Nang cao hi6u qua dich vu logistics tai Viet Nam:
thuc trang va giai phap
Nguy&i T h i m Ngoc Dinh Thi Minh "mm
Khoa Kinh te va Quan ly, Tmong Dai hgc D i ^ luc
Trong nhung nam gin diy, nginh logistics efla Viet Nam phit triln kha nhanh vdi ldc dp tang tiudng tu 15 — 16%/nim vi ddng gdp khoing 3% vio GDP eua e i nudc. Tuy nhidn, boat dpng logistics efla V^dt Nam vin edn rit nhilu didm bit eip nhu ehit lupng dich vu chug dn dinh, ehi phi logistics cao, trinh do quin ly, chit lupng ngudn nhin luc va mfle dd tmg dyng edng nghd thdng tin trong nganh cdn nhieu hgn ehi. Trong khudn kho bii vill nay, nhdm tic gii tip tmng phin tich thye trgng hoat ddng logistics tai Vidt Ngm hien nay .Tren co sd dd, nghidn ciiu d l xuit eic giii phip nhim nang cao hieu q u i dieh vu logistics tgi Viet Nam.
1. Dat van de
Cflng vdi sy phit tridn mgnh me cfla khoa hoc cdng nghd va xu hudng toan ciu hoi, cie hogt ddng logistics xuydn sudt tu sin xuit tdi tieu dflng ngiy cang gifl vai trd d i e bidt quan trpng ddi vdi nang luc cgnh franh cfla c i e nginh sin xuit, dich vy vi cfla loan n l n kinh t l ndi ehung. Logistics trd tiianh mdt cdng eu, phuong tien d l thye hidn cie mye tidu ehiln lupc cfla doanh nghiep.
Cflng vdi xu hudng vin dgng cua thi trudng qudc tl, cdng vdi cie ylu td lgi the ndi tgi, ed thi thiy linh vye logistics cfla Vi|t Nam cd nhilu ca hdi phit triln va tham gia siu hon vio linh vye logistics Uie gidi. Tuy nhien, trong thdi gian qua, mac dfl hogt ddng logistics tai Viet Nam da dugc ehfl frgng vi cd nhting kit qui ding khieh 11 nhung vin eon mdt sd ban c h i nhit dinh. Xuit phil tfl thye te dd, bai b i o nghien eiiu d l xuat mdt sd giii phip nhim ning eao chit lupng dich vu logistics tgi Viet Ngm nhim tan dung eae loi till, co hdi vi dua Unh vuc logistics trd thanh mdt nganh kinh le mfli nhpn efla Vilt Nam, ddng gdp tich cyc vio cii thien ning lyc canh tranh ehung cfla toan nln kinh tl.
2. Khai quat ve dich vu logistics
Theo GS.TS. Doin Thi Hong Vin "Logistics l i qui trinh tdi uu hoi vl vi tri, chu ehuyin hing hoi vi nguon tai nguydn tu dilm diu tidn cua chudi eung ung cho ddn tay ngudi tidu dflng cudi eflng, thdng qua hing loat cie hoat dgng kinh td". Theo quan niem trdn, logistics gin liln c i qui trinh nhip nguyen vat lieu lim d i u vio cho q u i trinh sin xuit, sin xuit ra
hing hoi va dua vio cac kdnh luu thdng, phan phdi d i n tay ngudi tidu dflng eudi eung.
Cd nhidu each phan loai logistics khie nhau. Theo hinh thuc logistics bao gdm: IPL; 2PL; 3PL; 4PL; 5PL.
Theo qui trinh thi logistics bao gom: logistics diu vio;
logistics diu ra; logistics nguoc. Nlu theo ddi tupng hing hoa bao gdm:logistics hing tidu dflng nhanh;
logistics nginh d td; logistics hoi ehat; logistics hing dien tu; logistics dau khi...
3. Thvc trang nganh dich vu iogistics tai Viet Nam 3.1. Quy mo doanh nghidp tham gia cung iing dich vu logistics tai Vidt Nam
Dich vu logistics nude ta bit dau phit tiiln tu nhting nam 1990 tien co sd cfla dich vy giao nhin van tai, kho van. Theo so lidu thd'ng ke cfla Hiep hgi doanh nghidp dich vu logistics Vidt Nam, hidn nay Vilt Nam cd khoing 3.000 doanh nghiep hoat ddng trong nginh dieh vy logistics. Nginh logistics \^et Nam tip tmng chfl ydu vio cie dieh vy nhu giao nhin van tai, kho bai, bdc dd, dai ly van tii, dgi Iy gigo nhin, dieh vu logistics... tgi khu vyc thanh phd Hd Chi Minh v i Hi Ngi. Nginh dich vu logistics tai Viet Nam hidn nay ed the phin loai thinh 4 nhdm chinh: cac doanh nghidp khai thie vin lii, eu lhl li dich vy van tii (dudng bd, dudng biln, dudng hing khdng...); c i e doanh nghiep khai thie co sd ha ting tai cie dilm nflt (eang, sin bay, ga...); cie doanh nghiep khai thie kho bai, bde dd vi dieh vu logistics; eie doanh nghiep giao nhin hang hoi, doanh nghiep 3PL vi eic doanh nghidp khac nhu giii phip phin m i m logistics, tu vin, giim dinh, kilm tra.
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RESEftRCH
Theo thdng kd efla Bd Cdng tiiuong, 67% eic doanh nghiep cung e i p djch vu logistics cfla Viet Nam Ii eie doanh nghiep vua vi nhd, ehi ed mdt sd it cie doanh nghidp ldn nhu Transimex Saigon, Tan Cing Saigon, Gemadept, Viefrans, Vietfracht... Cac doanh nghidp ed vdn diiu le binh quan tu 400 ty dong den tren 1.000 ty dong vi binh quin tren 200 nhin vien chi chilm 10%. Va dfl manh vl sd lugng, so doanh nghilp frong nude tham gia Unh vyc niy ehilm din 80% tdng sd doanh nghidp logistics dang hoat dgng nhung lgi ydu vl thi phin khi ehi chilm 25%, cdn Igi 75% thi phin lai thude vl eac doanh nghidp nude ngoii. Dich vu logistics d Vidt Nam hidn cd quy md khoing 20 — 221^ USD/nam, chilm 20,9% GDP cua ea nudc. Tdc do tang tiudng binh quan cfla nginh dich vu logistics trong nhung nam qua khoing tu 16 — 20%/nam, mdt trong nhiing nginh dieh vu tang trudng nhanh nhit cfla Viet Nam trong thdi gian qua.
3.2. Nhiing thanh hru trong nganh dich vu logis- tics tai \Tiet Nam
Dinh gia lai qui trinh phit trientrong nhung nim qua, nginh logistics \^et Nam eung cd nhting ehuydn biln tieh eye tfl trong ndi tgi. Dd la nhting lien bd ding kl vl eii thien eo sd hg tang, phuong tidn, kho bai vi dich vu logistics; edng tie eii cieh thfl tyc hanh ehinh d nhilu Unh vyc lien quan ddn xuat nhap khiu, thue, hii quan, van tai...Sd luong cie doanh nghidp npi, dSc bi|l li khdi tu nhin, cd ning lue tiiyc sy khong ngung ting Idn, dfl sflc canh tranh vdi cie doanh nghidp nude ngoii (Transimex, Vinafreight, Tin Cing Saigon, Vietnam Airiines, Vinafeo, ALS...). Viet Nam cflng Ii nude ed chi sd LPI (Logistics Performance index) theo bao cio Ngin hing Thi gidi nam 2014 xep hang 48/155 nen kinh tl, tang 5 bae so vdi xip hgng tai 3 b i o cio trude diy (vio eie nam 2007, 2010, 2012) vi din d i u vl hogt ddng logistics trong nhdm eic nude ed thu nhap tmng binh thip. So doanh nghiep thinh lap va boat ddng trong nganh khi Idn gdm nhilu thanh phan, tip Imng ehu ylu d TP. Hd Chi Minh — noi Ihu hut trdn 70% hing hda xuit nhip khiu efla Vi|l Nam. Cie edng ty logistics da qude gia hing diu trdn thd gidi eflng d i cd mcit tgi Vidt Nam nhu Fedex, Maersk, DB Schenker, APL, DHL, NYK Logistics... va hoat ddng dudi nhilu hinh thue, dac bi|l trong viee eung flng dieh vu 3PL vdi trinh dp cdng nghe hien dgi, ehuydn nghipp nhu tai cie nudc phit tridn.Td'e dd ting trudng doanh thu thi Irudng logistics d mue cao, khoing 25%/nam; quy md thi tardng dai hon 20 ty USD vi van chua dupe khai thie hit. Theo sd lieu tu Tdng eye Thdng kd (dya tien sd lidu tfl frdn 24.000 doanh nghidp lien quan) co thd thiy ty le cie doanh nghidp trong Unh vye logistics kinh doanh ed lai da tang theo eie nim, tuy nhidn, mue dd tang dang ehim lai trong nhting nam gan diy.
Nam
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
tang 1. Thong ke tinh hluh Idnh doanh caa tit doanl trone linh vuc logistics elal doan 201I-Z015 Doanl) nghi^ c6 lii
DghiSp 9 790 5 532 10 533 11 M6 13 000
Tflng la](ty 12 554 12 664 19711 24 363 2S842
BluhqiUn dong/DN) 1282 2 289,1 1 871,4 2 110,1 2 218,6 Ngud
Douih ngtufp Id si
7-628 5 005 8 873 9680 11246 n. Tong
Tflng mi>cla
w
(7 835) (11,794) (23 797) (13 368) (11374) cife lh6rn
Binh (mpi (t&ng/DN)
(1027) (2 SS6,33_
(2 681,9) (I 3Sl,0) (1 011,2) k£
nghtf SovdildDgit
DN(%) DN IBI 54,8 28,6 51.1 51,5 53,61
Si DN 16 4 V 25,9 43,0 43,1 46J9
3.3. Nhflng han c h i trong ng&nh dich vu logis- tics tai Vidt Nam
Bdn canh nhting thinh tyu dat dupe thi nginh dich vu logistics \^dt Nam vin edn rit nhilu nhting hgn chi edn ton lai. 0 Viet Nam, eac dieh vu logistics ehfl yeu ma eic doanh nghidp kinh doanh logistics Vi|t Nam eung ting eho khich hing la dieh vy kho bai, vin tai hang hda, giao nhin hing hda, bde xdp, dich vu phin loai, ddng goi bao bi, luu kho... edn c i e djch vu khac Irong chudi dich vy logisticsthi sd lupng khdng nhieu va ehua thyc sy dupe quan tim phit triln. Hogl dpng kinh doanh dieh vu logistics efla cac doanh nghidp ngi cdn manh mfln, thieu kinh nghiem vi ehuydn nghiep, chi eung c i p eic dich vu eo ban, hoac eung eip ttmg dieh vy don le.
Thi phin nhd hep, gia tri gia tang thip, co sd ha ting giao thdng van tii cdn yeu kem, flng dung edng nghe Ihdng tin ehua hidu quakhiln chi phi eho dichvu logistics d Vidt Nam duge dinh gii dang d mfle do q u i cao, chidm 25% GDP (so vdi cie nude phit triln ehi tu 9-15%) trong dd, chi phi vin tai chilm 30 din 40% gii thinh sin phim (ty le niy li 15% d eic qudc gia khie). Diiu niy lim giim khi ning cgnh tranh eua dieh vu, hing hda cua e i e doanh nghidp Viet Nam.Khdng chi vay, han e h i vl khi nang tai chinh va trinh dp quin tii doanh nghidp li rio ein Idn cho eac doanh nghiep logistics Viet Nam trong xu the hgi nhap kinh td khu vye vi toin eiu. Bdn egnh dd, chil lupng ngudn nhin luc cflng chua eao, trong sd eic doanh nghidp ndi dia cd tdi 93 - 95% ngudi lao ddng khdng duoc d i o tao bii bin, chfl ylu lim dieh vu d eic chudi cung flng nho nhu giao nhan, kho bai, xfl ly van don... Vidt Nam cdn thilu eie khu kho vin tgp trung cd VI tri ehien lupe, ddng bd vdi he thdng eing, san bay, dudng qude id, ea sd sin xuit, mit ein ddi cung ciu tgi cie eing biln miln Nam.
k. Mot SO giai pliap nang Gao liieu qua dicti vu iogistics tai Viet Nam
Tu thye trang cfla nginh dieh vu logistics Vidt Nam nhu da ndu trdn, di nganh logistics thye sy li ehia khoi cho vide ning eao nang lye eanh tranh vi gia tang gii tri cua tiiuong mai, nhim thio gd khd khin vi
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diy manh lidn kit cie doanh nghidp logistics v i xuat nhap khiu, ein thilt phai thuc hidn eic giii phap nang cao chit lupng dieh vu logistics. Cy thd:
Thu nhit, flng dyng cong nghd thdng tin, dae biet li thuong mai dien tu vio qui trinh hogt ddng kinh docinh efla doanh nghidp. Doanh nghilp cung trng logistics ein nhanh chdng thflc diy va ap dyng cdng nghd thdng tin vio qui trinh hogt dpng kinh doanh cua minh, trao ddi Ihdng tin vi cie du lieu di|n tu trong thuong mai, khai hii quan didn tu d l tan dyng uu thd eua edng nghd thdng tin nhim mang lai nang suit lao ddng eao, tilt kilm ehi phi, giim thilu tinh trgng tiiu eye, gian Ign trong thuong mai, xuit nhip khiu vi hai quan. Ap dyng thinh tyu efla cdng nghe thdng tin, trao ddi du lieu bing h? thdng miy Unh vol sy ho trp cfla mgng ludi thdng tin lien Ige vi edng nghe xfl ly thdng tin ddng vai trd quan trpng sdng edn ddi vdi vide quin ly c i qui trinh hoat dpng logistics, dac biet l i quin Iy sy di chuyin cfla hing hoa va cac chting tu. Ong dung cdng nghd thdng tin, dac biel l i thuong mai didn tfl vio qui trinh hoat ddng logistics se tilt kidm duoe cie ehi phi, thdng tin thdng sudt dim b i o eho qui irinh hogt ddng thuin Ipi, nhanh chdng, dat hidu qui cao.
Thu hai, xiy dung Hdu ehuin, quy chuin trong logistics. Logistics li linh vye d i e bidt cd tinh lidn nginh, da nganh ndn viee luan thfl cae tidu chuan se giflp logistics dgt duge nhilu Igi ich, trong nhilu tnrdng hgp thi ydu ciu tieu ehuin li bit bude. Mdt so tidu chuin cd thi k l den nhu tieu chuin nhin sy lim vide tai e i c vi tri ddi hdi phii dupe huin luydn vi kilm frg nghidm ngii, lidn qugn tdi vide diiu khidn phuang tidn, miy mde ehuydn nginh, ldi an ninh, an toan hay tuin thfl eie tidu ehuin nganh khac; tidu chuan ddi vdi kit eiu hg ting gigo Ihdng van lii; tieu chuan ddi vdi vide thidt kd, ehd tgo va van hanh cie loai phuang li|n vin tii, miy xep dd; tidu chuin dd'i vdi bao bi, thflng chua, v§t ehua trong v$n lii hing hii, hing khdng...
Thfl ba, tip tmng d i o tgo va ning ego ehit iuong nhin lyc vl logistics. Trdn thye le, cd nhieu quy dinh eflg eic td chue qude l l trong linh vuc van lii, thuong mai, hii qucin, cae hiep hOi nghi nghidp,... dua ra ddi vdi nhan sy lam viec trong nganh van tii vi logistics.
Vide dao tgo nhin lye logistics nen hudng din phfl hgp v<^ c i e tidu ehuin chuyen mdn nhan sy logistics cfla cac td chuc qudc te.Bdn egnh dd, can diy manh cdng tie dao tao nghi logistics. Tai \^dt Nam hidn nay, ngoii e i c trudng cao ding, tmng eip, tmng tim dao tgo, da xuit hi|n mdt sd doanh nghidp tham gia tiln hinh dao lao ngudn nhan luc logistics, ban diu chfl ylu d i p ling ydu ciu d i o tao nhan lye dang dam nhiim cdng vide lidn quan din logistics efla eac danh nghidp. Tuy nhidn, khd khan chung efla cie doanh
nghidp niy la phai tu tfle loan bd nen chua dfl ngudn lue de d i u tu phat triln vdi quy md ldn.
Thii tu, v l phia Hiep hgi logistics, cin ning cao hon nua vai frd tu van, ho frg c i e hgi vien trong cdng tic hudng dan, boi dudng can bd, dong thdi cd tiing ndi vdi Chinh phfl, eac co quan quan ly va hoaeh dinh chinh sach eung nhu xay dyng co sd vat ehat cho nganh logistics Vidt Nam.
5. Ket luan
Logistics la mgt hogl dpng tdng hpp mang ti'nh diy ehuyin, hieu qui cua qua trinh nay eo tim quan trpng quylt dinh den linh canh tranh cfla nginh cdng nghiep vi thuong mai cfla bat cu qude gia nio.Tuy nhidn, d i n nay, nginh dieh vu nay vin chua phil triln mgnh nhu liy vpng. Chi phi cao, eic doanh nghidp mdi chi d i p ling duge tung khau thay vi loin bd dich vy logistics, CO sd hg ting ehua ddng bd, ngudn nhin lye edn ban e h i chinh l i ydu td' khidn sflc cgnh tranh cfla doanh nghiep dich vy logistics Vidt Nam ydu k i m so vdi eie doanh nghiep nude ngoii. Neu khdng cd nhting budc phit triln dot phi frong thdi gian tdi, Ihi chac chan nhting lpi thd sin ed cfla Vidt Nam trong nginh logistics se dan trd nen mat tic dyng dudi tie ddng efla eudc eich mang 4.0. Cdn nlu nhflng cd ging vi thay ddi didn ra kjp thdi ehae ehin sesd dem lgi nguon Ipi khdng 16 cho nen kinh td, tgo da eho nln kinh t l Viet Nam cat cinh./.
Tai iieu tiiam i(iiao
Dang Dinh Dio. Giii phip phit triln dieh vu logis- tics cfla e i c doanh nghidp sin xuit kinh doanh tren dia b i n thinh phd Hi Ndi. Bio cao d l tai khoa hpc eip Bd, 2009.
Doin Thi Hdng Vin. Logistics nhiing vin d l ca bin, NXBLaoddng —xahpi, 2010.
Nguyen Xuan Hio. Tic ddng dieh vu logistics d i n hidu q u i boat dpng kinh doanh efla eae doanh nghiep s i n xuat tren dia b i n tinh Quang Binh, Luin i n Tiln sy,DHKTQDHindi, 2015
Nguydn Qud'c Luat, Nguyin Thi Bich Nggc.
Logistics — Mdt hinh thfle dieh vu cin dupe diy mgnh d Viet Ngm. Tap chi Kinh t l & Phit trien, sd 197, 2013.
Kent Gourdin. Global Logistics Management: A Competitive Advantage for the 21 st Century. Joumal of Commerce, 2006.
