sir MONO CAI
DOING Sir VIET HOA Bj LANG OUEN
Hoang Xuan Chinh
I N I u d c ta cd h u y I n thd'ng chd'tad dd gd'm hi ra't s d m va ngay cang phat hidn, dat de'n etinh cae. Trdiig d d n g chay cua dd gd'm sii Viet N a m , dd sii M d n g Cai gan n h u bi quen lang, neu cd thi ciing chi vai d d n g n g a n ngui. Dd Van Ninh va Luu Tuyet Van h d n g bai "Su d a n xen giiia cac yd'u td Hoa Viet Hong n g h i san xuat thu cdng Viet Nam" viet "cudi die kv XIX, o' Mong Cai xuit hien nliUng cO so sanli trang diroc gpi la "do sir Mdng Cai. CJ nhihig cd so' iiciy, thd d i u la ngUdi T r u n g Qud'c. H a n g Mdng Cai da mdt tiidi rat quen tiiudc vdi ca vimg Bae bd"
(Dd Van Ninli, Luu Tuyet Van 1998).
Trail H u d n g Lien Hong bai "Ddi sd'ng kinli l e v a van hoa cua ngudi dan viing bien Tra Cd" vidt "Hang hoa ngwdi Tra Cd cho' di budn lidn diifdng la do gdm, do •idiili tu' 13 Id gom md tieiig 0/ Mdng Cai. Ban xong luhig cac chu diuyen hm mua gao de cung cap cho cac Id gdm hoie din dia pliWOng, cd klii xuit ca gao sang Trung Qudc. Cung co diuyen cho' cao lanli, da't set tit Mao Klie, hoae cho tiiu, vo ha ve cho cac clni lo lam nguven lieu san xuat do .^li' (Nguydn Hudiig Lien 2000).
Trdn Klianli C h u d n g hdiig cudn "Gd'm Viet N a m tir dai n u n g de'n sU" viel"Lo bau xua't hidn cy Vidt Nam vao cudi the'ky XIX, khi ma nliOiig ngwdi Hoa tir ben kia bien gidi .'iang dimg Id lam gd'm cy Mdng Cai (Quang Ninli). Loai Id nay dwoc phat trien ve Bat Trang, Clip' Ldn (vimg Ciy Mai), Ddng Nai Sdng Be, vao giwa die'ky XX dwp'c dung phd bie'n trong cac cO sd gd'm sanli bing O Viet Nam" (Trdn Klianli C h u d n g 2001).
Biii v a n V u d n g h d n g cudn "Lang n g h i tiiu cdng H u y I n thdng Viet Nam" viet "Sw Mdng Cai cd lich .swliu ddi, ri't nd'i be'ng. Nlnmg day la cO so' cua ngwdi Hoa (Trung Qud'c) tdi Viit Nam sinh sd'ng. Sau nay nd tro' dianh mdt don vi qud'c doanli mang ten Xi nghiep sW Mdng Cai, san xuit kha phat dat Xi nghiep nay bi pha huy hoan toan trong cudc dung do bien gidi giira Viet Nam - Trung Qud'c nim 1979 va tir do di chi'm dui: boat ddng (Bui van Vudng 2007).
Nliihig Id rdng dai ndm ti'dn kliu dat rpng chimg 2 ha ben bd n a m sdng Bde Luan - ddng sdng d u p e lay lam bien gidi hai nUdc Viet - Trung va phia d d n g sdng Ka Long ben eUa klia'u H u u Nghi ti'Udc d a y ngay d e m nlici khdi, thi nay dci Li nliulig khu nlia eao lang. Dciu vet
PCs. Hoi Khao c6 hoe Viel Nam
^ 6 Khdo cd hoc, sd 1/2009
cdn lai cd c h a n g la n h i i n g c h d n g bat sii d i n h n h a u , n h i i n g m a n h sii v d la'p Id h d n g cd rac ven ehan ddi tha'p v e n bd.
H i e n n a y k h u Id gd'm sii M d n g Cai h a u n h u k h d n g cdn niia, n h u n g h d n g ldng nhiing n g u d i thd gd'm M d n g Cai xUa v a n cdn n h d n h u in n h i i n g ten D u T h i n h Ldng, Q u a n g Sinh Ldng, Q u a n g H u n g Ldng, P h u c H u n g , va c u d a n etdng b a n g s d n g H d n g v a n k h d n g qudn etude nliiing bat, etia, am, ehen, au, lien, binh, chde p h u m e n ngpc n h a t ve m a u h d a l a m tUdi quen d u n g h u d c day.
Su cd m a t cua k h u gd'm sii M d n g Cai Hi Hen h a m n a m trUdc thi d a rd, q u a n h nd cdn r J i i l u bi m a t can d u d c lam sang td, sdng rd r a n g nd la d d n g sii cd m a t s d m n h a t h e n etat nUdc ta.
D o i d i e u lich siit.
TrUdc he't la ten gpi. N h i i n g dd sii n a y , n g u d i d a n t h u d n g gpi la sii M d n g Cai, cac nha nghidn ciiu gd'm sii tiii gpi la sanh h a n g M d n g Cai, cdn cac n h a sUu tdm cd v a t thi gpi la etd sii Van Ninli.
C h u n g tdi eta tiep can k h d a n g H'dn 200 Heu b a n sii M d n g Cai, m d t so Idn Hdu ban cd klidaii thiic ghi rd etia etiem va Id san xuat, h'dng dd p h d n Idn ghi la Ninli C h a u , clii m d t sd'it ghi la Hai N i n h va Hai Ninli M a n g Giai (Mang Giai la M d n g Cai etpc thed a m H a n Viet), tuyet klidng cd m d t tieu b a n nao ghi la Van Ninh. Sd d i cac n h a sUu tdm cd vat gpi la sii V a n Ninh vi nliiing tiiUdng n h a n Van Ninli d i m g tiiuyen chd h a n g gd'm sii b u d n b a n vdi cU d a n etdng bang Bac bd, ndn ngUdi d a n d d n g b a n g Bac bd q u e n gpi la sii Van Nuili. Tii N u i h C h a u tiled chiing tdi la each gpi tat Hai Ninli chau. Lich sU d u y e n each v i m g n a y d i d t h a y ludn tdn tai hai tdn Van N i n h va Hai Ninh. Hai N i n h la etdn vi ldn h d n bad h u m Van Ninli. T r u d c luc sap n h a p thanli Q u a n g N i n h thi v i m g n a y la h'nh Hai Ninh. Cdn Van Ninli tiii n a y vdn cdn la ten xa, each Hung t a m M d n g Cai k h d a n g 7km. Dd dd de Hanh n h d m lan va k h u Id gd'm h u d c sau vdn n a m Hen etat M d n g Cai, ndn sU d u n g hi etd sU Mdng Cai la ehinh xac nliat.
Van eti thdi gian ra etd'i va ldp n g u d i H d a etdu Hen eten M d n g Cai dUng Id khdi nghidp la den tir viuig n a d Hen etat T r u n g Qud'c la nhihig va'n etd etUde n h i l u ngUdi q u a n tam.
P h a n ldn cac nlia n g h i e n ciiu thi chd thdi gian d u n g Id khdi n g h i d p la vad cudi thd'kv XIX, t h a m chi cd n g u d i cdn etua ra nidn d i e m cu the la n a m 1888. Rieng cud'n "50 n a m phat trien cdng nghidp va thu cdng nghidp Q u a n g Ninh" xua't ban n a m 2005, t u y k h d n g neu len ddn cluing cu the sdng viet la xi n g h i e p eta cd Hen 200 nam.
Chiing tdi da Hep xue tim hieu mpt sd'cdng n h a n n g u d i Hoa h e n d u d i 80 tudi h u d c dci\' la tiid gd'm Mdng Cai hien da h d v l Trung Qud'c sinh sd'ng Hdng cac lang Hoa kidu d Bde Hai va Tieu Giang h d n g tinli Q u a n g Tay. H p d i d bie't hdu hd't thd gd'm M d n g Cai etiu la n g u d i d h a h Tieu Giang (Quang T a \ ) va Tliai Bhili (Quang Ddng) la nhiing ndi cd Id gd'm sii, rat it ngUdi de'n hi Phuc Kie'n. Hp ndi rdng n g u d i Phiic Kie'n chu yd'u vd Ha Ndi. O n g Ta Nliat Van - giam dd'c Sd Nghien ciiu Van vat Khad cd Q u a n g Tay - n g u d i gdn Hah Tieu Giang chd bid't nu'dc day ngUdi ba cdii cua dng da sang lam thd gd'm d Mdng Cai, luc que h u d n g g a p klid khan n g u d i nlia da sang Mdng Cai xin ehan m a n qudn ad va lUdng thuc. Hien nay d Tieu GicUig cd m d t xi ngliiep gd'm sii klia hien dai, sd'ngudi Hda t u Mdng Ccii h d ve phdn ldn vad lam viec Hong xi n g h i e p gd'm sii nci\' O Ldiig Mdn gdn dci\' ciing cd mdt xUdng gd'm su tiiu cdng, cac Id rdng d dci\' klici gid'ng \ di Id
rdng d Q u a n g Yen cua ta hidn nay. Dang chu y la khu vuc Tieu Giang Long Mdn ed san dat cao lanli va cac n g u y e n lieu san xuat dd su. Trong nha Bao tang Tieu Giang cd ti'mig bay mdt sd am tich, buih, Ip cd kieu d a n g va p h o n g each h a n g tri kha gidng vd'i dd su Mdng Cai n h u cac lac klioan ciing glii dia etiem. Id san xua't va vai cau thuye't minh cho hinli ve Hang ti'i kieu "tiiU hoa ddng nguyen". Q i a n g ban n h u mdt chie'e a'm tich phu men ngpc nliat ve mau lam eaiili tiuig hcic vdi ldi d l hi "Hae thp timg nien" va ten Id Quang H u n g Tudng tac. Hay n h u diie'c ddc buili ve Ccinli chim p h u d n g h d a n g hoa mdu ddn vdi ldi d l hi "Phudng hdang lai nglii" va Giap Tuat nien, H d p Hung Tu'dng xua't phdm. Ong Hdang Trung Nghiep nguyen giam dd'c Bad tang Tieu Giang, mdt ngu'di klia am hidu tinh hhih gd'm sii Hoa N a m cho biei kliu vuc Tieu Giang, Long Mdn, Tlicii Buih la mdt bning tam gd'm sii cd lich su h e n 200 nam. Vung nay san dat eao lanli, iilheu ddi gd de xay Id rdng, Lii ra't gdn H d p Phd. Ong cdn ndi ngudi Tidu Giang, Tli<ii Binh va quanh vung sang Mdng Cai d u n g Id lap nghiep khdng qua 150 nam. Sd di hp ra di vi v l kmli te viing nay klid klian hdn Mdng Cai, va each nay khdang 150 n a m v u n g nay bi bpn quan phiet quay pha nen kinh le Ccing klid klian, mpt bd phan phai chay qua Mdng Cai. Hp sang Mdng Cai klidng phai vi tiiue quan cao ma sang Mdng Ccii se bdt cdng van chuyen. Tliud ban ddu mdt sd it d i u va tiid sang md Id klidi ngliiep, lam an kha'm khci, hp h d v l que ru tiiem bei con xdm gidng sang tie'p md rdng san xua't. Ci khu Hoa k i l u Tieu Giang, chung tdi cdn nhin tiiay mdt sd bat va am d i e n mang tu' Mdng Cai v l .
Qua do cd tiie k h a n g dinh nhiing n g u d i Hoa ddu h e n de'n d u n g Id d Mdng Ccii Li tir vimg Tidu Giang, Thai Binli tiiudc ti'nh Q u a n g Tay (Tlicii Binh h u d c day tiiude Qucing Ddng nay thudc Qucing Tay) vtid k h d a n g iiUa sau the ky XIX.
Dcing d i u . y la dudi dciy scin phdm sU Mdng Cai tiiUdng cd mdt sd ky hieu iiliu diii sd Lci Ma hocic chu nliU ehii La Tinli (gid'ng nliU kliu Id sU d Ddi Rdn gcdn Ha Cdi mci Vien klicio cd da d i i u h a tiiam sat) klidng tiie qua sdm den 200 n a m tiude (Tvkn Aiili Dung, Lai Van Tdi 2005).
Ngdai ra, tuy khdng nliilu, dii 10 tieu bcin hdiig sd 200 tieu bcin ehung tdi ed eiip tiep Ccin, hong Lie klidc^ cd glii nidn liidu, tiii Kliang Hy 3 tieu bcin, "Hiuan Tri 1 tieu bcin, Ddng Tri 4 tidu ban, Quang Tu 2 tidu bcin. Dang d i u y la cac nien dai nay phdn ldn ghi h o n g d vudng d dudi day klidng tiicit cdng diinli ldm, chi 3 tieu bcin ghi d vai. Rd rang c^di ghi nien dcii nay khdng phai Li dcuig phd bien cda dd sU Mdng Cai, ma cd tiid la ghi phdng tiidi, dd khdng phdi la men dai tiicit.
Trong do cd 4 nien dai Ddng Tri (1862 - 1 8 7 4 ) ghi d vai cd klid nang Li men dcii tiial.
N h u vay la kliu Id gd'm sii Mdng cai do nliUiig n g u d i chd Vci tiid gdm W v u n g duyen hcii Q u a n g Tay bat ddu sang M d n g Cai d u n g Id lap nghidp h i n u a sau tiie'ky XIX cho den n a m 1954, cd thd ndi nUa ddu tiie'ky XX la tiidi ky p h a t hie'n nha't cda kliu Id gd'm sii nciy. Sau ngay gicii phdng khu Id gd'm sii Uciy d u p e chuydn hi tu nlian sang edng hi: h p p d o a n h rdi xi nghiep qudc doanh sU M d n g Cai. Trong giai d d a n nay k h d n g n h u n g chuydn phuo'ng thuc sd h u u ma ed nliieu bien ddi mdi iiliu cad lanli duo'e kliai IhAc h d n g n u d e d v d n g Mcio Klie va sU d u n g mdt sd ky tiiucil mdi iiliu lao hinli bdng kliudn... Den n a m 1979, vdi cudc chien hanli bien gidi, tociii bd kliu lo bi phci buy, xi n g h i e p d u d c chuyen v l Q u d n g Yen, p h d n ldn cdng nlian ii„"di Hda h d vd Trung Qudc, cdng nlian n g u d i Viet vad tiiay tiie'. C h o d e n klioang n a m 1986, vdi kinli t d m d cUa ddi mdi, san p h d m lam ra klidng Ccinli Hanli ndi vdi hcing sei iilicip ngoai nen [ihcii chuydn q u y I n ejuaii ly eho Hf nhan.
88 Khdo cd hoc, sd 1/2009
Dac trUng ky thuat. • . Cd tiie khang dinh dd sii Mdng Cai dUdc san xua't thed truyen thd'ng ky thuat Hda
Nam. Ca thdi gian dai, nguyen lieu cd ban la cad lanh ciing nhu cd-ban lam mau ve Hang tri d i u dudc mua v l tu: Trung Qud'c, cac khau ky thuat nhu chd' men, tad hinh va Id nung diu thed kieu Id phd bie'n d khu vUc Hda Nam liic ba'y gid.
Men la Idai men gid, dudc lam Hi ha'u ddt thanh gid h d n vdi vdi bpt, nghidn nhd, chd vao nUdc khuay d i u nhilu ldn va loc tao thanh men.
Ld la Idai Id dai cd nhilu budng Id nhu vd sd nd'i vad nhau, cd Id thdng lua ma Trung Qud'c gpi la Id rdng cd bac ca'p, cdn chiing ta gpi la Id bdu. Cac Id bdu d Mdng Cai cd hdn dudi 20 bdu Id dudc xay dd'c xien khdang 12° - 13° thed sudn ddi gd. Ddi vdi nUdc ta. Id bdu Mdng Cai la Idai Id tid'n bd nha't luc ba'y gid, sau dd mdi h u y I n vad Bat Trang va cac ndi khac. Vdi Idai Id bau nay mdt Idn nung dudc sd ludng san pham Idn va Hdt kidm nhien lidu.
Dac trUng do su Mong Cai.
Nliu phdn hen da ndi, khu Id gd'm sii Mdng Cai tuy dat trdn da't Viet Nam, nhung dd chu Id va thd gd'm ngUdi Hda san xua't thed huydn thd'ng va cdng nghd ky thuat san xuat gd'm vung Hda Nam. Tuy vay san pham lam ra v l chung Idai, kieu dang ciing nhU hda vSn hang hi phai dap ling etudc thi hidu cua cu dan ddng bdng Bde bd la thi Hudng Hdu thu chu yd'u, nen nd vdn mang mdt phdng each ridng ra't Mdng Cai. Dd sii Mdng Cai cd phang phat vai net dd sii Hda Nam, sdng nhin td'ng the rat dd phan biet vdi dd sii thdi Thanh vimg Hda Nam va ciing rat kliac dd gd'm Chu Dau hay Bat Trang.
Vl chung ldai, dd sii Mdng Cai kha da dang, bad gdm dd diing hang ngay nhu bat, dia, am, ehen, lien, au, am Hch, Ip, binh vdi, ddn, tiid'ng... va dd thd cung n h u ddc binh, chde, bat hudng... gdn gid'ng nliU cac Hung tam gd'm sii Hoa Nam. Nhung d day sd' ludng nhiing san pham kich thudc ldn nhu chde, ddc binh, ddn, thd'ng, Ip tUdng dd'i nhidu. Mdt sd giad su nghidn ciiu gd'rn sii Trung Qud'c sau khi xem hdu ban da ngac nhien va cd nhiing danh gia cad, chd day la nhiing hien vat rat cd gia tri va thudng dudc gpi la dd "Tudng quSn didu", cd nghia la dd cua Id Tudng quan.
Vl kieu dang, thi rd rang dd sii Mdng Cai cd nhiing net rat ridng. Chdng han nhu chde iiliiii qua klia gid'ng vdi chde sii tiidi Thanh hdac chde gdrn Bat Trang, ciing cd ndp day kidu mil cad rdng vanh, ciing cd mieng diing cad, vai nd, than dudi thdn, ehan chdai, nhung num hen ndp va tUdng thu tren vai lai kha khac nhau. Num hen nap chde Bat Trang va sii thdi Thanli Li hinh mdt hup sen chua nd, cdn niim Hen chde Mdng Cai la mdt bup sen phdn dudi bang lidcie la tu'dng mdt con thu diing. Cdn 4 tUdng ddu thu d chde Mdng Cai thi hai tai xde rpng ra't dac HUng, cdn tren chde Bat Trang va chde sii thdi Thanh hdac khdng cd etdu thii, hdac cd tiii hai tai khdng xde rpng ma thudng cd ngam vdng. Su phd bid'n cua tUdng ddu thii tren etd sU cung Li mdt etae h u n g cua sii Mdng Cai. Ngoai chde, hdn mdt sd' lidn, au, bat, ddn tiiinli tiioang ciuig gap mdt sd tUdng ddu thu hai tai xde rdng. , ,
Binli su Mdng Cai cUc ky nhilu v l sd ludng va da dang ve Idai hinh nhung phd' bid'n
nha't Li ldai mieng Ide rdng, cd cad td, than thdn d i u va loai midng Ide xien hep, than hinh bi,
sdiig ciing cd mdt sd nlia't etinli binh cd tiian hinh diii de', than hinli 6 canh... Song cd le cai dac
biet eua dd su .Mdng Ciii etu'o'e tiie hien rd illicit h e n niciu Sc'ie men, hoa \'cin h a n g hi \ a eae khoan eie.
Hciu nliu' loan bd etd sii Mdng Cai etiu etup'e phu moi leip men cd niiiu hcing phdt xanh, gcin gidng n h u m a u men ngoe iiliat, rci't khac vdi mau h a n g h o n g lia\' hcing etue eua etd sU eae trung tam klicie.
Toan be') do su' Mdng Ccii deu etuo'c h a n g hi hoa \'ciii being m a u lam nen goi la MI hoa lam, Trung Qude goi la sd' tiianli hoa. Cd locii d u dein gian mdt hai etueing elu niciu lam, ^ong phan kin etu'o'e trang h'i phu kin kliap tiian veS'i Ccie de tcii klicie nhau. Bmh tiiu'dng mdi san phcim mdt eie tai, eon choe; tlii hai ete tai ti'en mpt san pham. Vci phu'o'ng phcip h a n g h'i tiii tiieo hiu'eii Ihdng Trung Hoa la "tiiU hoa etdng nguven". Nghfa Li ben Ccinli mdt biie h a n h elien la mot eau ehuveii, mpt giai tiiOcii, nipt etien ti'eh, mpt nlian Vcit tiiu'dng ed mpt ldi ete hi' ngcin gon sue lieh hav mdt vai Cciu thd ed tinh eheii minli hoci. Chang h a n tren nu')t ehiee binli \'e eanli Bao Cdng ed ngu'di ehe long ed tiieni 4 cbu Hcin "Cliinli tcUc vd tu'". Hocie h e n mdt chiee Ip ve 3 \'i hen etang luveii dan eo mpt eon hcic bay ra tiieo klidi ed tieu ete Tam tien luyen etan Vci 4 Cciu tiid Iciiii dieh lci: "Du'dimii yt'ii a ngdi tiiili king, Tliudc tiianli, hae tiieo klioi ba}' ra. Du'oc tieiig nlian nhd ma plni c/uv. Klidng gi ban rein, tid'u tiian tieii'.
Npi elung Ccie bii'e ve h a n g txi vd eung phong phu \'a nam trong tiiu'en tlidne, trang lri gei'iii sir Trung Qude kliu vu'e Hoa N a m vdi Ccie de lai nhcin Vcil, linh tiui, hoa etieu, phong eanh so'n Ihuy, vd'i n h u n g etien h'di, etien et'i e]uen thuoc, m a n g siie thai Dao ,s',iao, Nho giao cuw^
nhUiig mong u'd'e phiie loe tho eua eon n;',ii'di,
Ciicing han ek"' tai Dao \\\ao elu'o'e the hie''n bans; hmh luonj; d u u tho la\' Wfonr, Mini, Bat tie'ii ejUci hcii, bcit lien i.|Uiin k\', hinh tu'ong eae \'i tien Lam iliai I loa thdi sao, Han C luiiii;
Ly phe phdy e|uat, Lci Ddng Tcin eudi hae. Ha Tien Co hai thude tru'o'n;', sinh, L\' Thiet Quai udng ru'o'u, vji eanh lu\'en elan, eanh etiu lien...
De tai lieh su die'ii ta eanh Bao C dng, eanh ba anh em Luu Bi, Q u a n \ ' a n Tru'dng, Tru'dng Phi ket nghfa \'u'dn diio, eanh Luu Bi lam ed Ihao lu', Irieu Tu' Long eu'u ehua, Quan Cdng pho nhi tdii, Lv Baeh say ru'o'u, tinh ban lri cim tri ky Ba .N'ha - Tu Ky, Td Ddng Pha - Phat All, Vu'o'iig H\' Chi iigcini ngdng...
Dcing ehu v eo mot diie:v binh \'e Ccinh Khdng Tu, Thieh ea niciu ni Vci Lcio Tu udng eluiiig mdt eluim nu'o'e ndi le'ii lam giao d d n g nguven.
De lai p h u e loe tiio du'o'e tiid hien kha dcim net h e n do sU Mdng Ccii bc'ing Ccie tiiu phap hai cim, dn du lia\' diiiig nhiilig chu'co v nghia Ccil hi'diig de bieu dat y t u d n g eua iiunh. t bc'ing han nhu' tun;; hae (cciv tiuig Vci eon hae), lung ldc (cav lung \'a eon h u d u ) , hae Kip ke quan (hae
\'a bciv ga), phue loe thp (dug gLi, eon h u d u , eon ddi) vdi eae ldi de tu': Tung hae dien men, phu c|u\' hoa khai, tung gian song hae... tiie hien ude vong eua eon ngu'di m u o n du'o'e se'nig Liu, giau ed, hanh phue.
Hoa die'u elu'o'e d u n g khci phd bidn de td long m o n g m u d n ed d u d e su' ina\' man, hanh phiic. C being han n h u hoa phu d u n g d i i m edng \'di Idi de tu "^• eeini \'inh dieu, I'lui L|U\ hoa khai" nghia la X'iiili liu elu'de iiicie eio geim, Giau sang tua hoa nd.
90 Khdo cd hoc, sd 1/2009
^0H>n<i<f
1 2 Cae etd cin linli tiiu nliil long hi
ehciu, re'ing h u t Cei, rdng udn lu'o'ii h o n g nici\' \'o'i loi de lu' "Vein lv hi ehciu". Tren choc. Vein re)ng hi ehciu Ihu'diig eti lien \'ei'i son tiiu\ Itiu t1ai hti\' tung loe, tung hae, Hinh anh Kin (1\') eiing eo nitit \'e)i hm!
anh 'k\' Kin long lii'. Kv Kin xuat liiei.
iLi'o'n;; h'ung eho nia\' nit'in ne'-n Iron mot ehiee ehoe \'e' Ctiiih k\' Kin elulig eluoi eti\
tuni; \'di ldi de tu' "Nhu' lung ehi tiiiiih, Tluu Kin trinh titdng" nghfa la "moi \ i e \ tot Kmh sO den, \'i k\' Kin etang hien i.lien die'u ma\- nitin". P h u o n g m u a eiing Ki hinh anh i.[ue'n thude h e n e1d su' Mong C ai vi tlu'o trux'eni tiidng dtin gian Trung Qude p h u o n g xucii hien bao hie^u d i e m tdt Kinli, thien ha tiiai biiili, thhih vu'eing.
Dd an son thu\' p h o n g eanh klici phd bien nhtVt Ki tren choe Vti binh. Phong
Ctinh \'iia eo sdng ed nui, ed tiiuydn b u d m , ed dtin chim bay, ed lieu ru, cd klii cdn cd ea iigUdi ngdi eau ea. Dting ehu y ed m d i etdi binli ve h a n l i p h o n g eanli vdi nipt d a y nlici cao lang dcic tritng ehau ,Au, h'en do ed mot ngu'oi etan dng nicie eio clioang, etdi m u chop, tay cam can itit ehau .Au, dueVi ben Ki mdt n g u d i etciii eing h o n g h a n g phue eua ngu'di T r u n g Qude, h e n sdng Ki hai thiee tluu e'Mi b u d m . Co the dciy Ki q u a n g canli sdng cua mdt tiiu'dng gia hay time eLin chau .Au tren nipt be'ii eang iitio etd d T r u n g Qudc. Day phai chang Li mdt sail p h a m ky kieu eua ngu'di ehau ,Au.
Phtin ldn e1d su' Mdng Ciii deu ed khoan tiiiie ghi h e n \'ai hotie thtin san plitim, Khoan tlui'e thu'dng de iiga\' tiiang iitim, dia elu, no'i san xutit, ed khi edn ghi tiiem bue trang do ai ve
\ a pluini; theo lae [''liam iitio. Ve no'i san xutil, ehiing ldi thdng ke etu'o'e 63 lieu ban ghi Du /. liinh sti .\loug Ccii IC- canh I.ucing hiiig hi chiiii.
2. bmh sil .Meing Cdi ve cdnh I ung hoc.
.i Binh su .Mdng Cdi ve canh llou dieu. Cuii 5/,.^t»i.
J. I.I) su .Meing Ciu ve ccinh I am lien luyen dun.
5. Choe su .Mdng Cdi ve cdnh Lining long lu cluiu.
6. Dieu hdt sii .Mdng Cdi
Thinh Long, 9 tidu b a n P h u c H u n g , 8 Hdu b a n La Nguydn Khidm, 6 Hdu b a n H u u Thanh, 2 heu bcin Thinh Ky, 3 h d u b a n Q u a n g Sinh Long. Q u a n g Phiic Thanh, Q u a n g H u n g Long va H u d n g T h a n h mdi cd sd cd 1 h d u ban. Sau cac tdn hidu t h u d n g ghi la tad, tac, xUdng tao, xUdiig che' tad, xua't p h a m k h d n g t h d n g nha't. Cd khi thi ghi la cdng ty, cdng ty tad, cdng ty xua't p h a m kha Idn x6n.
D u d i d a y t h u d n g cd n h i i n g k y hidu kidu chii s d La M a n h u VI, I, + va cac chu" La Tinh n h u Pk, A, M, h, Ta... Phai c h a n g d a y la nhiing ky hieu rieng cua tiflig n g u d i thd gdm. Cdn n h i l u didu phai b a n q u a n h cac ky hidu nay, sdng rd r a n g chiing la dac hiiu cua sti Mdng Cai khdng d a u co.
Q u a cac p h d n h d n cd thd tha'y k h u Id gd'm sii M d n g Cai trudc d a y h i chu Id, ngudi thd ddu la n g u d i H d a , cac n g u y d n lidu cd b a n n h u cad lanh, cdban d i u khai thac h i Trung Qudc, cdng nghd chd' tad, cac k h a u ky t h u a t d i u thed H u y I n thd'ng ky t h u a t H o a N a m . Nlimig san p h a m cua h p l a m ra t u y cd p h a n g p h a t ddi net p h d n g each dd sii T r u n g Qud'c tiidi Tlianli v d n g Hoa n a m , nhutng n h i n td'ng thd n d v i n hinh t h a n h m d t sac thai ridng cua dd sti Mdng Cai - mdt d d n g sii h d a l a m Vidt H d a .
TAI LIEU DAN
BUI VAN VUDNG 2007. Ldng nghe thd cong truyen thdng Viet Nam, Nxb. Dan t6c.
DO VAN NINH va LUU T U Y 6 ' T VAN 1998. Sir dan xen giOa cac ye'u to Hoa - Viet trong nghe .san xuai thii cOng Viet Nam. Trong Budc ddu tim hieu su tiep xiic va giao luu vdn hod Viel - Hoa irong lich sif.
Nxb. Thegidi, Ha NOi.
N G U Y 6 N HUDNG L I £ N 2000. Ddi .sO'ng kinh te' va van hoa cua nguoi tian viing bie-n Tr;i Co, Vcin hod ddn gian, sd 3.
TRAN ANH DUNG, LAI VAN T D I 2005. Di ti'ch 16 gdm sii Niii Ran (Quang Ninh). Khdo cdhoc. so 6: .i 1 •6.'i.
TRAN KHANH CHUDNG 2001. Gdm Viet Nam tif ddi nung den sd. Nxb. My thuat.
MONG CAl PORCELAIN
FORGOTTEN VIETNAMESE - CHINESE PORCELAIN LINE
HOANG XUAN CHINH In the history of Vietnamese porcelain development, Mong Cai porcelain is little paid attention to study. This type of porcelain was made by the Chinese from Xiao Jiang. Tai Ping, Guangxi province (China), who came to Quang Ninh and built kilns there from the late half of the nineteenth century to 1954.
Mdng Cai porcelain was made by the Huanan traditional technique. Types, forms and decorative designs of their products were based on the tastes of the inhabitants in the delta of Northern Vi^t Nam. Most of the Mdng Cai porcelain was covered with qingbai (pale) glaze, similar to light celadon, and blue decorative designs; some included only one or two blue lines, whereas most of them were decorated all over the body with various themes.
The paper refers to the history of formation and development and introduces typical products of Mdng Cai porcelain, which was, according to the author, the Vietnamese and Chinese porcelain line that has not been much paid attention to study.
