. j NANG CAO GLV TRI GIA TANG HANG RAU QUA Cf VIET NAM
Nguyen Tlii Thanh Huyen Trudng Dai hoc Lam nghiep TOM TAT
Canh ffanh gay gjt khi chinh thiic tham gia TPP bupc Viet Nam phai co nhiing thay doi tich cue de san pham nong nghiep Viet Nam noi chung va nganh rau qua noi rieng co duoc cho dirng. Nhimg cai each nay phai bat ngu6n tir khau cung liog (cai each phuong thiic sin xuat, cong nghe, bao quan, tang chat lupmg) den khau xuat khiu (phuong thiic tiip thi. dam bao chit lupmg san pham, tang cuong san pham moi, tang cuong thuong hieu...) nhjm phat triSn thi truong mot each bdn vimg va gia tang gia tri cho cac san pham giup nganh rau qua Viet Nam thoat khoi hinh anh "nong nghiep gia re". Mac dii Viet Nam co nhieu tiem nang phat uien doi dao va SIT n6 lire khong ngimg cila nganh rau qua, nhung viec nang cao gia trj gia tang cho cac san pham rau qua Viet Nam hien con gap rit nhieu kho khan. Viec xay dimg va dinh huong giai phap nham nang cao gia tri cho cac san pham nay se la buoc di quan trpng gop phan day nhanh hoat dpng va trinh dp tham gia sau vao cac thi tnrong quan trpng nhu FT A, TPP...
Tir khoa: Gia tri gia tang, nong ngliiep, rau qua, TPP, xuat khau.
1. DAT VAN DE
Hon 10 nam trd lai day, nganh rau qua Viet Nam da phat trien manh theo hudng san xuat hang hoa, nang cao nang suat, chat lupng va hieu qua. Nhiing ket qua dang ghi nhan trong san xuat, tieu thu, sy phat trien cua he thdng che bien co cdng nghe va thiet bi tuong doi hien dai, sy gan ket giiia co sd san xuat vdi vimg nguyen lieu... tat ca nhiing dieu dd kien tao cho nganh rau qua nhiing co hoi phat trien mdi.
Tuy nhien, san pham rau qua nude ta chua tao dyng dupe vi tri virng chac d ca thi trudng trong nude va tren the gidi, gia tri gia tang cua cac hang hoa chua cao, the hien d nhiing mat sau;
San xuat thieu ben \Ting, ludn tiem an nguy CO khdng dam bao an toan thyc phim;
Co cau san pham che bien chua hpp ly, xuat khau chit yeu d dang so che nen gia tri gia tang thap. San pham cd chat lupng chua cao, thieu tinh canh tranh, gia thucmg thip hon san pham ciing loai cua cac nude trong khu MJC tir 5-10%;
Thi trudng tieu thu hang hoa chua dupe khai thac tot thieu dinh hudng lau dai, nhit la thi tmdng npi dia; chua tao dyng dupe thuong hieu uy tin tren thi trudng. ngay ca vdi nhiing
san pham cd the manh.
Xuat phat tir nhiing thyc do, bai viet tap trung nghien ciiu thyc trang, tiem nang va giai phap nang cao gia tri gia tang cho san pham rau qua nham hudng den mdt nen san xuat ben viing va hieu qua cao.
n . NOI DUNG, PHlTONG PHAP NGHIEN ClTU 2.1. Noi dung nghien cuu
Ngoai phan dat van de \'a ket luan, bai viet bao gdm cac ndi dung sau:
Tinh hinh thyc hien gia tri cho cac san pham rau qua tai Viet Nam (bao gdm thyc trang; cac ket qiia trong san xuat, che bien va tieu thy san pham).
- Danh gia tiem nang nang cao gia tri cho san pham rau qua d Viet Nam.
- Mpt sd giai phap nham ning cao gia tri cho cac san pham rau qua Tai Viet Nam.
2.2. Phuong phap nghien ciiu
Bai viet cd sir dung phuomg phap ke thira va phuong phap chuyen gia nham thu thap cac so lieu, tai lieu, cac bao cao va cac cdng trinh nghien cim cd lien quan den viec nang cao gia tri gia tang cho cac san pham nganh hang rau qua Viet Nam trong bdi canh hdi nhap sau rpng kinh te qudc te.
124 TAP CHI KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE LAM NGHIEP SO 4-2016
i n . KET QUA NGHIEN CUtJ, THAO LUAN 3.1. Tinh hinh san xuat va thuc liien gia tri cho cac san pham rau qua Vi^t Nam
Ve san xuat: Vdi dieu kien khi hiu, tu nhien da dang, rau qua Viet Nam rit phong
phii v l chiing loai va dugc trong d tat ca cac dia phuong trong ca nude nhung dien tich, san lugng tip trung chu yeu d cac tinh Ddng bang Sdng Hdng, Ddng Nam Bd va cac tinh Ddng bang sdng Ciiu Long.
Bang 1. So luoc hifn trang san xudt rau qua Vi|t Nam den hit thing 12/2014 STT Noi dung
1 Rau
Rau an toan theo tieu chuan GAP 2 Cay an qua
Cay an qua theo tieu chuan GAP Tong so
Dien tich Soluong
(ha) 845.000
69.459 700.000
10.310 1.545.000
Ty tr^ng (%) 54,7 8,22 45,3 1,47
Sanluong So lupng (ngan tan)
14.500 1.327 7.000 138,8 21.500
Ty trong (%) 67,4 9,2 32,6 1,98
Dien tich va san lugng san xuit rau qua cua Viet Nam khdng ngimg tang trong thdi gian vira qua. Tinh den het thing 12/2014, dien tich va sin lupng rau an toan theo GAP chi chiem 8,22% va 9,2% so vdi tdng dien tich va sin lupng rau ndi chung. Ve ciy an qua theo tieu chuin GAP cdn khd khan hon rit nhieu vdi 1,47% ve dien tich va 1,98% v l sin lugng.
Nhung con sd nay phin nao da the hien sy ban che va khd khan cua nganh.
Sin xuit rau qua da sd la nhd le, phan tan, chit lugng khdng ddng deu, gia thanh eao, chit lugng thip, chua tao dugc sin phim hang hoa Idn, kha nang canh tranh thip so vdi cac nude Uong khu vyc. Cdng tac kiem soat, phdng trir siu hai theo cac tieu chuin Global Gap, VietGap chua dugc ap dung rdng rai. Dien tieh cac vimg san xuit rau an toan tip trung dupe quy hoach cdn rit ban che, c i nude dat khoang 8 din 8,5% tdng dien tich trdng rau.
Ve bdo quan chi biin
Rau qua xuit khiu cua Viet Nam hien cd tdi 90% la rau qua tuoi. Ca nude mdi cd tren 100 CO sd che bien rau qua quy md cdng nghiep vdi tong cdng suit 300.000 tan san phim/nam.
Ngoai ra cdn ed hang ngan co sd che bien quy md rihd rihu siy vai, nhan, mudi dua ehudt,...
(Nguon: Tong cue thong ke) nhung nhin chung phuong tien, thiet bj che bien cdn kha thd so, quy md kha nhd khdng dap ung dugc nhu ciu cua thi trudng ca trong nude va the gidi. Cu the:
- Ve thu hai, lya chpn, bao quan rau qua van tien hanh thii cdng la chinh, ty le tdn thit sau thu hoach len tdi 30%; Cdng nghe bao quan va phuong tien van chuyen cdn thieu va lac hau, chat lugng thip, gia thanh cao. Viec su dung cac hda chit bao quan chua dugc kiem soat chat che, gay anh hudng den siic khde ngudi tieu dimg.
Ve nguyen lieu cho che bien: hiu het cac CO sd che bien rau qui khdng dii nguyen lieu sin xuit, cdng suit thyc te trung binh chi dat khoang 30%.
Cac san phim rau qua che bien chu yen gdm cac loai: dd hop, lanh ddng, pure, cd dac, nude qui, chien siy, mudi,... Trong dd ty trpng cac sin phim dd hop chiem 50%, sau dd la sin phim cd dac va ddng lanh.
Vi tiiu thu
Rau qua Viet Nam chii yiu dugc tieu thy trong nude d dang tuoi (khoang 90%) cdn lai de che bien va xuit khiu. San phim rau qui Viet Nam da cd mat tren 70 nude va lanh tho.
Trong dd 10 nudc/vimg lanh thd nhap khiu frai
TAP c m KHOA HQC v A CONG NGHE LAM NGHIEP SO 4-2016 125
Kinh ti & chinh sdch
ciy quan trpng trong nam 2014 ciia Viet Nam la Trung Quoc (26,79%), Nhit Ban (4,97%), Han Qudc (3,89%), Hoa Ky (3,84%), Ha Lan (2,63%), Nga (2,5%), Dai Loan (2,21%), Thai Lan (2,07%), Malaysia (2,01%) va Singapore (1,72%). Die biet thj phin xuit khiu sang
cac till trudng cao cap tang len, nhd vay tiii phin xuit khiu sang Trung Qudc du cd giam nhung kim ngach xuit khiu ciia nganh rau qua vin cao.
Tinh hmh tiiyc hien gia tri xuit khiu rau qua Viet Nam dugc till hien qua bang dudi diy:
Bang 2. Khn ngach xuat khau ran qua ciia Viet Nam tir nim 2010 den thing 6/2015 Nam Nam Nam Nim Nam
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 6th daiT Chi tieu
Kim ngach XK(tt USD) 460 623 T6cdptangmrdng(%) 4,8 35,4
829 33,0
1040 32,6
1470 36,2
881 22,8
Kim ngach xuit khiu rau qua cua nude ta lien tuc tang qua cac nam giai doan 2010-2015;
Nam 2014, kim ngach xuit khiu mat hang rau qui dat 1,47 ty USD, tang 36,2% so vdi nam 2013. Dac biet tinh rieng 6 thing diu nam 2015, kim ngach xuit khiu da dat 0,881 ty USD, tang 22,8% so vdi cimg ki nam 2014, muc tieu nam 2015 nganh rau qui phin diu xuit khiu dat 2 ty USD la hoan toan khi tiii.
Rau qua Viet Nam da cd mat tai hon 70 qudc gia va vimg lanh thd. Ngoai nhung thj trudng truyen thdng nhu Trung Qudc, Nhit Ban, Han Qudc..., rau qui Viet Nam cdn cd mat d rihieu thi trudng mdi nhu Hdng Kdng, UAE, Ha Lan... Rau qua xuit khiu nam 2014 dat miic tang trudng duong ve kim ngach d hiu het cac thj trudng; trong dd ndi bit nhit la Bang 3. Ket qua xuat khau rau qua
(Nguon: Tong cue Hai quan)
xuit sang Hong Kdng tang manh tdi 175,87%, dat trieu 16,75 trieu USD; xuit sang Han Qudc tang 102,2%, dat 57,04 tiieu USD. Ben canh do la mdt sd thi trudng ciing tang manh nhu:
U.A.E tang 88,6%, Trung Quoc tang 43,99%, Ha Lan tang 54,08%.
Nam 2014 rau qua Viet Nam da xuit khau sang hang loat cac thj trudng khd tinh. Chang han New Zealand la mdt trong nhiing thj trudng rit khd tinh vl dilu kien kilm dich tiiuc phim da cho phep nhap khiu Thanh long cua Viet Nam va dang xem xet md ciia cho Xoai Viet Nam. Nhilu thi trudng qudc tl khac ciing ddng y nhap khiu trai cay tuoi ttr ViSt Nam.
Han Qudc tilp tuc ddng y nhap khiu Vii sua, Trung Quoc nhap khiu Mang cut, Man, Australia nhap khiu Xoai, Thanh long.
theo thj trucmg 6 thing dau nam 2015
DVT: USD Thi trucmg xuat khau
Tong kim ngach Trung Quoc Nhat Han Quoc HoaKy Malaysia Ha Lan Thai Lan
T6/2015
188.378.188 47.616.053
7.535.601 7.114.024 4.515.025 3.160.683 4.547.773 1.972.945
So T6/2015 vM T5/2015 (% +/- KN)
72,2 34.5 1.9 2.9 -10,0
-7.2 33,7 5,8
6T/2015
880.932.238 252.581.947 36.889.889 35.430.452 27.249.594 18.918.633 18.874.826 17.289.193
So6T/2015v«
ciing ky 2014 (% +/- KN)
22,8 7,5 5,2 28,2
-0,6 21,3 -0,2 1.1
126 TAP c m KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE LAM NGHIEP SO 4-2016
Thi trufrng xuat khiu Dai Loan
Nga Singapore Hong Kong Canada Austraha Diic UAE Indonesia Phap Lao Anh Co Oct Italy Campuchia Ucraina
T6/2015 3.801.873 2.512.115 1.933.794 2.000.093 1.454.778 1.792.249 1.572.507 2.040.423 1.513.356 805.612 492.968 496.882 263.238 342.202 55.829 232.365
So T6/2015 vofi T5/2015 (% +/. KN)
27,3 -13,6 -19,2 -2,6 -3,2 53,2 29,0 70,3 -9,4
1.1 7,4 -13,8 -16,2 -37,8 -53,9
*
6T/2015 16.521.423 13.322.394 12.599.056 11.725.675 8.759.845 8.493.384 7.274.553 6.212.446 5.102.275 4.781.137 3.588.191 3.190.959 2.429.184 1.402.826 1.018.094 436.773
So 6T/2015 vdi cung ky 2014
(% +/- KN) 146 -36,4
-5,8 120,5
1,6 -1,5 50,1 0,9 -46,8
-1.9 -20,2
31,3 45,8 -36,8 -23,3 -50,9
Trong 6 thang dau nam 2015, Tnmg Quoc la thi trudng xuit khiu Idn nhit hang rau qua cua Viet Nam, kim ngach xuit khau sang thi trudng nay dat 252,58 trieu USD, tang 7,5% so vdi cimg ky nam ngoai, chiem 28,7% tdng kim ngach xuat khau ciia nhdm hang nay. Thj trudng Nhit Ban diing thii hai ve kim ngach xuat khiu hang rau qua ciia Viet Nam trong 6 tiling diu nam 2015, dat 36,88 trieu USD, chiem 4,2% tdng kim ngach, tang 5,2% so vdi cimg ky nam trudc.
Tuy nhien chat lupng rau qua xuit khau cua Viet Nam cdn chua dn dinh, nam 2014, mpt sd Id hang rau qua cua Viet Nam nhap khau vao EU bi canh bao cac chi tieu khdng dat yeu cau nhu:
+ Rau thom nhiem vi sinh vat (Salmonella, .E. coli...);
+ Gia vj cd dpc td nam mdc (ochratoxin A);
+ Rau, qua tuoi cd du lupng thudc bao ve thyc vat (Carbendazim), nhiem vi khuan (Campylobacterpp., Clostridium).
3.2. Nhirng ton tai, nguyen nhan lam ban chi viec nang cao gii tri gia tang cho san phim rau qua
(Nguon: Tong cue hdi quan) Viec ning cao gia tri gia tang cac san pham gap nhieu khd khan: Tir khau thu hai, bao quan, che bien cho den khau tieu thy, hoan thien chat lupng dich vu, cu the nhu sau:
Thir nhat: Ton thdt sau thu hoach
Do khiu sau thu hoach yeu kem, hang nam cd khoang tren 4 trieu tan rau qua mat di khien ty le that thoat sau thu hoach len tdi 30% trong tdng sd gan 15 trieu tan rau qua san xuat;
khoan thiet hai nay lam tang gia thanh san xuat nguyen lieu va san pham, giam chat lupng va gia ban san pham.
Nguyen nhan:
Thyc te, nganh rau qua van cdn tdn tai bat cap, the hien ro net qua phan khiic tir thu hai den che bien, tieu thu rau qua trong chudi gia tri san pham.
Thu hai hau het bang thu cdng, dp chin thu hai chua dupe chit trpng, lan loai (xanh, chin) va hau het khdng dupe phan loai; tdn tai mdt sd lupng khdng nhd cac qua bi bam dap, de hu hdng trong qua trinh bao quan.
Do xuat phat diem tir san xuat ndng
TAP CHI KHOA HQC VA CONG NGHE LAM NGHIEP SO 4-2016 127
nghiep lac hau, dien tich vimg nguyen lieu rat manh miin, kit ciu ha tang yeu kem nen ban chi viec ap dung co gidi hda, ddng thdi lam cho gia thanh van chuyen cao, thdi gian van chuyin nguyen lieu bi keo dai gay tdn thit ve chit lupng. Bao bi ddng gdi vira thieu va khdng phu hpp, chu yeu la dimg cac bao tai, spt tre, tham chi chat ddng rau qua tren cac phuong tien van chuyen.
- Co sd vat chit, trang thiet bj chua dap ling yeu cau thu hoach, bao quan. Cdng nghe bao quan, che bien con lac hau.
- Cac doanh nghiep va ndng dan cdn gap khd khan ve vdn trong viec dau tu co gidi hda.
Thu hai: Chdt luong sdn pham vd an toan thuc pham
Phan Idn cac san pham rau qua ciia nude ta hien nay chua cd thuong hieu, mau ma bao bi don dieu, chat lupng san pham chua cao va thieu dn dinh, ludn tiem an nguy co mat an toan thyc pham. Vi vay, nhieu san pham ciia nude ta cd sd lupng xuat khau cao, nhung gia ban thudng thap hon so vdi san pham cimg loai cita cac nude trong khu vyc.
Nguyen nhan:
Ve nguyen lieu: Chua tao dupe sy gan ket chat che giiia cdng nghiep che bien vdi san xuat nguyen lieu va thi trudng, nen cac doanh nghiep khdng giam sat, quan ly dupe chat lupng nguyen lieu dau vao. Cu the;
+ Cac nha may che bien da cd quy hoach vimg nguyen lieu rieng, nhung miic dp diu tu bao tieu co han, nen ludn xay ra tinh trang tranh mua, tranh ban nguyen lieu, tao nen tap quan xau cho ndng dan trong san xuat va thu hoach nguyen lieu, dua nguyen lieu chit lupng kem, dpn tap chit ve nha may, lam giam hieu qua san xuat ciing nhu siic canh tranh ciia san pham.
+ Mire dp ap dung cac tieu chuan tien tiin trong san xuat ndng nghiep cdn han chi, dien tich viing nguyen lieu cd chimg nhan san xuit lot, ben w n g chiem ty le thap; rau qua ty le 128
dien tich cd chiing chi Viet GAP dudi 5%...
Do khdng giam sat dupe chit lupng nguyen lieu diu vao nen vin d l an toan thyc pham van dang la mdt thach thiic Idn can t i p trung giai quyet.
Ve thu hoach vd bdo qudn: Viec dau tu cho cdng nghe thu hoach, bao quan cdn thap dan den hang hda khdng ddng nhit ca ve quy each lin chit lupng.
Vi che bien: Cac co sd che bien phan Idn la quy md nhd va vira, trinh dp cdng nghe thap.
Hieu qua sir dung cac day chuyen mdi chua cao;
Ve qudn ly: He thdng dam bao chat lupng rau qua va viec dang ky nhan hieu, xuat xii hang hoa cdn yeu kem nen ludn tiem an nguy CO mat an toan thyc pham.
Thir ba: Vi co cau sdn pham
Viec chuyen dich co cau san pham che bien theo hudng nang cao ty trpng cac san pham cd gia tri gia tang cao cdn nhieu han che:
Co cau san phim che bien chua hpp ly, cac san pham so che, cac san pham cd gia tri gia tang thap van cdn chiem mpt ty trpng Idn.
- San pham che bien cdn don dieu, viec dau tu che bien sau, san xuit ra cac san pham co gia tri gia tang cao cdn chiem ty le thip.
Nguyen nhan:
Quy md san xuat nhd le, phan tan, nang suit thap lam chi phi san xuit tang, chat lupng khdng ddng nhat, giam hieu qua ciia dau tu vao che bien sau. Day la nguyen nhin lam giam ty trpng san pham gia tri gia tang.
Ben canh trp cap ndng san tir cac nude nhap khau (Trung Qudc, My, Nhat, EU...) cac rao can ky thuat va thue quan ciing la can trd ddi \'di cac san pham rau qua cua Viet Nam, dac biet la cac san pham cd gia tri gia tang cao khi ddi tupng nay thudng phai chiu miic thue cao va cac yeu cau khat khe hon so vdi cac san pham xuat thd.
Cdng tac xiic tien thuong mai, thdng tin thi trudng cdn nhieu han che, mdi chi chii trpng san lupng xuat khau ma chua quan tim TAP CHI KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE LAM NGHIEP SO 4-2016
tim hieu thdng tin ve co ciu, chiing loai sin pham cd gia tri gia tang theo nhu ciu ciia timg thi trudng.
Ve diu tu; De chi biln ra cac sin phim mdi cd GTGT cao yeu ciu vdn diu tu Idn, nhung hiu hit cac doanh nghiep diu thilu vdn, cac ngudn vdn cho vay hien nay deu cd lai suit cao, ngin hang lai yeu ciu phai thu hdi vdn nhanh nen viec diu tu mdi gap nhieu khd khan.
Thutu: Tan dung phi phu pham
Trong che bien rau qua, lupng phi lieu thu hdi chiem ty le rat Idn so vdi khdi lupng nguyen lieu rau qua dua vao che bien (vi du;
chudi thai ra 20% phe lieu, cam, xoai 30-^50%, dira 40-^50%). Cac phe thai gdm 2 dang; dang ran (vd qua, cudng la...) va dang Idng. Chiing chira nhieu chit dinh duong nhu tinh bpt, protein, lipid, vitamin, tinh dau... la noi tni ngu va la ngudn thiic an cho chupt, nidi, mudi, giun va cac sinh vat gay benh khac. Phe thai rau qua ciing bi phan buy, gay d nhiem mdi trudng. Cd the tin dung tryc tiep nhiing phe thai nay lam thiic an gia siic de giam thieu tinh trang tren. Tuy nhien, bien phap tdt nhat la tin dung cac phe thai de che bien ra cac sin pham cd gia tri sii dung va gia tri dinh duong cao nhu tinh dau, pectin, banh keo, thiic an cho gia siic, phan bdn cho cay trdng... Tuy nhien, ket qua va cac san pham tir phe lieu, phe thai cdn nhieu han che.
Nguyen nhan: Viec dau tu de tan dung cac phe phu pham cdn nhieu han che la do gap khd khan ve thi trudng va ve vdn dau tu.
Thu nam: Co che chinh sdch
- He thdng van ban phap luat chua du de cd the dieu chinh boat dpng san xuat cd hieu lyc ddi vdi timg nganh hang; he thdng tieu chuan, quy chuan ky thuat con thieu va chua ddng bp.
- Co che quan ly va phoi hpp quan ly chua ddng bp, chua thdng nhat trong dieu hanh cua cac CO quan quan ly nha nude nhu viec cap giay phep dau tu cac co sd che bien tai cac dia phucmg ty phat, d at, khdng cd hoac khdng
theo quy hoach, tao nen mit can ddi giiia san xuit nguyen lieu va che bien; viec quan ly ve ve sinh an toan thyc phim, he thdng theo ddi, giam sat cdn chdng cheo...
- Co che chinh sach cdn nhieu bit cap, chua dii manh de thiic diy san xuit cac san pham cd GTGT cao, nhu ve dit dai, ve tai chinh, ve tin dyng, ve cac chinh sach khac nhu khoa hpc - cdng nghe, dao tao ngudn nhin lyc...
Thu 6: Co sd ha tdng, ky thuat
- Cac qui trinh san xuat cdn nang tinh bao thu, ap dyng kinh nghiem vao san xuat cdn kha phd bien khien cho nang suit rau qua thap.
- Dich benh chua dupe kiem soat triet de, thieu sy phdi hpp giua ngudi san xuat vdi cac co quan chiic nang va nha khoa hpc khien tam ly lo ngai ciia ngudi san xuat ngay cang gia tang.
Gidng rau, cay an qua chu yeu di nhap khau tir Trung Qudc, Thai lan vdi ty le tdi 80%
vdi chi phi cao. Ro rang day la rao can vd cimg Idn khi rau qua Viet Nam tham gia thi trudng chung cua TPP.
Viec huy dpng va thu hut vdn dau tu vao san xuit rau qua hien nay cdn yeu va thieu nghiem trpng. Doanh nghiep khdng may man ma vdi linh vnrc san xuat nay vi thu hdi vdn lau, nii ro Idn...
3.3. Tiem nang nang cao gia trj gia tang ciia nganh rau qua
Xac dinh cac san pham rau qua thi trudng cd nhu cau cao \'a Viet Nam cd Ipi the canh tranh nhu; rau qua tuoi (thanh long, budi, xoai, vai, chom chdm, bap cai, ca chua, dua chupt, cac loai dau rau, rau gia vi...); rau qua chi bien (ddng lanh IQF; dira, vai, ngo, ca rdt, hanh...; pure, cd dac; gac, lac tien, dira...; chien gidn; mit, chudi, khoai tay...) de tap trung diu tu phat trien vimg nguyen lieu.
To chiic san xuat rau qua vdi quy md Idn, sir dung giong mdi, ky thuat tham canh nang cao nang suit, chat lupng, ap dung quy trinh san xuat an loan (VietGap, GlobalGap,..), gin ket cac doanh nghiep chi biln, bao quan, xuit TAP CHI KHOA HQC VA CONG NGHE LAM NGHIEP SO 4-2016 129
khiu vdi vimg nguyen lieu.
Diu tu cdng nghe, thiet bj bao quan rau qua tien tiin (chieu xa, xu ly bang nude ndng, bio quan trong mdi trudmg khi quyen cai bien, dilu chinh; bao quan mat, bao quan bang cac loai mang an toan...) de sin phim dap ling dupe yeu ciu chat lupng ciia cac thj trudng khd tinh (Nhit, My, EU...)
Ning cip, hien dai hda cac diy chuyen chi bien, ling dung cdng nghe sinh hpc, cdng nghe cao, de da dang hda sin phim, ning cao chat lupng rau qua che bien.
Ap dung cac he thdng quan ly tien tien (HACCP, ISO 22000...) d l sin phim rau qua dam bao chat lupng, ATTP.
3.4. Giai phap nang cao gia trj gia tang cho cac san pham nganh rau qua Viet Nam
Thu nhat Dau tugiam ton that sau thu hoach + Khau thu hoach: Ung dung cdng nghe tien tien, xir ly can thu hoach bang cac chit dieu hda sinh trudng, keo dai thdi gian thu hoach; cai tien phuong tien, dung cu thu hai dam bao chat lupng nguyen lieu trudc thu hoach.
+ Khau bao qudn: Thyc hien bao quan rau qua tuoi tai chd theo hudng bpc mang ban tham (coating); ling dung cdng nghe chieu xa, tiet triing bang nude ndng ddi vdi mpt sd loai rau qua tuoi xuit khau. Dau tu phat trien he thdng so che rau qua (Packing House) tai cac chp dau mdi, bao dam ve sinh an toan thyc pham va ban che den mire thip nhit tdn thit sau thu hoach.
+ Khau du trii - luu thong: Xay dyng he thdng kho cd cdng nghe bao quan phii hpp tai cac khu vyc trung chuyen, xuat khau hang hoa, nhat la cac cua khau \aing bien mau. Dau tu cac phucmg tien van chuyen dudng dai cd bao quan mat, nham tang kha nang luu thdng, tieu thu npi dia rau qua.
Thu hai: Ndng cao ndng suat, chat lupmg vd dam bdo an toan thirc pham trong chi biin rau qud
Ve nguyen lieu: Gan ket cac doanh nghiep 130
vdi viing nguyen lieu, d l diu tu xay dyng vimg san xuit nguyen lieu tip tnmg vdi cac bien phap ddng bd v l gidng, ky thuat thim canh, diu tu CO sd ha ting, ap dung co gidi hoa, ap dyng quy trinh thyc hanh sin xuit tdt (Gap, GlobalGap), quan ly tdt vat tu, nguyen lieu diu vao... de tang nang suit, chit lupng va dam bao ATTP.
Vi chi biin:
+ Dau tu thiet bi hien dai, ddi mdi cdng nghe, loai bd din cac diy chuyen thiet bi lac hiu, hieu suit thip. Ap dung co gidi hda, ty ddng hda de giam chi phi lao dpng, tiet kiem va tin dung dupe nguyen lieu dua vao che bien, tao ra sin phim cd chit lucmg tdt va ddng deu.
+ Xiy dyng quy trinh san xuat chuan ddi vdi timg loai san pham, td chiic thyc hien tdt quy trinh de dam bao chit lupng, giam ty le tieu hao vit tu, nguyen lieu va quan ly tdt an toan thyc phim ddi vdi sin phim.
+ Ap dung cac he thdng quan ly chat lupng tien tiin nhu HACCP, SSOP, ISO... trong chi bien, nham kiem soat tdt chit lupng va an toan thyc phim.
Thu ba: Chuyen dich co cau sdn pham che biin di ndng cao gid tri gia tdng
Tren co sd phin tich thi tnrong, thay ddi hpp ly CO cau sin phim theo hudng im tien phat trien cac sin phim cd tri gia tang cao, han che den miic thip nhit viec sin xuat va xuat khau cac san phim thd. Cu the, tip trung dau tu cdng nghe bao quan tuoi ddi vdi 12 loai rau qua chii lyc (thanh long, xoai, chdm chdm, vai...), nham nang cao chit lupng va dap img yeu cau ve VSATTP de xuit khiu vao cac thi trudng khd tinh (My, EU, Nhat Ban...) de ning cao gia tri san phim.
Thir tu: Tan dung cd hiiu qud cac phi phupham
Ap dung khoa hpc cdng nghe va tiin bp ky thuat tan dung triet de cac phe phu phim trong san xuat ndng nghiep (nhu triu, cam; mat ri; ba mia; npi tang, mo ca...) de tao ra cac sin phim TAP CHi KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE LAM NGHIEP SO 4-2016
cd gia tri va gdp phin bio ve mdi trudng. Cimg vdi viec giim tdn thit, viec tin dyng hieu qui phe phy phim se gdp phin dang k l vao viec ha gia thanh sin phim chi biln, ning cao gia tri nguyen lieu ndng lim tiiiiy sin.
Thir nam: Tdng cudng sdn xudt rau qud theo chudi vdi quy mo Idn
Sir dung gidng mdi, ky thuat tham canh ning cao nang suit, chit lupng, ap dung quy trinh sin xuit an toan (VietGap, GlobalGap...);
gan ket cac DN che bien, bao quan, xuit khiu vdi viing nguyen lieu... la nhiing hudng di can thiet giiip rau qua Viet Nam cd dupe chd diing vung chac tren thj trudng qudc te.
Thu nam: Chu trpng xay dung nhan hiiu, thuong hiiu cho cac sdn pham
Cac san pham rau qua chii lyc ciia Viet Nam khi xuat sang cac thj trudng nude ngoai vdi sd lupng Idn nhumg thuong hieu cdn kha md nhat; dieu dd khien cho cac san pham cd gia trj gia tang thip. Yeu ciu dat ra cho nganh rau qua Viet Nam la day nhanh qua trinh xay dyng nhan hieu, thuong hieu nham gia tang gia tri va thyc hien tdt cac cam ket vdi ASEAN, WTO, cac Hiep dinh Bao ve va kiem dich thyc vat cua cac nude nhap khau ndng san de day nhanh san phim vao cac thi trudng.
Thu sau: Tdng cudng cong tdc tuyin truyen, dao tao tap huan, pho biin quy trinh sdn xudt rau qud an toan cho nong dan
Mpt trong nhiing khau yeu ciia san xuat nganh hang rau qua la mdi lien ket thieu ben viing giiia ngudi nong dan, nha khoa hpc va doanh nghiep. Trinh dp, nang lyc san xuat ciia ngudi dan cdn kha han che. Vi vay, can toyen truyen, hudng dan, dao tao tap huan cho ngudi ndng dan giiip hp du kien thirc, lam chu khoa hpc va ky thuat tien tien.
IV. KET LUAN
Viet nam nim trong so cac nude cd nganh rau qua phat trien vdi toe dp nhanh va co gia tri xuit khau hang dau the gidi. Tuy nhien, gia tri
gia tang ciia sin phim hang boa ndng nghiep Viet Nam vin chua cao, dupe the hien:
Nguyen lieu diu vao cho che bien thieu tinh ddng nhit; gidng, quy hoach, cdng nghe thieu ddng bp; san xuat cdn manh miin, nhd le; tdn thit sau thu hoach Idn (gin 30%); san xuat thieu ben virng, ludn tiem in nguy co khdng dam bao an toan thyc pham... Ben canh do co ciu che bien chua hpp ly, xuit khau chu yeu d dang so che nen gia tri gia tang thap. San phim cd chit lupng chua cao, thieu tinh canh tranh, gia thudng thip hon sin phim cimg loai ciia cac nude trong khu vyc tir 5-10%. Ngoai ra thi trudng tieu thu hang hoa ndng sin chua dupe khai thac tdt, thieu dinh hudng liu dai (nhit la thi trudng npi dia) chua tao dyng dupe thuong hieu uy tin tren thi trudng ngay ca vdi nhirng san phim cd the manh. Miic dp ap dung cac tieu chuin tien tien trong san xuit ndng nghiep cdn rat thap; che, rau qua dudi 5%...Kiem soat du lupng thudc bao ve thyc vat va an toan ve sinh thyc pham dang la mdt thach thirc nghiem trpng...
Vi vay, tai co cau ndng nghiep ndi chung va tai CO cau nganh rau qua ndi rieng theo hudng nang cao gia tri gia tang va phat trien ben vimg la chinh sach vd cimg diing dan \'a biic thiet cua Dang va Nha nude.
Dau tu giam tdn that sau thu hoach, tan dung phe lieu sau san xuat, tang cudng thuong hieu, kiem soat an toan thyc pham.... la nhirng giai phap can dupe uu tien thyc hien nham dua nganh rau qua thoat khdi he luy "'nong nghiep gia re". Ben canh do, thoa man va phat trien thi trucmg npi dia se la giai phap trpng tim \i day la khu vyc tao dupe sire canh tranh Idn, tao gia tri gia tang cao \a la cho dya cho xuat khau hang hoa.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Bg Nong nghiep va PTNT (2013). De an nang cao gia tn gia tang nganh hang nong. lam. thiiy san.
2. Trin Tiin Khai (2013). Bdi gidng Phdn tich chudi
TAP CHi KHOA HQC VA CONG NGHE LAM NGHIEP SO 4-2016 131
gid tri vd nganh hdng ndng nghiep. Chuong trinh Gidng day Kinh t i Fulbright.
3. Chinh phii (2013). Quy6t djnh s6 889/2013/QD- TTg ngay 10/06/2013 ciia Thii Tudng chinh phii, DS an tai co c^u Dganhnong nghiep tbeo buong nang cao gia tri gia tang va phat trien ben viing.
4.
http://www.nhandan.com.VP/lHnhte/tin-
tuc/itein/27150202-tai-co-cau-nonp-T'phiep-theo-huong- nang-cao-gia-tri-eia-tang-va-phat-trien-hen-vung.html
5.
http://www.har.ninlihii<!inp<;<; f>nv.vn/Index.aspx?new=^3S 6&iteni=19&ba=19&tai-co-cau-nong-nghiep-5-van-de- chu-v.html
ENHANCED VALUE - ADDED PRODUCTS OF VEGETABLES IN VIETNAM
Nguyen Thi Thanh Huyen SUMMARY
Severe competitions after official join TPP lets Vietnam has to change positively about agricultural production in general and vegetables in particular. These reforms must be derived from supplying phases (such as innovation of productivity methods, technique, preservation, quality improvement) to stage of export (marketing methods, ensure the productive quality, create new products, and enhance the brand...) in order to sustainable development of the market as well as increase products' value which will help the Vietnamese horticulture sector to move out of "cheap agriculture". Although Vietnam has abundant properties development and continuous efforts in horticultural production, there are too many difSculties in increasing the value-added for the products of vegetables. The constmction and orientation solutions to improve the value of this products will be a critical step that helps to impulse activities and deeply involved participation in the important markets, such as FTA, TPP...
Keywords: Value-added, agriculture, horticulture, TPP, export
Ngvoii phan bien Ngay nhan bai Ngay phan bif n Ngay quyet dinh dang
TS. Tran Thi Thu Thiiy 16/11/2015
15/12/2015 25/12/2015
132 T A P c m K H O A H Q C V A C O N G NGIBE L A M N G H I E P S O 4-2016
