Tai cdu true kinh te, doi mdi mo tiTnh tang trudng tren co sd Ichoi ttiac, phat huy tiem nang, loi the
H O A N G SY D O N G
%ghiin ciiu kinh nghiim qudc teve tdi cdu true kinh te, dot mdi md hinh tdng trixdngvh
•• van diing vdo Viet Nam, bdi viei de xudt y tiedng vd giai phdp ddy manh tdi cdu true kinh tivd doi mdi mo hinh tdng triidng d Viet Nam, nham phdt huy tiem ndng, lOi thi'dethk hien thdnh cong cong nghiep hoa trong bdi canh hoi nhdp kinh tequoc te.
1. L y d o t a i c a u t r l i c k i n h t e , d o i n i 6 i m d h i n h t a n g triiofng c h u n g dfe' c d n g n g h i e p h o a , t r o n g b o i c a n h m d i
dia chinh t r i q u a n t r p n g t r o n g khu viic, tUdng dd'i giau ed vd t a i nguydn. Dan toe Viet N a m c h a m chi, cd k h a n a n g t r e n nhieu linh viic nhifngqud'e gia v a n phai xin vien trd, d a n t a v a n ngheo.
HINH 1: Mo p h o n g t a n g triidfng k i n h t e , I C O R , g i a
2 0 - I S - 1 0
5 -
, .,«
111f ITI1111
- 1 2 0 - 1 0 0 - s o - 6 0 - 4 0 - 2 0
t r i x u a t k h a u v a C P I
Tang trudng GDP CPI
Hinh 1 cho tha'y: 1) t a n g trUdng kinh te' (TTKT) tic n a m 2006 den nay giam xud'ng; 2) cbi tieu phan a n h hieu qua dau tU (ICOR) cao; 3) chi sd' CPI eao; 4) gia tri xua't khdu tang tuy nhien gia tri gia t a n g tha'p.
N h u vay, ca'u true nen kinh te lac h a u , tang trUdng chu yeu diia tren gia t a n g ve lUdng va nang sua't tha'p, chUa k h a i thac, phat huy dupc tiem nang, Ipi the', la thach thiic gay gat cho t a n g triidng va p h a t trien, trong khi dp md cua nen kinh te'ldn.
Ve tdi chinh, ngan hdng thi: tra lUdng tha'p. thue eao thieu khoan siic dan, doanh
nghiep, lai sua't eao, chUa minh bach, g§y h a u qua nghiem trpng dd'i vdi san xua't, lam rad't siic sang tao ciia ngiidi lao dpng. Veu kem ve q u a n ly: ehuyen gia, tha't t h u thue, ca doanh nghiep FDI va t h a m h u t thUdng 11191 Idn vdi T r u n g Qud'c.
Phdt trien sdn xudt, dich vu: chUa xac dinh san p h a m chii liic qud'c gia de tap trung d a u t u va ddi mdi md h i n h t a n g triidng, troi^
chudi gia tri toan cdu. Ngudn t h u n h a Toi^
chu ye'u tit k h a i thac, b a n tai nguydn, dfic biet la dau khi, da't dai. Theo Tong cue T h M Hoang Sy Dpng. PGS.TS., B6 K(- hoach va d5u VU.
Tdi cau true kinh t e , . . .
ke, n a m 2008 t h u d^u k h i la 88.800 t y ddng va da^t dai la 38.202 t y ddng, ehi^m 2 1 , 3 % va chi^m 9,2% td'ng t h u n g a n sach, nbiing N h a nUdc p h a i diu t u Idn giai quyet h a u qua.
Ket ca'u h a t ^ n g yeu k e m tii dudng cao tdc, cang edngtend, s a n bay quoc te, tdi dd thi t r p n g diem, k h u k i n h t e . . . , can trd t a n g t r u d n g k i n h te, p h a t t r i e n bd'n viing. Ma't can doi Idn giiia ngudi tdt nghiep dai hpc va td't nghiep t r u d n g n g h e .
So sdnh hieu qud nen kinh te, ddu tit, ndng sudt lao dong: hieu qua p h a t t r i e n n i n k i n h te' cua Viet N a m tha'p, t h a m chi tdi 300 l a n so vdi H a n Qud'c ciing giai doan p h a t t r i e n (theo GS.TS Kim S a n g Tea (2011)) va tha'p hdn ngay dd'i vdi n e n k i n h te' Thai Lan, Malaixia... N a n g sud't tong hdp ddng gdp vao t a n g t r u d n g GDP d H a n Qudc k h o a n g 38% (Tai h e u he t h d n g ddi mdi qudc gia ve khoa hpc va cdng nghd, Dai hpc qudc gia Seoul 2010), trong khi h Viet Nam ehi k h o a n g 14-16% thdi ky 2000-2012 (Bao eao de an Kinh te' t r i thUc), n a n g sua't n g d n b IT tha'p hdn 30 lan so vdi Thai Lan hien nay. Gia tri gia t a n g san p h a m chu liic qud'c gia xud't k h a u eua Viet N a m tha'p (det may chiem k h o a n g 20%, da giay tUdng tii, dien txi dudi 10%) va (gao, ca phd...) gia tri t h u dupc deu tha'p bdn k h o a n g 10% so eiing loai s a n ph^m vdi cac nUdc canh t r a n h . Da't nudc nhieu thfing canh, lich sii van hda giau cd nhUng t h u hiit dUde it khach du lich.
Bdi canh qudc te: toan eau hda trd t h a n h xu the va canh t r a n h , d a n xen bao hd m a u dich dien r a rd't phUc t a p . Dac trUng can ban la md ciia thi trudng, tiep can ngudn vd'n va khoa hpc va edng nghd n h a n h de eac qud'c gia day m a n h edng nghiep hda, t h u dupc Ipi ich.
Cac qud'c gia Idn nhU My, N h a t Ban, Phap, nude mdi ndi la Nga, T r u n g Qud'c va nude dang p h a t trien ngheo nhU Cuba...
deu dang t a p t r u n g tai cau true kinh te. ddi mdi md h i n h t a n g t r u d n g de khac phuc cac ban che eiia minh. S a n p h a m chii lUc qudc
gia t h a m gia chudi gia tri toan cdu, m a n g san xua't, d u a t r e n cd sd k h a i thac, p h a t h u y tiem n a n g , Idi the' nhd ddi mdi cdng nghe, t h u gid tri gia t a n g cao, la bieu hien cao eua t a i ca'u triie k i n h te', doi mdi md h i n h t a n g trUdng.
2. T i n h h i n h n g h i e n ctJfu t a i c a u t r u e k i n h t e , d o i m d i m o h i n h t a n g trtfdfng of t r o n g niidfc v a m o t so' nifdfc t r e n t h e g i d i
2.1. Tinh hinh nghien ciJCu trong nitdc
Khdt quat chung: hien nay, cac n h a nghien cUu, n h a q u a n ly chUa di de'n thd'ng nha't ndi d u n g b a n chat va md'i q u a n he gifia t a i ca'u t r u e kinh te' vdi ddi mdi md h i n h t a n g trUdng ndi chung. Tham chi, cac n h a khoa hpe, cac n h a q u a n ly de cap den t a i ca'u triic kinh te, ddi mdi md hinh t a n g trudng vdi cae ndi d u n g khac n h a u , thieu p h a n ca'p va chUa de cap tdi lao ddng, doanh nghiep FDI, san p h a m chu liic trong chudi gia tri toan eau...
Tinh hinh cti the:
De an tai cd'u triic kinh te' gan vdi chuyen dd'i md hinh t a n g trudng theo hudng nang cao chd't lUpng, hieu qua va nang liic canh t r a n h giai doan 2013-2020 dUdc Thu tudng phe duyet. Ndi dung dua r a trong De an nay tU quan diem, muc tieu de'n dinh hudng, giai p h a p deu t a p t r u n g vao 3 ndi dung da dUpc nhieu ngUdi b a n luan la dau t u cdng. tai chinh ngan h a n g va doanh nghiep n h a nUde.
Nganh edng thUdng; ndi dung tai ca'u triic kinh te, ddi mdi md hinh t a n g trUdng cd de cap de'n cac p h a n nganh va nang cao n a n g suat, td chUe khdng gian, lai thie'u lao ddng... va giai phap ciing chUa thuye't phuc.
- Nganh ndng nghiep, theo TS. Dang Kim Sdn thi nganh nay t a p t r u n g vao 3 ndi dung la md thi trUdng, ddi mdi khoa hoc va cdng nghe va cai each the che.
Nghien cUu Quyet dinh sd 899/QD-TTG ciia Thu tudng Chinh phii cho tha'y ndi ham
Nghiin cuv Kinh l4s6 435 • Thing 8/2014 23
Tai cau true liinli t^,
tai ed ca'u n g a n h ndng nghiep theo h u d n g n a n g cao gia t r i gia t a n g va p h a t t r i e n b e n viing dd cap de'n nhidu ndi dung hdn (phat trien ben viing...), lai thid'u trpng t a m .
Tinh hinh trien khai thiic tlin trong nUdc:
viec cham p h a t hien (le r a thiic hien tU n a m 2006) va chUa dUa r a ndi dung day du, q u a n hd bien chUng ndi dung t a i ca'u triic k i n h te', ddi mdi md hinh t a n g trUdng theo ed sd k h o a hpc ehung. Khi da ed Nghi quye't t r u n g Udng III va Quyet dinh phe duyet Dd an t a i ed ca'u kinh td' g^n vdi ddi mdi md h i n h t a n g trUdng cua Thii tUdng Chinh phu n e u tren, eac bd, n g a n h va nhd't la doanh nghiep, cd q u a n nghien cUu van chUa t h a t sU vao cudc.
6 thdi diem cu the, vide tai ca'u triic d a u tu, tai ca'u triic ngan h a n g va tai ca'u triic doanh nghiep n h a nUdc la q u a n trpng. Vi vay, Viet N a m da va dang thiic hien tai ca'u triic d i u t u bang xay diing, dUa vao thiie hidn Nghi dinh 1792..., tai ca'u true tai chinh ngan h a n g la sap n h a p n g a n h a n g . . . va tai ca'u t n i c mdt so' doanh nghiep n h a nUdc ehi la budc dku, lai thie'u nghien eUu ly l u a n va khao sat thiic tidn.
De'n nay, Viet Nam ehUa n h a n thUc diing b a n cha't cua tai ca'u triic kinh te' va vide lam nay trong tinh hinh hien nay p h a i di ddi vdi ddi mdi md hinh t a n g trudng. Hdn niia, Viet Nam phai lam toan dien, cd Idgic va thiic tien vi khd'i nganh san xua't, nha't la cac doanh nghiep ca trong nUde va FDI nhU hien nay thi CNH ra't khd trd t h a n h hien thiic, trong khi dich vu, nha't la tai chinh, ngan h a n g kinh doanh t h u Ipi n h u a n cao.
Dac biet. ne'u Viet Nam khdng t h a y ddi h a n trong each sii dung, dao tao va t r a lUdng cho lao dpng, nha't la lao ddng t r i n h dp eao, t h i ta't ea nhiing ndi dung can phai thUc Men de tai ca'u true kinh te, ddi mdi md h i n h t a n g trUdng ...trd nen xa vdi, trong bd'i canh toan cau hda va hdi n h a p qud'c te.
Tdm lai, n h a n thUc, hieu bie't ve ca'u triic nen kinh te', md h i n h t a n g trUdng cdn b a n che', chua t h a y md'i quan he bien chting ciia chiing va viec trien k h a i ndi dung nay vao
thiie t i l n , cu t h e cdng t a c d i i u h a n h chUa d a p ting y e u eau doi mdi, hoi n h a p .
2.2. Mot sd kei qud nghiin citu tren the gidi
Nghidn ciiu t a i lidu k h u viic C h a u Au sau D a i chien thd' gidi \kn thdt II, d Irac sau chie'n t r a n h v u n g Vinh, d Bdxnia... va nhsft la k h a o s a t b H a n Qud'c, N h a t B a n ve tai c^u t r u e k i n h te, ddi mdi md h i n h t a n g trufing t r o n g bd'i c a n h t o a n cau hda, ndi dung nay dUdc de cap t h e e eac Idp, chiing tdi tdm litcic n h u sau:
- Ldp thiC nhdt: vdi 2 ndi dung la diu tit va lao ddng (xem la ndi d u n g m a khdng phai chi la giai p h a p ) .
- Ldp thii hai: ciing vdi h a i ndi dung ciin p h a i t h u c t h i la cdc n g a n h san xua't va eac n g a n h dich vu.
- Ldp thd ba: la doanh nghidp trong niidc, t r o n g do cd doanh nghiep n h a nUdc va doanh nghiep FDI.
- Ldp thii tU: nha'n m a n h p h a t tri^n san xua't, dich v u cua cae s a n p h a m chu liic quoc gia, d a t t r o n g chudi gia t r i toan cau, mang san xua't.
Ta't nhien, cac n g h i e n citu n a y nham lam rd b a n cha't va t i n h h i n h cu thd de dUa ra cae giai p h a p thiic hien t a i ca'u triic kinh tl, ddi mdi md h i n h t a n g trUdng.
Dac biet, ddu n a m 2012, tai Vien Chig'n lUpc p h a t trien, chiing tdi lam viec vft GS.TS J a m e , Dai hpe J o h n s Hopkings My, dng cho r a n g , Viet N a m d u a r a tai ca'u tnic, ddi mdi md h i n h t a n g t r u d n g la hdp ly. Theo dng, cac ndi d u n g dUa r a cimg mdt so giai p h a p chUa t h u y e t phuc, n h a t la ehUa de c&p tdi t a i ca'u triic lao ddng (vi suy cho cung lao ddng quyd't dinh t a o r a chat lUpng tSng t r u d n g va p h a t trien vi con ngUdi).
3 . P h a n t i c h , d a n h g i a v e g i a tri ^ t a n g s a n p h a m c h u liic n g a n h sao x u a t t r o n g b o i c a n h mdi 3.1. Danh muc sdn pham chu lUc xtm khau
Liia ehpn danh mue cae san ph^m d bang 1-
24 NghiSn aiu Kmh t4siS435 - Thing 8/20i*
Til ciu true kinh 1^..
STT
;
1.1
1.1.1
1.12
1.13 1.1.4 I.U 1.1.6
13
1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4 1.2.5 1.2.6 1.2.7
2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Ii 2.6
BANG 1: G i a t r i s a n x u a t , g i a S ^ p h ^ cbu luc
xu^t kliiu qu6c gia San ph&n ng&nh cdng nghiep Gid tri sdn xuat mot sii sdn phiim chu tac
San xu^t vk p h ^ phdi dian, khi 6&U nil6c nong, hoi niAK San xuilt may moc thi^t bi chua duoc ph9n vaodfku San xuSt xe c6 ddng CO, ro mode Cdng nghiep chtf bi^nch^taoldiac Khai thSc quang kim loai SSn xuait hod ehdt vk ski phdm hod ehdt Gid tri xa& khda mdt sd sdn phdm chu lac DduthO Thandd Mdy tinh vd linh k i ^
Difin thoai vd linh kign
Sdn p h ^ tit plastic Gidy d^p Det may Gid tri xudi tthdu mdt sd sdn pham chu lite ngdnh ndng nghiip Cdphe Caosu Gao Hatdt^u Gd vd san phdm gd Hdng Ihijy sdn
Donvi
Tyd6ng
Tyd6ng
TydSng Tyddng
Tyd6ng Tyddng
Trieu USD Trieu USD Trieu USD Trieu USD Trieu USD Trieu USD Trieu USD
Trieu USD Trieu USD Trieu USD Trieu USD Trieu u a 5 Trieu USD
tri xuat k h a u mot so san ph G i i tri v^ g i i tri xudt k h i u theo thcfi gian 2000
3.502,70 94 788,6
95,5 1.471,70 1.891,90
501,4 166 311,4 311,4 1.478 JO
2005
54601,3
11.459,70
28.465,50 6612,30 1441,20 46641,30
7.373,50 669,9 1.427,40 10.4 357,7 3.038,80 4.772,40
740,3 803,6 1.408,40 1.561,40 1.561,40 2.732,50
2010
132501,2
32.936,80
85.412,50 31873,80 5499,00 137122,30
5.023,50 1.614,60 3.590,10 2.307,30 1.030,20 5.123,30 11.209,80
851,4 2.386,20 3.249,50 3.444,50 3.444.50 5.016.90
2012
190936,5
43.356,20
130.190,50 34315,70 13298,30 205032,50
8.211,90 1.238,90 7.837,80 12.716,70 1.595,50 7.261,90 15.090,20
3.672,80 2.859,80 3.672,80 1.470,30 4.665,20 6.088,50
a m c h u l i ^ c Tdng tnrong (%/nam) 2001-
2010
103,7 132,9 116,4
126,9 1133 119,5
105.4 130,5
1272 127,2 113,0
2011- 2012
20,0
14,7
23,5 3,8 55,5 22,3
27,9 -12,4 47,8 134.8 24,4 19,1 16,0
107,7 9,5 6,3 -34,7 16,4 10,2
2001- 2012
7,4 24,0 21,1
26,4 142 18,9
18,1 26,8
13,8 25,3 12.5 Ngudn. Tdng hop Nifin gi^m Ih6ng ke qua cic nam.
Nghiin cOu Kinh tgs6435 • Thing 8/2014
Tai cau true kinh te,.
3.2. Danh gid gid tri gia tdng sdn pham ehu lUc qudc gia xudt khau nganh sdn xudt trong bdi canh todn cdu hoa, hoi nhap quoc te
3.2. L Sdn pham nong sdn chu litc qudc gia xudt khau
Gia t r i gia t a n g s a n p h a m n d n g s a n Viet
N a m hien n a y d a r ^ d mfle t h a p va cd sU tSng trudng khdng on dinh trong giai doan 200^
2012. Theo bao cao cua Ngan h a n g Th^ gidi n a m 2012 cho thay, p h a n t r a m gia tri gia tfing cua n g a n h n a y so vdi GDP n a m 2002 dat 22,54%, den n a m 2010 chi cdn 20,58%, va nam 2012 giam xuong miie tha'p nh^t dat 19,66%. \ HINH 2: H i e n t r a n g g i a t r i g i a t a n g n o n g s a n g i a i d o a n 2002-2012
Nguon. WBreport2012.
H o p 1: G i a t r i g i a t a n g s a n p h a m x u a t k h a u c h u hie q u o c g i a : g a o , c a phd
* Bdi vdi gao: nghien eUu chudi lua gao x u ^ t k h a u ddng bang sdng Ciiu Long tha'y rang, ho ndng d a n dUde hudng 34% gia tri gia tang, cdn doanh nghidp t h u gom la 19%, chd' bid'n vln chuyen chie'm 18%, xua't k h a u chie'm 29%.
* Bdi vdi cd phe: chuoi gia tri eiia m a t hang ea phe eua Vidt Nam t r e n 3 k h a u vdi cae cdng doan cu the nhU sau:
SO DO 1: C h u o i g i a t r i m a t h a n g c a p h e V i e t N a m
Siin xuat
• Gidng
• Cham s6c
• Thu hoach ' Bdo quan
Thu mua va che bien - Phan loai
• Che bien
^
Marketing vk phSn phdi
• Mari<eting
• Xuat l<hau
• P h a n phdi {ban I g . x u l t k h ^ u )
Theo dd, hd ndng d a n dUde hudng gan 30% gia tri gia tang, cdn doanh nghiep t h u gom xSfp XI 20%, che' bid'n van chuydn chie'm la 20%, xuat k h a u chie'm khoang 30%.
Gia tri gia tang eua ndng san Viet Nam vSn tha'p so vdi cae niidc t r e n the' gidi nhii: Thai Lan, An Do do chat lUdng, ehi phi t r u n g gian eao, marketing, p h a n phd'i ye'u.
Ty le gia tri gia t a n g so vdi tdng gia tri san xua't ndng san cung giam, tii 66,35% n a m 2000, xudng 58,8% n a m 2012.
3.2.2. Ddi vdi sdn pham cong nghiep chu lite xudt khau
P h a n tich chudi gia tri san pham xuat k h a u chu luc qud'c gia cho tha'y, didn bi^n gi^
tri gia t a n g trong tiing k h a u , cu t h e : Thuang ngudn: thie't ke la k h a u m a i ^ ¥ gia tri gia tang eao thi chiing ta chi dCCng l^i^
26 Nghiin ciiu Kinh t6s6435 - Thing 8/20U
Til c^u true kinli te.
miic "hoc hoi"; da gi^y, det m a y t h i 60-70%
n g u y e n lieu p h u thuoc vao nudc ngoai, da p h d n la tii T r u n g Quoc.
Trung nguon: s a n p h d m c h u liic xua't k h ^ u cong n g h i e p Viet N a m cd gia t r i gia t a n g t h ^ p vi chu yd'u la gia cdng, l a p r a p ; viec xay d u n g n h i l u cac k h u edng n g h i e p , cum cdng nghidp... nhiing lai t h i e u lien ke't
h i n h t h a n h cac cum tUdng hd de c a n h t r a n h t r o n g chudi gia t r i t o a n eau, m a n g s a n xua't.
Ha nguon: p h a n Idn cac s a n p h a m lam r a theo d a t h a n g cua dd'i tac; cac s a n p h a m the' m a n h nhU q u a n ao, da gi^y, viec d a u tU vao M a r k e t i n g va p h a n phdi cua doanh nghiep Viet N a m r a t ydu.
H o p 2 : G i a t r i g i a t a n g s a n p h a m x u a t k h a u c h u li^c q u o c g i a : d e t m a y , d a g i a y
*D6i vdi sdn pham det may: day la san p h a m cd toe do t a n g trudng cao nhieu n a m , giii vi t r i h a n g ddu vi gia tri xueft k h d u cua Viet Nam. Gia tri gia t a n g cua cac san pham may mac xua!t k h d u t r u n g binh chidm khoang 18-20%.
Theo Hidp hdi Det may Viet Nam, n a m 2012 n h u eau ddi vdi cac loai vai khoang 6,8 ty met, trong khi nudc t a chi san xu^t la 0,8 ty met, keo theo nhap k h a u tdi 88% tdng nhu eau. Td'ng khd'i lUdng n h a p k h ^ u xd, sdi cac loai la 220.000 ta'n, chid'm tdi 54% tong n h u cau sii dung.
* Ddi vdi sdn pham da giay: deu phai n h a p k h a u nguyen vat heu, miic ehi phi binh quan len tdi 65-70% t r e n tong gia t h a n h san ph^m. Ve k h a u san xua't, day la khau ed ty sud't Idi nhu^n tha!p nha't trong chudi gia tri (chi khoang 5-10%), tin tdi 90% sd lifdng doanh nghiep tap trung vao cdng doan nay.
Ne'u ehi quan t a m dd'n gia tri gia tang ve kinh td' la chiia dii vi trii ehi phi xii ly mdi trudng, n h i l u khi idi n h u a n hi am va d qud'c
gia trinh do tha'p, dan sd' ddng va lao ddng nhilu, gia re, gia thue da't re la mdt Idi thd' canh t r a n h va n h a d i u tU quan tdm.
H o p 3 : G i a t r i t o n g thd' s a n p h a m xe m a y V i e t N a m
Gia tri gia t a n g thee 2 loai gia (gia t h a n h , gia xua't khau) cua Viet Nam, Viet Nam la 1 trong 5 qud'c gia xua't k h ^ u xe may trong chudi gia tri toan cau, mang san xua't.
HINH 3: M o p h o n g g i a t r i g i a t a n g t h e o 2 l o a i g i a , t h e o c h u o i gia t r i
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• Gii thdnh
Gia thud da't re cua doanh nghidp d Viet Nam chid'm gia tri khoang 40% do t h a n h cdng d k h a u ndi dia hda. P h a t trie'n cac khu edng nghidp, cum cdng nghidp gdp phan sii dung chung ket ca'u h a tdng vk ddn tdi tiet kiem dUdc tai nguyen va ap dung tieu chuan EURO 3, gdp phdn q u a n trong cai thidn mdi trUdng, nhiing k h a u thiet ke, marketing, xua't k h a u cdn quan tfim hdn.
T h a n h cdng xe may Vidt Nam do: 1/ khdng hi tae ddng xa'u eua chinh sach n h u dtd; 2/ thi trudng Idn vi Nha nUdc chua lo dUdc va'n de di lai cho dan; 3/ cdng nghd t r u n g binh phii hdp t n n h dd Vi^t Nam; 4/ lao dpng n h i l u , t h u e da't gia re.
Nghiin cOU Kinh f4sa435 • Thing 8/2014 27
W\ eau trfic kinh t^,
4. D e x u a t t a i caii triic k i n h t e , d o i mdi m o h i n h t a n g trvfdfng d e c o n g n g h i e p h o a n h a m k h a i t h a c p h a t h u y t i l m n a n g , led t h e t r o n g bd'i c a n h mdi
4.1. Nguyen tdc, noi dung vd mdi quan he tdi cdu true kinh te, ddi mdi mo hinh tdng trudng
4.1.1. Nguyen tac chung
Thii nhdt, tai eau t n i c kinh td', ddi mdi mo hinh t a n g trudng la ed sd quyd't dinh tao r a chat lUdng t a n g trUdng kinh td' mdi va gia tri gia t a n g cao diia t r e n n a n g suat, hieu qua va chat lUdng.
ThU hai, trong thdi ky CNH, san xuat, dich vu thuc hien bang phUdng thUe cdng nghidp, trong dd nganh san xuat ed vai trd quyet dinh SO DO 2: Mo p h o n g t a i cli'u t r i i c k i n h
trdn cd sd t r a lUdng theo k h a n a n g va lai suSt ngSn h a n g t h a p cho s a n xua't.
Thi^ ba, thdi ky t o a n cdu hda, san xuSl, k i n h doanh s a n p h ^ m c h u liic bdng cdng nghe tien tien, t h a n thidn mdi trudng va co n a n g s u a t , c h a t lUdng cao, t h a m gia chudi gi^
t r i toan cau, m a n g s a n xua't nhd p h a t huy lgi thd', t h u gia t r i cao.
4.1.2. Ndi dung, mdi quan he tdi cdu trik kinh te, ddi mdi mo hinh tdng triidng de CNH, ddt trong bd'i canh mdi
• Vi noi dung: de n h a n didn ro ndi ham, mdi q u a n hd va p h a n a n h sU khac bidt vdi cac nghien eUu khac trong nUdc, chiing tdi tnnh bay theo 4 ca'p n h d m lam ro hdn ndi dimg cat loi ve 2 va'n de n a y de CNH qud'c gia, trong bd'i canh mdi.
t e , d o i m d i m o h i n h t a n g t r i f d n g c h u n g Tai cau true kinh t^, dot mdi mo hinh tSng trudng chung
IL:
C^pl
cap 2
Diu t l / chung
Nginh sSn xuat (cong nghiep va ndng nghi$p)
E
Lao ddng chung
Ca'p 3 Doanh nghiep trong ni/dc U-
Nganh djch vu {tei chinh. ngan h^ng)
t
Doanh nghiep FDI
ca'p 4 Chuoi gia trj toan clu, mang shn xuat san pham chO iiTC qudc gia N h u vay, tai ca'u t n i c kinh te', doi mdi md
hinh t a n g trudng qud'c gia dUde p h a n ca'p nhU vay de cd nhUng giai phap phu hdp, theo do:
- O ca'p thii nha't: qud'c gia mud'n tai ca'u t n i c kinh te, doi mdi md hinh t a n g trUdng de CNH da't nudc, can tai ca'u t n i c dau t u va tai ca'u t n i c lao ddng (thanh p h a n ndi tai chii khdng chi de cap d giai phap) de nang cao hieu qua dau tu, san xua't, kinh doanh va quan ly xa hdi.
- O ea'p thU hai: san xua't, kinh doanh va quan ly n h a nUdc hieu qua trong qua t r i n h CNH, thi phai tai ca'u t n i c kinh te, doi mdi
md h i n h t a n g t n i d n g ddng thdi ca nganh san xua't (quan trong nha't) va n g a n h dich vu, trong dd cac n g a n h san xua't cdng nghidp giii vai trd chu dao;
- O ca'p t h u ba: doanh nghiep la dpng hfc t a n g t r u d n g qudc gia de CNH da't nUdc.
Trong bd'i canh da't nudc chuyen ddi va toan cau hda thi tai ca'u true kinh td', doi mdi mfi hinh t a n g trudng doanh nghidp san xuSl, q u a n t a m hdn den doanh nghidp n h a nUdc vi doanh nghidp FDI.
- O ca'p thU tU: N h a nUdc va doanh nghidp mud'n CNH da't nUdc t h a n h cdng phai khW
28 Nghiin ciiu Kmh tSs6435 • Thing 8/20U
Til eau true kinh t^,,
thac, phat huy tiem nang, Idi the" va san phdm nganh s a n xua't, n g a n h dich vu quoc gia phai canh t r a n h hieu qua trong chudi gia tri toan cdu, mang san xua't.
• Ve mdi quan he bien chOng: tai ca'u tnic ndn kinh td' p h a i dUde liieu la t i l n de, nen t a n g cho vide ddi mdi md h i n h t a n g trudng, den lUdt nd ddi mdi md h i n h t a n g trudng tac ddng trd lai, cd vai trd quyet dinh de thiic ddy tai ca'u t n i c k i n h t e d t d m cao.
Tai cdu t n i c n e n kinh te, doi mdi md hinh tang trudng la mot qua t r i n h logic lien tuc, gdn bd vdi n h a u , tien len p h ia trudc, liic d a u quy md lUdng la ehinh, khi Idn cao t h i cha't lUdng sd quye't dinh, t u y n h i e n tiiy t i n h hinh cu the ma quyd't dinh. M a t khac, tai ca'u t n i c kinh td', ddi mdi md h i n h t a n g trUdng de cdng nghidp hda qudc gia can dUdc thiie hidn ea theo c h i l u n g a n g va e h i l u doe. Dieu nay dUde eu t h e hda n h u sau: tai cdu t n i c trong ddu t u hay lao ddng phai lam d cdp thU nha't, ddng thdi eiing d i l n r a d cdp thU hai va thU ba, thU tU; h a y tai cau t n i c ddu t u ddng thdi ciing tien h a n h tai cau t n i c nganh, san p h a m chii liic qud'c gia trong chudi gia tri toan cdu...
4.2. Gidi phdp phdp tdi cdu true kinh te, ddi mdi mo hinh tdng triidng de cong nghiep hda qudc gia, dat trong boi canh mdi
4.2.1. Gidi phdp nguyen tdc chi dao, trong bdi canh mdi
a. The che vd chinh sdch, cdi cdch hdnh chinh
- V I the che: de tai cdu t n i c nen kinh te, ddi mdi md b i n h t a n g trudng de cdng nghiep hda qud'c gia phai bat ddu tU ddi mdi t u duy, nhan thiic diing ddn v l qua trinh Id gic, bien chiing va cai each the chd' phii hdp quy luat phat tri^n chung.
- V l chfnh sach eu the va cai each h a n h chfnh: cdn lam cu the ca chilu doe va chilu ngang cho cdp thii nhdt; cdp thii hai; cap thU ba; cdp thiic tu.
b. Gidi phdp vi phdt trien ngudn nhdn li/c
Ve n h a n liic l a n h dao, quan ly: cdn ed quy hoach, dao tao va di thiic t i l n d cd sd de r e n luydn b a n linh, tid'p t h u kinh nghiem va phai cu t h e trach nhien ca nhan, tap t r u n g vao vi t r i q u a n trong de ngUdi lanh dao thay ddi n h a n thfle, quan d i l m trong sii dung, p h a t trien ngudn n h a n liic, nhdt la n h a n liic cha't lUdng cao.
- Ve n h a n liic khoa hoc va edng nghe: can cd quy hoach, dao tao va di thUc tidn d cd sd dd ren luydn ky nang, tiep t h u kinh nghidm va tap t r u n g vao ehuyen gia dau nganh theo h i n h thiic hdi ddng t u van chuyen mdn cap qud'c gia de doanh nghidp, Chfnh phii sii dung hieu qua, phat trien ngudn n h a n lUc, n h a t la chuyen gia chat lUdng cao.
c. Gidi phdp ve khoa hpc vd cong nghe De khdc phuc nhudc diem khoa hoc va cdng nghe ehUa trd t h a n h "then, ehdt", tap t r u n g vao xac dinh san phdm chii lUc qud'c gia va thiic hien:
- Tridn khai R&D va I&D san pham chii lUc qud'c gia, dac bidt la san pham xua't k h a u t r e n cd sd khai thac, phat huy t i l m nang, Idi the' trong chudi gia tri toan cau, mang san xua't.
- Trien khai chUdng trinh ndng cao trinh do quan ly theo phUdng thiie cdng nghiep dd'i vdi cd quan cdng quyen va doanh nghiep quan trong va tra lUdng theo nang lUc, chiu trach nhidm ca n h a n cdng vide cu the.
4.2.2. Gidi phdp cti the de cong nghiep hoa qudc gia, trong boi canh mdi
u. Xdy dUng he thong doi mdi quoc gia vi khoa hoc vd cong nghe
Khau quyd't dinh dd tai cau tnic kinh te, dae bidt la ddi mdi md binh tang trUdng la dUa khoa hoc va cdng nghe vao san xuat va n i t ngan thdi gian tii nghien cUu de'n san xuat va nang eao nang sua't tdng hdp (yeu td' quye't dinh), dd'i vdi san pham ehu Iiie qud'c gia, can thiic hien ndi dung cd't loi sau day:
- Chinh phii ciing cac bd nganh xay diing va trien khai the che (de cap ea de'n to chiic va luat phap, chinh sach) va dUa ra nhiing hd
Nffiilin CUV Kinh igsd 435 - Thing 8/2014 2 9
Tii can trAe kinh te.
trd diing, cdn thiet, t a p t r u n g vao n h a n liic, san p h a m chu lUc qudc gia xudt k h a u .
SO DO 3: Moi q u a n h e bidn chflng, s o n g d d n g giiSa 3 t h a n h p h a n
Doanh / nghiep
Nha nirdc
\ Vien, Tn/i&ng - Cae doanh nghiep cdn tich eilc liia ebon chie'n lUde kinh doanh vdi viec xae dinh m a t h a n g ehu liic qudc gia cd t i l m nang, Ipi t h e canh t r a n h , phoi hdp chat che k h u viic nghien eUu, dao tao de ed san phdm td't, t h u gia tri gia t a n g eao.
Chfnh phu, eac doanh nghiep va cac trUdng t a p t r u n g nghien cUu, dau tU, p h a t trien san pham chii liic, dae bidt la san p h a m xudt khau, vi thiie ehdt mdi qud'c gia ehi cd mdt so' m a t h a n g va doanh nghiep ed t h e m a n h xudt k h a u mang lai gia tri, gia tri gia t a n g cao.
Kinh nghidm t r e n thd' gidi chi r a rdng, de he thd'ng nay trien k h a i kd't qua, sii dung hidu qua lao ddng ehdt lupng cao thi nen kinh te' phai dat mUc t h u n h a p binh quan khoang 5 de'n 7 nghin USD/ngudi/nam. Dieu nay dat r a thach thUc Idn de Viet Nam dudi kip cac nUdc tidn tidn trong thdi gian ngdn trong xay diing, van h a n h he thd'ng nay.
6. Ho tra doanh nghiep phdt trien cdng nghiep phu trcf doi vdi sdn phdm chu lUc xudt khdu
Ddi vdi san p h a m chu lUc xudt k h a u cdng nghidp Viet Nam, can t a p t r u n g vao cdng nghiep phu trd de chu ddng nguyen lieu b a n ddu va thiet kd' m a u ma. Ben canh do, ciing cdn hd trp va phat trien m a n h d l che' tao r a linh kidn cho san phdm ndu tren.
Ddi vdi san p h a m ehu lUc xudt khdu ndng nghidp, cae doanh nghidp, t r a n g t r a i Viet
N a m can tSp t r u n g doi mdi khSu giong, xSy dUng k h u n g u y e n lieu v a chd' tao may ni6c nong nghidp, n a n g cao n a n g sudt, ehdt lUpng s a n p h a m theo tieu chudn qud'c te.
Ca h a i loai san p h a m ndng nghiep, cdi^
nghidp cua doanh nghiep Vidt N a m d i u cin chii y de k h a u m a r k e t i n g va p h a n phoi, dfic biet la md cac dai didn, dai ly eac m a t hang n a y VI k h a u n a y chid'm k h o a n g 50% gia tri _ gia t a n g hidn nay.
c. Xdy ditng Cum tUOng hd sdn phdm chu lUc qudc gia xudt khdu cua doanh nghiip ddu tdu
Xay diing Cum tUdng ho (hinh thiic to chflc l a n h thd hidn dai) de doanh nghiep diu t a u Viet N a m n a n g cao giai tri gia tang san p h d m chu luc xudt khdu, trong bd'i canh toan cdu hda va CNH, hdi n h a p quoc te':
- To chflc nghien ciiu t r o n g nUde, nildc ngoai de dfla r a ke' hoach h a n h ddng eu th^
hpp ly xay diing Cum tfldng hd san pham chu luc de khai thac, p h a t h u y t i l m nang, Idi th^, t h a m gia chudi gia tri t o a n c l u , trong b^i canh ddi mdi.
- Quy hoach Cum tUdng hd san phdm chu luc t r e n cd sd xac dinh diing doanh nghiep ddu t a u va san phdm cu t h e d l k h a i thac, phat huy t i l m n a n g Idi the', t h a m gia hieu qua chudi gia tri t e a n cdu, m a n g san xudt, trong bdi canh mdi.
- Thiic hidn giam sat, d a n h gia va dieu chinh kip thdi ke' beach xay diing Cum tUdng hd san p h a m chu liic phii hdp vdi bdi canh t h a y ddi n h a n h chdng t r o n g nUdc va mdi trfldng qud'c td', trong bd'i canh mdi.
De nghi Chfnh phu, cac n g a n h va doanh nghiep h i n h t h a n h mdt so" Cum tfldng ho nhU sau:
Ddi vdi cae n g a n h s a n xudt, gdm: 1) cum tfldng hd d td, xe may v u n g H a Noi; 2) cum tfldng hd may in, didn thoai t h d n g minh, may tfnh vung H a Ndi; 3) cum tfldng hd da gily vung ddng bdng sdng Hdng; 4) cum tfldng h8 h a n g tieu t h u cdng my n g h e viing H a Ndi; 5)
30 Nghiin aiu Kinh tgs6435 - Thing 8/201*
Tdi c^u true kinh t e , ,
cum tfldng hd ca phd, eao su... viing Tay Nguyen; 6) cum tUdng hd det may viing t h a n h phd Ho Chf Minh; 7) cum tUdng hd lua gao, ea, tdm vung ddng bdng sdng Ciiu. Long;
8) cum tUdng hd ddu khi viing mien Trung.
Dm vdi eac n g a n h dich vu, gdm:
1) cum tUdng hd dich vu eao cap P h u Qudc; 2) cum tUdng hd du lich H a Long; 2) cum tUdng hd h a n g h a i Lach Huyen; 4) cum tUdng hd h a n g h a i Cat Lai; 5) cum tUdng hd t^ng hdp t h a n h phd* Hd Chi Minh; 6) cum tUdng hd du lich m i i n trung./.
TAI LIEU THAM K H A O
1. BO K^ hoach va dfiu tu va Nhat Ban (2012), Chie'n luac CNH Viit Nam trong khudn kho hop tdc Viet Nam - Nhat Bdn hudng den ndm 2020.
2. Chinh phu (2013), Quyet dinh phi duyet Di dn tdi cdu true kinh t^, gdn voi chuyen ddi mo hinh tdng trudngtheo hu&ng ndng cao chat luang, hiiu qud vd ndng luc canh tranh giai doqn 2013-2020. 2013.
3. Chlnh phii (2013), Quyei dinh phe duyet Di dn tdi ca cdu ngdnh ndng nghiip theo hu&ng ndng cao gid tri gia tdng vd phdt trien ben vSng.
4. BO C6ng thuong (2014), Tdng kei 30 ndm dd'i mdi ddy manh cdng nghiip hoa. Men dai hoa ddt nU&c.
5. Hoang Sy D6ng (2012), T4i ca:u triic kinh t6, ddi mdi mO hinh tang trudng trong bdi canh hien nay. Tap chi: Kinh ti'vd Dubdo.
6. Michael E. Porter (2008), Lgi the cqnh tranh, tqo lap vd duy tri thdnh tich vugt trdi trong kinh doanh. Nxb, TM.
7. Vien Nghien cihi quan ly kinh t€ trung uong (2012), Thdng tin chuyen de thay dSi md hinh tang trudng, sd - 2012.
S-Ahmed Riahi-Belkaoui (2005), Value Added Reporting;Lessons for the United States,Greenwood Publishing Group.
9. Andy field (2000), Ouster analyis (Post gradude Document).
10. Bradford De Long, J NBER, Havard University and Barry Eichengreen University of California at Berkely, NBER and CEPR (1991), The Marshah Plan: History's Most Successful Smictural Adjustment Program.
11. Bathsheba Corcke (2004), Reconstructing Iraq's Economic.
12. Gereffi, G., Humphrey, J., Sturgeon (2005), The governance of global value chains. In Review oflntemational Pohtical Economy, Vol 12.
13. Kenichi Ohno (2009), Avoidmg the Middle Income Trap: Renpvating Industrial Policy Formulation in Viet Nam.
14. Nicole P Todaro&Stephen C. Smith (2002), Economic Development. Pearson Education Limited.
15. OECD (2010). Industrianzaiion.
16.Takashi Negishi (2001), Developments of International Trade Theory, Kluwer Academic Publishers.
M. Werner Smohiy (1999), Post-War growth, productivity convergence and reconstruction a theoretical and empirical investigation.
Nghiin ciiu Kinh l4sd435 • Thing B/2014 3 1
