NGHIEN CUOJ VAN HOA VIET NAM QUA NGON NGO'
LY TUNG HIEU NGUYfiN VAN HUE' Tdm tSI: Ttt cudi the ky XIX den nay, viec nghien ciru ngdn ngu cac tdc ngudi Viet Nam cd nhttng muc dich khac nhau, ttong do cd muc dich tim Wlu vdn hda ttong ngdn ngO. Day Id cong viec thudng xuyen cua cac nha ngdn ngu hpc, dan tgc hpc, Ddng Phucmg hpc, Viet Nam hpc, nhan hgc, van hoa hgc. Cd the phdn chia Iinh vuc ngWen ciiu van hda qua ngdn ngir d Viet Nam thanh ndm khuynh hudng: ngdn ngu hpc tiep xuc, dan tpc - ngdn ngu hpc, nhan hpc ngdn ngO, ngdn ngu hpc vdn hda, ngdn ngu hgc iing dung. Dd la nhirng tiln de ca bdn de Wnh tlianh cac mdn hgc hoac nganh dao tao, nhu ngdn ngir hoc nhan hpc, nhdn hgc ngdn ngu, ngdn ngO va van hoa, van hda Viet Nam qua ngdn ngO... trong cdc trudng dgi hpc khoa hpc xd hdi va nhan van hien nay.
TO" khda: Vdn hda; ngdn ngu; tpc ngudi; Viet Nam.
LSftv^ndl
Ttt cuoi the ky XIX den nay, vifc nghidn ciru ngdn ngtt cdc tpc ngudi Vift Nam Id cdng vifc thudng xuySn cua cac nhd ngdn ngtt hgc, ddn tdc hpc, Ddng Phuang hgc, Vift Nam hgc, nhdn hgc, vdn hda hgc. Cdc ca sd khoa hgc nhu Trudng Viln Ddng Bac co cua Phap, Vifn NgO hpc Mua he cua My, Vifn Ddng Phucmg hpc cua Lien Xd, Vifn Ngdn ngtt hpc, Vifn Dan tdc hgc, Vifn Khoa hgc Xa hgi tai Tp. Hd Chi Minh,...
diu cd cdng teinh nghien cttu ve cdc ngdn ngO tgc ngudi d Vift Nam va Ddng Duong, trong dd cd nhung cdng ttinh cd tinh chit lien ngdnh nghien cttu npi dung vdn hda teong ngdn ngtt. Dd chinh la nhttng tiln de eg bdn dl hinh thanh cdc mdn hgc hodc nganh dao tgo
nhu ngdn ngtt hgc nhan hpc, nhan hgc ngdn ngtt, ngdn ngtt va vdn hda, vdn hda Vift Nam qua ngdn ngtt... trong cdc trudng dgi hgc khoa hgc xd hgi va nhdn vdn hifn nay.
Do day Id mdt linh vyc khd, ddi hdi phdi huy dpng tri thttc cua nhilu ngdnh khoa hpc, nen sd ngudi kien tti thee duoi nd khdng phai la nhieu. Tuy nhien, sau mdt the ky hinh thdnh cac khoa hpc xd hdi vd nhdn van hifn dgi d Vift Nam, sd lugng cac cdng ttinh nghien cttu thudc linh vuc ndy cung khd ldn, khien cho vifc tap hpp vd phan logi tdi lifu ttd '•' Tiln sT, Truong Dgi hpc Khoa hgc Xa hgi va Nhan van, Dgi hgc Quoc gia Tp. Ho Chi Minh.
'"' Pho giao su, lien sT, Trucmg Dai hpc Khoa hpc Xa hgi va Nhan van, Dai hpc QuIc gia Tp.
Ho Chi Minh.
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Nghien cuu van hda Vi^tNam...
nen phuc tgp. Lich stt mdt Imh vyc nghien ciiu cd thi dugc md ta theo nhirng lat cdt khac nhau: giai doan, trucmg phai, khuynh hudng. VI lich stt mdt the ky nghien ciiu van hda qua ngdn ngtt d Vift Nam, hinh thdnh, phat triln khdng rd rdng, vd vi d nude ta cQng chua cd nhttng trudng phai diing nghia ttong Hnh vyc ndy, nen chung tdi chgn lua each md ta Ijch su iy theo cdc khuynh hudng nghidn cttu da hinh thdnh teong ngdn ngtt hgc Viet Nam: ngdn ngO hgc tiep xuc, ddn tgc - ngdn ngtt hgc, nhdn hpc ngdn ngO, ngdn ngtt hgc vdn hda, ngdn ngO hgc ling dyng.
DI nhien, khdng phdi nha ngWen cun ndo d Vift Nam khi tiln hanh mgt cdng trinh ngdn ngO hpc lien quan din vdn hda, dan tfc hay nhan hpc cflng cd y thtte rdng minh hay cdng ttinh ctta minh thudc ve khuynh hudng nay hay khuynh hudng np. Vd tren thyc te ciing khdng cd ranh gidi nghiem nggt gitta cdc khuynh hudng dd d Vift Nam. Nhung ' theo hinh dung cua chttng tdi thi cac khuynh hudng nghien ciru neu tren Id cd that. Va sy phdn logi nhu vay Id cin thiet de lam rd nhiing gia ttj ddng gdp cung nhu nhitng hgn che can bd khuyet cua cac chuyen ngdnh khoa hoc nay ddi vdi vifc nghien cuu vdn hda qua ngdn ngtt d Viet Nam.
2. Khuynh hudng ngdn ngir hgc tiep xiic (contact linguistics)
O Vift Nam, y tudng vl mpt ngdn ngu pha trpn da dugc Henri Maspero
nhac den kM ndi vd ngudn gdc tiing Vift teong cdng trinh "Etudes sur la phonetique Mstorique de la langue annamite. Les imtiales" (BEFEO, Vol.
12, no. 1, 1912). G. Coedes cung de cap den tiep xuc ngdn ngtt khi ban ve cac ngdn ngu d Ddng Duong teong bai "Les langues de I'lndocMne" (Extrait des conferences de I'Institut de Linguistique de rUniversite de Paris, T.VIII, ann&
1940 - 1948). Tuong ty S.E. Jakhontov cd bai "Ve su phan logi cdc ngdn ngO d Ddng Nam Chdu A" (tiing Nga, 1973, ban dich Nguyen Vdn Lgi, Tgp chi Ngon nga, sd 1/1991).
Cdt mdc danh diu vifc gidi thifu diy du va dp dung mgt cdch cd hf thong {j thuyet tiep xuc ngdn ngtt vdo vifc nghien ciiu ngudn gdc tiing Vift ciing nhu cdc ngdn ngtt d Ddng Nam A la cdng trinh Tiep xiic ngdn ngu: a Ddng Nam A cua Phan Nggc va Phgm Dire Duong (1983). Trong cudn sach ndy va nhttng cdng teinh tilp theo, Phgm Due Duong (1930-2013) da vgn dyng each tidp cgn song ngtt lugn vd cac phuong phdp, tu lieu lien nganh dl nhgn difn cfi ngudn, lich stt phan ly vd quy ty cua cac ngdn ngO d Vift Nam vd Ddng Nam A;
"Dya tten cdch tilp cgn song ngtt Iu|n, dng cho rang qud ttinh tilp xuc se ddn den sy hinh thdnh nhiing ngdn ngO pha trdn (langue mixte). Li thuylt ciia dng chinh Id: ttt mdt ngdn ngtt A tilp xuc vdi ngdn ngtt B, ddn din A bj gidi thi cau tnie vd cdc ylu td cua nd dugc v^n
Nghien ciru vdn hda Viet Nam...
hdnh theo co che cua B va ta cd mgt ngdn ngO C... Nhttng ngdn ngtt pha tedn ndy cdn giQ lai teong co ting (Substeat) nhOng yeu td cua ngdn ngO gdc va van hdnh theo ca chi hay Id tdi ciu hnic md phdng cua ngdn ngtt tilp xuc. Vd dl rdi cung cMnh tu ddy, dng xay dung mdt gid thilt v l mdt ngtt hf Ddng Nam A tiln stt, dyng lgi cdi vd am tilt CCVC (Phy am - Phu am - Nguyen am - Phu am) ctta chiing thdi cd xua din md hinh don tilt CVC (Phy dm - Nguyen am - Phy dm) ciia cdc ngdn ngtt luc dia, va md hinh da tilt CVCVCV (Phu am - Nguydn dm - Phy am - Nguyen am - Phy dm - Nguydn am) cua cdc ngdn ngtt d hdi ddo Ddng Nam A. Trdn co sd Ii lugn v l tilp xttc ngdn ngO, dng ly gidi qua trinh biln ddi cua cdc ngdn ngtt khu vyc Ddng Nam A (ca d lyc dja Ian hai ddo), Ii gidi su Wnh thanh cdc ngdn ngtt Tai - Kadai, Hmdng - Dao, cdc ngdn ngtt nhdm Vift - Mttdng, eac ngdn ngtt Chamic... Theo dng, cd nhieu ngdn ngtt, nhdm ngdn ngtt d khu vyc Ddng Nam A dugc ndy sinh do sy tiep xuc. Dd Id:
nhdm ngdn ngtt Vift - Mudng cd co ting Mdn Khome vd co chi Tdy Thai;
nhdm Cham (Cham) cd eg ting Md Lai va CO chi Mdn - Khome; nhdm Le cd co ting Md Lai vd co cbl Thai; nhdm Meo - Dao cd CO ting Nam A vd eo cbl Tgng - Miin; nhdm Karen cd co ting Mdn vd CO chi Tang-Mien...
Tilp xuc ngdn ngtt cung la cho dya ly thuylt dl Bui Khanh Thi bdn v l eac vdn
de ve chinh sdch ngdn ngtt, tinh Mnh song ngtt, ngdn ngu van hda cdc tdc ngudi thilu sd,... teong mdt logt bdi bdo khoa hpc: "Mpt vai cu lifu v l song ngO va vdn dd ngMen ciru song ngO d Viet Nam" (Tgp chi Ngdn ngii, sd 1/1979);
"Van de giao tiep ngdn ngO teong qua trinh hinh thdnh cdc ddn tgc Vift Nam"
(Tgp chi Nghien ciru Lich sir, sd 5, 2000); "Mdt vai gia thuyet vd cdc tegng thdi bidn ddi ngdn ngtt d khu vuc Ddng Duong (vdn de va trien vgng)" {Nhimg vdn de ngdn ngii hgc ve cdc ngdn nga phuang Ddng, 1986); "Ngdn ngtt vdn hda eac dan tdc thieu sd ttt gdc nWn quan hf ngdn ngtt d Vift Nam" (Gido dtic ngdn ngii vd su phdt trien vdn hda cdc ddn tgc thieu sd phia nam, 1993);
"Problems of language contact in Vietnam (The main featares of language change)" (Pan - Asiatic Linguistics Proceeding of 4th ISSL, Bangkok, 1996); "Ttt ngdi but sit din chiec mdy tinh vd nhttng vin dl tilp xuc ngdn ngtt d Vift Nam hifn nay" (Tgp chi Khoa hgcxahdi,s60i,2006)...
Cdc tdc gid cua cdng trinh Tiep xuc ngdn ngu a Viet Nam (2005) cung van dung ly thuyet tilp xuc ngdn ngu de khdo sat vifc su dyng ngdn ngtt d Viet Nam. Ddy la cdng ttinh nang cao tu mgt dl tdi nghien cuu cua Vifn Khoa hpc xd hdi vung Nam Bd, tap hgp cdc bai: "Ly thuylt tilp xuc ngdn ngu vd vin de tiep xuc ngdn ngtt d Viet Nam (trudng hgp Tp. Hd Chi Minh)" cua Biii Khanh Thi;
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Nghien ciru vdn iida Vi^t Nam...
"Ttt ngtt tiing Phap teong each phat am cua ngudi Vift (trudc Cach mgng Thang Tam 1945)" cila Cao Xuan Hgo; "Vin de
"tiing Anh vtta la ca hgi, vtta la thach thttc" - tiep cdn ttt ly thuylt tilp xuc ngdn ngtt" cua Nguyin Thj My Ttang;
"Vift hda ttt tieng Phap, tieng Anh teen bdo cM tiing Vift hifn nay" cua Trin Thi Tinh; "Sy hinh thanh cac phy td ciu tao ttt gdc Han - Vift ttong tieng Vift Mfn dai" cua Ly Tung Hilu; "Tiep xuc ngdn ngtt vd vifc van dung tieu chuan ve dgc trung ngdn ngtt ttong kM nghien cim cac vdn de dan tgc d Vift Nam" cua Bui Khdnh The; "Mgt khia cgnh ciia tilp xuc ngdn ngtt: song ngO va gido due song ngtt" cua Td Dinh Nghia;...
Nhin chung, mac du ra ddi da mgt thi ky vd cd khd ndng md ra nhiing kham pha mdi v l ngudn gdc ngdn ngtt, ve nhttng thay ddi cua ngdn ngO, ve tmh hinh song ngO vd song van hda (biculturalism), nhung nhiing cdng trinh nghien cttu ve ngdn ngtt, vdn hda theo hudng tiep can cua ly thuyet tilp xuc ngdn ngtt d Vift Nam cdn tan mgn. Dac bift, vifc nghien ciru ve sy hinh thanh vd each thttc stt dung eua cac ngdn ngtt pha tedn (mixed languages), ve mdi lien hf gitta ngdn ngO vd van hda teong mdi trudng xa hdi don ngtt vd song ngO d Vift Nam hau nhtt chtta dugc tien hanh mpt each cd bdi ban.
3. Khuynh hudng dan tpc - ngon ngtt hgc (ethnolinguistics)
Ngay ttt thi ky XIX, tiing Bahnar,
tiing Cham a Vift Nam da dugc ngudi Phap ngMen ciiu, xdy dung chtt vilt hogc bidn sogn ttt dien. Trong thdi kjf cMin tranh cung nhu sau ngay thdng nhit dit nude, cac cdng trinh ngUen cttu, ly luan va cdc chinh sach ddi vdi cdc ngdn ngO tWlu sd ra ddi ngay cdng nhieu. Trong qua trinh do, vifc ngMen ciru cdc tdc ngudi teen hai binh difn dan tpc hgc va ngdn ngO hgc thudng lien quan mgt thilt vdi nhau. Cac nghign cttu dan tgc hgc thudng danh mpt ty If tWch ddng de md td ngdn ngtt cua tdc ngudi lien quan. Cac cdng trinh nghien cuu ngdn ngu tdc ngudi cung thudng stt dyng hogc cung cdp nhOng thdng tin ddn tpc hgc lien quan. Do dd, khuynh hudng nghien ciiu lien nganh dan tdc - ngdn ngO hgc da dan dan dugc huih thanh.
Nam 1945, R.F. Spencer da cdng bd bai "The Annamese kinship system"
(SJA, 1.284 - 310, Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, Albuquerque N.N).
Nam 1972, John D. Miller thudc Vien NgO hgc Miia he da cd bdi "Bra kinship" (Southeast Asia, sd 2/1972).
Nam 1973, Jan Mucka cdng bd bai
"Kmship system and terminology in Vietaam" (AASB, 7: 33-9). Ndm 1978, nha dan tgc hpc ngudi Phap Georges Condominas xuit ban cdng trinh L'Espace social. A propos de I'Asie du Sud-Est (ban tieng Vift: Khdng gian xa hgi vimg Dong Nam A, 1997), t$p hijp cac bai bien khdo do dng thuc hifn d Vift Nam va Ddng Nam A ttt ndm 1953
Nghien cdu vdn hda Viet Nam...
den ndm 1976, theo huiSng tilp can lidn ngdnh dan tOc hgc, xS hgi hcjc va ngdn ngO hpc. Nam 1980, E. Fuller cdng bd bdi "Cross - cousin marriage and Chru kinship taminology" (Notes from Indochina on ethnic minority cultures, ed. by Marilyn Gregerson and Dorothy Thomas, 113-23, Publication 6. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics, Museum of Anthropology).
Sau ngay thdng nhit dit nude, cdng tac dieu tta ca bdn cac tpc ngudi tMlu sd Vift Nam cd diiu kifn thuan lgi ban.
Vd din nam 1978 va nam 1984, lin lugt hai cdng teinh Cdc dan tgc it ngudi d Vift Nam (cdc tinh phia bic) va Cdc ddn tgc it nguai & Viet Nam (cdc tinh phia nam) ctta Vifn Dan tOc hgc dd ra ddi. Trong hai cdng teinh dd, mpt sd nha ddn tpc hgc da chu y thu thdp va khai thdc thdng tin lien quan din van hda, Ijch stt tiem tang teong cac ngdn ngtt tfc ngudi. Ttt dd, hudng tiep can liSn nganh dan tdc - ngdn ngtt hgc vdn tilp tyc dttgc mpt sd nha dan tpc hpc van dung khi khdo sdt nhttng vdn de ddi hdi nhiing tri thttc vd phttong phdp lien ngdnh. Chdng hgn, dd Id cdc cdng ttinh cua Ddng Nghiem Van: "Ten gpi cdc tgc ngttdi d Vift Nam - mpt phdn dnh xa hpi"
(Nhiing van de ngdn nga hgc ve cdc ngdn ngu phucmg Ddng, 1986); ctta Mgc Dttdng: Ddn tgc hgc vd vdn de xdc djnh thdnh phdn ddn tgc (1997); ctta Tg Due: Ngudn gdc va sir phdt trien cua kiin trite biiu tufmg vd ngdn nga Dong San (1999),...
Vd pMa cdc nha ngdn ngtt hpc, kl ttt thdp men 1970, Phgm Dttc Duong da chgn hudng tiep can lien ngdnh dl khdo sdt cac van de ngdn ngtt, van hda, lich stt cua cac tgc ngudi Vift Nam vd Ddng Nam A. Huong tilp cgn nay dugc thi Mfn qua cdc cdng trinh: Tiip xiic ngdn nga & Ddng Nam A (cung vdi Phan Nggc, 1983); Vdn hda Vift Nam trong bdi cdnh Ddng Nam A (2000); Buc tranh ngdn ngu - vdn hda tdc ngucri a Vift Nam vd Ddng Nam A (2007); Viet Nam - Ddng Nam A - ngdn ngu vd vdn hda (2007); va hang chuc bdi bdo khoa hgc ve cdc nhdm Tgng Mien, Vift Mucmg, Tien - Vift Mudng, Meo - Dao, quan hf Vift Mucmg - Tay Thdi... Ddc bift, nhd stt dung phuong phdp tiep cgn lien ngdnh ddn tpc - ngdn ngtt hpc, phdi bcTp vdi nhttng tu lifu khdo cd va thu tjch cd Vift Nam md vdo ndm 1978, Phgm Dttc Duong cung vdi Hd Vdn Tin trong bdi "Ve ngdn ngtt Tiln - Vift Mudng" (Tgp cW Ddn tgc hgc, sd 1/1978) da xdc lap dugc mgt gid thiet cd tinh thuyet phyc cao ve ngudn gdc hinh thanh dan tgc Vift va tieng Vift ttdn dja bdn tnmg du vd ddng bdng Bdc Bg.
Theo do, khdi Tiln - Vift Mudng la mgt ttong nhirng nhdm Mdn - Khome cd nim ngodi bien cua ddng ndy dd di chuyen xudng ddng bing Bic Bg vd tiep xttc vdi nhdm Tdy cd, mgt nhdm ngodi Men ve phia nam cua ddng Ddng Thai luc dd da phdn bd d quanh vjnh Hd Ngi.
Qud trinh nay bit diu ttt 2.000 ndm 107
Nghien dm vdn hda Viet Nam...
trudc Cdng nguydn, tuong ttng vdi giai dogn md ddu cua thdi dai Himg Vuong teong truyen thuylt cua dan tdc Vift Gia thuylt nay sau dd dugc Pham Dttc Ducmg chi tiet hda teong cudn sdch dau tay Tiep xuc ngdn nga a Bdng Nam A (vilt chung vdi Phan Nggc, 1983), va teong cudn Birc tranh ngdn ngu - vdn hda tdc ngudi d Viet Nam vd Bdng Nam A (2007).
Gid thuyet cua Hd Van Tan - Pham Dttc Duong ngay cang dugc nhieu nhd khoa hpc tan thdnh vd tiep tuc dao sdu, bd sung them nhieu chttng ly. Phdi hgp gid thuylt dd vdi ket qua nghien cttu cua H. Maspero, A.G. Haudrieourt, M. Ferlus, Nguyen Tdi Cdn..., ngdy nay ngudi ta dd ed the ban ludn, gidng gidi ve ljch stt cdc ngdn ngtt Vift - Mudng, Chttt - Pogng mgt each thuyet phuc, ty tin. Vilt vl tieng Vift, ngudi ta da cd the mgnh dgn khdng djnh ngdn ngtt me cua nd la mdt ngdn ngtt Mdn - Khome cd phu td tgo ttt, cd dm tiet phu, khdng thanh difu. Do chju anh hudng cua ngdn ngtt Tdy cd, nd chuyen bien thanh tieng Vift Mudng chung. Tidp dd, chiu anh hudng cua ngdn ngtt Han cd dai d trung du vd ddng bdng, tieng Vift - Mudng chung tach dan thdnh tieng Mudng, tieng Viet (the ky VIII-X). Chinh do tilp xuc ngdn ngtt va van hda sau dam vdi Tdy vd Han, ttt thdi ky trung dgi, tieng Vift chi cdn gitt lgi co tang tu vyng co ban Mdn - Khome, cdn ttt vyng van hda thi vay mugn Tay va Han rit nhilu. Vd tat cd
ddu dugc van hanh theo mpt co ch6 mdi:
roi rung phy td, roi rung dm tilt phu, bien ddi phu am cudi, hinh thdnh thanh difu. 6 mttc dp yeu hon, teong cdc ngdn ngO Mttdng, Ngudn, Sach, May, Rue, Ma Liing, Aream, Popng cung diln ra nhttng biln ddi nay, khiln cho chiing hgp cttng tiing Vift lap thdnh mdt nhanh rieng; dgi chi Vift - Mttdng (hay Vift - Chttt, Vietic) tach khdi dgi chi Mdn - Khome va nhdm Vift - Katu.
Nhu vdy, bang each van dung phdi hgp cac tri thttc ngon ngO hpc vdi cac tri thttc Uen nganh d l nhdn dien epi ngudn, Ijch stt phdn ly va quy tu cua cdc tpc ngttdi va vdn hda tpc ngudi d Vift Nam vd Ddng Nam A, Phgm Dttc Dttong va nhirng nha khoa hpc vtta ndu da cd mft ddng gdp khoa hpc vugt khdi phgm vi ngdn ngtt hgc d l tham gia vdo cdng cugc nghien ciru phuc hifn vdn hda - Ijch su cua cae cdng ddng ngudi thupc thdi ky tiln van ty d Vift Nam.
Trong thap nien 1990, cd them mpt sd nha ngdn ngtt hpc tham gia hudng nghien cica nay nhu: Nguyin Vdn Lgi vdi bai "Tdc danh cua mOt sd ddn tf c o Nam Trung Qudc va Ddng Nam A. Van de ten ggi Giao Chi" (Vi$t Nam - nhung vdn de ngdn ngu va vdn hda, 1993). Ly Tung Hieu cung cd cac cdng trinh;
"Ngdn ngtt hgc van hda vdi nhifm \t tim hilu va phdt huy bdn sdc vdn hda dan tpc" (Bdo tdn vd phdt huy bdn sic vdn hda ddn tgc - vai trd cita nghien ciiu vd gido dtic, 1999); "Vin dl y thttc hp
Nghien cuu vdn hoa Viet Nam...
tgc, hg - thj tgc danh vd hg - nhan danh d cdc dan tgc Sedang, Bahnar, Brfl, Vift - tilp cgn ttt nhan loai - ngdn ngtt hgc" (Tieng Vift trong nha tnrdng phd thdng vd cdc ngdn nga ddn toe, 2002);
"Nhdn hpc ngdn ngtt hpc d Vift Nam - qua trinh hinh thdnh, ddi tugng va phucmg phdp" (NhOng thdnh tiru khoa hgc xa hgi vd nhdn vdn 6 cdc tinh phia nam trong thai ky Ddi mcri, 2003);
"Hinh thttc td chttc cpng ddng co sd cua cdc ddn tOc Mdn - Khome, ttt gdc nhin ngdn ngtt hgc nhdn hgc" (Tap san Ngogi ngu - Tin hgc vd Gido dfic, Tnrdng Dgi hgc Ngogi ngtt - Tin hgc Tp. Hd Chi Minh, sd 9 bp mdi, 2007); Dac diem ve cdu tgo tie vd ve van hda Bru vd Vift qua sir so sdnh tie vung ciia hai ngdn ngu ndy (Lugn dn tiln si ngtt vdn, Vifn Khoa hgc Xd hpi vung Nam Bp, 2007);
Ngdn ngu - vdn hda viing ddt Sdi Gdn vd Nam Bg (2012); "Ngudn gdc nhttng khdi nifm chi hinh thttc qudn cu cua cdc tgc ngudi thupc ngtt hf Nam A qua ctt lifu ddn tgc - ngdn ngtt hpc" (Tap chi Khoa hgc Dgi hgc Suphgm Tp. Hd Chi Minh, so 55,2014)...
Cdc cdng trinh nghien ciiu cd tinh chit lien ngdnh ctta cac nha ddn tdc hpc vd ngdn ngtt hpc da tap ra dugc nen mdng ban diu cho chuyen ngdnh ddn tpc - ngdn ngtt hpc Vift Nam. Va rieng vl phia cac nhd ngdn ngtt hpc thi sy tham gia cua hp da budc dau dem lgi cho ngdnh ngdn ngO hpc Vift Nam mpt tiing ndi dgc lap vd cd edn ctt ddi vdi
vifc tim Meu vdn hda, lich su ciia cdc tdc ngudi.
4. Khuynh hudng nhan hoc ngon ngir (linguistic anthropology) hay ngdn ngir hgc nhan hgc (anthropological linguistics)
Khuynh hudng ndy dugc nhen nhdm d Vift Nam ttt thdp men I960, ttong thdi ky 1954-1975, khi khoa nhan ehung hgc (anthropology) dugc gidi thifu d hai mien Nam vd Bic Vift Nam. Ngudi cd cdng gidi thifu nganh khoa hgc nay d mien Nam Id Giao su Biiu Lich vdi cdc cdng trinh xudt ban d Sai Gdn nhu Vdn de thdn tdc (1966), Nhdn chiing hgc vd Lugrc khdo thdn tdc hgc (1970). Ttt ndm
1968, nhdn chung hpc dd dugc dua vao gidng dgy tai Dgi hgc Vdn khoa Sdi Gdn va Phan khoa Khoa hgc xd hdi cua Vifn Dai hpc Van Hgnh. Trong cdng ttinh Nhdn chung hgc vd Luge khdo thdn tgc hgc (1970), Buu Ljch dd ttinh bdy chi tilt khdng nhung vl ddi tupng, phuong phdp cua nhdn chung hpc, ma ca ve ngdn ngtt vd ngdn ngu hgc, nhdm "muc - dich giai - thich them vj - tri dac - bift cua Ngtt - hpc ddi vdi Nhan - chiing - hgc, nhdt la theo quan - diem eua Sapir vd Levi - Sttauss". Tinh chdt lien nganh trong phuang phap tiep can cua cdng trinh nay rit rd, va day cd the xem Id cdng trinh md dudng ve phuang phap ludn cua nhan hpc ngdn ngtt Vift Nam.
d miin Bdc, thanh tyu nhdn chiing hpc trong thdi ky ndy tuong ddi phong phu. Ndi bat Id cac cdng trinh nghien cira cua Nguyin Dinh Khoa: "Gidi thifu 109
Nghien cdu vdn hda Vift Nam...
dgi thi ngdnh nhan hgc" (Tin tiec Hogt ddng Khog hgc, Uy ban Khoa hgc va Ky thudt Nha nude, sd 7/1964); Cdc ddn tgc a mien Bdc Viet Nam - Ddn lieu nhdn chimg hgc (1976),... Ddc bift, cdng trinh Nhdn chung hgc Ddng Nam A (1983) cung cdp cho ngudi dgc nhiing kien thue eo ban ve ddi tugng, phgm vi nghien cim cdc cu lifu, phuong phap tiep can, vd nhung kien giai mdi vl mat nhan chung hgc, gdp phdn vdo vifc nghien cttu cdi ngudn ljch stt cu dan va cdc tpc ngudi d Ddng Nam A. Hgn ehi trong cdng trinh nay cflng nhu cdc cdng trinh khac cua Nguyen Dinh Khoa Id khdng phdi hgp cac tti thttc nhan chung hgc, khdo cd hgc vdi eac tri thttc ngdn ngtt hpc dl gidi quylt eac vin de theo hudng tiep can lien nganh.
Sau khi thdng nhat dat nude, vao cudi thdp nien 1990, vdi viec thanh lap cac khoa vd bd mdn nhan hpc d Dai hpc Qude gia Ha Ndi va Dgi hgc Qudc gia Tp. Hd Chi Minh, hudng nghien cttu nhan hpc ngdn ngtt vd ngdn ngtt hpc nhdn hpc da dugc chtt y trd lgi. Mdt sd cdng trinh nghien cttu lien quan cua nude ngodi da dugc bien djch va gidi thifu, nhu bdi "Gidi thifu gid thuyet
"Tinh tuong ddi ngdn ngtt" cua Sapir- Whorf (Tgp chi Ngon ngu, sd 4/1999) cua Ly Toan Thdng, cudn Ngdn nga vdn hda vd xa hgi. Mgt cdch tiep can lien ngdnh (2006) do Vu Thj Thanh Huong vd Hodng Tu Qudn bien djch, cudn Mdt sd vdn de ve ly thuyet vd phucmg phdp
nghien ciru nhdn hoc (2006) cua nMeu tdc gid, do Vu Thj Phuong Anh, Phan Ngpc Chien, Hoang Trgng djch tit nguyen ban tieng Anh... Ciing vdi viec nghien cttu, bien dich, vifc gidng day nhdn hgc ngdn ngtt vd ngdn ngtt hgc nhdn hgc da dugc trien khai tgi Dgi hpc Qudc gia Ha Ndi vd Dgi hgc Qudc gia Tp. Hd Chi Minh. Ngudi ddng gdp dang ke vdo qua trinh nay la GS. Luang Van Hy, Chu nhiem Khoa Nhdn hgc Dgi hpc Toronto, Canada. Khdng chi mang vl Vift Nam nhieu tdi lifu khpa hpc gia trj, vdo ndm 2000 Luong Van Hy cdn chil bien vd xudt ban cudn Ngdn tu, gidi va nhdm xd hdi tie thuc tien tieng Vift, mpt cdng ttinh nghien cttu thyc dia ngdn ngii hpc xa hdi khdo sat vi tei cua ngdn ngii trong ddi sdng cua cae cdng ddng ngudi.
Ld mpt chuyen nganh khpa hgc tuong ddi mdi d Vift Nam, hudng nghien cihi nhdn hgc ngdn ngtt va ngdn ngtt hpc nhan hgc dang gdp khd khan do nhiing ngucri hgc tap, theo dudi hudng nghien cttu nay vdn khdng dugc ttang bj nhttng kien thttc chinh quy ve ngdn ngtt va ngdn ngtt hpc, nen khd tilp thu, vgn dyng eac tri thttc ctta ngdn ngu hpc.
5. Khuynh hirdng ngdn ngir hgc van hda (cultural linguistics) hay van hda - ngon ngir hpc (culturolinguistics)
Khuynh hudng nay hinh thdnh teong thap nien 1990 va budc dau dd tgo l|p dugc mpt sd eg sd ve mat phucmg phap ludn. Ngudi de xuit thanh lap mdn hgc mdi vdi ten ggi "vdn hda - ngdn ngtt hijc"
Nghien cuu vdn hda Viit Nam...
(hay "ngdn ngO hpc van hda") Id Trin Nggc Them teong cac cdng ttinh: "Di tim ngdn ngO ctta van hda va dgc tnmg vdn hda cua ngdn ngtt" (Viet Nam - rihOng vdn de ngdn ngii vd van hoa, 1993), "Ngtt dung hgc va vdn hda - ngdn ngtt hgc" (Tgp chi Ngdn nga, sd 4/1999). Theo dng, day la mdt mdn hgc ndm d ranh gidi gitta ngdn ngtt hpc vdi vdn hda hgc, va cd thi chia thanh hai b$
phgn: van hda - ngdn ngtt hgc teong phgm vi mpt dan tpc, va van hda - ngdn ngtt hgc teong phgm vi nMSu ddn tf c.
Ndm 2000, Dd Huu Chdu trong bdi
"Tim hilu van hda qua ngdn ngtt" (Tap ehi Ngon ngu, sd 10/2000), cung vgch ra
"mOt dl cuong phuang phdp lugn" chua ddy dtt cho vifc nghien ciiu "ngdn ngtt - vdn hda hgc". Theo dng, mdi ttt ngtt cd djnh cua ngdn ngtt, la mgt ten gpi cua mpt ylu td cua vdn hda. Mdi tu, mdi ngtt cd dinh tu minh Id mdt yeu td eua vdn hda. Vd dng ciing phdc thdo cae phuong phap gittp phat hifn ra cac hieu biit van hda teong ngtt nghia ctta cdc don vi ngdn ngtt.
Nguyin Van Chien cflng ty nhan thuOc khuynh hudng ndy vdi cdc cdng ttinh nhu: "Danh hi thdn tpc Viet teong hai logi hinh ngdn ngtt ddi chieu:
Khome, Ldo va Nga, Tifp, Anh" (Tgp chi Nghien ciru Ddng Nam A, sd 3/1992);
"Nude - mpt biiu tugng vdn hda ddc thtt teong tdm thttc ngudi Vift vd ttt nude teong tiing Vift (NgWen cuu Ngdn ngtt - van hda hgc)" (Tap chi Ngdn ngu, sd
15/2002); Tien tai xdc lap vdn tii virng vdn hda Vift (Nghien ciru ngdn nga vd van AcJoJ (2004)...
6. Khuynh hirdng ngon ngir hgc irng dyng (applied linguistics)
Ngodi cdc cdng trinh neu teen, vdn cdn rdt nMeu cdng trinh khdc khdng thudc hdn vao mdt khuynh hudng nhat djnh, nhung cung Id nhung cdng trinh nghien cttu cd gid tri ve mat ly thuyet vd dgc bift la v l mat umg dung ddi vdi vifc nghien cuu cac ngdn ngtt va cae nin vdn hda d Vift Nam ttt gdc dp lien nganh. Vi vdy, chung tdi tgm xep nhung cdng trinh ndy vdo khuynh hudng ngdn ngtt hoc img dyng. Xet theo ndi dung, cac cdng teinh nghien cttu loai ndy cd thi chia thdnh ba nhdm:
6.1. Nghien citu mSi quan hf gitta ngdn ngii: vdi vdn hda, dgc trimg vin hda tgc ngudi trong cdc ngdn nga cu thi. Nhdm nay cd cdc cdng teinh nhu:
Hodng Anh Thi (1995), "Mpt sd ddc dilm van hda Nhat - Vift qua vifc khdo sdt hf thdng tu xung hd" (Tgp chi Ngdn nga, so 1/1995); Hoang Tuf (1996), Ngdn ngu vd ddi sdng xd hdi - vdn hda;
Nguyin Van Khang chu Men (1996), Ung xir ngdn ngu trong giao tiep gia dinh nguai Viet; Httu Dat (2000), Vdn hda vd ngdn ngu giao tiep cda nguai Vift; Dd Thj Bich Ldi (2000), "NgO cdnh, bdi cdnh giao tiep va vdn de ngdi, sd ttong tiing Vift (khdo sat qua Idp ttt xung hd)" (Ky yiu tap II Hdi nghj qudc ti ldn thir nam ve ngdn nga hgc vd ngdn 111
Nghien ciru vdn hoa Vift Nam..,
nga hgc lien A, Trudng Dai hpc Khoa hpc x a hgi va Nhan van, Dgi hgc Qudc gia Tp. Hd Chi Minh, 2000); Trdn Tri Ddi (2001), Ngdn nga vd sif phdt trien vdn hda xa hgi; Nguyin Tai Cdn (2001), Mgt so chimg tich ve ngdn nga, van tu vd vdn hoa; Trinh Thi Kim Nggc (2002), "Tilm ndng ngdn ngtt teong nghien cttu con ngudi vd vdn hda" (Tap chi Ngdn nga, sd 14/2002); Nguyin Thanh Timg (2003), Tim hiiu dgc tnmg ngdn nga - vdn hda cita nhdm tit chi dgng thifc vdt tieng Viet (so sdnh vdi tieng Anh), luan an tiln si, Trudng Dgi hgc Khoa hpc xa hdi vd nhan vdn, Dgi hgc Qudc gig Tp. Hd Chi Minh; Nguyen Van Df (2004), 77m hieu mdi lien hf ngdn nga vdn hda; Nguyen Kien Trudng chtt bien (2004), Qudng cdo vd ngdn nga qudng cdo; Tran Thi Nggc Lang chu Men (2005), Mdt sd vdn di vi phuang ngu xd hdi; nhieu tac gid (2010), Hd Ndi nhiing vdn de ngdn ngu vd vdn hda...
Mgt sd cdng trinh thugc logi nay cflng da dat diu mdc cho qua teinh nghien cttu van hda qua ngdn ngtt d Vift Nam. Dd la: "Tieng Vift vdi nhttng co sd cua nen van hda truyen thdng Vift Nam" (Tap san Thdng bdo Khoa hgc. Phdn khoa hgc xa hgi, Trudng Dgi hpc Tdng hcjrp Tp. Hd Chi Minh, sd 1/1983) cua Hdng Ddn, mdt cdng trinh van dung tei thttc ngdn ngtt hpc de nghien cttu van hda Vift; Vift Nam - nhiing vdn de ngdn nga va vdn hda (1993) cua nhilu tac
gid, mdt cdng ttinh danh dau bttdc phat ttien mdi cua cac khuynh httdng tiep c ^ van hda bdng con dudng ngdn ngii hpc d Viet Nam; Tim hieu dgc trung van hda - ddn tdc ciia ngdn ngu vd tu duy a nguai Viet (trong stt so sdnh vdi nhang ddn tgc khac) va Dgc tnmg vin hda ddn tgc cua ngdn nga vd tu duy ciia Nguyin Dttc Tdn.
6.2. Nghien citu ctja danh vd nhin danh. Nhdm nay cd cac cdng trinh, nhu:
Le Trung Hoa (1991, 2003), Nguyin tic vd phucmg phdp nghien cihi dia danh (Bia danh a Thanh phd H6 Chi Minh);
Nguyin Kien Trudng (1996), NhOng dgc diem chinh cua dia danh Hdi Phong (sa bg sg sdnh v&i dja danh mdt sd viing khdc), lugn an phd tiln si, Dgi hpc Qudc gia Ha Ndi; Bui Dttc Tinh (1999), Luge khdo ngudn gdc dia danh Nam Bg;
Nguyin Vdn Au (2000), Mgt sd vdn M ve dia danh hgc Viet Nam; Le Trung Hoa (2002, 2005), Hg ten ngudi Vift Nam; Le Trang Hoa (2002,2005,2011), Tim hieu nguon gdc dia danh Nam Bg vd tiing Viet vdn hgc; Ttt Thu Mai (2004), Nghien citu dja danh Qudng Trj, luan an tiln si ngtt van, Tnrdng Dai hgc Khoa hgc Xa hdi va Nhdn van, Dgi hpc Qudc gia Ha Ndi; Tran Vdn Diing (2004), Nhimg dgc diim chinh cua dja danh a Dak Ldk, ludn an tien si ngtt vdn, Tradng Dgi hgc Vinh; Tdn Nguyft Hoa (2005), Ten hay kem diiu tot; Le Trung Hoa (2006, 2010, 2011), Dia danh hgc Vift Nam...
Nghien ciiu vdn hda Viet Nam...
6.3. Nghien cdtu itng dfing cdc tri thic vi dgc trung van hda Ipc ngirdi Irong ngdn ngir vdo Ilnh vire dgy tieng.
Nhdm nay cd cae cdng trinh nhu: Bui Khdnh Thi (1999),'"Bdn sic van hda - tilp can ttt ngdn ngO hgc" (Bdo tdn vd phdt huy bdn sic vdn hda ddn tdc - vai trd cua nghien ciru vd gido diic); Trinh Thi Kim Nggc (1999), Ngdn ngO vd vdn hda: Tri thiec nin vd viec gidng dgy tieng nuoc ngodi; Dinh Hdng Vdn (2005), "Vi tri cua vdn hda ttong dgy - hpc ngogi ngu" (Tgp chi Ngdn ngO vd Bdi sdng, sd 3/ 2005); Phgm TM Hda (2008), "Day thanh td van hda teong day - hpc ngogi ngO" (Tgp chi Ngdn ngO vd fl(iiid'«g, sd3,2008)...
7. Kit lu^n
Cdn ctt vdo nhttng tu lieu thu thap dugc, cd the phdn chia Unh vyc nghien ciiu van hda qua ngdn ngu d Vift Nam thdnh ndm khuynh hudng nhu tren.
Vifc phan gidi giOa cdc khuynh bucing ndi teen chi Id tuong ddi, tuy thudc quan diem, muc dich phdn logi cua nhd nghiSn cttu. Cho du ngudn gdc, ddi tugng, phuang phap, thuat ngtt cd chd khac bift, song gitta eac nha khoa hpc lien quan din Ilnh vye nghien cim vdn hda qua ngdn ngtt d nude ta vin cd nhttng dilm chung co ban. Ching ban, quan nifm xem ngdn ngu vtta la mgt thdnh td vdn hda vtta la mdt phuong tifn chuyin tdi ban sic vdn hda cua cOng ddng ndi ngdn ngtt iy; tren eo sd dd, ngdn ngtt mdi dttgc xem Id mgt
ngudn stt lifu quy bdu de nghien cim van hda, lich stt cac tdc ngudi va cac cdng ddng ngudi,... Vi vay, teong khi theo dudi mpt khuynh hudng nhit dinh, ngudi ta van cd thi tiep thu nhiing tinh hoa cua cae khuynh hudng tuong cgn de bd sung, phdt teiln hudng nghien cira cua minh.
Tdi lieu tham khdo
1. Nguyin Thien Giap (chii bien) (2005), Luge sir Viet ngU hgc, t.l. Nxb Giao dgc Viet Nam, Ha Ngi.
2. Ly Tiing Hilu (2003), "Nhan hgc ngon ngu hgc d Vi^t Nam - qua trinh hinh thanh, doi tugng va phucmg phap", Nhiing thdnh lifu khoa hgc xd hdi vd nhdn vdn d cdc linh phia Nam trong thdi ky Ddi mdi, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hgi, HaNgi.
3. Ly Tiing Hilu (2007), Dgc diem vi cdu tgo ta vd ve vdn hda Brd vd Viet qua su so sdnh tit vung cua hai ngdn ngU ndy, Luan an tien sT ngiJ van, Vien Khoa hgc xa hpi viing Nam Bg.
4. Ly Tung Hilu chu nhiem (2008), Ngdn ngU hgc nhdn hgc - phdc thdo lich sir, dot lugng, phuang phdp, gid tri ung dung, De tai nghien ciiu cSp vi?n, Vi?n Khoa hpc xS hgi vimg Nam Bp.
5. Ly Tiing Hieu - Nguyin Van Hu?
(2008), "Lich sir hinh thanh ngon ngu hpc nhan hgc d Viet Nam: Cai nhin long quan", Tgp chi Khoa hgc xd hgi, so 07 (119).
6. Doan van Phuc (2013), "Chan dung nha khoa hgc: GS.TS. Phgm Due Duong", www.vienngonnguhoc.gov.vn, ngay 2 thang 5 nam 2013.
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