NGHIEN cifu TRAO DOI (sd'05 (imjj^j^
The black credit problem has always been a
"hot" topic that attracted the attention of public opinion in the past time and is a problem lor management agencies. The article will analyze the current situation and some reasons leading to the development of black credit in the past, thereby giving some basic solutions to step by step repel black credit
• Keyvk'ords; credit, black credit.
MOT SO GIAI PHAP DAY LUI TIN DUNG DEN
Ths. Iran Thj Lu-o-ng*
Van nan tin dung den luon lii chii de "n6ng" thu hut Sir quan tSm cOa dw lu$n trong th&i gian qua vii M van de tiat ra cho cdc co- quan quan ly. Bd/ viet se phSn tich thyv tr^ng vd m^t so nguyen nhin dan d4n sie phdt trien cua tin dyng den trong thiyi gian qua, qua dd dwa ra mgt so gidi phdp co- bSn nham tirng bw&c 6ay lui tin dung den.
• TCr khoa. tin dung, tin dijng den.
/ \ - Cac CO sd, ca nhan ed bieu hi?n huy dpng von vdi lai suat eao bat thudng (choi hui, hg, phudng...) hoac gdp vdn dudi hinh thirc kinh doanh da cap.
- Mpt sd ddi tugng, ea sd Igi dung hinh thuc cho vay trvrc tuyan, vay online thdng qua cae trang mang, mang xa hdi, img dung di ddng de quang eao, tiep can, mdi chao ngudi cd nhu cau vay de cho vay vdi lai suat rat cao.
- Nhiau ngudi tuy khdng phai eae ddi tugng cho vay chuyan nghiep nhung do ham Igi ciia lai suat huy dpng nen da di vay cua ngudi than va eiia cac doi tupng cho vay "tin dung den" rdi cho vay lai de hirdng lai suat chenh l?ch, dan khi con ng bi vd ng hoac bd tron thi nhung ngudi trung gian trd thanh con ng bj cac doi tugng cho vay "tin dung den" siat ng.
2. Thyc trang va nguyen nhSn cff ban xuat hif n tin dung den
Theo ude tinh eiia cac chuyen gia kinh tk, tin dung phi chinh thire dang ch iam khoang 20% tdng du ng tin dung (khoang 1,2 trieu ty ddng); n^udn vdn nay hi^n cd quy mo len tdi 500 nghin ty ddng, tuong duang 6-8% tSng du ng nSn kinh ta. Tin dung den ngay cang hoanh hanh va phat trien dudi nhiau hinh thirc khac nhau, gay nhieu he luy cho xa hdi va bire xiie eho nguoi dan. Thdng ke trong 4 nam tir 2015-2018, loan quoc da xay ra 7.624 vu pham loi lien quan den tin dung den, trong do ed 56 vy giat ngudi, 389 vu cd y gay thuong lich, 629 vu cudp tai san, 836 vu cudng doat tiu san, 1.809 vu lira dao, 3.581 vu lam dung tin nhi?m, 165 vu huy hoai tai san.
_ Mpt cau hdi d^l ra la tai sao tdc dp tin dyng den gia tang nhanh va nhu cau tin dyng den xuit phat tir dau^^
7n J H ' ° " " ^ v ^ ^ l ' " ' ^g^" hang Tha gidi, khoang So DN CO kha nang i,ep can ngudn vdn tin dung chinh Ngay nh$n bai: 12/4/2019
Ngay chuyen ph^n bien: 15/4/2019 Ngay nhSn phdn bi$n- 22/4/2019 Ngdy chip nh$n ddng: 25/4/2019
1. Tin dung den la gi?
"Tin dyng den" la hinh thirc cho vay, di vay hoac huy dpng vdn vdi lai suat vugt mirc lai suat cho vay ma Nha nudc hay phap luat quy djnh, dugc thue hien bdi eac ca nhan, nhdm ngudi hoac td chirc kinh doanh djch vu tai ehinh, thudng gan vdi hanh vi ddi ng, chiem doat tai san trai phap luat.
Cae ddi tugng hoat ddng "tin dung den" Ihuong hoat dpng nup dudi vd bpe la cac co sd kinh doanh, hdi nhdm nhu:
- Cae CO sd cam do, ca sd kinh doanh djch vu ddi ng thue, cdng ty tai ehinh...
- Cac to chirc tin dung hoat dpng bien tudng dudi mpi hinh thuc (khuyen mai, hoa hdng, huy ddng vdn de diu tu, liy thac dau lu trai phieu... vdi lai suat cao).
- Cae ca nhan cd bieu hien hoat dpng cho vay tai
ehinh bat hop phap. thirc cung chi mdi chiem 1/3 t6
ngudi dan, DN khd tiap ciin tong so DN. Trong khi vdn ngan hang thi nguon
^ Truomg Cao ddng Cong nghiep Hung Yen
3&> T a p chi nghien cuTu Tai chinh ke toan
fSo 05 (190)-2019)
NGHIEN cufu TRAO DOI tin dung phi chinh thire lai ludn "rdng cira" vdi thii
tiic vay rat doii gian, linh hoat, khdng can tai san the chip, nguon vdn ddi dao, dap img d\xgc nhu eau cip bach ciia ngudi dan.
Mot so dac diem cff ban cua boat dong tin dung den STT
1 2 3 4 5 5 7 8
D^c diem Cho vay quen biet giii'a cac ca nhan Co khoang each dja ly gan nhau Khong tuan thu theo nghTa vy phap ly nao, chil yeu la vay nong
Thil tyc dan gian, dap u'ng mpi noi, mpi luc, mpi yeu cau, Imh ho$t
Khoan vay thucfng nho Tai san dam bao phong phu da d^ng Luon luon co the ra han Rill ro rat cao
Nguon. TS. Cdn Vdn Li/c,2018 Dieu nay ly giai vi sao tin dyng den ngay cang biing phat dii nganh Cdng an va Ngan hang da day manh dieu tra, truy quet, xet xir tdi pham cho vay nang lai Nhu vay tinh trang tin dung den biing nd bat nguon tir nh&ng nguyen nhan co ban sau: (!) Kinh te trong nudc con cd khd klian, nhieu ca nhan, DN, td cliijc gap khd khan ve ngudn vdn, do dd den vay vdn tiii cac CO sd tin dung den, cac diem cho vay nang lai. Mpt bp phan ngudi dan, nhat ia gidi tre, khdng chiu lam an, ham ma ca dp, cd bac, game online da vay nang lai de sir dung vao muc dich an choi khdng chinh dang cua ban than, khi can thi lai suat cao cung chap nhan vay. (2) Nhung quy dinh eiia phap luat cdn long leo va chua dit sue ran de nen tinh trang lira dao lir tin dung den ngay cang gia tang. (3) Cac bien phap kiem soat ciia co quan quan ly nha nudc nham day liii tin dung den chua phat huy hieu qua. Tham chi, tin dung den ngay cang nd rd va bien tudng sang hinh thirc cho vay online vdi mue lai suat lan tdi vai tram
% moi nam. Dac biet, dudi su ho tro ciia cdng nghe, ngudi vay va ngudi cho vay chi can dang nhap vao irng dung cong nghe la ed the tien hanh giao dieh vay muon. (4) Che lai xir ly cac ddi tugng eho vay nang lai, doi ng thue ehua luang xung vdi tinh chat, mirc do vi pham, chua du sue ran de. Su quan lam vao cuoe ciia chinh quyen ea sd, mot sd co quan chu'c nang chua dung miic.
H^u qua ciia tin dyng den rat ldn ddi vdi xa hpi, gay bat an d6i vdi ngudi dan, bat lire ddi vdi nha quan iy. Lai suat vay eua lin dung den thudng eao ngat ngudng, kha nang ngudi vay khdng tra ng dugc la rit loii. Khi con ng khdng the tra dugc ng, lap tuc se bj khimg bd linh than, bj hanh hung, gay mat dn dinh xa
hpi. Theo co quan diau tra ciia Bp Cdng an, doi tugng dirng dang sau boat ddng lin dung den phan IOTI la dan gi^ang ho, sin sang diing bi^n phap manh, phi phap de ddi ng, cang day bat dn xa hdi len eao hon. Su l6n lai ciia hinh thiic tin dung den cung khdng ddng gdp dugc cho ngan sach nha nudc.
3. Mot so giai phap
Trudc tinh hinh tin dung den diln bien phirc lap, mpt bd phan ngudi dan ehua iudng het dugc tac hai va van dang lim den cac hinh thirc cho vay nang lai, cimg vdi hoat ddng ciia xa hpi den da va dang gay hiiu qua nghiem trpng ve nhiau mat, anh hudng xau den ddi song kinh ta, an ninh xa hpi, Phd Th6ng ddc NHNN Dao Minh Tu khing dinh: Nganh Ngan hang da va se tiep tuc nd luc trien khai cae giai phap md rpng lin dung phuc vu san xuat va tieu diing nhim ban cha tin dyng den.
Cu the:
- De giam thieu hoat ddng tin dung den, Ngan hang Nha nudc (NHNN) da dua ra nhieu giai phap nang eao kha nang tiep can vdn cua DN va ngudi dan, ddng ihdi tao dilu kien cho to chirc tin dung chinh thirc md chl nhanh d dia ban, thong qua cac kenh cho vay... Trong qua trinh td chirc dieu hanh hoat ddng he thdng, N[-[NN da lien tuc ra soat, dieu chinh, bo sung eac quy dinh ve eho vay.
- NHNN se tiap tuc ehi dao eac TCTD phoi hgp vdi cac to chuc ehinh tri - xa hpi day manh cdng lae truyen thdng da ngudi dan cd the tiep can cac chuong trinh tin dung ciia nganh ngan hang; Agribank, Ngan hang Chinh sach xa hpi tang cudng phdi hgp iiy thac cho vay thdng qua cac td vay von, td tiat kiem va vay von do cac Id ehirc chinh tri - xa hpi quan ly; cac TCTD (ngoai Agribank, Ngan hang Chinh sach xa hpi hien nay) nghien euu, trien khai iiy thae cho vay thdng qua cac td do cac to chirc chinh trj - xa hpi quan ly, tao dieu kien eho ngudi dan tang kha nang tilp can ngudn vdn tin dung chinh Ihirc, gdp phan h^n cha tin dyng den; trien khai cd hi^u qua cac nhiem vu duge giao tai Van ban sd YIATB-NHNN ngay 13/3/2019 thdng bao ket luan eiia Thdng ddc NHNN tai Hpi nghi triln khai cac giai phap md rdng Un dyng phuc vu san xuit va tieu diing nham ban ehe tin dyng den.
Dac biet, Phd Thong ddc eung de nghi cac to chuc chinh tri - xa hdi ti^p tyc phoi hpp vdi NHNN trong viee trao doi thdng tin, danh gia, giam sat viec thuc hi?n cac quy dinh phap luat ve boat ddng tin dyng cung nhu cac chucmg trinh, chinh sach tin dung ciia nganh Ngan hang nhim dam bao ngudi dan, dac biet la cac ddi tugng kho khan dugc tiep can cac djch vy
Tap chi nghien cflu Tai chinh ke toan < ^
NGHIEN CLTU TRAO DOI
tai chinh mdt each toan dien, gop phan han che tin dung den.
- Mdi day, Thdng ddc NHNN kiem Chu tieh HDQT NHCSXH da ky ban hanh Quylt dinh so 'ui QD-HDQT va viec nang muc eho vay va thdi han eho vay tdi da ddi vdi hd ngheo dap iing nhu cau vdn phuc vy san xuat kinh doanh, Theo dd tir ngay 01/3/2019, Ngan hang Chinh sach xa hdi nang muc cho vay toi da doi vdi hp ngheo tir 50 trieu ddng/hd len 100 trieu ddng/hp vay khong phai bao dam tien vay. Ddng thdi, quyet dinh tren cung nang thdi ban cho vay tdi da len 120 thang, phii hpp vdi qua trinh sinh trudng va phat irien ciia cac doi tugng dau tu dai han. Nhu vay, sau dinh huong Ngan hang Nha nudc de ra dau nam, he thdng cac td chirc tin dung VidtNam tiep tuc ed tham mpt budc di cu the niJa trong cac giai phap, cae budc day liii tinh trang tin dyng den. Trong dinh hudng nay, Ngan hang Chinh sach xa hdi ciing Ngan hang Ndng nghiep va phat tnen ndng thon (Agribank) la hai dau mdi chinh xay dyng nguon vdn eu the, chinh sach va Igi the mang ludi phii den eac phudng, xa da day manh cho vay hd trg cac hp dan. Trudc dd, Agribank cung da xay dyng gdi tin dung 5.000 ly ddng de then khai tir dau nam 2019.
Tinh dan 31/12/2018, tdng ngudn vdn tin dung chinh sach lai dau mdi nay da dat 194.420 ty ddng, tang 19.038 ty ddng so nam 2017. Tdng du ng eae chuong trinh lin dung dat 187.792 ty ddng, tang 16.003 ty ddng (9,3%) so vdi nam 2017, vdi gin 6,7 trieu hp ngheo va cac ddi tugng chinh sach dang duoc vay vdn; trong do, du ng tin dung thuc hien iheo ke hoach Thii tudng Chinh phii giao dat 165.141 ly ddng, tang 12.938 ty ddng, hoan thanh 100% kl hoach. Rieng trong nam 2018, tong doanh sd cho vay eiia Ngan hang Chinh sach xa hdi dat 62.078 ty ddng vdi ban 2,1 trieu luot hp ngheo, hd can ngheo va cac ddi tuong chinh sach khac dugc vay von. Den 31/12/2018, ty le ng qua han va ng khoanh lai ngan hang nay chi chiam 0,78%/tdng du ng, trong do ng qua han 736 ty ddng, chiam 0,39%/l6ng du ng.
Ben canh dd, NHNN cung da tich cue phoi hgp vdi cac bp, nganh lien quan de ra soat, nam bat tinh hinh tin dung den va bao eao, kien nghi Chinh phii ehi dao cac bp, ban, nganh de cd giai phap quan ly, ehan chinh hien tuong tin dung den hoat dpng tran lan.
Mdi day, Chinh phu yeu cau Bo Cdng an chii dpng nim chae tinh hinh, kip thdi phat hi^n ngan chan, dau tranh cd hieu qua vdi boat ddng "tin dyng den", siet ng, ddi ng thue, cho vay nang lai. Tuy nhien, de nang cao hicu qua quan ly, ngan chan tinh trang tin dung den, thdi gian tdi cac co quan quan !y can tap trung triln khai mot sd giai phap trgng tam sau:
Tim nhat, diy manh tuyen truyin nang cao n h ^ thiic phap luat cho ngudi dan, nhit ia phd bien cac quy dinh ve giao djch vay mugn, huy dpng, sii dyiig vdn an loan ciing nhu cac phuong thirc, thii doan cua tdi pham lin dung den. Phoi hgp vdi cac td chirc chinh tri - xa hdi lam tdt cdng lac quan ly nha nudc ve an ninh trat tu, quan ly chat che nhan vien cac ca sd kinh doanh tai chinh, cim dd tren dia ban; eac ddi tugng ed lien quan tdi boat dpng tin dung den, eho vay nang lai, ddi ng thue; phat hi^n, xir ly nghiam eac DN, eo sd, nganh nghe dau tu kinh doanh cd dieu kien lien quan den ddi ng, cam dd vi pham.
Tim hai, cai thi^n an sinh xa hpi, nang cao ddi sdng ngudi dan nham ban che cac nguyan nhan gdc re dan den hogt ddng tin dung den. Hi^n nay, cdng tac an sinh xa hpi chua tdt, chua the dap ung dugc nhu eau eiia ngudi dan. Do vay, can phai dam bao mdi ngudi dan phai cd bao hiem y te; can mian phi eho hpc sinh tir mau giao dan ldp 12; tao ra nhirng can nha xa hpi cho ngudi dan thue vdi ehi phi thip... tir dd, han ehe tac ddng xau eiia tin dung den, gdp phin dn dinh xa hpi.
Tim ba, vi?c phat trian cac td ehirc tai chinh vi md, quy tin dung nhan dan, "chan rit" ciia Ngan hang Chinh sach xa hpi, ehi nhanh eiia cdng ty tai ehinh...
va minh bach hoa thi trudng tai chinh la nhimg bi?n phap can sdm dugc thi/c hien trong thdi gian tdi.
Theo dd, can tilp tuc frien kliai eac ke hoach md rdng mang ludi diem gidi thi?u djch vu, ban hang thdng qua vi?c hgp tac vdi cac ddi tac eung img san phim;
Hoan tat thir nghiem cdng nghe cao tren cac iing dung eho vay tu dpng nhim tiep can nhanh chdng va mang den cac trai nghidm vay linh hoat eho cac khaeh hang tai khu vuc ndng thon, vimg sau viing xa...
_ Tyii chung, tin dyng den lam cho xa hdi hit sire bat on, gay nen nhilu h^ lyy xiu eho nhung ai vudng phai, tir do, keo theo nhieu t? nan xa hpi nhu: Trpm cap, cudp g i ^ ma tiiy... m diy liii van dl gay nhirc nhoi nay, can phai co su nd lire va vao cupc ciia tit ca cac cap, cae nganh.
Tai li^u tham khao:
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quy rnhve cho vay lieu dung cua cdc cong ty tai chinh
ChFtXHfQTZS:'''^'-^ '''"^ '^ A'^'A-A' ,,m
^8> Tap chi nghien cuTu Tai chinh ke toan
