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MOT SO BAI HOC QUY BAU TRONG GIAO DUC - DAO TAO
T H D I L E THANH TONG
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l Thanh Tong dflgc suy tdn lln ngdi H o i n g d l v i o nam 1460, qua hai niln hieu Quang T h u | n va Hdng Dtfc, 38 n l m vj tri cua minh da d l lgi h l n g logt nhtfng cdng Ich ldn lao. lien quan d i n d l t nfldcLI Thai Td ngfldi sdng lap ra trilu dgi Hgu Le tiii Ll T h l n h T d i ^ da dfla vfloi^ trilu niy p h l t trien lln mgt dinh cao mdi trln cac linh vtfc kinh te, chuih trj. vin hda, gilo dtfc. Cd tiie xem d l y la thdi k^ thtfc trj n h l t cfla c h l dg phong kien d i n tgc Vi|t Nam.Ve gilo due, thdi L l Thlnh Tdng dtfpc xem thdi ky p h l t trien ctfc thinh cua gilo dye p h o i ^ kien Viet Nam.Stf nghiep gilo due- d i o tgo thdi Le Thanh Tdng da de Iai cho gilo dye Vi|t Nam nhieu bli hpc quy bau. Trong bli vilt nay tdi mudn dtfng Iai tim hieu mgt vdi bii hpc v l gilo dye dfldi thdi L l Thanh Tdng.
1. QUAN NI|M Wt GlAO DUC- HOC HANH Ke thfla nhtfng tinh hoa quy b l u ve giao dye cfla elc trilu dgi Ly, Trln, Hd, Le Thlnh Tdng rlt coi trpng gido dye. Giao due p h l t triln vi dat ntfdc dgc lap. x l hgi dn djnh, c h l do chinh trt tien bd, stf p h l t trien gilo dye lgi gdp phan khdng nhd v i o sfl p h l t triln cua ljch stf. Dieu nay dflpc the hien rd net trong quan niem gilo due thdi Ll T h l n h Tdng.
L l Thlnh Tdi^ cho rang de xly dtfng qudc gia khdng the khdng cd ngfldi tii gidi. m i mudn chpn dflgc ngfldi tii gidi thi phli xay dtfng mgt nln gilo dye tdt. Ttf quan n i | m dd. Le T h l n h Tdng da td chtfc viec hpc hanh v l thi cfl cd quy md hdn.
Viec hge h l n h do n h i nfldc td chtfc dflpc day mgnh, ddng thdi vi|c hpc h i n h do ttf nhan m d trfldng cflng dflpc khuyen khich. Cung vdi elc trfldng cdng lgp d tuyin huy|n, elc trfldng dan lap dflpc m d k h l p thdn xdm, h l u nhfl tat cd cdc ling x l d vung ddng bang deu cd cdc ldp hpc chfl H i n , tgo n l n mdt mgng Ifldi gilo dye rdng khap.
\ ^ Mieu, Qudc Ttf Giam dflpc xly dtf ng tfl thdi Ly, Le Thai T6 dtfng Iai Quoc Ttf Giam, m d trtfdng 6 cac lg, ban chilu
"cau hiln", lfla ehgn giao quan c l n thgn, chi cd ngtfdi cd dtfc tli mdi dflpc Iam thly. Nam 1467, Le Thanh Tdng dgt chtfc bde si dgy 5 kinh v i quy djnh mdi gilo quan nghien ctfu mpt kinh de dgy cho slu. Nha vua khdng chi eho x l y dtfng Igi Van Mieu m a cdn m d rgng tiiai hgc vien, m d tiiem Ttf L l m Cyc, Stf ng W n Qudn de dgy hgc cho eon em gia dmh quy tdc, quan lgi cao cap. Mgt khic, Le Thanh Tdng cflng quan t i m d i n cac
ThS. NAY TH! HUONG Trfldng Dgi h g c Hdng Dflc
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j^ciangi/tfiLfi 'iJinldgiffll jjinlplylraTii trfldng d Id. vi|c hgc h i n h ctfa con em cle tang ldp nhln daa. i)s'»"' ^''^ '^°"
Ll T h l n h Tdng rat chu trqn% dao tgo ngfldi tai cho vung 'i^ j ^ ' ' "
dlt mdi vl xa xdi heo ldnh. Dieu dd thl hien trong chieu llnh ^f^^^^'^_
ban nam Hdng Dflc thtf 19 (1488) cho tham chinh dgo Quing s^i^'?^
Nam- mgt dgo mdi t h l n h lgp n l m 1471 "quan din tiiupc ^^^ ^ '^
Thtfa chinh ty Q u i n g Nam sinh con trai tfl 15 tudi trd len ma tisCN fP' tuan ttf, ham hgc thi den ngay gan thi hflPng, 2 ty Thtfa, Hi&i -idiioiobiiDi b i n xfl cdng ddng, chpn lly, l i m ban tau lln cho sung sinh dd, rii b i n phfl de dflpc dgy bdo cho biet 11 ngliia".[ 1,302] libaibHw^d
Ttf Ll Thai To den L l Thanh Tdng quan n i l m v l gilo due da ^ i ^ n a t ia cd nhieu thay ddi. Hpc hanh khdng phai chi gianh cho con em ktetasJpa a quy tgc, quan Igi cao d p m l con em d i n thtfdng cung dflpc W i k t o p c hgc h l n h , dgt b i | t d vung slu, vtfng d l t mdi, vung biln cflflng. |u{ij|ii™jii, Thly giao la ngfldi phdi cd kien thtfc uyin bac, chuyen slu vl' ljijrU4« nJ chuyen mdn mdi d i o tao dflgc ngfldi trd gidi. '
Quan niem v l hgc gilo due- hgc hanh ctfa L l Thanh Tdi^
each day khoing tren 600 n a m l i bli hgc cd gia trj cho bao thl h | tilp theo. Dang ta da tilp thu tfl ttfdng cfla cha dng v l phlt triln thiiih tfl tfldng chiln Iflpc "gido dye la qudc sich hang dau". Nhgn thflc cho dung va quyet t i m thflc h i l n dfldi^ ldi ctfa Ding, vile am h i l u lich stf, truyin thdng gilo due cua cha dng l i dieu can thiet,
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D l n h gia ve khoa ctf thdi Le T h l n h Tdng, Phan Huy Chu da n h l n xet: "Khoa cfl cic thdi, thjnh nhat la thdi Hdng Dflc...' each lay d o rpng rai, c l c h chpn ngfldi cdng bang, ddi sau khdng till tiieo kjp.. .trong nfldc khdng d l sdt n h l n tai, tiieu
dlnh khdng dtfng l l m ngfldi k i m " [ 12,2] i Chpn n h l n tai cho dat nfldc l i mgt vipc he trgng blc nhat,
dflpc xem l i vi|c ldn cfla trilu dinh. L l Thdi Tdng da khang djnh rang: "Muon cd nhan tai, trfldc h i t phii chgn ltfa kl si, md kin chpn ke si, p h l i lay tiii ctf Idm dau." Yi till, Ll Thdnh Tdng da m d rgng v i t r l n hflng c h l dd khoa ctf.
Nam 1438, khoa tiii hfldng dfltfc td chtfc d cac dja phfldng.
nam 1439 khoa till hgi dflpc m d d kinh tiiinh Thang Loi^.
Thdi Le, ctf 3 n a m trilu dinh m d mdt ^ tiu, n a m trtfdc tiii Htfdng n a m sau tiii Hdi- N l m Quang Thugn thtf 3 (1462) nha vua djnh Igi lg thi hfldng.
Ddi tflpng d u Hflong khdng clu n^ cic tiianh p h l n trong i j ^ J ^ xa hdi, "Tlt c l nhflng quin d i n bilt chtf. cd dtfc hgnh mudn ] ^^,^ ^^^
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di thi thi den nhi Giam hay dgo sd tgi kl khai tin vl can cfldc, trtf hgng bat hieu, bat myc, logn luan, dilo toa, con nhi phfldng chfeo, con hit. phin nghich." Trong Ie Bio kit htfdng thi, thi sinh dtf thi phai cung khai tam dgi. phli dflpc Bp hp chtfng nhln, cic tiii sinh dang cd dgi tang khdng dtfpc dtf thi.
Bao kit hfldng tiii bat bupc cac xl phai chju tiich nhi|m ve tfl dch dgo dflc cua ngfldi dtf tiu.
Thdi Hdng Dtfc. trieu dinh rlt coi tnjng ke si vi cung ddi hdi cao, nhflng tid sinh dflgc hgc hinh chu dao, cd he tiidng, jjM nhilu dtft Idem tra mdi dflpc dtf thi "Bio kit hfldng".
Trong thi cfl thdi Ll Thanh Tdng quy dinh ro rang, chat che giay td cfla ngfldi tfng thi, hgn chl rat nhieu te ngn gian Ign giay td, dan tdi gian Ign trong thi ctf. Thi sinh nao vi phgm the le thi bj xfl phgt rlt ngng. cd the bi dinh chi ngay cugc thi, bi kit an "sudt ddi khdng dflpc dtf tiu". bj ttf tdi kl ca tgi ttf hinh.
Cdch cham bli, trong mdi ky thi Hfldng elc quyen thi (bii thi) phai du 4 Iflpt cham: So khio. phuc khdo (cham ngi trfldng) va chanh, phd chu khdo (cham ngogi trfldng). Bai thi dflpc cham theo 4 bac: Uu, binh, thfl, bet. Thdi Ll dp dyng clch cham Quan quyen, ttfc li cho thi sinh thi cl 4 ky, sau dd mdi can ctf vio sd bai ddpc xep Iogi ml lay du sd ngfldi theo quy djnh.
Cdc khda thi Hfldng dfldi thdi Ll diu dflpc td chtfc hit stfc quy md, i^hilm mat, bio dam cho thi sinh dflpc cdng bang, dtfpc dgt dfldi stf gilm sat cua trilu dinh. Vua Le Thlnh Tdng quy djnb cac chtfc quan coi thi, cham thi, phyc vy vi bio v | thi.
Quan Di dilu, gilm thi, giam khao vl phik khao lim nhiem vy td chtfc lanh dgo, ra de, cham thi.
Cdc quan thu quyen, Di phong. Dang lyc, Ddi dgc lim nhiem vy thu bii, dgc phich, chep lgi bli thi, dgc solt Igi bii thi.
Bg phgn bio vl, gom quan Tuan xudc (khdng biet chfl) cd nhiem vy ddc thflc quan llnh canh gitf trfldng thi, khdng cho- bit ctf ai ra vio. Ngoai ra trieu dinh cdn ctf mdt vien quan din ffla diem thi de gilm sat chung, cac quan lgi cd con em dfl thi khdng dfldc coi thi d trfldng dd.
Nlm 1472, Ll tittlnhTdng djnh lgi phlp thi Hdi. Ky thl Dinh tiii mpt bii duy nhat gpi la Dinh ddi sach van do vua ttf than ra diva cham thi.
Ttf quy chl, the le thi, cham thi, bio mgt thi cua thdi Ll Thlnh Tdng dl td ra chat che, nghiem nggt, dieu dd chtfng td tfu ctf thdi nay da rat dflpc coi tirgng. Trong ldi dy cui Le Hien Tdi^ (1497- 1503) ke ngdi Ll Thlnh Tdng, cd dogn viet: "Hiln tii la nguyen khi qudc gia, nguyin khi mgnh thl trj dao mdi thjnh. Khoa cfl li dfldng diang cua quan tiiidng, dtfdng tiiang md thi chan nho mdi cd".
Viee hgc hanh thi ctf luc biy gjd dl dao tao nhieu nhln tai cho dat nfldc- NhQng nha chinh trj, nhi ngogi giao, nha thd, nha van, nhi stf hpc... cflng vdi giao dye, khoa hgc, van hgc nghe thult cung pbat trien. Ngfldi dtf till phli nam vflng cac sach kinh dien cua nho gido, nhtf ttf tiifl, ngu sinh, lai phli hieu biet sau rpng ve Ijch stf. tiid phu... Qua cac ky till, dat biet trong ky ^^ ^ " ^ ' "8^°'' ^"8 ** khdng chi td thdng kim bac cd mi phai bilt vgn dyng tri tiitfc dl am wdng nhtfng viec nsay nay. dl xuat nhflng bi|n phlp kinh bang tl tiii. Dly 11
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mgt bleu hien ctfa nguyin tic giio dye "tro hinh hgp nhat" mi ngay nay chung ta phlt trien thinh nguyin l^^, phtfdng cham
"Hpc di ddi vdi hinh', "Nhi trfldng gan liln vdi xa hdi". •.
3. KHUYEN KHfCH HOC HANH ^
Trong stf nghiep giao dye thdi Ll Thlnh Tdng, ddi tflpng ngtfdi hpc da dtfpc md rdng, xong de khuyln khich vi|c hgc, trieu dinh djnh Ie d p phlt hgc boongrS vi bd dyng hpc sinh vio 3 xl cua Qudc Ttf Giam: "L| cho mdi nam thi Hdi trung trfldng, he trung 3 trfldng thi sung vio Thflpng xa sinh. trtfi^
2 trfldng tiii vio Trung xa sinh, trung 1 tiiidng till vio Hg xl sinh. Tien Ifldng moi thing Thfldr^ xa sinh dflpc 1 quan (10 ddng), trung xa sinh dflpc 9 tiln, Ha xl sinh 8 tien. Khi bd dyng thi bd lgi va quan Qudc Tfl Gilm chilu chd khuyet m l . bao ctf, Thfldng xd sinh lay 3 phln, Trung xd sinh lay 2 phln.
Ha xl sinh lay 1 phln de khuyen khich ngflcrt tii.(l, 285]
Khdng nhtfng thl, Le Thanh Tdng cdn tgo dieu kien cho cdc tang ldp trong xl hpi cd dieu ki|n di hpc. Nam Hdng Dtfc 19 (1488), vua xudng chieu "phim hpc trd dl tflng dgc sach, bilt llm vln vi cd hanh kilm thi do dflpc miln tuyen thi, tha cho ntfa phan thul vl sai dich." [1.301]
Td chtfc cdng bd kit qua ky thi cung rat trpng the, cd tic dung tdn vinh ngfldi bgcthi do sau bao nhieu nam den sleh, nhat 11 ed vu, khuyln khieh vile hgc tgp, thi ctf trong nfldcDd 11 le xtfdng danh, treo blng, ban mu lo, pham ttfde, dtfng bia tien si vl Ie vinh quy bli td. Nam 1484, Ll Thdnh Tdng cho dflng 10 bia tiln si. Trong 38 nam tij vj, Le Thanh Tdng da td chtfc 12 khoa thi hdi, lay 501 tien si, trong dd cd 9 trgng nguyen,
Khuyln khich ngfldi hgc nham md rdng gilo dye din toin dan, ltfa chgn dflpc nhieu ngfldi tai gidi cho dat ntfdc, day la bli hgc mi elc thl he sau cln phii tran trgng, hgc tip,
Stf phat trien gilo due thdi Le, ml thdi Ll Thanh Tdng dgt tdi cflc thjnh, dl di lgi cho chtfng ta nhieu bii hgc quy bau vl quan niem giao dye hoe hinh, thi cfl, khuyen khich ngfldi hgc... .Trong stf nghilp phlt trien dat nfldc. vdi thdi ky cdng nghilp hda, hiln dgi hda, hgi nhlp the gidi, nhflng bii hgc quy gil ve giao due cfla Ll Thlnh Tdng cang cd gil trj, gdp phln dfla stf nghilp gilo dye Vi|t Nam ngang tam the gidi.
Day thtfc stf la nhtfng bli hgc vinh ctfu ludn cd gia tri hlng dau trong mgi thdi dgi.
TAI u e u THAM KHAO
1. Dgi Viet stf ky toan thfl, tgp 3, NXB khoa hoc xa hgi. Ha Ndi 1972.
2. Phan Huy Chfl. Ljch trilu hiln chfldng loai chi, tgp 1.
NXB khoa hgc xa hgi. HI Ngi 1992,
3. Ll Quy Ddn toin tgp. tgp 2. Kiln van tilu lyc, NXB KHXH. Hi Ndi 1977.
SUMMARY
Le Thanh Tong who has been the emperor Dai Viet Kingdom for 38-year reign. The wise king of Later Le dynasty has left to posterity many valuable lessons: the concept of education and learning examination, encouraged to learn ... which just a few lessons in many lessons about education and training. This is the eternal lesson and the leading value all time.
Keywords: Learning, education and ti-aining Le Thanh Tong.
Nhgn bdi ngdy 26/5/2016. SUa chUa xong 28/5/2016.
Duyit ddng2/6/2016.
