TAP CHf LUAT HQC SO 11/2016 NGHIEN ciru-TRAO Ddi
^ QUY DjNH COA BO IM^l T 6 TyNG DAN Sl/ N A M 2015 V^
N H O N C T I N H TI^T, S\J KI$N K H 6 N G PHAICHOfNC MINH
TRAN PHUONG THAO*
Tom tdt: Bai viit phdn tick quy djnh cua Diiu 92 Bg ludt to tung ddn s\rndm2015 ve nhirng tinh tiit. su kiin khdng phdi ehdng minh trong td tun^ ddn su de chi ra nhdng diem mdi eOng nhu nhOng diim chua hgp li. trin ea sd dd di xudt mgi sd kiin nghi nhdm hodn thiin dieu ludt ndy.
Tirkhod: Bg lugt; td tung ddn su; khdng phdi ehung minh; quy djnh; su kiin; tinh tiit.
Nlidn bdi: 16/6/2016 Hoan thdnh biin tgp: 08/12/2016 Duyit ddng: 15/12/2016.
PROVISIONS OF THE 2015 CIVIL PROCEDURAL CODE ON DETAILS AND FACTS THAT ARE NOT REQUIRED T O BE PROVED
Abstract: The paper analyses Aticle 92 of the 215 Civil Procedural Code on details and facts that are not required to be proved in civil procedure in order to point out its new points and irrelevant points and based on that offers some suggestions to improve this Article.
Keywords: Code; civil procedure: not require to be proved; provision; fact; detail.
Received: Jun /6*, 2016; Editing completed: Dec g\ 2016; Accepted for publication: Dec 15^. 2016.
T
heo quy dinh tgi Dieu 91 Bd ludt td tung dan sy (BLTTDS) nam 2015, duong sy CO yen can, duong su phdn ddi ydu cau, ca quan, td chiic khdi kien de bdo vd Igi fch cdng cpng, Igi fch cua nha nudc hay quydn, Igi fch hgp phdp ciia ngudi khac phai cd nghia vu chiing minh cho ydu cau hay phdn doi yen can cua minh la cd can cu vd hgp phdp, trii mdt sd trucmg hgp phdp lugt cd quy djnh khac. Hidu theo nghia chung nhat, chiing minh trong td tyng dan sy "la hogt dgng td tung cua cdc chd tki td tung theo quy dinh cua phdp ludt trong viec ldm ro cde sir kiin, tinh tiit cua vu viec ddn Jif".*'* Vdi quy djnh* Giaog vien, Tnramg Dai hpc Lu|t Ha Npi E-mail: [email protected]
(l).Xem: Truong D^ii hpc Luat Ha Npi, Gido trinh lugt to twig dan su, Nxb. Cong an nhan d3n. Ha Npi, 2014, tr. 134.
tgi Didu 91 BLTTDS ndm 2015, cdc chu die cd nghia vu chiing minh phdi thu thdp, cung cap, giao nop cho tod an tai lieu, chirng cii dd lam sang td nhiing tinh tidt, sy kidn ttong vu vide dan sy, tten ca sd dd toa an xac djnh sy that khdch quan dd dua ra phan quydt vd gj^
quyet vy viec dan sy. Tuy nhien, thye tidn ^ tung dan su cho thay ttong mgt sd vy vide dan sy cd nhung tinh tidt, sy kidn da qua rd rdng, da phan dnh sy that hidn nhidn md khdng phai chiing minh. Vi vgy, tidp sau quy dinh mang tinh nguyen tac chung ve nghTa vy chiing minh cua cac chii the td tung trong td tyng dan sy tgi Didu 91, Dilu 92 BLTTDS ndm 2015 quy djnh v l nhung tinh tilt, sy kien khdng phdi chiing minh nham tranh tinh trang keo dai quy trinh td tung mdt cdch khdng cdn thilt, hgn chd vide gay phidn ha, tdn kem vd
TAP CHI LUAT HQC SO 11/2016 NGHIEN ciru - TRAO Dpi
thdi gian, cdng siic, tiln cua cua cd cdc bdn duong sy vd tod an.
Khdng phdi den BLTTDS ndm 2015 thi phdp ludt td tyng dan syr mdi cd quy dinh ve nhung tinh tilt, sy kifn khdng phai chiing minh md ngay tfi khi BLTTDS ddu tidn nam 2004 dugc ban hanh, vdn d l ndy da dugc quy djnh tgi Dieu 80. Dieu luat ndy dugc gifi nguydn trong Luat sfia ddi, bd sung mdt sd didu ciia BLTTDS ndm 2011. Din BLTTDS nam 2015, Didu luat nay dugc bd sung mpt sd npi dung nhd, cdn vd co ban thi kit cau, ndi dung Didu 92 BLTTDS nam 2015 dugc gift nguydn so vdi Dilu 80 BLTTDS nam 2004.
Diem gift nguydn dau tien dd nhgn thdy nhat Id tdn gpi cua dilu ludt. Didu 92 BLTTDS ndm 2015 van gifi nguyen tdn gpi Id "Nhiing tinh tiet, sy kidn khdng phai ehung minh" nhu ten gpi cua Didu 80 BLTTDS nam 2004. Tu ten gpi ndy da cho thay doi tupng chiing minh ttong cdc vy vide dan su md cdc chtt the cd nghTa vu chiing minh phai ldm ro Id nhfing tinh tilt, su kidn trong vy vifc ddn sy vd ndu chung minh dugc thi nhung tinh tilt, su kifn dd chfnh Id chiing cfi dd giai quylt vu vifc dan sy. Suy ludn nay Id hgp li bdi phdp ludt td ttmg dan sy ciia nhieu nudc ciing dd xac djnh "chimg cu la mgt tir lieu md thdng qua do mdt tinh tiet duge tad dn edng nhdn vd Id mgt tir lieu md thong qua do tod dn dirge thuyit phue la mot tinh tiet nhdt dinh tdn tgi hay khong".''^^
Ngugc Igi, ndu nhung tinh tilt, sy kifn trong vu vide ddn sy dugc phdp lugt td tung dan sy quy djnh la khdng phdi chiing minh thi cd
(2).Xem: Nguyin Minh Hiing, Chi djnh chung minh trong Id iting ^^" ^^ Vi^t Nam, LuSn an tiSn sT iuat hgc, Trucmg D^i hpc Lu^t HS Ngi, 2007, tr. 43.
nghTa phdp luat td tung ddn sy da thiia nhan ngay nhiing tinh tilt, sy kifn do Id chumg cii ttong vy vifc dan sy. Tuy nhien, cdn xdc dinh dung tinh thdn cua Dilu 92 BLTTDS ndm 2015 la: chi nhimg tinh tiet, su kien dugc Dilu 92 het kd mdi khdng phai chimg minh, cdn nhfing tinh tilt, sy kifn khac ttong vu vide dan sy van phdi chung minh, ldm rd.
Dieu nay cung cd nghTa chu thi cd nghia vy chiing minh chi dugc gidi phdng khdi nghTa vu chiing minh ddi vdi nhfing linh tiet, sy kidn ma Dilu 92 quy djnh, cdn ddi vdi nhung tinh tiet, su kidn khac hp vin phdi thye hifn nghTa vu chiing minh.
v l kdt cau vd ndi dung ciia dilu lugt, Dilu 92 BLTTDS nam 2015 van gifi nguydn ket cdu va khdng sua ddi, bd sung nhilu v l npi dung so vdi Dilu 80 BLTTDS ndm 2004.
Khoan 1 Didu 92 BLTTDS nam 2015 quy djnh nhflng tinh tidt, sy kidn ddu tidn dugc khdng phdi chiing minh van la "nhimg tinh tidt, su kifn rd rang mpi ngudi ddu bidt vd dugc toa an thua nhan". Lf do khdng phai chiing minh ttong trudng hgp nay Id nhiing tinh tidt, sy kidn do mpi ngudi deu da biet mdt cdch rat rd rdng, dugc tod dn thfia nhgn.
Tuy nhien hidu the nao la nhiing tinh tidt, su kidn rd rang mpi ngudi ddu bidt? Thuc tien dp dung Dieu 80 BLTTDS ndm 2004 ttong thdi gian qua cho thay cau hdi nay da dugc nhieu nha nghien ciru phap luat td tung dan sy ddt ra va ddi khi tod dn cflng liing tiing ttong vifc thfia nhgn nhung tinh tiet, sy kien nay. Cd y kien cho rang nhung tinh tidt, su kidn ma mpi ngudi diu bidt, dugc tod dn thira nhgn phdi la nhung tinh tiet, sy kien nhu thidn tai, hod hogn, lii iut, ddng dat, nhimg tinh tiet, sy kidn khdng thd tai hidn lai. chi cd the dugc phan
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TAP CHi LUAT HQC SO 11/2016 NGHIEN CUV - TRAO DOl anh tfidng qua tri nhd ciia con nguoi.*'' Theo
tdc gia, dua titn nln tang h' lugn vl ban chat cua chting cii tiii nhflng tinh tilt, sv kifn dugc thira nhgn Id chimg cii diing dl giai quylt vy vide ddn sy phai Id nhihig tinh tilt, su kifn cd du ba thugc tt'nh phdp K cua chting cfi dugc quy djnh tai Dieu 81 BLTTDS nam 2004 ttudc ddy hay tai Dilu 91 BLTTDS nam 2015, do Id chiing cii phai Id nhiing ^ cd thgt (tfnh khdch quan), dugc giao nop, ±u thap theo trinh ty do BLTTDS quy dinh (tinh hgp phap) dl diing ldm can cfi cho vide giai quylt ydu cau (tt'nh lidn quan). Nhung tinh tilt, su kifn khdng phai chiing minh md dugc cdng nhan ngay Id chung cfi cung phdi cd du ba thudc tfnh dd. Vi v$y, nhflng tinh tilt, sy kifn rd rdng mpi ngudi deu bilt va dugc tod an thfia nhgn ngay Id chiing cfi ma khdng phai chiing minh trudc hdt phai Id nhiing tinh tiet, sy kifn cd tinh khdch quan, phan anh su that hiln nhidn mpi ngudi diu bilt. Cym tfi mdu chdt nhdt can phdi ldm rd trong quy dinh tgi didm a khodn 1 Dilu 92 BLTTDS nam 2015 id cym tfi "mpi ngudi" ddu bidt. "Mpi ngudi"
Id cum tu chi so nhieu, sd ddng, vay sd ddng dd phai bao gdm nhung chfi thi ndo mdi du ddn mfic la "mpi ngudi" ddu bilt vd nhflng tinh tiet, sy kifn dd? Tac gia cho rang trong mpt vy vide dan sy, nhflng tinh tilt, sy kifn xdy ra tiii ngudi bilt trudc hit chfnh la cac bdn duong su (gom nguydn don, hi dan, ngudi cd quyen Igi nghia vy hen quan).
Nhung nlu chi cdc duang su bilt vd nhimg tinh tiet, sy kifn ttong vy vifc ddn sy thi viec bidt dd chi the hifn tt'nh chu quan, chua thi
(3) Xem: Biii Thi Huyen (chii bien), Binh lugn khoa hgc Bg lugt td tyng ddn su 2015, Nxb. Lao dOng, H&
Npi, tr. 152.
hifn tfnh khdch quan, chua du dk toa dn cdng nhan Id "mpi ngudi" ddu bilt. Bh viec biet ve nhiing tinh tilt, su kifn dd cd tfnh khdch quan thi ngoai duang sy la nhung ngudi c6 quyen, Igi fch hgp phdp trong vy vifc ddn s\t thi jriidi c6 cd nhung ngudi khdng c6 quyln, Igi fch trong vu vifc ddn sy bilt (uhu ngudi ldm chfing), tham chf cd nhiing ngudi khdng tham gia to tyng dan sy cung biet vd tinh tiet, sy kien dd (vf du nhimg nguoi tham gia giao thdng chfing kidn thiet hgi tfi vu va chgm giao thdng thdng trdn dudng ttong vy an doi boi thudng thif t hai ngoai hgp dong...). Nhu vay, nhiing tinh tilt, sy kifn mpi ngudi ddu bi^
phai Id nhimg tinh tilt, su kifn cd tihb pho biln, tfnh khach quan, khdng chi ngudi cd quyen, nghia vu trong vy viec bi^ ma ca ngudi khdng cd quydn, n ^ a vy trong vy viec cGng bidt. Sau khi tod an dd xdc &ih dugc finh tilt, sy kifn md "mgi ngudi" deu d& ta^
thi tod an se "tiifia nhgn" tinh tiet, su kifn do la chiing cu diing de giai quyet vy viec dan su va khdng budc chu the cd nghTa vu chijoig minh phai chiing minh vd tinh tiet, sy kien ma mpi ngudi ddu da bidt Cung tfi lap lugn nay, tdc gja eho rang tfi "vd" dugc sfi dung trong didm a khoan 1 Didu 92 "nhung dnh tiet. su kien rd rdng mgi ngudi deu biet vd duge tad dn thua nhgn" la chua hodn toan hgp h' boi chfi "vd" nay cd the se lam ngudi doc xac dinh mdy mdc cd hai dieu kifn dpe lap nhau, phdi ddp ung cd hai didu kifn dd thi dnh tilt, sy kifn mdi khdng phai chiing minh: I) "ro r ^ g mgi ngudi diu biet" vd 2) "dugc tod an thira nhdn". Cdch hidu may mdc nay cd the din din ttudng hgp cd nhirng tinh tilt, su kien rd rang mpi ngudi ddu bilt, cd tfnh khdch quan nhung Igi khdng dugc tod dn thfia
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TAP CHI LUAT HQC SO 11/2016 NGHIEN CVV • TRAO Ddi nhgn. Dd phu hgp vdi If lugn ciing nhu de bdo
dam quyln tl tyng cua duang su trong tiiyc tien, dilm a khoan 1 Dilu 92 BLTTDS phai dugc hidu theo hudng nlu tinh tiet, sy kifn ttong vy vifc dan sy da dugc xac djnh Id ro rdng mpi ngudi diu bilt flii tod dn phdi thfia nhgn finh tiet sy kien dd vd nhu the finh tiet, sy kidn dd khdng phdi chfing minh. Thiet nghi tfi "vd" trong quy dinh tgi diem a khodn 1 Dilu 92 BLTTDS tiiay bdng tfi "ndn" (tfic Id "nhung tinh tilt, sy kien ro rang mpi ngudi ddu bilt nen dugc tod dn thua nhgn" thi khong phdi chfing minh) sS hgp li hon. Quy djnh nhu vgy cQng sd xod dugc tdm If e nggi toa an Igm quyln ttong vifc thira nhdn hay khdng thfia nhgn nhflng tinh tilt, sy kifn rd tang mpi ngudi deu bidt.
Dilm b khodn 1 Dilu 92 BLTTDS nam 2015 dugc gifi nguydn nhu didm b khoan 1 Dilu 80 BLTTDS ndm 2004 khi quy dinh:
"Nhimg tinh tiet, sir kiin da dugc xdc dink trong bdn dn, quyit dinh eiia tad dn dd cd hieu luc pkdp lugt hogc quyit dink ciia ca quan nhd nude ed thdm quyen da cd hi$u Ittc phdp ludr sd khdng phai chiing minh. Quy dinh nay Id hgp If bdi neu finh tilt, sy kifn da dugc xdc djnh ttong ban dn, quydt dinh cua toa an dd cd hifu luc phdp ludt hoac quydt dinh ciia ca quan nhd nudc cd thdm quyen da cd hidu Iuc phap luat thi chfing td nhung tinh tidt, sy kifn do da dugc chiing minh, tod dn hay ca quan nha nudc cd thdm quydn da kidm chiing. Tuy nhien, cung can phai xdc djnh them ndu ban an, quyet djnh da cd hieu luc do sau ndy vi If do nao dd bi toa an hoac co quan cd tham quyln buy bd thi nhfing finh tilt, su kidn ttong bdn dn, quylt djnh dd khdng cdn duang nhidn thudc
difn khdng phai chiing minh.
Nhfing tinh tidt, sy kifn trong vy vifc ddn sy khdng phai chfing minh dugc quy dinh tgi khodn 1 Dilu 92 BLTTDS ndm 2015 cdn Id nhirng tijih tilt, sy kidn da dugc ghi ttong vdn bdn vd dugc cdng chiing, chfing thye hgp phdp. Xet ve ban chat thi cdng chiing Id vifc cdng chiing vidn chimg nhgn tinh xdc thuc, hgp phap cua hgp dong, giao djch bdng vdn bdn md theo quy djnh cua phap luat phdi cdng chfing hodc cd nhan, to chfic ty nguydn ydu cau cdng chiing. Chiing thuc la vifc ca quan, td chiic cd tham quydn cdn cfi vdo bdn chmh dd xdc nhgn ban sao Id diing vdi ban chfnh hoac xdc nhdn chfi kf ttong vdn ban, gidy td la chfi kf cua ngudi da yeu cdu chfing thye.
Nhin chung, cdng chiing, chiing thye la xac nhan su that khach quan da didn ra. Vi vay, vd nguyen tac, nhiJng tinh tidt, sy kifn ttong cdc vdn ban dugc cdng ehiing, chung thuc hgp phdp thudng ddng vdi sy tiiat khdch quan. Tuy nhidn, thuc tidn cho thay van cd trudng hgp vi h do ndo dd md tinh tiet, sy kien trong vdn ban cdng chiing, chfing thye hgp phap lai khdng diing vdi sy that khdch quan (vf dy khdng mudn ddng tidn thud thu nhap ca nhdn cao nen khi cdng chfing hgp ddng mua ban nhd, hop dong chuyen nhugng quydn sfi dyng dat, hai bdn da thoa thudn ghi gid rdt thdp ttong hop ddng cdng chfing). Nhu vgy, vd mat nghiep vy, Tioat ddng cdng chfing, chiing tiiyc thye chat ciing chi xac nhan dugc vl mat hinh thfic cua tinh tiet, sy kidn chfi chua chdc da xdc djnh dugc bdn chat su vifc (vf du khi uy ban nhdn ddn chung thuc vdo ban sao giay chfing nhdn quyen sfi dung ddt till thuc chdt uy ban nhan dan chi xac nhdn ban sao gidng ban gdc chfi uy ban
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TAP CHl LUAT HQC SO 11/2016 NGHIEN CUV - TRAO Pdl nhan dan chua chiing minh finh tidt, sy kidn
ndo tix>ng vdn b ^ chfing tiliyc. Xdt vl chfic ndng, nhidm vu thi uy ban nhdn dan cung khdng phdi la chu till cd nghia vy chfing minh nhflng tinh tilt, su kifn trong vdn bdn chiing tiiyc dd la sy that khdch quan). Chfnh vi thuc tl do, dilm c khodn 1 Dieu 92 BLTTDS ndm 2015 da bo sung quy djnh:
"Tnrdng hgp co ddu hieu nghi ngd tmh khdch quan ciia nhung tinh tiet, su kien ndy hodc tinh khdck quan cua vdn bdn cdng chung, chimg thuc thi thdm phdn ed thi yeu cdu duang siJT. ca quan, to ehuc cong ehung, chdng thuc xudt trinh bdn gde, bdn chinh".
Quy dinh bd sung nay thi hifn budc tien mdi cua BLTTDS ndm 2015, cho phep kilm tra lai tfnh khdch quan cua nhiing tinh tidt, su kidn dd dugc cdng chiing, chiing fliyc. Tuy nhidn, theo tdc gid, didm c khodn I Didu 92 BLTTDS cdn dugc quy djnh rd hon nQa theo hudng khi cd yen cau vi nghi ngd tinh khdch quan cua nhfing tinh tidt, sy kifn nay hoac tinh khdch quan eua van ban cdng chfing, chung thye thi thdm phdn cd quydn ydu cau duang sy, co quan, td chuc cdng chung, chfing thye xudt trinh ban gdc, ban chinh hodc phdi chiing minh tinh tidt, sy kien dd.
Sau khi lift kd nhung tinh tidt, sy kien khdng phdi ehiing minh tgi khoan 1 thi khodn 2 vd khoan 3 Didu 92 BLTTDS nam 2015 neu cdc trudng hgp khac cung khdng phdi chiing minh. Khoan 2 didu ludt nay quy djnh:
"Mgt ben duang sir thira nhdn hogc khdng phdn doi nhung tinh tiet, su ki?n. tdi lieu, vdn bdn, ket ludn cda ca quan chuyen mon md bin duang su kia dua ra thi ben dirang su do khong phdi chung minh". So vdi khodn 2 Dilu 80 BLTTDS nam 2004 flii quy djnh nay
da cd nhfing bd sung ddng ghi nhdn nhu ddi tugng dugc thua nhan hogc kh&ig phdn ddi tiudc ^ y chi Id tinh tilt, su kien thi nay da bd sung tiidm tai lieu, van ban, kit luan cua co quan chuyen mdn. Tuy nhien, vifc vdn ddnh dong hai trudng hgp "thfia nhan" hodc
"khdng phan ddi" la nhu nhau, ddu dan den he qud Id khdng phai chfing minh, thfia nhgn ngay la chiing cu ttong khodn 2 ndy la chua hodn todn chfnh xac. Trudng hgp finh tidt, sy kidn cua bdn nay dua ra dugc ben kia thiia nhgn thi bdn dua ra finh tiet, su kifn dd khdng phai chfing minh ve tinh tiet, sy kifn da dua ra la hgp If. Su hgp If ndy dugc U gidi tfi nguydn tdc trong td tyng dan sy: duang sy cd quydn tu dinh dogt, tod an phdi tdn trpng quydn tu djnh doat do. Nhung trudng hgp nhfing finh tidt, su kidn dugc bdn dinrng su nay dua ra ma ben duong sy kia khdng phan ddi thi bdn duong sy da dua ra tinh tiet, sy kifn khdng phai chimg minh Id khdng hoan loan hop If. Trong mdt sd trudng hgp, vifc duong sy khdng phdn ddi nhiing finh tiet, sy kidn do bdn kia dua ra khdng ban la hp thica nhdn tinh tidt, su kifn do la dung. Id su tiiat Ndu thfia nhdn Id hinh thfic thd hifn y chf rat rd rdng cua duang sy thi khdng phan ddi lai chua thd hien rd y chf cita duang sy. Vd nguydn tac, trong td tyng dan su, duang sy ndo dua ra ydu cdu thi duang su dd phdi fliuc hidn nghia vu chfing minh cho ydu cau, cu the la phdi chiing minh cho nhiing tinh tidt, sy kifn ldm CO sd cho ydu cau cua minh, cdn ben duong sy bj ydu cau cd quydn im lang (khdng phan ddi) chd bdn duang sy dua ra yeu c&i chfing minh tinh tiet, sy kien md hp da dua ra.
Trong trudng hgp nay, su khdng phdn ddi (im lang) khdng phdi la tiiua nhan. Thye tidn i^
TAP CHi LUAT HOC SO 11/2016 NGHIEN CVV - TRAO Ddi dyng quy dinh nay thdi gian qua cho thay,
ttong gidi quylt vy vifc dan su nlu nh^n thay mpt ben duong sy khdng phdn doi nhftng tinh tiet, sy kifn ciia ben duong sy kia dua ra thi tiidm phdn thudng phdi than trpng hdi rd duang sy dd xem hg khdng phdn ddi Id hg tiiua nhgn hay khdng thira nh$n nhftng finh tilt, su kifn dd. Nlu hg thfia nhan Ihi thdm phan xdc djnh Id trudng hgp thfia nhgn, ndu duong su giai thfch hp khdng phan ddi vi hp dang chd bdn dua ra tinh tidt, sy kifn phdi chirng minh thi thdm phan vin phai ydu cau bdn duong sy dua ra finh tilt, su kifn chfing minh. Tfi thuc te nay, tdc gia cho rang de ch^t chd hon, phu hgp hon thi khodn 2 Dilu 92 BLTTDS nam 2015 ndn quy dinh rd hai trudng hgp theo hudng: "Mpt ben duang sy thua nhan nhiing tinh tiet, sy kifn, tai lieu, vdn ban, ket lugn cua co quan chuydn mdn md ben duang sy kia dua ra thi ben duong sy dd khdng phdi chfing minh. Nlu mpt bdn duong sy khdng phdn ddi nhflng tinh tilt, sy kifn, tdi lieu, van ban, kdt ludn ciia ca quan chuydn mdn do ben duong sy kia dua ra thi tod dn can hdi cho rd hp thfia nhgn hay khdng thua nhgn. Ndu khdng thfia nhan thi bdn dua ra finh tiet, sy kidn vdn phai thye hifn nghTa vy chiing minh".
Khodn 3 Dilu 92 BLTTDS ndm 2015 quy djnh mpt tnrdng hgp nfia ttong td tyng ddn su ciing khdng phdi chfing minh, dd Id: "Duang su ed ngudi dgi di^n tham gia to tung thi su thira nhgn eua ngudi dgi diin dirge eoi Id sir thira nhgn eda duang su niu khong vir0 qud pkgm vi dgi dien". So vdi khoan 3 Dilu 80 BLTTDS nam 2004 tiii BLTTDS ndm 2015 dd bd sung cym tu md tdc gid cho rdng Id rdt edn thilt dd Id "neu khong virgt qud phgm vi
dgi dien". Ve nguydn tdc chung, ngudi dgi difn Id ngudi fliay m|t duong sy tham gia t l tyng. Id ngudi thye hifn tiiay, quylt dinh tfiay ducmg syr cac quyln va nghia vy to tyng ciia ducmg sy, vi thi neu ngudi dai difn thfia nhgn tinh tilt, sy kifn ndo do tiii duong nhidn duong sy ciing phai thira nhan. Tuy nhien, xet mpt cdch cy thd thi ttong to tung ddn su lai cd cac loai dai dien khde nhau: dai difn theo phdp luat dugc thay mat duang su thye hifn toan bd cac quyen, nghia vu cua duong sy;
dgi difn theo uy quyen Igi tfiay duong su thuc hifn quydn, nghia vu cua duong sy trong pham vi uy quyen; dgi difn do tod an chi djnh Igi chi thay duong sy fliyc hifn cdc quyln, nghTa vy td tung cua duong sy. Do vay, nlu chi quy djnh nhu BLTTDS nam 2004:
"Duong sir ed ngirdi dgi dien tkam gia td tung thi sir thira nhgn ciia ngudi dgi diin dugc cai Id sir thira nkgn cua duong sir" Id khdng diing vdi mpi logi dgi difn. Vi dy, ngudi dgi dien flieo uy quyen cua duang sy thi khdng thd dugc thfia nhdn ca nhflng tinh tiet, su kidn ndm ngodi phgm vi uy quydn.
Chfnh vi vay, BLTTDS nam 2015 bd sung dieu kifn "neu khdng vugt qud phgm vi dai didn" Id hodn toan hgp If./.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Nguydn Minh Hdng, Chi djnh chirng
mink trong to t\mg ddn s\r Vi$t Nam, Lugn an tidn si lugt hpc, Trudng Dai hpc Lugt Ha Ndi, 2007.
2. Bui Thj Huydn (chu bien), Binh ludn khoa hgc Bg ludt to tyng ddn sir 2015, Nxb.
Lao dpng, HdNpi.
3. Trudng Dgi hpc Luat Ha Ndi, Gido trink ludt to tung ddn sir, Nxb. Cdng an nhdn dan, HdNpi, 2014.
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