ly thuylt kinh t l thi trUdng tU do "tii dilu tilt v i c i n bang" song ciing vdi cic cupc khiing hoang chu ky chii nghia tU ban ciing vdi hai cupc dai khiing hoang kinh t l 1929-1933 v i 2008-2009 cho din nay vdi sUe t i n p h i dii dpi da di lai h i u qua chUa chim diit. Mdt so chfnh tri gia, mdt sd'nhi kinh t i n o i tiing ed ca chfnh khich PhUdng T i y cho rang, vi^c ap dung miy mdc md hinh kinh t l ciia chii nghia tu do mdi ed nhiing sai l i m tU hai v i din liic phai thay doi nd. Qud'c t l , trong dd cd ca cic qud'c gia ed n i n kinh t l Idn (G8, G20) diu Idn tiing kdu gpi t h i gidi phai c i u tnic lai n i n kinh t l t o i n ciu; die bidt I i hd thd'ng, the ehi, dilu h i n h thUdng mai, t i i chfnh t i l n td qud'c t l (to chiic WTO, IMF, WB...). T h i gidi ngiy nay, xu t h i hdi n h i p kinh t l qud'c t l , viia hdp t i c vufa d i u tranh, giai doan p h i t trien vdi toe dp v i trinh dp
cao hdn, nhUng nhin chung se m i t c i n doi nghidm trpng giiia tidu diing Idn vdi san x u i t cd han, givLa nhu c i u p h i t trien cao vdi t i i nguydn h^n chi. SU tranh chip gay gat t i i nguydn, Idi ich kinh t l se dien ra manh me giy nhilu b i t 1^ cho t i l n trinh phat trien ciia kinh t l t h i gidi, trong dd cd Vidt Nam.
Dai hpi l i n thii XI ciia Dang Cdng san Viet Nam d i xic dinh c i n t h i l t phai chuyen ddi md hinh t i n g trUdng tii chii ylu phat trien theo chilu rpng sang phat trien hdp ly giiia chilu rdng v i chilu s i u v i cd ciu lai n i n kinh t l I i ydu c i u ddi hdi khich quan ciia t i l n trinh p h i t t r i i n ciia Viet Nam.
2. Mo hinh t&ng trtfdng, cor cau nin kinh t l - thiic trang
Sud't mpt thdi gian dii, Vidt Nam da ip dung md hinh chii nghia xa hdi md hinh kinh t l k l hoach hda t i p trung mang tinh bao cip. Md hinh n i y da thu dUdc nhiing kit qua n h i t dinh, da gdp p h i n quan trpng trong vide huy ddng v i t i p trung nguon liic, dap iing dU(?c ydu c i u ciia thdi ky d i t nUdc
H6 Ngoc Hy, ThS., H6i khoa hoc kinh i€ dnh Quing Tri.
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Doi mdfl md hinh tang trudng ...
cd chiin tranh. NhUng v l sau, trong bd'i canh d i t nUde hoan t o i n dpc l i p , toan c i u hda kinh t l , hda binh, hdp t i c v i p h i t tridn trd ndn nhiing xu t h i Idn cua thdi dai thi md hinh n i y hoc Id nhiing k h u y l t diem, trd ndn lac h i u , kdm hidu qua, kim ham sii phat trien.
Trdn cd sd n h i n thiic diing dan hdn v i d i y du hdn v l chu nghia xa hdi va con dudng di len chu nghia xa hdi d Vidt Nam, Dai h^i VI cua Dang (thing 12-1986) da d$ ra dudng Idi doi mdi t o i n didn d i t nUde n h a m thiic hidn cd hidu qua hdn cdng cupc xay diing chii nghia xa hdi, edng nghidp hda, hidn dai hda d i t nude. Cac v i n kidn Dai hdi VII, VIII, DC, X, XI cua Dang khang dinh md hinh n i n kinh t l thi trUdng dinh hUdng xa hdi chii nghia d Vidt Nam trong thdi ky q u i dp.
Qua thiic tien v i n h i n h md hinh n i n kinh t l thi trUdng dinh hUdng xa hdi chu nghia, mang lai nhiing t h i n h tiiu 25 n i m doi mdi I i to Idn v i cd y nghia lich sxt. D i e bidt, trong mUdi n a m thiie hidn c h i i n lUdc phat trien kinh t l xa hdi 2001 2010, Viet Nam da t r a n h t h u thdi ed, t h u i n Idi, vUdt qua n h i l u khd khan, thach thiic, dat dUdc nhiing t h a n h tiiu to Idn, r a t quan trpng. D i t nUdc r a khdi tinh trang kdm p h a t trien, bUdc v i o nhdm nUdc dang p h a t trien ed t h u n h i p trung binh. N h i l u muc tidu chu y l u cua c h i i n lUdc 2001 2010 da dUdc thiic hidn, dat budc phat t r i i n mdi ca v l liic lUdng san x u i t v i quan he san x u i t , kinh t l tang trUdng nhanh, dat toe dp binh quan 7,26%/nam, gia t r i san x u i t cdng nghidp tang cao, dat g i n 15%/nam. Cd c i u kinh t l c h u y i n dich tich cUc, nang liic san x u i t v i t i l m liic kinh t l ciia d i t nUde khdng ngiing tang len. Ddi song v i t c h i t v i tinh t h i n cua n h a n dan dUde cai thidn rd rdt. D i n n i m 2010 nUdc ta da h o i n t h i n h p h i n Idn c i c muc tidu thidn nidn ky m i Lien hdp qud'c di ra cho n i m 2015, vi t r i v i uy tin cua Vidt Nam trdn trUdng qud'c t l dUde n i n g cao.
Tuy nhidn, theo c h i i n lUdc p h a t trien kinh t l xa hpi 2011 2020: Kinh t l trong nUde p h a t trien chUa b i n viing. C h i t lUdng tang
trudng, n i n g s u i t hidu qua, siic canh tranh cua n i n kinh t l t h i p . Cic c i n do'i kinh t l vi md chUa viing chae. Cdng t i c quy hoach, k l hoach v i vide huy dpng, sii dung cac nguon lUe cdn h a n chi, kdm hidu qua, d i u tU cdn d i n t r a i Quan 1^ n h i nUdc dd'i vdi doanh nghidp ndi chung cdn n h i l u y l u kdm, vide thiie hidn chiic n i n g chu sd hiiu dd'i vdi doanh nghidp n h i nUdc cdn b i t c i p . Tang trUdng kinh t l v i n diia n h i l u v i o cic y l u to' phat trien theo chilu rdng, c h i m chuyen sang p h i t trien theo chilu s i u . Mdi trUdng n h i l u ndi dang bj d nhiim nang. T i i nguydn, d i t dai chUa dUde quan ly td't, khai t h i e v i s^ dung kdm hidu qau. T h i c h i kinh t l thi trUdng, c h i t lUdng nguon n h i n lUc, k i t c i u ha t i n g v i n I i nhiing diim nghen, can trd sU phat trien.
Tdn tai, khuyit diim trin biiu hiin mdt sd' mat:
1. TrUdc h i t phai ndi d i n sii t i n g trUdng v i c h i t lUdng tang trUdng thdng qua vide sxt
dung cac n h a n td' kinh t l , d i e bidt I i hidu qua svL dung cac n h i n t l i y .
Tang trUdng v i phat trien b i n viing I i muc tidu hang d i u trong chiin lUdc phat trien kinh t l - xa h d i
Tang trudng kinh t l khdng chi phu thudc v i o nhOng thay doi v l sd' lUdng v i c h i t lUdng cac n h a n td' san x u i t m i quan trpng hdn I i phu thudc v i o nhiing thay doi v l hidu qua srt dung k i t hdp cic n h a n td' nay. D i l u dd the hidn qua sU gia tang nang s u i t cac n h a n td' bang chi sd' nang s u i t tong hdp (TFP). Mpt n i n kinh t l cd tdc dp TFP cao I i dilu kidn quan trpng, cd y nghia bao dam cho vide duy tri t i n g trUdng d i i han, on dinh, b i n viing v i t r a n h dUdc nhiing b i l n ddng tidu ciic kinh t l tii bdn ngoii t i c ddng. Theo cic chuydn gia kinh t l nUde n g o i i canh b i o v l t h i c h thiie
"biy t h u n h i p trung binh". Nhiing canh bao n i y cd c i n cii bdi cic ehi tidu quan trpng do ludng c h i t lUdng, hidu qua n i n kinh t l Viet Nam dang hdi t u n h i l u y l u td' bat Idi dd rdi v i o "biy t h u n h i p t r u n g binh"
Qua c i c giai doan trong 10 n i m thiic hidn c h i i n lUde p h a t trien kinh t l xa hdi (2001
Nghi6n ciiu Kinh tS'sd403 - Thing 12/2011
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Btfl mdi md hinh tdng trudng ..
2010) cho chiing ta thi'y, toe d$ t i n g v i ty trpng eua vd'n d i u tU Idn hdn tdc dp v i ty trpng ddng gdp ciia lao dpng v i ludn v\l(fi qua to'c dp t i n g trUdng GDP Do dd, chi s i ICOR do ludng hi^u qua d i u tU, ICOR ciia nUde ta lai cd xu hUdng t i n g nhanh trong cac n i m 2001-2007 Ii 5.2 (nghia Ii cin 5,2 ddng vd'n dAu tU de tang dU(?c m^t d6ng GDP): cao ci'p rUdi din hai l i n nhilu nUdc chung quanh trong thdi k^ d^u cdng nghidp hda. Den nam 2008, chi so ICOR ciia Vi^t Nam Itn din 6,66 v i din nay da g i n d ngUdng 8. Ting trUdng (IDP cua Vi9t Nam v^n chii yeu diia khoang 80^o vio quy md vdn, lao ddng cdn ydu t l n i n g s u i t toin bd (TFP) Cling chiem vdi ty trpng d miic dUdi 30% (cic quoc gia trong khu vUc tU 35 40%;
cac nUdc cdng nghidp phat triin tiX 50% trd len), mic du nUdc ta mdi thoit ra khdi mUc thu nh|ip t h i p v i dang vio giai do^n "tiln cdng nghiep ho trd" Trong khi dd, qud'c t l hda v l kinh t l xu hUdng ndi trdi, cic nUde tu ban chu nghia, cac nUdc phat tridn dang tim kilm thi trUdng tilm n i n g d nUdc ngoii de d i u tu nham thu Idi nhuan cao, p h i n Idn d i u tu cdng ngh^ l i p r i p , loai thai cdng nghd miy mdc, thilt hi lac h i u . ChUa phai I i "liin siu" nhiing chiing ta it nhilu ciing d i mic p h a i Do dd, chiing ta khdng t h i tilp tuc tilp thu diia vio l i p r i p gian ddn vdi dpi ngu lao dpng khdng cd ky ning, dilu dd sd khdng tao ra du<?c cac gii tri trong nUdc, g$p khd k h i n khi cic nginh cdng nghidp riit ra khdi Vi^t Nam, khi miic lUdng t i n g Idn v i hpi n h i p ngiy cing s i u rpng. Ngiy nay quy md kinh t l dang ngiy cing p h i t trien manh, nhu ciu v l c h i t lU<^ng, chiing lo^i, m i u m i san phim... ngiy cing cao thi ddi hdi mpt lUdng von d i u tU nhilu, lao dpng cd trinh dp ky t h u i t , trong khi t i i nguydn thidn nhidn se bi han c h i ehUa ndi I i sU c^n kidt, n i u tilp tuc p h i t trien kinh t l nghieng v l chilu rdng se l i m cing thing, cd the p h i vd cic quan hd c i n dd'i vi md, hidu qua sii dung nguon lUe kdm, siic canh tranh eiia n i n kinh t l t h i p , khdng theo kip vdi t i l n trinh hdi n h i p kinh t l quoc t l .
2. VI cd ciu kinh t l giiia cac nginh, Enl vvtc chuyin djch theo hUdng tfch ciic nhUn|
cdn ch^m, cd ciu trong ndi bd tUng nginl cCing chUa th|it h<?p 1^. Trinh dp phat trili giiia cic vCuig cich bi^t Idn v i cd xu hUdng m(
rong. Cic cin dii vi md, cac chi tieu tin|
trudng kinh t l v i chuyin dich cd ciu kinh U khdng dat k l hoach d l ra 5 n i m (2005 - 2010) Ty trong cic nginh cdng nghidp, phi ndng nghidp trong n i n kinh t l t i n g hen tuc, nhUog cic nginh, cic Ilnh vUc san phim cd cdng ngh^ cao vdi tri tu$, gia t 4 gia ting Idn dang cdn it, chilm ty trpng t h i p trong nin kinh tl quoc d i n diu chUa p h i t triin ho^c chi mdi hinh t h i n h v i chUa c6 doanh nghidp mang tim toin ciu. Hiu h i t cic nginh san xuit, cac doanh nghidp chUa tham gia d u ^ cac chuoi gia tri toin ciu v i mang p h i n phdi toin ciu.
3. Chuyen dich cd c i u kinh t l v i chuy&
dich cd ciu lao dpng theo hUdng cdng nghi§p hda hi^n dai hda chim, chUa dii siic de k^
theo sU chuyen dich ciia cd ciu lao ddng. (^
ciu lao ddng trong ndng nghiep tU 57,1%
(nim 2005) giam xud'ng 48,2% (nim 2010) cdn l^i 2 khu vUc cdng nghidp, xiy diing \i dich vu ty trong lao ddng ciing mdi chi xip li vdi khu vi^c ndng nghidp. Thiic t l d nong nghiep, ndng thon hi^n nay san xuit vin lao d^ng thii cdng l i chu ylu, nang suit lao dong toin x i hpi da t h i p , n i n g suit lao dong i ndng nghidp, ndng thdn lai cing thip hda Tinh t^mg lao ddng dU thUa, nhan roi trong ndng nghidp, ndng thdn, cung Idn hdn ciu rft nhilu.
4. Vdi thi^c tr^ng hi$n nay thi cd ciu lai n i n kinh t l phai chii ^ d i n mw quan hf san xuit tfch luy tieu diing, d 6 i ning liic canh tranh cua ndn kinh t l , d i n l<?i fch trUdc mat,
\(fi fch c i n b i n v i l i u dii, Idi fch toin cue va t o i n x i hdi
Dilu nghich ly, trong khi chii trUdng ciia Dang N h i nude v l cudc v i n ddng 'Wai Viet Nam uu tien diing h i n g Vidt Nam" diy manh x u i t khiu, g i i „ , ^ ^ ^^ ^ thi trudng Chung ta t h i y cd nhilu hing h6a cd nguon goc, khong cd ngudn gdb tU n #
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Nghi6n ciiu Kinh MDd*l mdi md hinh tang trudng ...
n g o i i n h u nguydn san p h i m , linh kidn, p h u t^ng, nguydn lieu,... Nhiing nam g i n d i y chiing ta da tUng n h i p h i n g v a n t i n mud'i i n , h i n g van t i n dudng, h i n g chuc v a n t i n giiy, sat thdp ton kho nhiing lai n h i p sat thdp, phdi v i ngay trUdng hdp n h i p 50% h a t d i l u nguydn heu de du sd' lUdng e h i b i l n x u i t khiu... Chd Dong Xuan vd'n l i b i l u tUdng s i m u i t v l giao thUdng ciia Vidt Nam moi ngay tii 15-20 t i n h i n g dUdc l u i n chuyin d i n cac v ^ g , m i l n trong ca nUde, da p h i n la h i n g cd x u i t xut tU nUdc n g o i i Theo so' Hdu thd'ng kd eua Cdng ty co p h i n Dong Xuan, r i t ft h i n g Viet Nam c h i t lUdng cao cd mat tai chd Ddng X u i n . NgUde lai, h i n g lUu nidm, do chdi, do didn tii, didn thoai, vah, c i p x i c h , . . . h i n g Trung Qud'c chilm 90%. TUdng t u d khu ThUdng mai d i e bidt Lao Bao v i chd Ddng H i (tinh Quang Tri) thi h i n g hda nUdc ngoii cua T h i i Lan, Trung Qud'c, N h i t Ban, H i n Quoc... t r i n n g i p v i o thi trUdng khdng kdm gi chd Ddng Xuan. Trong khi nUde ta cd tai nguyen khoang san, ed riing, bien, d i t dai de trdng cay lUdng thiie, thiie p h i m , cay ndng nghidp v i c h i n nudi, danh b a t thuy hai san, ed liic lUdng lao ddng ddi dao trong thdi 1^ cd hpi "din so' ving", nhiing chUa p h i t huy h i t l^i t h i n i y ma cdn khai t h i c , sit dung lang phf. Chiing ta coi trpng san x u i t , nhiing khdng the san x u i t v i tidu diing bang b i t cii g i i nao m i phai hUdng v i o dau de phat trien san x u i t v i bang phUdng phap, phUdng tidn n i o theo hUdng CNH HDH "di tat, ddn diu", t i l p thu. Ilia chpn khoa hpc - edng nghd tidn tiln, hidn dai cua t h i gidi
Ngay xUa cha dng chiing ta chUa cd t h u i t ngii "cd c i u kinh tl", nhiing di lai cho chiing ta nhiing kinh nghidm tii thiic t i l n de x i c dinh vai trd, vi t r i eua ndng nghidp, edng nghidp, thUdng mai, khoa hpc ky t h u i t m i diic n i t t h i n h c h i n ly "phi cdng b i t phii, phi ndng tac loan, phi thUdng b i t hoat, phi trf b i t hung" - c h i n ly dd n g i y nay v i n cdn giii nguydn gia t r i
V i n di ndng nghidp ndi chung v i a n ninh lUdng thiic ndi ridng v i n l i v i n di ehiln lUdc
viia mang tfnh qud'c gia v i t o i n c i u trong dilu kidn cdng nghidp phat trien manh me, d i n sd' t i n g nhanh, b i l n doi khf h i u , thidn tai dich bdnh, d n h i i m mdi trUdng ludn ludn rinh r i p , xung ddt cue bd chUa h o i n t o i n loai bd. Trong khi dd vide chuyin d i i d i t dai ndng nghidp cdn tiiy ti^n, t h i i u c i n nhac t o i n didn, sxi dung lang phf d i t ndng nghidp l i mpt k h u y l t diim Idn, tinh trang lao dpng trong ndng nghidp lac h i u , ddi dU nhU hidn nay l i khdng t h i c h i p n h i n dUqIc. Cd t h i ndi a n ninh lUdng thiic l i mdt v i n di cd ban lau d i i dd'i vdi nUde ta, khdng Id l i v i chu quan bdi chiing ta x u i t k h i u gao diing thii 2 t h i gidi m i phai d i y m a n h CNH, HDH ndng nghidp, d i m b i o a n n i n h lUdng thiie.
V l edng nghidp, l i linh vUc san x u i t vd ciing rdng Idn, d i p iing nhiing n h u c i u phong phii v i da dang cua ddi sd'ng con ngUdi, v i n h u c i u se t i c ddng trd lai kfch thfch cdng nghidp, phat trien vd ciing, vd t i n . Nhvtng khai q u i t n i n san x u i t ciing chi san x u i t 2 l o a i t u hdu san x u i t v i tU hdu tidu diing m i quy l u i t tai san x u i t md rdng khdng ngiing n h u C.Mac da chi ra.
Dang v i Bac Ho da tiing r i t quan tam d i n cdng nghidp nang tU hdu san x u i t de e h i tao t u hdu san x u i t . B i c Hd ndi "mdt nUde ddc l i p i t phai ed edng nghidp n i n g " (Ho Chf Minh, t o i n t i p , t i p 7, t r 208) Dai hdi l i n thii III cua Dang n i m 1960 da xac dinh: "Kit hdp cdng nghidp vdi ndng nghidp v i l i y cdng nghidp nang l i m n i n tang Uu tidn p h i t trien cdng nghidp n i n g mdt each hdp ly, ddng thdi r a siic p h i t t r i i n ndng nghidp v i cdng nghidp nhe, n h a m b i l n nUde ta tii mdt nUde ndng nghidp lac h i u t h i n h mdt nUdc cd edng nghidp hidn dai v i ndng nghidp hidn dai"
(Vin kidn Dai hdi Ban C h i p h i n h Trung Udng Dang Lao ddng Viet Nam, X u i t b a n 1960, T l , t r 65).
Trong cdng nghidp n i n g thi cd khf c h i tao, trUde h i t l i ed khf c h i tao m i y ddng vai trd rUdng cdt, l i m ed sd giai phdng lao ddng, cho each mang v l n i n g s u i t lao ddng, khdng bi Id thudc v i o nUde ngoii, quylt dinh n i n kinh t l
NghiSn aiu Kinh t€'s6403 • Thiing 12/2011
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Q6\ mdi md hinh tang trudng
dpc lip, tu chii, quylt dinh ca cdng nghidp qud'c phdng.\ Chii trUdng, chfnh sich eiia Dang, N h i nUdc ciing da di cip din v i n di tren, the hidn trong chiin lU(?e phat triin kinh t l - x i h^i 2011-2020. Din nay, ca nUde cd khf e h i tao, ed khi didn t\t, cd khf chfnh xic phit triin chUa nhilu, ehUa manh, cdn chim tri. Trong khi ed hing chuc n h i miy san xuit d td m i lai nhip hing van d td, nhip phu tiing, linh kidn lap rap chiu t h u l cao so vdi d td nhip nguydn chile, i n h hudng din san xuit d td ndi dia, anh hudng din vifc lim v i thu nhip hing chuc nghin ngUdi lao ddng.
P h i t triin cdng nghidp e h i biln l i nhu ciu to Idn v i cip bich ddi vdi nUde ta: v l khoi lU(;tng Idn, nhilu chiing lo^i san phim, chit lUdng cao tU ndng, lim, thuy san v i khoing san; thu hiit dUde nhilu vide lim, kfch thfch md rdng tidu diing trong nUde v i t i n g cUdng xuit khiu.
Nhiing nam g i n day Viet Nam trd thanh mdt trong nhiing nUde cd kim ngach xuit k h i u ting cao, vdi san lUdng ngiy cing t i n g v i giii thii hang ciia t h i gidi cua nhilu mat hing chii liic nhU gao, ci phd, hat tieu, hat dilu, thiiy san, gd... NhUng v l cd ban xuit k h i u Viet Nam chiia mang lai Idi n h u i n cao nhu mong muon. Nguydn n h i n chu ylu do ning suit c h i biln thip, chi phf san xuit cao, chi phf mdi gidi Idn; p h i n Idn xuit k h i u nguyen hdu thd, san phim sd ehi; thu hoach, bao quan, c h i biln ehUa ddng bd; ning liic canh tranh v i gia canh tranh cdn thip;... do ehUa dUde quan t i m d i u tU vio cic khiu cd gia tri gia t i n g (edng nghd tidn tiln, thilt hi miy mdc hi^n dai, edng nghidp ho trd c h i biln v i bao quan t h i n h phim...) ndn phai 1^
thudc v i cac n h i d i u tU v i mdi gidi nUde ngoii d i n dat d i n din Iqti nhu$n thip, siic canh tranh ylu, Viet Nam hidn l i nUde san xuit ci phd Robusta Idn n h i t t h i gidi nhUng xuit k h i u 95% san lUdng c i phd nguyen hdu (ci phd nhan), ca nUde ed khoang 50 n h i miy e h i biln c i phd vdi to'ng cdng s u i t 80 nghin t i n nhiing ehi c h i biln dUde 3% san lUdng eua ea nUdc. Trong khi dd d Braxin 50% san lUdng ci phd thu hoach dUde e h i biln rdi
xuit khiu. TUdng tii h^t tidu trong san xuit v i xuit k h i u dUng h i n g d i u t h i gidi nhiing kha n i n g cfinh tranh cdn thua An D^. Theo khio s i t ciia Vi^n Nghidn ciiu quan I^ kinh t l trung Udng (CIEM) cdn cho thiy, trong 3 s i n phim mang l^i kim ng^ch xuit k h i u Idn cho nginh thiiy san, cd 70% san lU(^ng xuit k h u i n d dang sd chi, chi phf cao, chdnh l^ch Xt^i nhu$n khdng ding kl. G^o xuit khiu ciia Vi^t Nam diing thii 2 t h i gidi (sau Thai Lan).
Theo kinh nghidm Thai Lan, ngiy nay vdi cdng ngh^ v i dc sing tao, con ngUdi cd t h i dl ding chuyen doi h^t gao x u i t k h i u truyin thing t h i n h cic san p h i m h i n g hda khac c h i biln tii gao mang lai ngudn thu tot hdn cho ndng d i n v i cho d i t nUdc. De cd san lU(^ng Ilia gao ngiy cing ting, san phim chi biln tC( h^t gao ngiy cing phong phii, mpt m i t phai tilt ki^m trong san xuit, tidu diing v i xuit k h i u gao, tilt kidm t ^ g t i t dit.
rupng mit; m i t khic phai tiln manh ra bien, Idn riing di san xuit lim giiu. Xiy diing khu cdng nghidp, n h i may nhidt didn, s i n gdn, n h i miy l i p r i p xe miy da xdn di hlmg trim, hing n g i n hdc ta d i t giiia viing ddng bang rupng phi nhidu, m i u md l i khdng hdp ly; mdt sd' dia phUdng, ddn vi, n h i diu tif dudi mpi hinh thiie di chilm doat rupng, dit, m i g i n diy trong n i m 2010 cic cudc thanh tra nha nUde da k i t l u i n v i ydu ciu thu hdi trdn 2.000ha. Thiic te n i y cho t h i y mdt sii lang phf d i t k h i Idn khi khdng ft dia phUdng da san li'p h i n g t r i m ha d i t "bd xdi, rudng mit" dh quy hoach phat trien cum cdng nghidp (CCN) trong khi ty I9 l i p diy cac CCN cdn k h i t h i p .
Nhiing tdn tai tren chUa dUdc giai quylt, tfch tu t h i n h nguyen n h i n cd ban, siu xa, cdn tilm i n nhiing ylu to b i t on dinh kinh t l Vl md, tie ddng tieu ciic d i n tmh hinh kinh t l xa hdi n i m 2011. Mac dii, Chfnh phu da de ra Nghi quylt 11/NQ-CP vdi muc tieu liu tidn kim c h i lam phit, on dinh kinh t l vi md va bao dam an sinh xa hdi, da dat dUdc k i t qua budc diu. Tuy viy, tai hdi nghi tham vin cac dd'i t i c qud'c t l ve tinh hinh kinh t l vi md eua Vidt Nam d i u t h i n g 9-2011 (to chiic tai Viet
14
NghiSn ciiu Kinh t6's6403 - Thing 12/2011Dd'i mdi md hinh tang trudng ...
Nam) - cic n h i t i i trd, cac ehuydn gia kinh t l nUdc n g o i i cho rang, nhiing k i t qua bUde d i u cdn r i t mong manh, n i n tang kinh t l vl md eua Vidt Nam chUa dUde cai thidn m§t each c i n ban, lam phat v i lai s u i t cdn cao. Gia ca, du nd tin dung ngoai td tang manh, dii trut ngoai hdi t i n g nhUng cdn mdng. Ty Id nd x i u trong he thd'ng ngan h i n g cd nguy cd gia tang. Xip hang tin nhidm cua Vidt Nam trdn t h i trUdng t i i chfnh qud'c t l v i n chUa cai thidn v i cd the bi t u t hang.
3. Nhu^ng n h o m g i a i p h a p n h a m doi m d i m o h i n h t a n g t r U d n g , cd c a u l a i n i n k i n h t l
Doi mdi md hinh t i n g trUdng, ed ci'u lai n i n kinh t i e d pham vi, ndi h i m r i t rdng.
Vdi chii trUdng, chfnh s i c h v i giai phap hdn quan ndi dung dd'i mdi md h i n h t i n g t r u d i ^ , cd c i u lai n i n kinh t l da dUdc di c i p trong cic v i n kidn Dai hdi XI cua Dang, n h i t l i n a m quan diem p h i t trien, ba k h a u dot p h i eiia ehiln lUde. Tuy nhidn, tii thiic tien n i n kinh t l v i ydu c i u thiic hidn thang Idi Nghi quylt Dai hdi XI ciia Dang, chiing tdi xin dUdc cu the hda va ndu r a cac nhdm giai p h i p n h a m doi mdi md h i n h tang trUdng, cd c i u lai n i n kinh t l nhU sau:
1. Xay diing ehUdng trinh h i n h ddng thiic hidn Nghi quylt Dai hdi XI cua Dang, cd k l hoach, budc di cu the, t o i n didn, ddng bd, the hidn y chf q u y l t t a m cao, tfnh kha thi Idn v l chuyen dd'i md hinh t a n g trUdng, c i u t n i c lai n i n kinh t l theo hUdng e h i l n lUdc dUde x i c dinh, n h a m nang cao c h i t lUdng, hidu qua p h a t t r i i n kinh t l nhanh, b i n viing.
Bdn canh nhiing giai p h i p ngan han, mang tfnh "chiia tri trieu chiing", c i n nhiing giai phap d i i h a n mang tfnh hd thd'ng nhU:
n h a n h chdng t a i c i u true n i n kinh t l , d i y m a n h cai cich doanh nghidp n h i nUde, tai cd c i u hd thdng n g i n h i n g , d i u tU v i quan ly td't nd cdng; thiie hidn td't chfnh sach t i i chfnh t i l n td; t i p t r u n g thao gd khd k h i n cho san x u i t , n h i t la san x u i t ndng nghidp cho doanh nghidp viia v i nhd; d i y m a n h x u i t k h i u , giam n h i p sidu; t h u hiit d i u tU
nUde ngoii; d i e bidt quan t i m tdi cdng t i e bao dam a n sinh xa h d i Tao sii c i n bang giiia t i n g trUdng v i on djnh lau dii. C i n coi trpng on djnh kinh t l vl md l i y l u to tidn quylt de ed t i n g trUdng kinh t l . Tai c i u t n i c n i n kinh t l bao gdm n h i l u ndi dung n h a m thiic d i y chuyin dich ed c i u kinh t l theo hudng d i y m a n h CNH, HDH, tao ra n h i l u san p h i m cd kha n i n g canh t r a n h di cd the t h a m gia v i o mang san x u i t v i chudi g i i tri t o i n c i u . I n djnh xa hdi, bao dam a n ninh lUdng thiie v i cai thi^n ddi s i n g n h i n d i n . T i l p tuc doi mdi v i nang cao h i | u qua doanh nghidp n h i nUde, phat trien manh kinh t l d i n doanh. P h i t trien m a n h he thong p h i n phdi cua cac doanh nghidp trdn thj trUdng npi dja, md rdng thj trUdng x u i t k h i u , n i n g cao hidu qua d i u tU, N h i nUdc t i p trung d i u t u cho p h i t trien ngudn n h i n liic v i cic cdng trinh k i t c i u ha t i n g kinh t l , xa hdi t h i l t y l u . Huy ddng ngudn liic ciia cac t h i n h p h i n kinh t l , k h u y i n khfch d i u tU v i o cic n g i n h san x u i t , c i c san p h i m cd gia trj gia tang Idn, cac nganh edng nghidp hd trd, s^ dung edng nghd cao, cdng nghd sach. H a n c h i d i u t u vao eac n g i n h khai thac, sxt dung n h i l u tai nguydn, d i t dai, tieu hao n h i l u n i n g lUdng; khdng c h i p n h i n nhiing dii i n d i u tU edng nghd t h i p , g i y d nhiem mdi trUdng.
2. D i y m a n h phong t r i o "thi dua ydu nUdc", thiic hidn dan chu cd sd... di v i o chilu sau hdn, thiic c h i t hdn, ehing hinh thiic v i
"thUdng mai hda", n h a m chdng "tha hda", p h i t huy n i n g liic, trf tud cua con ngUdi Vidt Nam t h a m gia v i o t i l n trinh p h i t trien d i t nUdc, t i l n t r i n h p h i t trien kinh t l - xa h d i
Thiic hidn "cin kidm, hdm chfnh, chf cdng vd tu" theo Idi B i c Hd da c i n d i n . Mdi n g i n h , moi ci'p, tiing ddn vj v i mpi ngUdi phai cd f thiic tii giie t h i n h thdi quen thiic hidn t i l t kidm trong san x u i t , tieu diing v i s^ dung ngudn liic hidu qua, thiic diy, t i n g trudng b i n viing.
3. Su t i n g trudng kinh t l (GDP) diia trdn cd sd can dd'i k h a nang ngudn liic ddng gdp v i o q u i trinh t i n g trUdng, nhUng t i n g trUdng b i n viing mdi l i theo chilu s i u lai
NghiSn ciiu Kinh tS's6403 - Thing 12/2011
15
Dtfl mdi md hinh tang trudng
dUde t h i hi^n d chi so chit lUpng. Do v^y, xem xdt, danh gia tii sii k i t h(?p chi s i t i n g trudng v i chi so' nang suit cic n h i n td khdng dUde xem nhe, m i coi day l i nhiing chi so thudc do kit qua chit lU(?ng doi mdi md hinh, ciu tnic l^i n i n kinh tl; d l ra chi so so lUdng nhung phai di kdm chi s i chit lU<?ng (IC;OR,TFP...)
4. Hoin thidn, t h i c h i hda cic quan diim Nghi quylt, ehiln lU(?e p h i t trien kinh t l - xa hpi 2011 2020 do Dai hdi XI ciia Ding di ra, v l vide chuyin dd'i md hinh t i n g trUdng, cd ciu lai n i n kinh t l ; v l phit triin da dang cic hinh thiic sd hiiu, cic hinh thiic phin phdi.
Hoin thidn t h i c h i p h i t triin ddng bp cic ylu td' thj trudng v i cic loai thj trUdng, vilfa t u i n thii theo nhiing quy luit ciia kinh t l thj trudng, vUa diia trdn cd sd v i dU<?c d i n d i t chi phdi bdi cac nguydn tic v i ban chit ciia CNXH, kit hdp h i i hda p h i t trien kinh t l vdi cic v i n di xa hdi, giiia hpi n h i p kinh t l vdi ddc lip tu chii, chii quydn ciia qud'c gia.
5. Tilp tuc dd'i mdi tU duy, nang cao ning liic, hidu liic, hidu qua chiic n i n g quan ly n h i nUdc dd'i vdi n i n kinh t l thj trUdng djnh hudng XHCN; "Phai chuyin manh tii N h i nUde dilu h i n h n i n kinh t l sang N h i nUde kiln tao phit trien". P h i t huy Uu t h i vai trd cua N h i nUde phap quyIn XHCN, cic phUdng tidn, cdng cu kinh t l eiia N h i nUde de ning cao hidu liic, hidu qua quan ly, kiem soat, dilu tilt vl md n i n kinh tl, bao dam duy tri tfnh on djnh, t i n g trudng b i n viing.
Xiy diing the c h i de dam bao ydu ciu bp may chfnh quyIn cic cip trong s^ch, viing m^nh v l chfnh trj, tu tudng, to ehiie, phim chi't dao diic, trinh dp khoa hpc cdng ngh^, ning liic quan ly, quan trj n i n kinh t l thj trUdng djnh hudng XHCN theo hudng CNH, HDH gin vdi p h i t trien kinh t l tri thiic, kinh t l "sing tao".
6. Cin phai theo sit, b i m thiic tien hoat ddng kinh tl, diu tU nghien ciiu, sii dung hidu qua cdng cu chfnh sach kinh t l xa hdi di thiie diy qua trinh t i n g trUdng, tai ciu tnic n i n kinh t l v i npi bd cac nginh kinh t l .
Trong cic chfnh sich kinh t l xa hpi, d$c bi^t cin cd sU dd'i mdi cic chfnh sich vl sd hiiu toin d i n (sd hiiu n h i nUde) v l nhiing tU lidu san x u i t chii ylu, chfnh sieh v l thul, phf, d i t dai, d i u tu cdng, cung cip dich vij cdng,... n h i m khuyin khfch cd dilu ki$n d^
thiic diy cic doanh nghidp t i n g ty 1$ n^i dia hda s i n x u i t n h i m chuyin nen cdng nghi$p tvK gia cdng, lip r i p sang san xuat theo hudng t i i san x u i t md rdng khdng ngiing cua C.Mie phii h ^ vdi tinh hinh v i yeu ciu cua dit nUde hidn nay.
7. Sii dung cic phUdng ti^n, cdng cu kinh t l ciia N h i nUde de d i n dit, dilu tilt vi han c h i nhiing khuylt t i t ciia thj trUdng.
P h i p luit, chfnh sich, t h i c h i kinh tl ciia N h i nUdc da di ra phai dU^ tdn trong, giii viing ky cUdng trong thiic hifn v i luon theo sat thiic tien de bo sung, dilu chinh thfch hdp, t i c dung tich cUc d i n phat triin kinh t l - x i hdi v i cudc sing nhan dan.
Quy hoach k l hoach ddi hdi phai toki didn, ddng bd, cic bUdc thiic hien cd hdn quan chit che giiia d i i han, trung han v i ngan han; hen quan d i n p h i n bo ngudn liic h ^ Iy khap d i t nUdc, hen quan den san xuit, phan phdi lUu thdng v i tidu diing; phuc vu ydu clu dd thj hda, cdng nghidp ^da, hi^n dai h6a ndng nghidp, ndng thdn; khic phuc cich bi§t giiia t h i n h thi v i ndng thdn, miln xudi miln niii; hen quan d i n kinh t l • quoc phdng, an ninh... D i d 6 i liic c i n xiy dUng "chuoi"
quy ho^ch thdng n h i t tii trung Udng dea dk phUdng cd sU g i n k i t hdn h o i n v l quy hoadi tong thi. Khdng phai d l cac dia phUdng
"khoin d i t v i cho thud dit", "manh ai niy lim". Xac djnh ro nhiing npi dung kinh te • xa hdi m i m l i cip chinh quyIn cin hoach djnh, ddng thdi tfnh t o i n sU c i n thilt ddivdi ngudn liic tUdng iing cic muc tidu da diidc xic djnh n h i m djnh hudng, d i n dat thj trudng p h i t triin; chi d i n v i dii bao cac n h i n td' anh hudng cic muc tieu phat triin nham djnh hUdng ho^t dpng cho cac doanh nghidp; cho cic chi tidu phat trien b i n viing nhu cic chi tidu v l phat trien chit lUdng, chi tidu v l an sinh xa h^i, mdi trudng...
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NghlSn ciiu Kinh ts',6^^7rh^;;^^^^Dd1 mdi md hinh tang trudng ...
Tai chfnh, t i l n td: c i u t n i c lai hd thd'ng t i i chfnh, n g i n h i n g , t i l p tuc x i y diing, h o i n thidn he thd'ng ed e h i t i i ehmh, t i l n t | , tfn
dung v i ngoai hdi phii hdp vdi n h u c i u phat tridn eua qud'c gia v i tidu c h u i n , thdng Id cua qud'c t l n h a m n i n g cao c h i t lUdng t i n g trudng, bao dam sU p h i t t r i i n a n t o i n , l i n h m a n h eua n i n kinh t l .
K i t hdp c h i t chd giiia chfnh sach t i i khda v i chfnh sich t i l n t^. Chii dpng, linh hoat d i l u h i n h chfnh sich, n h i t l i chfnh s i c h t i i khda, t h u l , cd c h i quan ly g i i , lai s u i t tfn dung theo nguydn t i e thj trUdng. Kidn t o i n cdng t i c t h a n h tra, g i i m s i t t i i chfnh, tfn dung, bao dam cic chi sd' nd d miic an toin, bao dam v l n vay cd hidu qua.
Phat huy vai trd, vj trf, bao dam quyIn t u do kinh doanh diing hUdng, binh dang, n i n g cao n i n g liic canh t r a n h l i n h m a n h ciia cac to chiic kinh t l , t h i n h p h i n kinh t l ciLng gdp p h i n v i o siic m a n h v i t c h i t d i l u t i l t vi md n i n kinh t l , theo dinh hUdng xa hpi chu nghia. Trong dd, t i l p tue doi mdi m a n h me v i nang cao hidu qua hoat ddng ciia doanh nghidp n h i nUdc, n h i t la cac t i p doin, tdng edng ty v i ngUdi diing d i u chju trach nhidm ciia mmh l i "diu t i u " , la " t i m gUdng", la liic lUdng v i t c h i t quan trpng cua Nha nUdc trong vide d i n dat, dieu t i l t n i n kinh t l theo djnh hudng.
8. Khac phuc tinh t r a n g d i u tU d i n trai, chia eat, c i n phai c h u y i n djch tU cd c i u kinh t l dja phUdng sang cd c i u kinh t l viing v i mdi quan he t h i n g n h i t khdng mau t h u i n gifla cd c i u kinh t l dja phUdng, cd c i u kinh t l viing vdi cd c i u kinh t l e a nUdc.
Chuyen djdi cd c i u kinh t l c i n n h i n d quy md n i n kinh t l qud'c gia v i cac v ^ g kinh t l , k h u kinh t l trpng diem de ed sUe m a n h eua hdn k i t viing v i chiic n i n g kinh t l cua chfnh quyIn (ha phUdng. L i y cac dd thj Idn cd n i n kinh t l h i n g hda p h i t trien ( H i Ndi, T h i n h pho Hd Chf Minh, D i Nang, Hai Phong, C i n Thd, Viing T i u , Vinh,...) l i m "hat n h i n "
trong mdi quan hd "mang tfnh cd ciu" eua viaig kinh t l trpng diem, cd chfnh sach v i cd
c h i dilu h i n h , t^o ddng liic cho sii p h i t trien kinh t l cua ca viing, txing dja phUdng, khdng triing lap nhidm vu do t r u n g Udng thiic hidn vdi nhidm vu dUde giao cho dja phUdng thiic hidn v i cdng vide giiia cic c i p chfnh quyIn trong pham vi mdt dja phUdng vdi nhau...nham t r i n h sii diln d i y t r i c h nhidm, diia d i m nhau, chdng chdo l i n Idn, can trd trong hoat ddng. Khi da tao sU chu ddng cho chfnh quyen c i p dUdi, thi nhidm vu chfnh y l u ciia chfnh quyIn c i p trdn l i b a n h i n h eac quy dinh v i kiem tra, g i i m sat vide t u i n
thii.
9. Doi mdi t o i n d i | n v i phat trien n h a n h giio due v i d i o tao, p h i t trien v i n i n g cao c h i t lU^ng ngudn n h i n liic, n h i t l i ngudn n h i n liic c h i t lUdng cao l i mdt dot p h i chilm lUdc l i y l u td' q u y l t djnh d i y manh p h i t t r i i n v i iing dung khoa hpc, cdng nghd, cd c i u lai n i n kinh t l , c h u y i n doi md hinh t i n g trudng v i l i Idi t h i canh t r a n h quan trpng n h i t , bao dam cho p h i t trien nhanh, hidu qua v i b i n viing.
D i o tao ngudn n h a n liic d i p iing ydu c i u da dang, da t i n g cua cdng nghd v i trinh dp phat t r i i n eua c i c Hnh viic, n g i n h n g h i , n i n g cao t r i c h nhidm, thiic hidn hdn k i t v i cd cd e h i hdp ddng d i u v i o v i d i u r a giiia c i c doanh nghidp, cd sd sii dung lao ddng, cd sd d i o tao v i N h i nUde de p h i t trien ngudn n h i n lUe theo n h u c i u xa h d i / .
T A I LifiU THAM K H A O :
H6 Chf Minh, toka tap, tap 7
- Cic van kifin Dai h6i Dang c6ng san Viet Nam: HI, V, VI, VII, VIII, DC, X, XI
Nghj quyfit XI cua Chinh phu vi nhihig giai phip ch.il y€^u tap tning kim chlf Iam phdt, dn dinh kinh t€f vi md, b^o diim an sinh xa hdi.
Bdo Nhan Dan s6 agky: 16-2; 23-2; 27-6; 31-7- 2011); Nhan dan cudi tudn s6 31, ngay 31-7-2011; Nhan dan hang thdng s5 170 - thdng 6-2011; Thoi nay s£f 143
agky 23-5-2011; Tap chi Bdo edo vien ciia Ban Tuyen gido trung uong sd 6-2011.
NghiSn ciiu Kinh tS'so403 - Thing 12/2011
