NHO GIAO VA PHAT GIAO
TRONG DOll SONG VAN HOA VIET NAM
Dat van de
Viet Nam nam giira hai nen van minh ldn ciia nhan loai: van minh Trung Hoa va van minh An Do. Hai nen van minh nay da anh hudng den nhieu nudc trong khu vuc - trong do co nudc ta. Sir anh hudng ay bieu bien d nhieu phuang dien, song khong the khong ke den Nho giao va Phat giao. Da co nhieu cong trinh ban den hai be tu tudng nay mgt each he thong va eong phu. Trong pham vi bai viit nay, chiing toi chi tim kilm m6i he tu tudng ay da tham thau vao dong chay lich sii Cling nhu ddi sdng van hoa Viet Nam bang con dudng nhu thi nao.
Trudc hit, cSn phai Xhky rang: Nho giao va Phat giao cd nhilu dilm khae nhau can ban vl giao ly, quan niem s6ng, each hanh xii... nen qua trinh xam nhap, tac dpng, anh hudng ciia no trong dong chay lich sir va ddi s6ng van boa ngudi Viet eung se khac nhau. Niu nhu ban ddu tu tudng Nho giao tir phuong BIC truyin b^ vao nudc ta hudng din tSng ldp quan lai trong xa hoi va su truyin ba do mang y nghia true tilp, nhat quan, ap dat...
thong qua bd may eai trj ciia "thien triiu"
thi Phat giao lai khoi ngudn tir tang lop lao dgng - theo con dudng tu nguyen, hoa dong, day tinh thuyet phuc thong qua cac tin ngudng trong ddi song nhan dan.
.. NHO GIAO TRONG ttCfl SONG VAN HOA VI$T NAM
Nhu tren chiing toi da de cap, qua trinh du nhap Nho giao vao Viet Nam bit dau tir nhirng tang ldp tren (quan lai) trong xa hgi va mang tinh ap dat. Chiing ta hoan toan co the nhan dien dugc su that nay khi nhin lai ddng ehay cua Nho giao trong sudt tien trinh lich sii tu tudng Viet Nam, sau thdi dung nudc.
Sau thdi ky dung nude dau tien, dat nudc ta bi cac trieu dai phong kien phuang Bac th6ng tri, do hg trong suot hon 1.000 nam. Trong dem trudng Bac thugc bac am, cac the luc phong kien
"ben kia bien gidi" - tieu bieu nhu ach thdng tn ciia cae vuang triiu Han, Dudng, Minh da thuc thi chl dp th6ng trj
* Vi?n Nghien cu:u Ddng Nam A
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NGHIEN Cljru TRUNG OUtfC so 1(173) - 2016Nho giao va Ph$t giao..
tan bao, ha khac, nhSm d6ng hoa, biln nudc ta thanh quan huyen eua hg.
Trong con mat ciia cac Thai thu va he thdng bg may cai trj phuong BSc, vimg dat Linh Nam (hai quan Giao Chi, Cim Chan*'^ la trung tam) thudc dang "chu hau khd bao", nen cbi cd each "cai tri",
"giao hoa"... dl bugc ngudi dan phai tuan thil, phuc tiing vo dilu kien. Cac quan eai tri phuong Bae tu cho minh cai quyln ddng hoa van hoa theo md hinh quan huyen eiia "Thien triiu" nen tu tudng Nho giao dugre du nhap theo Idi ap dat tir tren xuong.
Co the thay, su xam nhap ciia Nho giao vao Viet Nam liic nay la tir tang ldp quan lai va mang tinh chat ap dat, cudng blic het siic ro net. Giao su Tran Ngpc Them eung cho rang Nho giao thdi Bac thugc la "thii van hda do ke xam luge ap dat" '^' nen chd diing ciia no trong xa hpi Viet liic bay gid kha md nhat.
Chien thang ciia Ngd Quyen tren song Bach Dang nam 938 da dua nudc ta thoat khoi ach dd hg cua cae trieu dai phuong Bac va bude vao thdi ky tu ehii. Song diing nhu nhan dinh cua nha nghien ciiu Cao Tu Thanh: "Sau hang ngan nam bi do hd, xa hpi Viet Nam budc ra khdi thdi Bac thudc vdi mgt di san nang ne - trong dd ndi bat la tinh trang chua toan dien va d6ng bp ciia he thdng quan ly xa hgi.
TSng Idp tri thiic con mong manh ve so lugng, phan tan ve hge van va chua c6
kinh nghiem quan ly, chua dam trach dugc vai tro ngudi din dao tinh than va dilu hanh dk nudc..."""*'. Xuat phat tir dieu kien khach quan do ma Nho giao van cd co sd de ton tai trong ldng xa hdi d nhirng the ky sau.
Tir thi ky X din thi ky XIV, tu tudng Nho giao van tiep tuc dugc truyen ba d nudc ta. Cac vuong trieu Ly - Tran da cd nhieu cd gang trong viee xay dung nha nudc phong kien dgc lap tu chii. Mo hinh nha nudc phong kien phuang Bac vdi nen tang Nho giao duac eac vuang trieu phong kien nudc ta tiep thu va sii dung.
Nho hgc co dieu kien phat trien.
Nam 1070, nha Ly xay dung Van Mieu, dap tugng Khong Tir, Chu Cdng.
Nam 1075, nha Ly cho md khoa thi Minh kinh dau tien de chpn ngudi hien tai. Tu tudng Nho giao co dieu kien tae dgng din ting ldp vua quan thong tri va anh hudng nhieu den nhiing ngudi duge dao tao qua "Id" Nho hpe, tham gia bp may dilu banh xa hdi tir "Ciia Khong san Trinh". Dgi ngu cac nha Nho ngay cang nhilu va dugc trgng vpng, chit Nho duac lam van tu eiia nha nudc phong kien nen tu tudng Nho giao da anh hudng den ting ldp tren cua xa hgi ducmg thdi va tac dgng khong nho den mdt bp phan xa hpi.
Nhu vay, trong nhilu the ky, Nho giao eung chua dugc truyen ba sau rgng den toan thi quSn chiing nhan dan - ma cbi dimg lai d mdt ldp ngudi thudc ting ldp tren eua xa hoi.
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Thdi ky Hau Le va triiu Nguyen la giai doan phat trien ciia tu tudng Nho giao d nudc ta. Nhiing ngudi lanh dao nha nudc quan chu giai doan nay da nhan thiy vai trd quan trpng ciia Nho giao trong viec xay dung mdt nha nude phong kiln tap quySn virng manh, ky cuong, khudn phep... nen da cbu truong phat triln Nho giao, lay Nho giao lam "diem tua" vl tu tudng ciia vuong trieu. Nha Hau Le tdn tai hon 360 nam. Trong khoang "miy tram nam thip thoang mgng binh yen" dd, cd tdi hang tram vi Tien sy, Dong tien sy xuat than. Bang nhan, Tham hoa... dugc dao tao theo con dudng Nho hge, tham gia vao bd may dieu banh, quan ly xa hdi tir trieu dinh tdi huyen, xa da gdp phan truyen ba tu tudng Nho giao den tan ndng thon. Nhiing tu tudng CO y nghia nen tang cua Nho giao:
Tam cuang. Ngu thu&ng, Tam tdng, Tu dire, Te gia tri qudc binh thien hg... da trd thanh chuan muc eua cupc song.
"Van hoa Nho giao" tao nen nhirng thanh td van boa mdi. Nhieu nha nho da cd nhihig dong gop vao su nghi?p van hoa dan tpc, van hge viet bang "chii Nho" da de lai nhieu tac pham cd gia tri vugt thdi gian. "Dao dire Nho giao phong kiln" da anh hudng den ddi sdng xa hpi tir hdn nhan "mon dang hp doi" din ma chay, ll, tet... DSu vay, mgt thuc tl khong thi phu nhan la, nhihig ed gang rit ldn eua cac vi vua thdi Hau Le nhim truyin ba Nho
giao tdi lang xa - tiie tae dpng tdi nip cam nep nghT cua toan the nhan dan - song hieu qua van thap. Nhiing ngudi tilp thu Nho giao van da phin la tang lop nho sinh, nho sT, quan lai trong xa hgi.
Den thdi NguySn, Nho giao van ton tai nhung day la giai doan Nho giao culi mua quan chii tdn tai ciing vdi Thien chiia giao. Cho den khi vuong triiu Nguyin bi each mang danh do thi anh hudng ciia tu tudng Nho giao ciing rao din r6i lui vao qua vang trude luong gio manh me ciia van hoa phuang Tay.
Nhu vay, diem qua cac thdi ky phat triln eua Nho giao trong dong chay ljch su van hoa va tu tudng Viet Nam, chiing ta CO the di den ket luan: Nho giao hinh thanh va phat trien gan Hen vdi chS do phong kien hay ndi each khac no la "cai bdng ciia xa hgi phong kien" *'*'. Vay nen, khi xa hgi phong kien suy tan thi Nho giao ciing dan dan bien mat. Tuy nhien, cilng khong thi phii nhan dugc nhiing phuong dien tich cue cua no trong suot chilu dai lich sii. Xa hdi Viet Nam suot mpt thdi ky dai se nhu the nao va ra sao neu khdng "dua" vao Nho giao? Song day la hgc thuyit cai tri, nen chu ySu la sir tdn tai cua nd gin vdi ting ldp thong tri va con dudng truyin ba "di" tir quan xudng ddn, mang tinh "cudng bdc", ap dat chii khong phai "tu nguyen". Qua trinh truyin ba nhu vay ro rang kho tao nen mgt siic s6ng ben bi. Ngay ca d trieu
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NGHIEN ciru TRUNG QUOC so 1(173) - 2016Nho giao va Ph$t giao..
dinh. ddi khi "cac tap tuc ciia Nho giao cung rat xa la vdi ta" '^\ noi chi din ting ldp nhan dan nai miln que thdn da?
11. PHAT GIAO
Giong Nho giao, tu tudng Phat giao ciing tir nudc ngoai du nhap va anh hudng den Viet Nam, trai qua nhilu thang tram ciing lich sir.
Thien nien ky thii nhit la thdi ky du nhap, truyen ba va hinh thanh cac trung tam Phat giao. Luc dd, d chau tbd song Hdng, cac trieu dai phong kiln phuang Bae dang thdng tri, am muu d6ng boa nudc ta. Tu tudng Nho giao dang dugc cac Thai thii ciia "Thien trieu" ap dat...
nhung Phat giao van xam nhap va da dat CO sd trong ddi song tam Hnh ngudi dan (xem truyen thuyet Man Nuong). Hai trung tam Phat giao d Luy Lau va Tay Nam Bp da eho thay siie song cua Phat giao trong giai doan nay.
Thien nien ky thii hai la th&i ky phdt trien, trong do thdi Ly - Tran, Phat giao dat den cue thinh.
Tir the ky X, Phat giao da dan khang djnh vi the trong ddi song xa hdi, rdi trd thanh qudc gido: Trieu dinh xay dung cac nha luu giir kinh Phat; nhieu vi Phap su duge tham gia trieu chinh, don sii than hay phong lam Quoc su (nhu Ngd Chan Luu). Khap ban dan thien ha deu theo dao va lam viec theo dao Phat den miic lam mpt sd bac quan lai lay lam tiic gian lam da phai thot len: "Phat chi lay dieu
hpa phuc ma ddng long ngudi, sao ma sau sac va ben chac den nhu vay? TrSn tir vuong cdng, dudi den thii dan, he lam cai gi thudc ve viec Phat thi hit ca gia tai eung khong tiec. Neu hom nay dem tien cua de lam chiia, xay thap thi hdn hd vui ve, nhu trong tay da cim duge cai bien lai de ngay sau di nhan sd tien tra bao lai.
Cho nen, trong tir kinh thanh, ngoai den chau phli, dudng cimg, ngo hem, chang khien da theo, chang the ma tin; he cho nao cd nha d thi cd chiia Phat, bd di thi lam lai, hu thi siia lai" ^^\
Ngoai eung dien ciia cac vuong trieu thay nhau tri vi thi nhiing cdng trinh hoanh trang, tdn nghiem nhat chinh la he thdng chiia thap. Chiia Mot Cdt, tugng Phat nghin mat nghin tay ciing vdi "Tii dai khi": Thap Bao Thien, vac chiia Pho Minh, chuong Quy Dien, tugng Phat chiia Quynh Lam... da trd thanh nhu'ng di san tieu bieu ciia van hoa Phat giao Viet Nam.
Cac le hgi dan gian ldn nhat nudc ta cung la le hgi Phat giao: Hdi chiia Huang Tich, Yen Tii, hgi chua Thay...
van hgc mang dau an thien, huong sac thien thdi Ly - Tran da de lai nhieu kiet tac, ngay cang duge ldp hgc gia hau boi kham pha. phat bien them nhilu ting, nhieu via.
Tir thdi Hau Le den vuong trieu Nguyin, tu tudng Nho giao la nen tang,
"dilm tua" eua nha nudc quan chii nhung
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Phat giao vin tilp tuc dugc duy tri. Ddng chay van hoa Phat giao bi "Id" d chon cung dinh thi vin khong ngimg "b6i dap"
trong ddi s6ng xa hgi, tim duge siie sdng trong tin ngudng dan gian.
Con dudng Phat giao tiep cSn, truyen ba va phat triln d nudc ta khac vdi Nho giao. Neu Nho giao truyen ba vao nudc ta theo l6i ap dat, cudng buc tir tren xuong thi Phat giao dugc truyen ba tu nguyen, hoa dong, thuyet phuc tir dan va anh hudng den tang ldp tren, Su khac nhau nay ciing dan den nhirng tac dpng khac nhau trong ddi s6ng van hoa va ddi song tam linh.
Trudc khi Phat giao vao nudc ta, da CO nhiing tin ngudng ban dia: thd vat t6, thd cae luc lugng tu nhien nhu: may, mua, sam, chdp... Phat giao du nhap vao nudc ta da hoa d6ng vdi cac tin nguang bdn dia, nhu "Phat hoa" cac hien tugng tu nhien, "chuyin hda" thanh Tu phdp: Phap Van, Phap Vu, Phap Loi va Phap Dien. Thuc te ciing chung minh rang "Cac pho tugng nay hoan toan dieu khac theo tieu chudn mgt pho tupng Phat.
NghTa la day du 32 tudng tdt cimg 80 ve dep - ma mpt trong nhirng net tieu bilu chinh la tudng nhuc ke, nhiing khi in va khuon mat diy long tir min..." *'*, dl tir do chinh phue tam thiic ngudi dan bang tu tudng nhan dao, nhan van, ciiu kh6, Cliu nan gan giii vdi ddi s6ng con ngudi.
Nhung quan niem tir bi, bac ai, ciiu kho Cliu nan cua Phat giao rit gin vdi y
thiic s6ng cua ngudi ndng dan dat Vift:
thuang nguai nhu thi thucmg thdn, la ldnh dum la rach, mgt miing khi doi bang mot gdi khi no... nen da "di" vao long ngudi ban la nhirng triet ly cao sieu duge tim chuang trich cii tir kinh diln cua eac bac thanh hien.
Dfii vdi ngudi dan chiu nhieu tang ap blic cua cac tang ldp thdng tri trong xa hpi, cua thiin la noi binh dang, kh6ng phan biet sang hen. Din vdi ciia Ph$t, ngudi mang le vat cGng nhu ke chi co tim ldng, ngudi tdi trude cung nhu ke den sau, quan lai ciing chang khdc binh dan - chi cdt la cai tam theo quan ni?m;
Tu tgi tdm, Phgt & trong long. Dieu nay da ly giai siic hiit eua Phat giao trong doi sdng tam linh.
Vdi ngudi dan trong cac lang que, ngoi chiia lang la noi gan ke, than thugc, khdng "xa each" nhu cita Khdng sdn Trinh; Phat khdng xa vdi ma gan gui, tir bi... CO the thau hieu noi dau ciia Ph^t tit, mpi tang ldp chiing sinh. Den vdi ciia Phat, con ngudi dugc giai toa noi long, ed them hy vgng. Vudn ehiia ciing dong thdi la vudn thu6c nam co the chQa "bach benh" cho con nha ngheo; nha chiia la noi xiing dang giii gam niem tin nen ngudi ta thanh tam hien rugng, cung vang hay diic chudng, tac tugng...
Tu tudng Phat giao - theo each nhin hien dai cd nhirng mat han che nhat dinh, nhung con dudng nhap thi eiia Phat
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NGHIEN CUfU TRUNG QUfiC so 1(173) - 2016Nho giao va Phat giao..
giao thi binh dan, de dugc mgi ting ldp nhan dan chip nhan.
Tir nhan dSn, tir ddi sdng noi thdn da, Phat giao da anh hudng din cac ting ldp tren va quan lai, vua chua. Khi nha su trd thanh Qudc su - tham du triiu chinh thi ben canh chile hoang bao la tim ao ca sa, khi Hoang thugng tu nhan la Phat tir, rdi tir bd ngdi vi cao sang tim din ciia Phat thi cung la liic Phat giao da dat din giai doan phat trien cue thinh d qude gia Dai Viet.
Thuc te phat triln ciia Phat giao trong lich sir va tu tudng Viet Nam cho ehiing ta hinh dung ve mpt con dudng - du&ng di cua Phdt gido: tii cac tang ldp nhan dan, Phat giao phat trien ngay cang sau rdng rdi anh hudng den tang Idp tren ciia xa hdi mpt each tu nguyen, boa binh.
Thuc te con dudng phat trien iy cung khang dinh: Cai gi di ra tir nhan dan va CO coi ngudn tir nhan dan mdi cd siic song lau ben... Khdng gidng nhu Nho giao d Trung Quoc, vi gan chat vdi he y thiic cua tang ldp tren (vua chiia, quan lai trieu dinh) ma ap dat xuong dudi nhan dan, nen khi trieu dinh sup do, ngay lap tiic giao ly eiia no eung khdng con "ly do" ton tai. Nho giao cd nhieu uu diem, song nd phii hgp vdi chinh su hon la ddi song tam linh. Dieu nay thi chi Phat giao mdi lam dugc. Cd the noi, Phat giao da thim nhuin vao each suy tu va sinh hoat ciia ngudi Viet. Cac trieu dai quan chu co thi sup d6, nhung siic sdng Phat giao la
bat diet - nd van hien hiiu, ben bi, ddng hanh cung cac tang ldp nhan dan trai qua mgi bien cd thang tram.
Ket luan
Khi dat ra van de tim hieu con dudng cua Nho giao va Phat giao, ngudi viet khdng cd y djnh so sanh xem he tu tudng nao la uu viet ban vi ca hai deu cd nhirng mat tich cue va han che ma chi mudn luu y ve hai con dudng truyen ba ciia Nho giao va Phat giao vao Viet Nam ciing nhimg tae dpng, anh hudng eiia no trong ddi sdng van hoa nudc nha da dat ra nhieu van de cho viec di sau tim hieu Nho giao va Phat giao trong dong chay van hoa Viet Nam.
CHU THICH:
( ) Xin xem, Dgi Viet su ky loan thu, Nxb V3n hoa Thong tin. Ha Npi, 2009, tr.
69.
(^)Tran Ngoc Them, Ca sd vdn hda Viet Nam, Nxb Giao due, 2008, tr. 264.
C) Cao Ta Thanh, Nho gido d Gia Dinh, Nxb van hoa Sai Gon, 2009, ir. 453.
C") Xin xem bai viet Nho gido Viet Nam cua tac gia Le Thi Thom, muc Dien ddn vdn hoa tir trang web: vanhoahoc.edu.vn
(^) Tran Nggc Them, Co sd vdn hoa Viet Nam, Nxb Giao due, 2008, tr. 265.
(*) Tran Nggc Them, Tim ve bdn sdc vdn hoa Viet Nam, Nxb Tong hop Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh, 2001, tr. 458.
C) Xin xem bai Mdi sd ddc diem Phai gido Viet Nam, trang Web: http: vi.
wikipedia.org
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