T A P C H I K H O A H O C - 5 0 3 0 / 2 0 1 9 11 5 5
NANG CAO HIEU QUA DAY HOC TIENG VIET 6 TIEU HOC THONG QUA HOAT DONG SAN KHAU HOA TAC PHAM VAN HOC
Vu Thi ThiTffng, Ngac Thi Thu Giang Truong Dgi hgc Thii do Hd Noi
Tdm tdt: Tieu hpc la cap hpc nin tdng cho viec hinh thdnh, phdt trien nhdn each con ngudi, phdn mon Tieng Viet Id mot trong nhirng mon hpc quan trpng vd can thiit nhdt Tuy nhien, chuong trinh sach gido khoa hien nay dang la chuang trinh nam 2000, day hpc theo hudng chii trpng noi dung: gido vien la ngudi truyen dgt in thuc vd hpc sink dip thu thu ddng nhirng tri thuc do. Vi the, khi hpc tieng Viet, hau nhu cdc em chua thuc su hung thu voi mon hpc, kien thuc tich liiy duac kho khac sau. Sdn khau hda la mot hinh thirc td chirc day hpc m&i. Id san choi de hpc sinh co ca hpi trau doi, phdt trien cdc Id ndng nhu hdt, miia, ke chuyen, dien kich..., giup cdc em them sututin vd bpc lo tri tudng tuong, tu duy sdng tao; khoi day tinh yeu tieng Viet, yeu vdn hpc. Bdi viet tap trung vdo viec to chiic hoat dong sdn khau hda mot so tdcphdm vdn hpc trongphdn mdn Tap dpc d Tieu hpc.
Tir khoa: Day hoc Tieng Viet, sdn khau hda, tdc phdm vdn hpc.
Nhan bai ngay 18.3.2019; giri phan bien, chinh siia va duyet dang ngay 10.4.2019.
Lien he tac gia: Vii Thi Thuong, Email: [email protected]
1. M O B A U
Tieu hpc la cap hgc nen tang trong viec hinh thanh, phat triSn nhan each con ngudi. O bac hpc nay, tiSng Viet la mot trong nhung mdn hpc quan trgng va can thiSt. Viec hpc tiSng Viet se giup cac em hinh thanh va phat trien tu duy ngdn ngy, trang bi cho cac em Id nang giao tiSp (nghe, ndi, dgc, vilt). Trong thdi dai xa hdi ngay cang phat triSn, trS em khdng chi tiSp thu kiln thiic thdng qua cac van ban dugc hgc trong sach giao khoa ma cdn tiep thu lugng kien thirc ldn tir nhiing nguon khac nhu dai bao, Intemet, cac phuong tien thdng tin dai chiing... Chuong trinh sach giao khoa bien nay dang la chuong trinh nam 2000, day hgc theo hudng ndi dung: giao vien la ngudi tmyen dat tri thiic va hpc sinh tiSp thu thu ddng nhung tri thiic do. Vdi mdt sd van ban khd, cac em mdi chi diing lai d mite dp nhan dien va hieu nghia don gian ciia tir, cau, chua nit ra dugc ndi dung, y nghia cua bai hgc. Do do, mdn hpc chua thuc sy kich thich dugc tu duy, sang tao ciia cac em. Hon niia
56 II ^ ^ TRUClNG OAl HOC THlIl B D HA NDI
ddi vdi mdt sd hpc sinh, khi hpc tieng Viet, dac biet la cac tac pham van hpc, cac em thudng cam thay khd khan, khd ghi nhd ndi dung kiSn thiic, dan den tinh trang cam thay chan nan, khdng cd hiing thii hpc tap.
Nhiing nam gan day, nhieu giao vien da rat chu trpng den viec ddi mdi phuong phap day, nham phat triln nang luc hgc sinh cung nhu khoi dSy tinh yeu ddi vdi mdn tiSng Viet, san khau hda la mdt hinh thiic td chiic day hpc mdi, la san choi de hgc sinh cd co hdi trau ddi, phat trien cac ki nang nhu hat, miia, kS chuyen, dien kich..., giup cac em thSm sy tu tin va bdc Id tri tudng tugng, tu duy sang tao cua cac em dS tac pham trd nen hap dan, ldi cudn hon. Tir dd khoi day tinh ySu tiSng Viet, yeu van hpc cua cac em. Vdi hinh thirc day hgc nay, tdi tin rang se kich thich sy hiing thii, tim tdi, kham pha cua hgc sinh trong cac gid hgc tiSng Viet tudng nhu khdng cd gi hap dan. Bai viet tap trung vao viec td chiic boat ddng san khau hda mdt sd tac pham van hpc trong phan mdn Tap dpc d TiSu hpc.
2. NOI DUNG
2.1. Nhrnig dac trirng cua tac ph^m van hoc va hinh thirc san khau hoa Tac pham van hgc la cdng trinh nghe thuat ngon tir, kSt qua cua tiSn trinh lao ddng nghe thuat (hoat ddng sang tac) ciia ca nhan nha van hoac kSt qua ciia nd lye sang tac tap the.
VS noi dung, tac pham van hpc la mSt biic tranh sdng ddng vS cudc sdng con ngudi.
Qua biic tranh do, ngudi viet mudn gui gam nhung tinh cam, tu tudng va thai do cua minh tmdc cudc song. Bang nhiing ngdn hi dupe viSt nen, ngudi dgc hilu dugc cudc sdng con ngudi va ddng thdi ciing hieu dugc tam hdn, tu tudng, tinh cam, thai do ciia tac gia. Tac phim van hpc co nhilu ndi dung khac nhau, tir nhiing cau chuySn ddi thudng cua cudc sdng cho dSn ca nhiing cau chuySn mang tinh chat "khac thudng" nhu nhiing vi thin, dng but, batiSn..., nhung dang sau mdi cau chuyen dSu an chiia gia tri sdng, nhiing quan dilm vl vu tru, nhan sinh. Ve hinh thiic, tac phim van hpc la nghe thuat cua ngdn tir. Ngdn hi nghe thuat tdn tai dudi hai dang: dang ndi - tmySn mieng (van hgc dan gian) va dang vilt - ghi lai van hr (van hpc vilt). VS qui mo loai binh, thi loai van hgc rit da dang... tit ca dSu tdn tai vdi quy each mdt tac phim van hpc, dp day, mdng, ngin, dai khdng quyet dinh gia tri ciia chiing. Tac phim van hpc dugc chia thanh ba thS loai chinh: ty su, tru tinh va kich.
Nhin chung, tac phim van hpc la nhiing sang tao tap thi cua cac ting Idp dan chung trong cac xa hoi, thS hien ddi sdng van hda, tinh thin cua cac cdng ddng dan tdc trSn thS gidi. Chiing mang nhung dac tnmg khac biet va nhiing gia tri to ldn nhu gia tri nhan thiic, I gia tri nghe thuat va gia tri giao due.
TAP GHI KHDA H D C - S D 3 0 / 2 0 1 3 ^^ _ _ _ „ _ 1 ^^
san khau la loai hinh nghe thuat tong hgp. Nd mang trong mmh nhiing ndi dung phong phii, da dang vS cudc sdng, tir triet hpc, my hgc, sii hgc, dan tdc hgc, xa hdi hpc den chinh tri, dao diic, tdn giao... vdi bao niem vui, ndi budn, thuong, ySu, hdn, gian, khat vpng, udc mo va hi vpng cua con ngudi... Nghe thuat san khau la toan bd the gidi tmh than va vat chat ciia con ngudi, dugc thS hien bang sang tao, dien xuat cua nghe sT d trSn san khau. Thdng qua nghe thuat san khau, ngudi ta hieu hem ve cai dep, cai xau, cai thien, cai ac... giup con ngudi cd sire manh, niSm tin de vuon ISn cai cao ca, hoan thien cudc ddi.
Nghe thuat san khau md cho ta thay cudc sdng tinh than va cam xuc phong phu ciia con ngudi, khiSn con ngudi giao cam vdi cai dep, hda minh vao nhiing cam xiic thang hoa cua vd dien.
san khiu hda la nhimg boat dong dai chung (chinh tri, van hda, giao due...) dugc tien hanh theo dac trung cua nghe thuat san khau. Cac ndi dung sinh boat (cd chu dS) dugc chuyin tai lien tuc, chat che bang nghe dung canh va bieu diSn. San khau hda tac pham van hpc hie la van dung hinh thiic nghe thuat san khau dS tai hien lai cac nhan vat, sy kien hay noi dung cua mot doan trich hoac ca mdt tac pham van hpc.
Hien d nhilu tmdng phd thdng d cac tinh thanh, nhat la cac tmdng trSn dia ban Ha Ndi, ngoai viec thudng xuySn mdi cac diSn gia, nha van, nha tho, nha nghien ciiu phS binh nghe thuat vl ndi chuyen, td chiic cac cau lac bd hpc sinh vdi van tho, hpc sinh vdi nghe thuat dan gian..., hoat ddng "san khiu hda tmdng hgc" dang ngay cang phd bien, trd thanh mot hinh thiic day hpc hieu qua, vira nang cao nhan thiic, miic do thu cam, vira phat huy kha nang, id nang diSn xuit ciia hpc sinh. Cac boat ddng "san khiu hda tmdng hpc" d tmdng THPT ChuySn ngu Ha Ndi do TS. NguySn Quang Tmng gay dung, thuc hien tir nhilu nam qua da trd thanh phong trao, nhan dugc sy hudng iing rdng rai ca tu phia giao viSn lan hgc sinh.
san khiu hda tac phim van hgc d bac TiSu hgc, do dac thu liia tudi va miic dp, ySu ciu giao dye, nen khdng qua coi trpng cac quy dinh chat che, cd tinh "chuyen nghiep hda"
vl ttang phuc, kha nang diSn xuit hay dung canh, bai tri san khiu... Muc dich ldn nhat ciia san khiu hda tac phim van hgc d tmdng Tilu hgc la thay ddi each day, each hgc; tao khdng khi dl hpc sinh tilp can, lam quen, thi hien cac nang luc ciia minh, trong dd cd nang luc thu cam tac phim. Mot sd hinh thiic san khiu hda tac phim van hpc tiSu biSu cd the van dung tai Tilu hpc nhu:
- Bdng kich: Giao viSn lye chpn mot sd van ban hay tac phim tieu bieu, phu hgp vdi hgc sinh. Hpc sinh dya tren ndi dung cau chuySn, ddng vai, hoa than thanh cac nhan vat trong cau chuyen va tai hien lai cau chuyen do.
- Hat mua: Hpc sinh lya chgn, tim hiSu cac bai hat cd ndi dung lien quan dSn nhan vat hoac ndi dung cSu chuyen de thS hien
- Ke chuyen: Hinh thiic tucmg tu vdi ddng kich. Tuy nhiSn vdi hinh thiic nay, ngudi kS chuySn la mot ngudi dpc lap, kS cau chuyen xuyen sudt tu dau den cudi. Hpc sinh khac ddng vai eac nhan vat va ddng boat canh de giup ngudi ke chuySn tai hien lai van ban 2.2. Vai tro cua san khau hda tac pham van hoc & Tieu hoc
2.2.1. Su cdn thiit cua viec doc - hieu noi dung vdn bdn trongphdn mon Tap doc Dgc hieu la boat ddng dpc va giai ma cac tang y nghia cua van ban thdng qua kha nang tiep nhan cua hpc sinh. Dpc hiSu la tiep xuc vdi van ban, hieu dugc nghia hiSn ngdn, nghia ham an, cac bien phap nghe thuat, thdng hieu cac thong diep tu tudng, tinh cam cua ngudi viSt va gia tr; ty than ciia hinh tugng nghS thuat. Ddi vdi hpc sinh tiSu hpc, dpc trd thanh mot ddi hdi co ban, diu tien ddi vdi ngudi di hpc. Tmdc het la tre phai hgc dgc, sau do tre phai dgc dS hpc. Dgc giiip tre chiem linh ngdn ngii va hgc tap. Nd tao dieu kien de cho hpc sinh cd kha nang tu hgc va hgc tap sudt ddi. Nd la mot nang luc khdng the thieu trong xa hdi hien dai. Trong qua trinh hpc cac mdn hpc khac, dpc hiSu la phuong tien, la chia khoa nhung ciing ddng thdi la muc tiSu ciia mdn hpc. Tra ldi cau hdi sau mdt thdng tin, mot bai hpc la rapt hanh ddng ren ki nang dgc hieu. Ndi each khac, viec thyc hien nhiem vu ciia chuong trinh Tilu hpc thyc chat la ren Id nang dpc hieu cho hpc sinh. Hgc sinh tilp nhan va tim toi tri thiic ciing dSu thdng qua qua trinh tra ldi cac cau hdi. He thdng cau hdi do nSu hpc sinh khdng cd cac kT nang co ban ciia dpc hiSu se khdng the hoan thanh. Do dd, dpc hilu la mot trong nhiing nang lye can dupe chii trpng nhiSu hon trong day hpc. Nhu vay, trong thdi dai ngay nay, nang luc dpc hiSu ddng vai trd quan trpng trong mpi liiih vyc eiia cudc sdng, dac biet la ddi vdi hpc sinh Tieu hpc.
2.2.2. San khau hda tdcphdm vdn hgc - Hinh thuc day hpc m&i la, hdp ddn cho tiit hpc Tap dpc vd Ke chuyen
Mdi bai Tap dpc cd thi la mdt eau chuySn, mot miu chuySn nho, cung cd thi la rapt trich doan trong mot tac pham van hpc nao do. Nhung chung quy lai, moi bai dgc dSu co mot thdng diep, y nghia rieng ma hpc sinh cin Imh hdi. Thyc tS hien nay, khi day phan mdn Tap dpc, hau nhu cac em chua thuc su himg thii vdi tilt hpc. Vdi mot so van ban kho, cac em mdi chi dimg lai d miic dp nhan dien va hilu nghia don gian ciia tir, cau, chua nit ra dupe noi dung, y nghia cua bai dgc. He thdng cau hdi cua cac bai dgc trong sach giao khoa da bam sat ndi dung bai nhung lai chua thuc sy kich thich dugc tu duy, sang tao cua cac em, tir do dan din viec chua phat triSn dugc nang lye dpc hilu cho hgc sinh. Ben canh dd, phuong phap va hinh thirc day hpc cdn khd khan, khdng cd sy sang tao khiln hpc sinh
T^P CHI KHDA HDC - SO 3D/2D19 _ J L ^^
cam thiy nham chan, khd hiSu sau, hilu ki van ban. Vi vay, hinh thiic san khau hda la cau ndi giiia hgc sinh vdi tac pham van hpc, giup khoi day su hung thit, sy dam raS, tim tdi d hpc sinh.
Theo PGS.TS. Tran Thi Tuyet Oanh "Bong kick Id phuong phdp dgy hpc, trong dd gido vien td chuc qua trinh dgy hpc bdng each xdy dung kich bdn vd thuc hien kich hdn dd nhdm giup hpc sinh hieu sdu sac ndi dung hpc tap" [4; tr.l73].
Trong cudn Dgy hpc vd phuong phdp dgy hpc trong nhd truong, tac gia Phan Trgng Ngg da dS cap den phuong phap ddng kich; "Phuong phdp kich trong dgy hoc Id gido vien cung cap kich bdn vd dgo dien hpc vien hdnh dong theo cdc vai dien. Qua do ho hpc duac cdch suy nghi, the hien thdi dp vd hdnh ddng cdng nhu cdc ki nang ung xir khdc cua nhdn vat trong kich bdn" [2; tr.283].
Ddi vdi mdn Tiing Viet ndi chung va phan mdn Tap dpc ciing nhu Ki chuyen ndi riSng, "san khau hda" tiic la hpc sinh dugc tham gia ddng vai, hda than vao eac nhan vat trong cau chuySn hay trong cac tac pham van hpc. Ngudi giao viSn khi do vai trd dam nhiem phu trach phan kich ban hoac hudng dan hgc sinh viet kich ban. Bang viec nhap vai vao cac nhan vat, hpc sinh cd co hdi chii dong tim hieu, linh hdi kiSn thiic va dugc boat dong true tiSp trong sudt boat ddng hda than vao nhan vat cua rainh; tir do giiip hgc sinh lien he den cac van dS lien quan mot each cu the de phat huy vdn kinh nghiem sdng ciia ban than thdng qua viec phan tich, tranh luan cac tinh hudng; giup cac era phat trien dugc cac nang luc cua ban than nhu nang luc phan tich, sang tao, ki nang hgp tac, lam viec nhdm...
2.3. Van dung hinh thirc s§n kh§u hoa vao ph§n mdn TSp doc & Tieu hoc Trong khudn khd ciia bai viSt, chiing tdi xin trinh bay mot vi du mau vS viec ap dung hinh thiic san khau hda vao phan mdn Tap dpc Idp 5, bai Mot vu ddm tdu (A-mi-xi)
Buoc 1: Gido viin xdc dinh ndi dung, muc tiiu cua bdi hpc di lua chpn vdn bdn, xdy dung kich bdn hoac hu&ng ddn hpc sinh tu xdy dung kich bdn
DS HS cd the dpc hiSu tdt mdt van ban thi GV can xac dinh dugc ndi dung, muc tieu bai hgc:
a. KiSn thiic
- HS hilu dugc y nghia cau chuyen: Ca nggi tinh ban giua Ma-ri-d va Giu-li-et-ta; su an can, diu dang cua Giu-li-et-ta va diic hi sinh cao thugng ciia cau be Ma-ri-d.
b. Ki nang
- KI nang lam viec nhdm.
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- Kl nang tim kiem, lihai thac thong tin.
- Kl nang giai quyet van de, Id nang giao tiep.
c. Thai do
- Tinh thin ham hpc hoi, kham pha kien thiic.
- B6i duong tinh cam, long tot bung, yeu thuong con nguoi.
- HS hao hiing voi tiet hpc.
GV cin huong din, yeu ciu HS dpc va tim hilu truoc vi van ban do. Voi su chuan bi bai ky truoc do, khi len lop, duoi su din dit cua GV, HS co kha nang xay dung kich ban dua tren noi dung bai dpc va su chuan bi ciia ban than.
Buac 2: Giao vien chia nhdm yeu cdu tdi hien noi dung tdc phdm bdng hinh thirc tuy chon (diin lach, ke chuyen...), xdy dung kich bdn
GV phan chia lop hpc thanh cac nhom tiiy vao s6 lupng cac nhan vat, hoat canh lien quan d8n tac pham.
Trong bai Mot vu ddm tdu c6 hai nhan vat chinh la Ma-ri-6 va Giu-li-et-ta, cling mot s6 nhan vat quin chiing tren tau. Vi thS, GV co th8 chia nhom 8 nguoi (g6m ca nhiing nguoi phu trach sau hau trudng).
GV huong din HS xac dich muc dich, nhiem vu, each tiSn hanh, nhiing cong viec can lam, du ki6n thoi gian, trang phuc, dao cu, kinh phi...
Buac 3: Cdc nhom thao ludn, xay dung kich ban, thong qua kich bdn vai gido vien - Cac nhom triSn khai, thao luan de len kich ban hoan chmh.
- Cac nhom thong qua noi dung kich ban da xay dung voi GV. Kich ban cho phep co su sang tao tuy nhien van phai dua tren noi dung, mach chinh cua can chuyen.
- GV chinh sua, b6 sung de hoan thien kich ban.
Buac 4: Cdc nhom hodn thien kich bdn, phdn cong vai dien vd luyen tap. Gido vien co nhiem vu gidm sat, kiem sodt noi dung sao cho dimg vai noi dung tdcphdm
- Cac nhom hoan thien kich ban, phan cong, chia vai diln. GV c6 thi gpi y cho cac nhom to chiic buoi lua chpn vai dien de tim ra diem manh, nang khilu ciia m6i thanh vien trong nhom.
- Cac nhom phan chia cong viec cong bang, mang tmh tap thS, hpp tac.
- GV giam sat qua trinh thuc hien ciia cac nhom, h6 trp cac nhom khi cin thiit Bic&c 5: Cdc nhom duac phdn cong len the hien, tdi hien lai noi dung vdn bdn, tdc )Bhdm vdn hoc
T ^ P CHl' KHDA HOC - SO 3 0 / 2 0 1 3 _ _ J[_ 61
Sau mdt thdi gian luyen tap, GV td chiic budi gala san khau hda. Cac nhdm dua trSn sy chuan bi, luyen tap cua minh, thS hien phan trinh dien ciia nhdm.
Bu&c 6: Bdnh gid, nit kinh nghiem
- GV va HS danh gia qua trinh thyc hiSn va kSt qua dua tren cac phuong dien: kich ban, su chuan bi, phan trinh bay cua cac nhdm ddng thdi quan tam den kT nang hgp tac, kha nang lara viec nhdm.
- GV hudng dan HS rut ra ndi dung bai hpc, y nghia cua cau chuyen.
- GV nhan xet, nit kinh nghiem cho cac nhdra de nhiing hoat ddng san khau hda tiSp theo tdt hon.
DS boat ddng san khau hoa tac phara van hpc trong day hpc TiSng Viet d TiSu hgc dat hieu qua, quy trinh 6 budc nay nhat thiSt phai thuc hien tuan tu. Trong do viec xay dyng y tudng, kich ban, su chuan hi (bao gdm ca viec hinh dung dieu bg dien xuat, phan cdng ddng vai, trang phuc, dao cu tdi thieu...) dac biet quan trgng. GV la ngudi chu ddng, sang tao trong viec lua chgn tac pham nao, trich doan nao cd the chuySn boa; ddng thdi ciing la ngudi vit va nhit trong viec thiit kl, td chiic dS hpc sinh thuc hien. Nang luc td chirc san khiu hoa tac pham, do dd, cung can xem la mdt trong nhiing nang luc nghS nghiep can dupe phat huy, tran trgng ciia GV.
3. KET LUAN
San khau hda la huih thiic day hgc mdi la, hien dai, gdp phan giup cho tiet hgc tieng Viet tham chi la nhilu mdn hgc khac trd nen thii vi, hap dan hon. Trong nghiSn ciiu, chiing tdi da tim hiSu ve nhung dac diSm cua tac pham van hgc va hinh thirc san khau boa, ddng thdi khao sat, tim hiSu vl cac kha nang san khiu boa tac pham trong phan radn Tap dpc, dua ra quy trinh mau thyc hien day hgc I tilt Tap dpc bing hinh thiic san khiu hda. Day cd thS la rapt vi du tham khao cho smh vien ciing nhu giao viSn Tieu hpc nham hieu hon vS hinh thiic day hgc nay.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Le Phuong Nga, Dang Kim Nga (2007), Giao trinh Phuong phdp dgy hpc tieng Viet a Tieu hpc, - Nxb Giao due
2. Phan Trgng Ngp (2005), Dgy hpc vd phuong phdp dgy hpc trong nhd trudng, - Nxb Dai hpc Su pham.
3. Trin Thi Tuyit Oanh (Chu bien) (2011), Giao trinh Gido due hpc, tap I, - Nxb Dai hoc Su pham.
6 2 I ..._...„. ..^.^....,.^.,^...,.^...^.^..^^ TRUfClNG BAI HOC THCJ S 6 HA NDI
4. Nguyin Minh Thuylt (Chu bien) (2018), SGK Tiing Viet 5, - Nxb Bo Giao due va Dao tao.
Ha Noi.
5. Https://loga.vn/bai-viet/chuyen-de-nhung-hieu-biet-co-ban-ve-tac-pham-van-hoc-4157 6. Http://vhnthcm.edu.vii/tim-hieu-ve-nghe-thuat-san-khau/
IMPROVING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TEACHING VIETNAMESE IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS THROUGH THE
PERFORMANCE ART OF SOME LITERATURE WORKS
Abstract: Primary school is the foundation level for the formation and development of human personality. And Vietnamese is one of the most important and necessary subjects.
However, the textbook program now is still a program in 2000, teaching content- oriented: The teacher is the one who teaches knowledge and students passively acquire this knowledge. Therefore, when learning Vietnamese, most of them are not really interested in the subject. Performance art is a new form of teaching organization, a playground for students to have the opportunity to cultivate and develop skills such as singing, dancing, storytelling, drama... It helps them gain confidence and express their imagination and creative thinking to make the work more attractive. And then it arouses the love of Vietnamese language. The article focuses on organizing the performance art of some literature works in the subject of Reading in Primary schools
Keywords: Teaching Vietnamese, performance art. literature works.
