CHINH SACH GIAO DUC CUA ANH
DOI VOI CONG DONG NGU6l MALAY BAN DJA
• •
(tCr nufa cuoi the ki XIX de'n dau the ki XX)
LY TUONG VAN=*
N
gay tif khi dat chan den k h u vUc Ddng Nam A, ngUdi Anh da n h a n tha'y vi tri dac biet q u a n trong ciia vimg ban dao Malaya t r e n con dudng h a n g hai tif Tay sang Ddng va ngUde lai. Sau mot qua t r i n h canh t r a n h quyet liet vdi Ha Lan, b a n g nhieu bien p h a p ngoai giao va vii liic, Anh hoan toan doe chie'm Malaya vao nifa sau the ki XIX. Tuy la nude den sau ciing, nhUng vdi k i n h nghiem bde lot thudc dia cua minh, Anh trd t h a n h ke thd'ng tri Malaya trdng thdi gian dai nha't va de lai nhieu da'u a n nha't trong lich sif p h a t trien cua qud'c gia nay. Chu nghia de qud'c Anh khdng chi t h a n h edng trong linh vUc chinh phuc thudc dia ma cdn kha hieu qua trong qua t r i n h thUc dan hda cac thudc dia cua m i n h thdng qua cac chinh saeh k i n h te, chfnh tri, van hda - xa hoi.Trong dd, chinh sdch gido due, mot noi dung eua chinh sach van hda - xa hoi song cd lien q u a n r a t ldn den sU p h a t trien kinh te, chinh tri cua thude dia, ddng thdi ciing du'dc eoi la p h a n trong t a m trong chinh sach cai tri, da cd nhiing ddng gdp quan trong ddi vdi t h a n h edng cua Anh.
Q u a n diem giao due eua Anh ddi vdi Malaya la: ngay tif ban dau chi'nh sach
giao due phai dUdc xay d u n g de dam bad thich dng vdi tdng nhom ddn tgc va thich dng vdi vai trb chinh tri cung nhU dia vi kinh te rieng biet cua tdng nhom trong cd ca'u xa hdi thudc dia. Chinh saeh giao due eua Anh hudng de'n viec n h a n m a n h sii khae biet ve lich sif va van hda sac toe, eae yeu td' se giiip bao ve ddc tinh rieng biet cua tifng nhdm khae n h a u . d mifc do hep hdn, cu the la ddi vdi tifng nhdm dan tdc n h u Malay, Hoa hay An, ehinh sach giao due cua Anh ciing ludn b a m sat muc tieu nha't q u a n dd. Cimg vdi cac chinh saeh khae trong chu'dng t r i n h cai tri thudc dia, chinh saeh giao due vdi muc tieu n h u tren nam trong he thd'ng ehinh saeh "chia" va
"tri", nd dam bao cho cac nhdm khdng the hda vao vdi n h a u de tao t h a n h liic lUdng gay trd ngai chd ldi ich thUe dan cua chinh quyen Anh.
Trdng khudn khd cua bai viet nay, tac gia chi t a p t r u n g t r i n h bay Chinh sdch gido due cua Anh ddi vdi cgng dong ngUdi Malay bdn dia.
1. Vai n e t v e q u a t r i n h x a c lap q u y e n cai tri ciia A n h d M a l a y a
Su khdi dau cua Anh d Malava dUdc
* Ths. NCS. Ly Tifong Van. TrUdng Dai hoc KHXH & NV
12 Nghien ciiu Ddng Nam A 5/201J
b i t d i u t i n h tif n a m 1786 khi Cdng ty Ddng An Anh (East I n d i a Company - EIC) kf vdi qud'c vUdng K e d a h mot ban Hiep dinh lien q u a n de'n van de ehuyen nhUdng d i d P e n a n g vao ngay ll/8/1786<'>. Tiep den vao n a m 1795 thdng qua mot thda Udc vdi Ha Lan, Anh chiem T.P Malacca. Tuy nhien, r a n h gidi ve a n h hUdng cua Anh va Ha Lan d Ddng N a m A ludn bi chi phdi bdi nhiing dien bie'n phiic t a p trong q u a n he ngoai giao giiia hai nUde tif n a m 1789 den n a m 1824. Do dd, den n a m 1802, theo Hiep dinh Amiens, Anh budc phai trao t r a Malacca lai chd Ha Lan. Chfnh viee de doa m a t Malacca da thiic day Anh phai tinh den cac ke hoach thiet lap mot can cif khae n i m sau xud'ng phfa N a m cua vimg eo bien. Vi vay, trong chuyen di Johor de khao sat t i n h h i n h thiic te. Raffles quye't dinh chon Singapore la "dia diem ly tUdng" eho y dd eua dng bdi nd cd the trd t h a n h mot thUdng cang ldn va la mot phao dai ldn d vimg bien Ddng Nam A. Trong biic t h u gifi ve cho chinh quyen Anh d chinh qud'c, dng viet "Malta Id gi dphUdng Tdy thi Singapore cung se trd thdnh nhU vdy d phUdng D6ng"^''\ Anh chiem dao Singapore bang mot Hiep dinh vdi vua Johor vao ngay 6/2/1819.
Nam 1824, theo Hiep dinh Anh - Ha Lan ve hoach dinh k h u viic a n h hUdng d Ddng N a m A ki tai London ngay 17/3 thi Anh dUdc n i m toan quyen kiem soat Malacca va Singapore''^'. N a m 1826, Anh thiic hien s a t n h a p ba k h u dinh eu d Penang, Malacca va Singapdre vad he thd'ng thudc dia cua minh va t h a n h lap mot ddn vi h a n h chinh c h u n g vdi ten goi Khu dinh cU Eo bien ( S t r a i t s Settlements - SS).
Bude s a n g n h i i n g n a m 1870, a n h
h u d n g cua A n h tai M a l a y a dUdc trien k h a i md rdng de'n cae tieu qud'c cua ngUdi Malay. Tif ldi t h i n h cau eua qudc vUdng Perak ve sU giiip dd cua ngUdi Anh trong mot so' van de lien q u a n den q u a n he cua ho vdi ngUdi Hoa, dac biet la vdi Xiem va viee dam bao cho eon chau cua qudc vUdng tie'p tuc dUde ke thifa ngai vang tai vUdng qud'c Perak. Hiep d i n h P a n g k o r dUde ky ke't vao n a m 1874 da thUe sii don dUdng chd Sli xam n h a p cua Anh vao cac bang Malaya thdng q u a thiet che Cdng sif (Resident). Theo Hiep dinh thi qud'c vUdng Perak phai hdi y kien va lam theo de nghi cua Cdng sif A n h ve ta't ea cac van de, ke ca viec t h u t h u e va h o a t ddng cua bo may h a n h ehfnh, chi trif nhiing edng viec lien q u a n de'n tdn giao va phong tuc t a p quan.
T h a n g 2/1874, Selangor ciing p h a i vien de'n Sli can thiep cua Anh va t h a n g 10 nam dd, ehe do edng sif eiing dUde thiet lap d Selangor. Trong nhiing n a m tiep theo, ngUdi Anh tien h a n h xam n h a p sau hdn vao cae tieu qud'c Malay: N a m 1887, P a h a n g - mot vUdng qud'c ldn nhUng kem p h a t trien - bi dat dudi quyen eua cd' van Anh. T h a n g 8/1895, A n h da gay sifc ep vdi 9 tieu qud'c khae de lap t h a n h lien minh Negiri Sembilan dudi sii bao trd cua Anh va phai chap n h a n sif d u n g cac q u a n chifc cd' van ngUdi Anh.
Budc tiep theo, de thiet lap quyen lUc h a n h chinh t a p t r u n g ddi vdi 4 b a n g tren, trong n a m 1895, N a m tUde Frederick Weld da de t r i n h ke hoach t h a n h lap lien bang len Bd Thuoc dia. Theo ke hoach nay thi cac S u l t a n Malay dUde t h u y e t phuc r a n g che dd lien b a n g .se khdng lam giam quyen lUe eung n h u quyen tU tri va nhiing dac quyen m a ho d a n g dUdc hudng. Chfnh p h u Anh bd nhiem chifc Tdng cdng sif
Ly Tudng Vdn - Chinh sdch gido due cda Anh dd'i vdi cdng dong. 13
(Resident General) de chi dao cae b a n g thdng qua cac cdng sif cua mdi bang. Day thiic chat la che'do cai tri gidn tiep trong dd, bo may chfnh quyen va bo may h a n h chinh dia phUdng v i n dUdc duy tri ma khdng hi t h a y t h e b a n g bo may quyen liic mdi. Thiic quyen cua cua cac Sultan t r e n thiic te da hi cat giam vi Td'ng edng sif Anh mdi la ngUdi n a m moi quyen h a n h trong viec cai tri, hp chi edn n i m thiie quyen trong linh viic tdn giao Dao Hdi m a thdi.
Ngay 1/7/1896, Lien bang Malay (Federated Malay S t a t e s - FMS) chfnh thifc ra ddi.
Su cai tri cua Anh tai Malaya tie'p tuc dUdc md rdng den cac bang d phia B i c . Cho den trUdc n a m 1909, bdn bang Malay la T r e n g a n u , K e l a n t a n , Kedah va Perils van n i m ngoai sii kiem tda cua Anh. Mae du Anh r a t mud'n n a m lay cac bang nay nhUng lai gap p h a i trd ngai tif phia Xiem, vd'n la nudc cd nhieu a n h hudng d day tif trudc. P h a i den t h a n g 7/1909, thdng qua Hiep dinh A n h - Xiem, bd'n bang nay mdi thudc quyen kiem soat eua ngUdi Anh.
Tuy nhien, cae S u l t a n Malay lai khdng ddng y gia n h a p Lien bang. Vi vay, Anh buoc p h a i gidi h a n quyen liic cua minh d
"quyen cd' van" va de cho cac bang cd mot mifc do doc lap tUdng ddi ldn ve ndi tri va tai chfnh. Cudi eung, cae bang nay eiing hdp t h a n h Cdc bang Malay ngodi Lien bang (Unfederated Malay S t a t e s - UMS) va trd t h a n h xuf bao ho cua Anh. Vi the UMS edn dUde goi la Xd bdo hg ngodi Lien bang. Chifc n a n g va quyen h a n cua Co' van (Advisor) d U M S r a t khae so vdi chifc n a n g va quyen h a n cua Cdng sif (Resident) d F M S . d UMS, cac Sultan Malay cd the t h a m k h a o y kien cua cac cd' van nhUng khdng bi b a t bude phai nghe
theo. Cac cd' van ehi cd' gang t h u y e t phuc cac Sultan chap t h u a n q u a n diem cua minh va sif d u n g quyen h a n cang ft cang tdt, t h a m chi cdn nhUdng bd ne'u dd khdng phai la van de tdi q u a n trong^'".
N h u vay, eho de'n trUdc Chien t r a n h The gidi thif n h a t , chinh quyen Anh da thie't lap dUdc sii kiem soat c h u n g ddi vdi toan bo l a n h t h d eua Malaya vdi cau triic thudc dia hai m a n g r a t dac trUng. Mot m a n g la K h u d i n h cU eo bien gdm Singapore, Malacca va P e n a n g do Anh cai tri true tiep t r e n tU each la thudc dia; b mot m a n g khae, A n h thue hien che do eai tri gian tiep thdng qua viec ki cae hiep dinh bao ho rieng biet vdi tifng b a n g Malay. Trong dd, he thd'ng ehfnh quyen truyen thd'ng ve cd ban v i n dUde giii nguyen nhUng viec cai tri thiic te do Anh dam nhiem va cac tieu vUdng mdi b a n g trao cac van de thudc chinh sach cho cdng sif hoac cd' van A n h giai quyet. Cudi cimg thi cd cau phiic t a p dd deu dUdc dat dUdi quyen cua m e t cd q u a n chi dad cao nha't dat tai Singapore la Hgi dong Lien bang do Cao uy Anh (High Commissioner) lam ehu tich.
2, C h i n h s a c h g i a o d u e ciia A n h doi vdi c o n g d o n g ngvidi M a l a y b a n dia
Nhu t r e n da ndi, ehinh quyen Anh khdng nhiing dung chinh saeh giao due de chia re cac cdng ddng Malay, Hoa, An ma ho edn ldi dung chinh sach nay de p h a n hda noi bo ngUdi Malay b a n dia ciing la cong ddng chiem da so' d a n trong ca nUdc.
He thd'ng giao due kep da dudc thi h a n h vdi mgt chUdng trinh gido due "tinh hoa"
ddnh cho tdng ldp qui tgc vd mgt chUdng trinh gido due "thien vi nong thon" ddnh cho sd dong ddn chung cbn lai. Muc tieu
Ly Tudng Vdn - Chinh sdch gido due cua Anh dd'i vdi cgng dong. 15
n a m 1890. Ve cd ban, ho da n h i n n h a n nen giao due A n h nhU la phUdng tien de Cdn chau hd cd t h e d a t dUdc nhiing vi tri ead hdn trong he thd'ng h a n h ehinh eua chinh phu. Song lam t h e nao de thuye't phuc dUdc ta't ea cdn em eua gidi qui toe Malay t h a y dUdc ldi Ieh thie't thiic cua nen giae due Anh qud'c thi van edn r a t khd k h a n . Chinh sach Uu tien cho con em qui toe Malay bao gdm ca cac chinh saeh lien q u a n den hoc bdng va mot so'che do Uu dai khae da dUde chinh quyen Anh cung cap n h a m eai thien thiie t r a n g giao due nay.
Tinh h i n h trd nen t h u a n ldi hdn khi bd'n b a n g Malay (Perak, P a h a n g , Negri Sembilan va Selangdr) gia n h a p Lien b a n g vad n a m 1896. Dieu dd ddng nghia vdi viec ke't hdp bd'n n g a n h dan ehinh cua bd'n bang rieng le t h a n h n g a n h Dan chi'nh Malaya (Malayan Civil Service - MCS), tao dieu kien md rdng t h e m cac n g a n h can nhieu chuyen gia va ddi ngii q u i n ly. Mae dil da cd sii gia t a n g dang ke ve sd' lUdng n h a n vien van phdng va ki t h u a t vien Sdng chu yeu lai la ngUdi An, ngUdi Hoa hoac ngUdi lai Au-A. Nhiing cd hdi viec lam tai cae cd q u a n cua chinh p h u den vdi ngUdi Malay thdi ki nay r a t h a n che, heae neu cd ciing chi la nhiing cdng viee ddn gian. Rex Stevenson da chi r a r i n g vdi tdng dan so' ngUdi Malay d Lien b a n g Malay la 310.000 ngUdi, nhUng chi cd 2.636 ngUdi cd viec lam tai cae cd q u a n cua chinh phu, trdng dd cd tdi 1.175 ngUdi la canh sat*'''. Thiic te dd khdng chi cho tha'y Sli t h a t bai cua ehinh quyen Anh trong viec dao tao t i n g ldp thd'ng tri ngUdi Malay, m a t khae khdng t h u y e t phue dUde Cdn em h o a n g gia va t a n g ldp qui toe Malay tin vao gia tri thiet thiic cua nen giao due Anh.
T a i Hdi n g h i Cac n h a cam quyen (Rulers' Conference) dUde td chifc vao n a m 1903, Sli vang m a t cua ngUdi Malay trong cae nganh dan sii Malaya la chu de ehfnh cua chUdng t r i n h nghi sii. Cae n h a cai tri Anh ngay cang n h a n thife dUdc sii can thiet phai thiic hien nhiing nd lUe ldn hdn de dao tao t a n g ldp qui toe Malay. J.P.
Rodger, Cdng sif Anh tai Perak, ngUdi ddng vai trd q u a n trong trong viec thiic thi he thd'ng giao due d a n h cho qui toe Malay tai FMS, da n h i c nhd nhiing ddng nghiep ve nghia vu cua ngUdi Anh ddi vdi tang ldp qui tdc Malay, chiing t a "khdng bao gid dUde quen r i n g dd la nhiing b a n g dUdc bao ho chif khdng phai la nhiing thudc dia cua Anh va nhiing q u a n chifc A n h d day la de cd' van va hd trd ho chif khdng phai la de thay the ho trong viec cai tri da't nUdc eua ehinh ho. Mot trong nhiing van de khd k h a n nha't can p h a i giai quyet chinh la b i n g each nao de ed the sif dung nhiing ngUdi con trai va nhiing ho h a n g t h a n can cua cac Sultan, cac n h a l a n h dao eong ddng cho he thd'ng q u a n ly cua ngUdi Anh.
Nhiing ngUdi nay, neu khdng vi sii can thiep cua Anh, ed le ho da cd day du cac quyen cai tri tai eae k h u viic rong ldn va quan trong cua Malaya" ^'^\ Sau dd, y tudng ve viec xay diing mot trUdng hoc dac biet cila Anh d Malaya (la loai trUdng chii yeu d a n h cho gidi qui toe Malay nhUng ciing se tinh de'n k h a n a n g tuyen chon nhiing con em ndng dan Malay x u a t s i c nha't) da dUde Rddger de nghi len Tdng cdng sif W.H. Treacher va Thd'ng dd'c kiem Cao uy F r a n k S w e t t e n h a m . Tuy nhien, de nghi cua dng da hi bac bd vdi triet ly giao due ma S w e t t e n h a m dua r a la: chinh sach giao due eua Anh chi nen tap trung vdo nhiem vu cd bdn Id xoa diu tdng ldp qui tgc Malay vd can thiep d mdc thdp nhdt tdi
16 Nghien edit Ddng Nam A 5/2011
vdn de gido due cua nhdng thudng ddn Malay. Ong ciing eho rang, viec tang them cd hdi viec lam cho ngUdi Malay trong eae nganh dan sii la can thie't song ehi nen la nhiing ngUdi Malay cd ngudn gd'c xua't t h a n td't (Malays of godd birth).
Do dd, p h a i sau khi S w e t t e n h a m rdi khdi Malaya t h a n g 12 n a m 1903 va R.J.
Wilkinsdn dUde bd n h i e m vae chifc vu T h a n h t r a trUdng hoc tai F M S thi de xua't dd mdi thiic hien dUdc. Wilkinsdn da ung hd de xua't eua Redger trong viec t h a n h lap trUdng hdc dac biet va ciing t a n t h a n h viec tuyen chon nhiing hoc sinh xua't sac ngUdi Malay b a t ke ho thude t a n g ldp va giai cap nad trong xa hdi. T r e n ed sd dd, TrUdng ndi trii Malay dUdc xay diing va k h a n h t h a n h vao n a m 1905, dat tai Kuala Kangsar, t h u p h u h o a n g gia cua Perak.
Nam 1909, ngdi trUdng dUde xay diing lai t h a n h mot tda n h a kien cd' va dUdc chinh thiie m a n g ten la trUdng Dai hoc Malay (Malay College - MC). Tuy nhien, sau khi Wilkinson ehuyen khdi Bo Giao due n a m 1906 thi chinh sach tuyen chon cua dng bi t h a y ddi mot each ed b i n . Che de tuyen chen eua Dai hoc Malay hoan toan tap t r u n g vao nhUng ngUdi eon trai cua cac gia dinh qui tdc hoac cua nhiing gia dinh thuoc ddng ddi h o a n g gia Malay ma thdi.
Dd la ly do Dai hoc Malay cdn dUde nhae den vdi nhiing ten gei khae n h u Eton cua Malaya hay Eton cua phUdng Dong^^^
(tam dich la TrUdng d a n h chd gidi qui toe eua Malaya hay la TrUdng d a n h ehd gidi qui tdc cua phUdng Ddng). Nhin chung, Dai hdc Malay dUde coi la mdi trudng chuan bi ehd gidi qui toe Malay trUde khi ho n i m giii cac vi t r i q u a n trong trong n g a n h Dan chinh M a l a y a (Malayan Civil Service - MCS) (tif n a m 1910 la N g a n h
H a n h c h i n h M a l a y a ( M a l a y a n Administrative Service - MAS).
Trong chUdng t r i n h hgc, viec giang day van ehUdng va ngdn ngii Malay chi dUde tien h a n h t r e n g n a m d i u , thdi lUdng q u a n trong edn lai dUdc d a n h cho cac mdn ngdn ngU, lich sif va v a n hoc A n h n h a m muc tieu k h i e sau d i n h h u d n g "Anh hoa" cho gidi qui tdc Malay. Cac sinh vien qui toe Malay ciing dUde t r u y e n day nhiing tU tudng ve Sli cdng bang, t r u n g t h a n h va hdp tac. Ddi vdi gidi qui tdc Malay, Dai hoe Malay m a n g lai eho ho mot bieu tUdng qua dd hd ed t h e cimg cd' vi trf cua minh trong mdi q u a n he vdi chinh quyen thiic dan ciing n h u vdi xa hoi da s i c toe dang dUde hinh t h a n h dudi sU eai tri cua ngUdi Anh. Dai hdc Malay, do dd cdn ed mot ten hieu khae phd bien hdn trong tU duy cua moi ngUdi dan Malay, khdng ke qui tdc hay binh dan: The Gateway to High Rank - C a n h cdng de budc den thif bae eao hdn trdng xa hdi.
Viec cung cap he thd'ng giao due theo kieu Anh cho gidi qui toe Malay n h u t r e n da t r i n h bay ehu yeu n h i m duy tri dac quyen va vai trd thd'ng tri cua t a n g ldp qui toe truyen thd'ng. Den lUdt m i n h t a n g ldp nay phai quay lai phuc vu cho cac ldi ich thudc dia cua Anh. C h i n h vi vay, chUdng trinh gido due ndy dUdc coi Id mgt phUdng cdch de qua do chinh quyin Anh kiem sodt sddong thudng ddn Malay.
2.2. ChUdng trinh gido due ddnh cho tdng ldp nong ddn Malay
Da sd' ngUdi Malay sd'ng d ndng thdn va g i n bd c h a t che vdi nghe trdng liia va d a n h b a t ea. NgUdi Malay ciing ddng thdi la nhUng ngUdi thed Dao Hdi, sd'ng theo nhiing quy tac va c h u a n miic Hdi giao.
Cae ldp hoc Kinh Koran da tdn tai tif r a t
Ly Tudng Vdn - Chinh sdeh gido due eua Anh ddi vdi edng dong. 17
lau trUdc khi ngUdi A n h dat ehan den Malaya, la nen t a n g cua giao due tdn giao, ciing la nen t a n g cua giao due the tuc cua ngUdi Malay ve sau. Dudi chinh saeh cai tri cua thiic dan Anh, r a t ft ndng dan Malay cd ed hoi dUde tiep xiic vdi nhiing bae hoe cao hdn bae tieu hdc d eae lang xa.
Sd di n h u vay la vi ngay tif b a n dau, cac n h a cai tri thudc dia da y thifc r i n g nhiing ndng dan Malay khi dUdc giao due cao qua se cd the dan tdi mot sii thifc t i n h chinh tri gay b a t ldi chd nhiing ldi ich thiic dan cua hd. Dd dd, chinh sdch gido due ddnh cho tdng ldp nong ddn Malay trong suot thdi ky thuqc dia hUdng tdi viec hinh thdnh mgt Sli kiem sodt xd hgi nhdm muc dich kim hdm hg d vi tri xd hgi hien tqi. Mot vai qui toe Malay ciing cd cimg q u a n diem vdi ngUdi Anh, tieu bieu trong so' ho la tieu vUdng Chulan, khi dng dUa ra y kien cua m i n h trUdc Hoi ddng Lien bang n h u sau: "Chiing t a p h a i t r a n h m i c phai nhiing ldi lam n h u da tifng mac phai d nhiing ndi khae t r e n the gidi. Lieh sif da day chiing t a r a n g , t h a t hoc khdng nghiem trong b a n g hoc qua cao, dac biet la kieu giao due ma khdng m a n g lai bat cif phUdng tien nao de giiip duy tri vi tri cua nhiing the he sau cua ho" *^'. Mot chUdng t r i n h giao due thien ve ndng thdn va duy tri dac t i n h nong thdn la dac diem ndi bat cua he thd'ng giao due d a n h cho tang ldp ndng dan Malay.
Trude het, diia t r e n n e n t a n g eua nhiing ldp hoc Kinh Kdran het sifc phd bien tai cac lang xa b SS, FMS hay UMS, ngUdi ta da xay diing nen cac trUdng hdc mdi cua ngUdi Malay*'"*. O day, chUdng t r i n h giao due chi h a n che trong 4 n a m cua giao due tieu hoc, trong dd giao due tdn giao dUde tach ra khdi cac mdn hoe
kie'n thifc va dUdc giang day b i n g tieng b i n dia. Ndi dung giang day ddi hdi phai t u a n t h u diing muc tieu eua chinh sach.
Dieu dd cd nghia la, kien thife dUdc eung cap ehi can du de ndng dan Malay bie't doe bie't viet, biet lam so' hoe mot each cd ban nha't; h i n h t h a n h nhiing thdi quen ve phuc timg, ve sinh va chap h a n h gid giac*''*;
Ngdai ra, nhiing kien thifc cd b a n ve ndng nghiep dUdc luu t a m trong ehUdng t r i n h giang day, chang h a n n h u t r a n g bi ehd ndng dan nhUng hieu biet nha't dinh ve dia ly dae biet la dia ly virng q u a n dao va b a n dao Malaya, ky t h u a t gieo trdng, canh tac, d a n h bit...; Cac hoat ddng lao ddng chan tay khae n h u ky t h u a t lam vUdn, lam cac san p h a m t h u cdng hay dan lat rd ra...
ciing dUdc n h a n m a n h trong ehUdng trinh hdc n h a m hd trd chd ngUdi dan cac each kiem sd'ng vdi da dang nghe nghiep. Tri thife ma ngUdi ndng dan dat dUdc se trd t h a n h nhiing ldi Ich thiet thiic n h a t del vdi hd, giiip ho trd t h a n h nhiing cdng dan td't hdn va la nhiing t h a n h vien te't hdn eua cdng ddng*''^'. Dieu q u a n trong, theo quan diem eua S w e t t e n h a m , la de chuan bi cho nhiing the he Malay bie't chdp nhdn vd thoa mdn vdi vi tri hien tqi cua hq trong xd hgi thuoc dia.
Gid'ng n h u cac trUdng cua Anh d a n h cho gidi qui toe d thdi ky dau, van de cua eae trUdng b a n dia van la van de ngUdi t h a m gia. Mae du dUde mien phi giao due va dUdc chinh p h u cung cap sach vd, dd dimg hoc t a p nhUng h a u h e t ngUdi Malay khdng m a n ma lam vdi giao due the tuc.
Giao due tdn giao d cac ldp hoc Kinh Koran van ed site hiit ldn ddi vdi ho. Hdn the niia, cdng viec ngoai rudng ddng da ngdn het thdi gian cua hd va dd dUdng n h u la ly dd chinh de cac con em ndng dan
18 Nghien edu Ddng Nam A 5/2011
khong den trUdng hoac cd den thi ciing d trong t i n h t r a n g "dUde chang hay ehd". \ ^ sd' lUdng ngUdi t h e e hoc qua it di va thie'u nghiem tiic da budc chinh quyen Anh phai thiie hien chfnh sach "cUdng bifc giao due"
trong nhiing n a m 1890 va 1900 ddi vdi giao due b a n dia. Ket qua la, sd'lUdng cac trUdng b a n dia Malay da "tang len vdi met ty le dang k i n h ngac": tai SS, n a m 1872 ehi cd 16 trUdng vdi tdng sd' 596 hoc sinh.
de'n n a m 1882, eon sd' nay t a n g len 85 trUdng, n a m 1892 la 189 trUdng vdi sd'hoc sinh tUdng ifng la 2.230 va 7.218<i^*; trdng khi dd, tai FMS, so' lUdng cac trUdng Malay t a n g tif 168 trUdng len 400 trUdng trong thdi diem tif n a m 1900 den 1920 vdi so' hoe sinh t r u n g binh t a n g tif 6.000 den 20.319*^'**. Su gia t a n g sd'lu'dng cac trUdng ban dia ddi hdi ehinh quyen phai t a n g dao tao giao vien tieu hoc. Do dd, nam 1878, trUdng dao tao giao vien tieu hoc dau tien d a n h eho ngUdi Malay du'dc t h a n h lap d Singapdre, nhUng trudng nay ehi hoat ddng trong 17 n a m va bi ddng cifa vao nam 1895. Sau dd, ehinh quyen thude dia tiep tuc cho t h a n h lap cac trUdng dad tad giao vien tieu hoe (tUdng dUdng vdi loai h i n h trUdng cao dang sU pham) d cac b a n g Malacca, n a m 1900 va hai trUdng dao tao khae d Johor B a h r u , n a m 1919 va d M a t a n g Perak, n a m 1923.
Van de la d ehd, p h i n ldn ngUdi b a n dia chi dUdc gidi h a n trong he thd'ng giao due tieu hoc d cac lang xa m a thdi. Hdn niia, con em cua t i n g ldp ndng dan Malay sau khi hoan t h a n h 4 n a m hoc d cac trUdng nay thi ciing chi dUdc cung cap mot nen giao due sd dang vdi noi dung chinh xoay q u a n h "3R" *'^' (reading, writing, a r i t h - metic): doc. ndi va so' hoc. Chinh quyen Anh rat t h a n trong trong -viec thiet lap he
giao due phd thdng b a n g t i e n g Malay.
O.T. D u s s e k (Phd giam dd'c giao due chuyen t r a e h cac trUdng b a n dia Malay tii n a m 1924) la ngUdi r a t nd liic trong 'viec thiie day sii p h a t t r i e n ciia he thd'ng giao due bang tieng Malay. Ngay khi dUde bd nhiem, dng da de xua't y tu'dng xay diing eae trudng phd thdng day b a n g tie'ng Malay tai mot sd' k h u viic q u a n trong len chinh quyen thudc dia. NhUng y tUdng cua dng da khdng n h a n du'dc sU img hd tif phia cae n h a l a n h dao.
NgUdi Malay ehi edn mot k e n h duy nha't de cd t h e tiep can nhiing bac hoc eao hdn cua nen giao due Anh, dd la, sau khi hoan t h a n h 4 n a m giao due ed sd thi phai t r a i qua 2 n a m hoc tieng A n h chuyen sau tai eae ldp hoc dac biet d a n h cho ngUdi Malay. Goi la ldp hoc dae biet d a n h cho ngUdi Malay la vi ngUdi Hda va ngUdi An khdng bi ap d u n g ehe do nay. Yeu cau n h u vay nhUng t r e n thiic te, r a t It hoc sinh Malay dUde ed cd hdi tuyen vao cac ldp hoe tieng Anh bdi t h a i do mien cUdng cua cac nha q u a n ly giao due. Q u a n diem t h i n h h a n h trong gidi q u a n chifc A n h la chdng lai viec ap d u n g che do giao due b i n g tieng Anh cho eon em ndng dan Malay bdi muc tieu duy tri nguyen t r a n g t r i n h dp cua ndng dan d k h u viic ndng thdn. Y kien cua F r a n k S w e t t e n h a m la loai y kien cd tinh chat dai dien. Theo dng, giang day tieng Anh mdt each t r a n lan la r a t nguy hiem, do dd "tieng A n h chi nen day d mdt sd it trudng". "Tdi khdng cho r i n g chiing ta nen cd' g i n g m a n g den cho con cai ciia nhiing ngUdi lam ndng nghiep mot lUdng kie'n thifc mdi ve ngdn ngii bdi chi vdi mdt lup'ng rat it nhiing kien thife dd ciing cd the khien hp cam tha'y khdng cdn phii hdp vdi nhiing nghia vu cua cupc sd'ng va
Ly Tudng Vdn - Chinh sdeh gido due eua Anh ddi vdi edng dong... 19
khie'n hp b a t binh vdi b a t ke thif gi thude ve lao ddng c h a n tay"*'*''.
Ve phia nhiing ngudi Malay, sU thieu h u t k h a n a n g t h a n g tie'n xa hdi bang/thdng qua giao due da khie'n cho rat nhieu ngUdi Malay khdng may hy vpng vao cac trUdng day b i n g tieng b a n dia niia, t h a m chf nhieu ngUdi trdng sd'hp nay sinh t a m ly b a t m a n khi hi ngan can tiep can vdi nen giae due Anh. Thiic te' la, n h u c i u ngay cang cao cua xa hdi bao gdm ca nhiing cdng viec trong cac ed quan h a n h chinh ciia chinh p h u va cac cdng ty, cac h a n g k i n h doanh cua ngUdi chau Au chi hudng tdi nhiing ddi tUdng dUdc dao tao bdi nen giae due Anh qude hay it n h a t ciing la nhUng ngUdi cd kha nang ndi tie'ng Anh. Chinh vi vay, nhieu bac phu huynh Malay ngay cang q u a n t a m den nen giao due cua Anh. Bang chifng la mdt sd' ngudi difng dau cac quan/huyen {penghulu) d cae bang Malay da t h a thiet de nghi t h a n h lap trUdng cua Anh d cac lang eua hp va md cac ldp hpc tieng Anh trong ta't ca cae trUdng ban dia*'"'. Mac dii rat khdng s i n sang nhUng eae n h a q u a n ly v i n budc phai tuyen bd' t a n g so' lu'dng tuyen ehpn eho ngudi Malay tif n a m 1919. Quye't dinh nay da bi chi trich la "phai ehiu traeh nhiem cho viec gia t a n g sd' lu'dng ngUdi Malay trong cac trUdng cua Anh d FMS tif 9%
n a m 1919 len 15% n a m 1937" <''^'. Tuy nhien, ty le nay neu se s a n h vdi ngudi Hda va ngUdi An thi r a t khdng dang ke. Sd' lUdng hpc sinh ngifdi Hda trdng cac tru'dng ciia Anh d FMS eua hai nam dd la 48% va 50%, sd hpc sinh ngUdi An la 30% va 28%
(xem chi tie't tai bang dudi). N h u vay, viee bi ngan can tiep can vdi nen giae due hien dai da khien cho cpng ddng ngu'di Malay lac hau lai cang lac h a u hdn trUde cac cdng
ddng n h a p cU la ngUdi Hoa va ngUdi An.
Mpi eanh cifa chd sii t h a n g tie'n xa hdi h a u n h u bi ddng lai ddi vdi con em ndng dan Malay. (Bang 1).
Van de dao tao nghe va dao tao d bae dai hpe cho ngUdi Malay cang la van de gay t r a n h cai del vdi cae n h a q u a n ly giao due Anh. NgUdi t a lo sd k h u y e n khich giae due dai hpc cho cU dan b a n dia se tao r a mdt "dpi ngii t r i thifc khdng cd ky n a n g lam viec" (ma theo sU p h a n cdng lao ddng xa hdi thi hp la lUc lUdng ehu cdng trdng nhiing cdng viee deng ang). N a m 1923, R.O.W. Winstedt (Phd giam dd'c giao due chuyen t r a e h cae trUdng Malay b SS va FMS tif dau nam 1916) da t r i n h bay q u a n diem cua minh va dUdc nhieu ddng nghiep chia se: "giao due dai hpe hudng den s d i t se khdng gay a n h hUdng nghiem trpng den cac van de xa hdi eua mdt cdng ddng da s i c tdc va ldi ieh kinh te trUe tie'p eua sd ddng". Ong cCing n h a n m a n h nen t r a n h xa dae tao nghe d bac dai hpc ehd ngUdi Malay va chi nen cd nhiing khda hudng nghiep la du de cung cap nhiing "ki n a n g cd Ieh" ehd xa hdi*'^'. Su gia t a n g sd hpe sinh Malay d cae trUdng hpc cua Anh n h u tren da trinh bay (du It di) nhUng se ddng nghia vdi viec hp tie'p tuc dUdc thed hpc d cac trudng cao d i n g day nghe hoac cao dang ky t h u a t cua A n h (vi du n h u TrUdng Cao d i n g day nghe Lien bang dUdc t h a n h lap n a m 1926, TrUdng Cad d i n g Ndng nghiep va TrUdng T r u n g cap Ky t h u a t du'dc t h a n h lap d S e r d a n g n a m 1931).
Nhieu nha cai tri lo l i n g r i n g van de dang VUdt qua t i m kiem seat eua hp.
NgUdi ndng dan b a n dia sau k h i dUde hpc tieng Anh, dUdc vad cac trUdng cua Anh, rdi lai dUde tiep n h a n cac ky n a n g nghe nghiep va t r i n h dp ky t h u a t d eae cap hpc
20 Nghien eifu Ddng Nam A 5/2011
B a n g 1: T o n g so h o c s i n h difcfc t u y e n v a o c a c t r i f d n g c i i a A n h d F M S (theo ty le %)
Nam
1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1982 1933 1935 1937
Tong so
8.456 9.208 10.105 10.450 11.594 12.806 13.768 14.509 16.283 16.185 17.113 17.997 17.477 16.417 16.496 17.161
Ngifdi Malay
9 10 13 15 18 18 19 19 18 17 16 16 15 17 16 15
Ngifdi Hoa
48 48 47 46 46 48 4 9 49 49 49 50 4 9 50 49 50 50
Ngvfdi An Do
30 30 2 9 2 9 26 2 4 23 23 2 5 26 26 27 27 27 27 28
Ngifdi Chau Au va Ngifdi lai Au - A
10 10 9 9 8 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Cac toe ngifdi
khae
3 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1
Nguon: Annual Reports on Education FMS 1917 to 19.37, ddn tlieo Pliilip Loh. F.S, Seed of Separati.^in: Educational Policy in Malaya 1874 - 1940, Kuala Lumpur, 1975, p. 106
cua Anh... khdng phai la muc tieu giao due d a n h cho t a n g ldp ndng dan Malay n h u da de ra liic b a n dau. Nha't lii, sau nhiing sai lam da trai qua d An Dp, ngUdi Anh dae biet luu t a m den kha nang ndi lean cua nhiing thu'dng dan dUdc "dao tao qua mifc" - "overe-dueation", sii "thifc tinh chinh tri" sau qua t r i n h dd la dieu khdng the t r a n h khdi. Nhiing bien luan cu the eho van de giao due danh cho tang ldp ndng dan Malay du'dc dien giai la phdi trdnh dUa ddn chdng ra khoi dong ruong, trdnh ldm xdo trgn nep sdng thiidng ngdy ndi ldng xd hodc ldm cho ddn chiing
khong thoa mdn vdi dia vi dUdc ban tdng.
Dd dd, mdt nen giao due ed chieu hudng
"thien ve ndng thdn", duy tri "dac tinh ndng thdn" se dam bao cac muc tieu tren va se kiem soat dUdc t i n h t h a n hay y chi dau t r a n h {semangat perjuangan) trong nhiing tri thifc ndng dan Malay.
De dam bao khdng di lech hudng chu dao n h a m tiep tue kim h a m ngUdi ndng dan Malay d d u n g vi tri va t r i n h dp cua minh, t h a n g 10 n a m 1922, trUdng dao tao nghe d a n h rieng eho t a n g ldp ndng dan Malay m a n g ten S u l t a n Idris (Sultan
Ly Tudng Vdn - Chinh sdeh gido due eua Anh ddi vdi edng dong... 21
Idris T r a i n i n g College - SITC)*20' dupe t h a n h lap d b a n g P e r a k . Sii e i n thie't p h a i t h a n h lap ngdi t r u d n g nay theo Maxwell, tdng t h u ky cua FMS, la vi "chdng ta thiic sU mong muon cung cd'p mgt nin gido due tot nhdt CO the cho nhdng ngUdi Malay cua ldng xd, cu the la cung cdp mgt nin gido due tdt nhdt co the cho nhdng nong ddn vd ngU ddn". Vi vay, ben c a n h muc tieu dao tao giao vien tieu hpc, SITC dac biet n h a n m a n h nhiem vu dao tao giad vien trong linh vUc ndng nghiep sd cap de sau dd hp bude p h a i quay trd ve t r u y e n day lai kien thife cho ngudi d a n b cae viing xa xdi heo lanh*2". Vao thdi diem t h a n h lap, liic lUdng n h a n sii cua SITC gdm 3 giad vien ngUdi chau Au, 7 giao vien ngUdi Malay, 1 giad vien ngUdi Philippines va 120 sinh vien Malay. T r e n g chUdng trinh, cac mdn hpe ve ky t h u a t ndng nghiep, ky t h u a t lam vUdn va ke ea ky t h u a t dan rd ra... chiem khoang 3/4 tdng so' thdi lUdng cae mdn hpc, t h a m chi chiing dUdc n h a n m a n h hdn mdn giao due sU p h a m . Ngay tif khi t h a n h lap trudng, R.O. Winstedt ciing de nghi day tie'ng Anh cho sinh vien, nhUng de nghi cua dng dude giai thi'eh la khdng can thiet bdi le hpc tie'ng Anh cd the se lam cho cac sinh vien Malay "ngudng md cupc sd'ng ndi dd thi".
N h u vay, nhiing sinh vien Malay sau khi td't nghiep trUdng SITC ro r a n g la khdng ed k h a n a n g thoat ra khdi quy dao cua ndng nghiep va ndng thdn. Roff da mieu ta sii ddi lap ve muc tieu dao tao cua SITC va MC n h u sau: "Mdt m a t tai Kuala Kangsar, con t r a i cua t a n g ldp thd'ng tri truyen thd'ng giau cd du'pc dao tao de gia n h a p vao the gidi cua nhiing ngUdi ndi tieng Anh trong he thd'ng chinh quyen va h a n h ehinh hay mdt linh viic chuyen
nghiep nao dd; M a t k h a e tai SITC, con t r a i cua t a n g ldp ndng d a n ngheo khd dUdc dad tao de quay trd lai t h e gidi cua nhiing ngUdi ndi tie'ng Malay ban dia va lam viee trong cac trUdng lang d eae vimg ndng thdn"*^^'. The nhUng, t r a i ngUde vdi nhiing mong mud'n cua ngUdi Anh, vi tri bi kim h a m eua t i n g ldp ndng dan Malay khdng the bien hp t h a n h nhiing ke de cai tri ma chinh trong bdi e a n h bi kim h a m tif ben trong ddng thdi lai bi hdi thiic bdi nhiing tae dpng k h a e h q u a n tif ben ngoai da khien cho chu nghia dan tpc cap tien cua ngUdi Malay nay nd va lan tda ma diem khdi dau chinh la tif gidi t r i thutc tai SITC, nhiing ngUdi trUdng t h a n h len tif nen giao due b a n dia. C h i n h hp, nhiing giao vien, n h a bao, t h a m chi la nhiing sinh vien xua't t h a n tif t a n g ldp ndng dan, da b i t dau n h a n thifc dUdc thdi cupc, ve nhiing d i l n bien chinh tri da va d a n g dien ra trong va ngoai k h u viic b a n dao Malaya. Hp ciing nhin tha'y can nguyen cua nhiing van de khd k h a n ma cpng ddng ngUdi Malay ban dia dang p h a i ddi m a t .
Ket l u a n
1. Chinh sach giao due cua A n h ddi vdi cpng ddng ngUdi M a l a y b a n dia t a i Malaya the hien ro npi dung chu dao la
"chia re" va "cai tri" vdi muc tieu trUde het la eung cd' dia vi chinh tri eua ngUdi Anh.
Trdng khi d a n h cho t a n g ldp qui tpc Malay (la nhdm thudc "phan dinh") mdt chUdng t r i n h giad due "tinh hoa" theo kieu Anh de dua hp vao cac vi t r i thich hdp trong ehinh quyen eai tri, thi ehinh quyen Anh d a n h cho t a n g ldp ndng d a n Malay (la nhdm thudc "phan day") mdt he thd'ng giao due ban dia thien ve ndng thdn vdi gia tri r a t h a n che ddi vdi k h a n a n g t h a n g tien xa
22
Nghien eifu Ddng Nam A 5/2011hdi. Chinh quyen thiic d a n r a t hy vpng vao hieu qua eua chinh sach nay bdi thdng qua viee lien m i n h vdi nhUng n h a l a n h dao t r u y e n thd'ng eua d a n chiing, thiic d a n Anh se thiic hien dUde sU kiem seat doi vdi so' ddng t h u d n g dan Malay. M a t khae, chfnh t a n g ldp qui tpc t h a n Anh nay se giiip ehinh quyen A n h trong viec t r u n g hda Sli t h a e h thiie cua t a n g ldp t r i thiic cap tien d phia doi lap*^"^'.
2. Dudi chi'nh sach giao due cua chinh quyen Anh, dpi ngU tri thife mdi cua cdng ddng ngUdi Malay bi chia r a t h a n h hai phai vdi r a n h gidi la sii khae n h a u ve nen t a n g xa hpi: mdt ben thupc t a n g ldp quf tde va ben kia thudc t a n g ldp nong dan.
Trai ngUde vdi gidi tri thife qui tpc dUdc hudng nen giao due Anh, gidi tri thife dupe dad tad bdi nen giae due b a n dia ve ed ban bi gidi quyen uy t r u y e n thd'ng va chinh quyen thiic dan n g a n e h a n khdi r a t nhieu cac cd hdi ciing n h u cac ldi fch xa hdi khae nhau. Trong hoan c a n h dae biet dd, lai san m a n g trong m i n h t i n h cam cdng ddng m a n h me, ngay tif nhiing n a m 1920, dpi ngii tri thife cap tien Malay da dan h i n h t h a n h nen tU tUdng chinh tri - xa hdi mang tinh cdch mqng^'^'^K Tu tUdng nay hudng den mue tieu cai thien dia vi k i n h te - chinh tri eua ngUdi Malay trUdc cac cpng ddng n h a p eU, ddng thdi chd'ng lai sii cai tri thupc dia cua chinh quyen thiic dan, p h a n ddi t a n g ldp thd'ng tri t r u y e n thd'ng da va d a n g u n g hd ngUdi Anh.
Nhiing k h u y n h hudng chinh tri cap tien nay da khien cho hp trd t h a n h liie lUdng ddi lap khdng chi vdi chinh quyen thiic dan Anh, gidi qui tpc t r u y e n thd'ng, ma t h a m chi ddi lap vdi ca dpi ngii tri thifc dUde dao tao bdi n e n giao due Anh*^^'.
3. N h u vay, h a u qua cua chinh sach
giao due nay rd r a n g da can trd sii thdng nha't cua cdng ddng ngUdi Malay b a n dia.
Ciing vdi chinh sach each ly chimg tpc b i n g bien bien p h a p k i n h te, chinh sach each ly chimg tdc b i n g giao due cua thiic Anh la mdt t r o n g nhieu n g u y e n n h a n khien eho phong t r a o d a n toe chu nghia eua ngudi Malay h i n h t h a n h mudn va khdng thiic sii m a n h me so vdi mpt so' qud'c gia t r d n g k h u vUc./.
C H U T H I C H
1. Xem them, Frank Athelstane Swettenham, British Malaya: An Account of the Origin and Progress of British Influence in Malaya, Chifdng 3: "Pinang Early History...", BiblioBazzar, LLC, 2008, p. 33 - 61.
2. Dfin theo D.G.E. Hall, Lich sd Dong Nam A, Nxb CTQG, Ha Noi, 1997, tr. 746.
3. Trudc dd, Hiep dinh Vien nam 1815 da xac dinh viec phan chia chau Au va thudc dia giiia cac nifdc chie'n t h i n g Napoleon, trong dd quy dinh Anh difdc diio Malta va nhiing thuoc dia cua Ha Lan va cua Phap. De'n nam 1824, Hiep ifdc Anh - Ha Lan dUdc ki ke't tai London, da xac dinh lai cac va'n de d chau Au va phan chia lanh thd d mien Ddng An. Theo dd, mien Ddng An difdc chia ra lam hai vung anh hifdng bing mot difdng gidi ban dpc theo eo bien Malacca:
Ha Lan nhUdng lai chp Anh ta't ca cac cd quan thifdng mai d An Do, rut bd viec phan ddi Anh ddng d Singapore, nhifdng lai Malacca, khong bao gid lap mot cd sd nao tren ban dao Malaya hoac ki bat ki mpt hiep ifdc nao vdi bat ky tieu vifdng nao tren ban dao dd. Ddi lai, Anh cung nhifdng lai cho Ha Lan Bencoolen va ta't ca cac lanh thd cua Cdng ty Ddng An Anh d Sumatra, khdng bao gid lap mot khu dinh cU nao tren dao hoac ki hiep udc vdi bat ky tieu vifdng nao d dd... (Theo Hiep dinh Anh - Ha Lan, nam 1824. Xem Lifdng Ninh (cb), Lich sd Dong Nam A, Nxb Giao
Ly Tudng Vdn - Chinh sdeh gido due eita Anh ddi vdi edng dong. 23
due. Ha Ndi, 2005, tr. 611- 613).
4. Xem them Rupert Emerson, Tldd.
5. Barbara Watson Andaya and Leonard Y.
Andaya, A History of Malaysia, Macmillan Press LTD, 1982, p. 227.
6. Eex Stevenson, Cultivators and Administrators: British Educational Policy towards the Malays, 1875 - 1906,
Kuala liimpur, 1975, p. 175.
7. Dan theo Francis H.K.Wong and Gwee Yee Hean, Official Reports on Education:
Straits Settlements and the Federated Malay States, 1870 - 1939, Singapore:
Pan-Pacific, 1970, p. 2-3.
8. Eton la loai tnfdng gianh cho gidi quy tpc d Anh.
9. Shaharuddin Maaruf, Malay Ideas on Development: From Feudal Lord to Capitalist, Singapore: Times, 1988, p. 57.
10. Gpi la trifdng, nhifng theo md ta cua William R. Roff (trong The Origins of Malay Nationalism, New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1967 thi
"phan ldn deu d trong tinh trang he't siic the tham trong sud't thdi ky thudc dia.
TrUdng difdc xay dUng ddn gian, thifdng la nhiing ngdi nha tam d cac lang xa. Mdi trifdng hpc cd vai giao vien cd trinh dp va rat ft trang thie't bi" (p. 129). "Quy trinh hpc lac bail theo ldi hpc thupc long phd bie'n d h^u he't cac trifdng da kim nen kha nang cua hpc sinh hdn la khuyen khich chiing" va "giao vien p h i n ldn la nhiing ngifdi ngheo, thie'u trf tifdng tUdng va gap nhieu trd ngai do tinh trang thie'u hut sach vd gay ra" (p. 132).
11. "Chinh quyen khdng bao gid mong mud'n trao cho nhiing difa tre mpt lifdng kie'n thiic nong can, tham chi mot khdi lifpng kie'n thiic rdng ldn, nhUng lai khong giiip chiing sd'ng cd fch hdn va cd mpt cupc sd'ng hanh phiic hdn hien tai. Doi vdi ngifdi Malay, gia tri chu ye'u cua viec den trifdng chi la de day cho anh ta nhuing thdi quen ve tuan thu ndi quy, diing gid va bie't phuc tung" D i n theo David P. Chandler, David Joel Steinberg, Alexander Woodside..., In Search of Southeast Asia, University Hawaii, 1987, p. 263
12. Rex Stevenson, Tldd, p. 57-58.
13. D.D. CheWiah, A Historry of the Educational Policy of the Straits Settlements with Recommendations for a New System Based on Vernaculars, Kuala Lumpur: The Government Press, 1947, p. 64.
14. William R.Roff, Tldd, p. 127.
15. William R.Roff, Tldd, p. 129.
16. Dan theo Rex Stevenson, Tldd, p. 57.
17. Philip F. S. Loh, Seed of Separatism:
Educational Policy in Malaya 1874 - 1940, Kuala Lumpur, 1975, p. 81.
18. Barbara Watson Andaya, Leonard Y.
Andaya, Tldd, p. 229 19. Nhu tren, p. 230.
20. Mpt ly do khae dan de'n sU thanh lap trifdng SITC la vi theo so' lieu cua nam 1916, mac du cac trifdng dao tao giao vien tieu hpc danh cho ngudi Malay hang nam cho ra trifdng khoang 60 giao vien, nhifng tren thUc te van khdng du de cung cap cho khoang 30.968 hpc sinh theo hpc d 556 trudng ban dia Malay d SS va FMS.
21. Barbara Watson Andaya..., Tldd, p. 232 22. William R. Roff, Tldd, p. 143.
23. Ngifdi Anh nam rd tinh than truyen thd'ng cua ngifdi Malay Hdi giao, dd la sU hai hda va tuan thu trat tU xa hdi. Viec chd'ng lai gidi quy tdc, dac biet la chd'ng lai cac Sultan se bi xem la hanh dpng phan bpi {derhaka) bay (duhaka), khdng phu hdp vdi truyen thd'ng van hda cua nhiing tin do Hdi giao Malay.
24. Trao luii chinh tri dd ngay cang trd nen manh me hdn nhieu vao thdi diem cudi nhiing nam 1930, dac biet vdi sU xua't hien cua Hiep hpi Thanh nien Malay - KMM.
25. Sau Chien tranh The gidi II, nhiing trf thvfc quy tpc dildc dao tao bdi nen giao due Anh da trd thanh lUc lifdng chu dao trong Td chifc Dan tdc Thdng nha't Malay - UMNO, mdt td chifc cd anh hUdng chinh tri ndi bat trong nen chinh tri Malaya va ciing la td chUc ddng vai trd quan trpng nha't trong viec lanh dao nhan dan Malaya da'u tranh gianh ddc lap vao nam 1957.
PHONG TRAO CHONG CHIEN TRANH VIET NAM 6 MY: DAC DIEM VA TAC DONG
• • •
DOI VOI CHINH SACH AN NINH CUA MY 6 CHAU A - THAI BINH DUONG
PHAM ANH=*
T
reng nhiing n a m 1960, dac biet tif 1965 phong trao n h a n dan My chd'ng chie'n t r a n h Viet N a m la mpt sii kien ehfnh tri, xa hpi ndi bat trong long nUdc My. Sii p h a t trien ldn m a n h eua phong trao nay da tae dpng m a n h me den t i n h h i n h ehinh tri nUdc My va quan trpng hdn la da gdp p h a n dUa cue dien eupe chien t r a n h d Ddng Dudng sang bude ngoat ldn, t r e n cd sd dd lam t h a y ddi chfnh sach an n i n h eiia My ddi vdi k h u "viic chau A-Thai Binh Dudng. Bai •viet nay se t a p t r u n g p h a n tich nhiing dac diem chinh cua phong t r a o n h a n dan My chd'ng chien t r a n h va qua dd ly giai sU chuyen bie'n trong chinh saeh a n n i n h cua My.1. Sv^ p h a t t r i e n ciia p h o n g t r a o c h o n g c h i e n t r a n h
Trong lieh sif nUde My, phong trao xa hpi la mpt p h a n ifng k h a phd bie'n nha't la tif sau chien t r a n h t h e gidi thif hai, do ket
qua cua qua t r i n h xa hdi hda m a n h me.
Sli n h a n thifc ve q u a t r i n h xa hdi hda dien ra d My ed t h e la mpt each tie'p can ddi vdi phong trao chd'ng ehien tranh*".
Trong giai doan 1965-1973, vdi nhiing tac dpng tif eudc ehien t r a n h Viet N a m va n h a t la nhiing h i n h a n h triie tie'p nha't ve cupc chie'n dUdc p h a t di rdng rai t r e n toan nUde My da khdi day ngay tai da't nUdc nay nhiing lan sdng m a n h me d a u t r a n h cho edng ly va hda binh. Ngudn gd'c va dpng liic cua phong t r a o n h a n dan My chd'ng chien t r a n h trUde he't xua't p h a t td dac diem d a n tpc va lich sif xa hoi cua
nudc My.
NgUdi d a n My ndi c h u n g cd truyen thdng da'u t r a n h cho ddc lap tii do tif ngay lap qud'c d the' ky XVIII. Do t r i n h dp dan tri k h a cao n e n hp s a n s a n g p h a n xet chinh quyen, t h a m chi khi can chd'ng ddi b i n g bieu dUdng liic lUdng hdac dimg quyen b i u cif de lap met chfnh quyen mdi.
Pham Anh, NCS Dai hoc Quo'c gia Sun Yat-sen, Dai Loan
