NGHIEN CUU
RESEARCH
Nen kinh te chia se a Malaysia
L^iLSmAnh TttoThlC^Ttang Vien Kinh te va Chinh tri Thg gioi
O Malaysia, kinh tg ehia sg cung ngdy edng dupe ehfl y va khdng cdn duoc coi Id mdi mg nua. Nen kinh tg sd dupe chinh phii Malaysia hgt sue coi hpng vd coi nd nhu con tdu dua ngudi ddn Malaysia lidn tdi sy phdt hign vd thinh vupng. Malaysia dd dat tham vpng t£in dyng idi da nhung tign bd edng nghg dg tang tde cac boat ddng kinh doanh, dich vu vd qudn ly cua chinh phfl de cai thien chdt lupng eudc sdng ciia ngudi dan Malaysia.
1. Cac hinh thdc tioat dong pho bien cua kinh te chia se d Malaysia
1.1. Chia se trong linh vuc vdn tai
Nen kinh tg ehia se d Malaysia dupe thg hign rd ngt nhat trong llnh vyc vdn tdi. Cf day, cac hang van tai cdng nghg tan dung tdi da eae ngn tde ky thudl sd dg cd the phuc vu tdt nhdl nhu cau cua ngudi dan tit van ehuygn ngudi, van ehuygn hang hda, mua ban hang hda vd thanh todn. Taxi edng nghg d Malaysia cho phdp bdt ky ngudi dan nao cd xe d Id dgu ed thg tham gia vao hoat ddng van tdi giflp hp tdng thu nhdp, mat khdc giflp ede cdng ly van tai tiet kigm chi phi ma khdng cdn phai ddu tu mua xe d Id.
Dimg dau cac bang taxi edng nghg d Malaysia la Grab, cdn Igi da phdn Id cae hang taxi cdng nghe mdi tham gia vdo thj tnrdng vd dang tung bude phdt trign, uy higp tryc tiep tdi vi tri dimg dau efla Grab. Dg ddi dau vdi hang taxi edng nghe cd tinh loan cdu Grab, cac hang taxi edng nghe d Malaysia eung ed mdt sd digm dupe coi la khd manh. Nhu hang Dacsee dang xdy dyng mdt hd sinh thdi (ecosystem) trong linh vuc van tai ma d dd cdc xe dupe kigm duyet mdt cdch md thdng qua edng nghe BlogChain ma d dd cdc xe dgu cd thg trao ddi thdng tin vdi nhau mdt edeh md dg bigt rd linh trang xe eung nhu hanh trinh eua xe.
1.2. Chia se trong linh vuc thuong mai dign tii (Dich vu ban Ig)
Thuong mai dien tii la mgt trong nhimg dae tnmg ndi bat trong nen kinh tg ehia se ma d dd ede hogt ddng trao ddi, mua bdn hang hda dupe cae nhd san xuat, nhd phdn phdi vd ngudi tigu dung ehia se thdng tin vdi nhau mgt cdch rdng rai. Hoat ddng chia se trong thuong mai dien tu d Malaysia hien dang dupe cpi la linh vue phdt trien ddy trien vgng do dupe sy hp trp lieh eye tir phia chinh phfl vd su tham gia cua ngudi dan.
Hien tai, theo sd ligu eua GlobalWeb Index, d Malaysia cd hon 26 trieu ngudi su dyng inlernel, trong
dd 80% Id ngudi dung cd dO tudi lu 16 dgn 64 ludi tham gia mua sdm true tuydn. Ngudi Malaysia da ehi nhieu hon dang kg eho mua hang tryc tuyen so vdi nhigu nude Idng gieng Ddng Nam A, nhung doanh thu Ihuong mai di$n Ifl tmng binh trgn mdi ngudi dflng (ARPU) d nude ndy van chi bang mpt phdn tu so vdi muc tmng binh toan cau.
Trong nam 2018, ehi tieu thuong mai dien tii efla ngudi Malaysia da tang 24%. Tde dd tang trudng Idn nay dupe eho la do Chinh phfl Malaysia da chfl ddng tao mdi Irudng phat trign cac hoat ddng thuong mai tryc tuygn, bidn nd trd thanh vdn dg uu tign hdng ddu cua qudc gia.
1.3. Chia se trong linh du lich, chd a, khdng gian van phdng
Ndi vg ngn kinh le chia se trong Unh vue du lich, chd d, khdng gian van phdng d Malaysia thi khdng Ihg khdng ke den cac tgn tudi nhu Airbnb, Booking.eom, Agoda, Expedia, TripAdvisor vd OYO. Cae edng ty ndy deu cd diem gidng nhau d chd hp dgu la nhd tmng gian ket ndi gitra ngudi di thug nha va ngudi cho thug nhd dg nhdm muc dieh duac hudng mdt khodn phi tit cd phia ngudi di thue vd ngudi cho thug.
Nam 2018, Malaysia Id thj trudng phdi trign nhanh nhat cua Airbnb tai Ddng Nam A. O Malaysia, Airbnb gdn nhu dong nghia vdi cho thue ky nghi, nha ddn hodc nha d ngdn han va nd da trd nen phd bidn dgn ndi nd trd thanh bigu tupng Irong linh vuc cho thug ky nghi. Airbnb da cd sy tang Irudng phi thudng d Malaysia, vao thang 7 nam 2018, cdng ly dd ghi nhdn lupng khach ddn Malaysia tang 99% so vdi nam trudc, len tdi 2 trigu khach. Nhung thdng ke nay khidn Malaysia trd thanh thi trudng phat trign nhanh nhdt d Ddng Nam A.
Nam 2018, cdng ddng khaeh va ehfl nha Airbnb da tao ra khoang 3 ty Ringgit, lae ddng kinh te true tigp ude tinh d Malaysia. Cdng ddng Airbnb efla chti nha vd khach mdi ddng gdp Idn va ngdy cang quan ypng cho
ngn kinh te Malaysia. Cdng ddng chu nhd vd doanh nhan khdch san efla Airbnb phdt trien, nd lao ra nhigu CP hpi kinh Id hon eho cdc doanh nghiep dia phucmg vd cdng ddng trgn khdp Malaysia.
1.4. Chia s t trong linh virc tdi chinh (FinTech) Chia sg trong linh vuc Idi ehinh phdi ke den cdng nghe tai chinh - FinTech. Ddy la cdng nghd mdi vd ddi mdi nhdm Ccinh tranh vdi cdc phuong phdp Idi ehinh tmygn thdng trong viec cung edp ede dieh vy lai ehinh.
FinTech la mdt ngdnh cdng nghiep lai chinh mdi dp dyng cdng nghd de cdi thidn boat ddng lai chinh thdng qua vige sir dung didn thoai thdng minh eho ede djch vy ngdn hang di ddng, dich vy ddu tu va lien md hda.
Phdn idn cdc cdng ty cdng nghg FinTech boat ddng dya trgn ngn Idng tdi chinh ehuoi cung ling da ngdn hang (Multi-Bank Supply Chain Finance) va tai chinh ngang hang P2P (Peer-to-Peer). Cdng nghe tai ehinh img dung edng nghg thdng tin ky thuat sd de giflp ede dieh vy tai chinh dg tiep cdn hon vdi cdng chiing.
CQng gidng nhu cae qud'c gia khdc, ngdnh cdng nghiep FinTech d Malaysia dupe coi la mdt ngdnh edng nghiep khd non Ire. Tuy nhign, Ihyc td cho thdy, d Malaysia cac hoat ddng mang tinh khdi nghiep va sdng tao trong nganh cdng nghiep FinTech phdt trign khd manh vd hiia hen nhigu tiem nang.
2. Cac thach thirc cua kinh te chia se d Malaysia Ngn kinh id chia se vtra dupe cpi la co hdi to Idn cho sy phat trign nhung nd cflng ed khdng it thdch thfle vd rdo cdn cho su phdt trign. Ngn kinh te ehia se khdng ehi tao ra eo hdi cho sy phdt trign vugt bdc nhd ling dung cdng nghg thdng tin ma edn lao ra sung ddt vdi ngn kinh id tmyen thdng. Cdc Ihdch Ihiic nhu sau:
2.1. Thach thiic trong linh ciic vdn tai - Cdc hang van tai hiiygn thdng neu khdng thay ddi kip sg ddn tdi bi phd sdn hodc bi sdt nhdp: Theo mdt nghign eiru d Malaysia thi Grab vd cdc nhd khai thdc vdn Idi cdng nghe da cd nhigu tae ddng tigu eye tdi boat ddng vdn lai d Malaysia. Vige ldm quen va su dung cdc cdng nghe tign tign tren di^n thoai thdng minh vd may tinh bang khdng he don gian ddi vdi cac lai xe Idn ludi.
- Day cac lai xe cdng nghe vao hoan canh khd khan: Viee ehia se xe d Malaysia trd ngn qua de rang, tit dd khuygn khich ngudi dan mua thgm xe d td dg tham gia vao linh vye van tai vdi myc dich thu lpi nhuan. Vdi gia cude xe ngay cang giam thi loi nhudn thu ve cua cdc lai xe khdng dfl bfl dap cho chi phi mua xe vasudyngxe.
- Gdy tde dudng, d nhigm mdi trudng: Viec nghi rdng cd the mua xe d td de ch^y taxi edng nghe da dan tdi tinh Irang nhu cdu ve d Id trong nude lang eao.
Lupng xe 6 Id Idn la mdt Irpng nhflng nguygn nhan ddn tdi linh tr^ng tde dudng va d nhidm mdi trudng do khi thai efla xe d Id lao ra.
- 2.2. Thach thue trong linh virc thuong mai di^n tii - Chdt lugng cua cac san phdm dupe bdn ra khdng ddng dgu lam suy gidm long tin efla khach hang: Trong mdt h-ang web thuong mai dign tu d Malaysia cd thg dg dang thdy nhigu mat hang gidng het nhau nhung miic gid lai chgnh lech nhau Idn mdt edeh vd ly.
- Khdch hdng dat mua ma khdng nhan hang gay ton tfiat cho ngudi ban va ngudi giap hang: Cd nhigu Irudng hgp ngudi mua dat hdng nhung ngudi vdn ehuygn lai khdng tim dugc dia ehi ngudi mua hoae vi mdt ly do nao do md ngudi mua cd tinh khdng nhdn hang gay khd khan eho ngucn ban va ngudi van chuyen.
- Cdng tde bdo mat trong thanh toan: Hign nay, rdi nhieu hang hda vd djch vy mua ban online ddi hdi phdi tra tien trudc bdng the tin dung thdng qua viec eung edp ma thg. Vige dg Id ma thg cua khach hang eho ke xdu ed thg ddn tdi tinh tr^ng kg xdu lpi dyng dg mua hdng online, nit tien, ehuygn tign,...
2.3. Thach thiic trong linh du lich, ch6 6-, khdng gian van phdng
- Mdt trong nhimg digm ygu Idn nhdl Irong cdng tac qudn I^ ede edng ty ehuygn eung cdp dieh vy luu tni hien nay d Malaysia Id Airbnb, Booking.eom, Agoda, Expedia, TripAdvisor va OYO dgu khdng cam kgt gi vdi khdch hdng vd hpe sg triu bdt ky trach nhigm phdp ly nao khi cd van de gi xay ra. Do dd, viee nhiing khaeh hdng cd thg nhan dupe chd d khdng nhu y mudn, mdi Irudng sdng khdng lanh mang, khdng an todn,...
- Xung ddt ve mdt Ipi ieh vdi cac nha eung edp dieh vu luu tni Imygn Ihd'ng: Kg tir khi xudt hien cdc cdng ty ehia sg dieh vu thug nhd tren mang da lam chp gia thug phdng d Malaysia giam di dang kg do cd sy tham gia efla nhirng ngudi khdng kinh doanh khdeh san nhung lai ed nhd dg eho thug. Trong mdt sd nghien ciiu cho thdy, nhimg khdch san chju anh hudng Idn nhdt Id ede khdch san 2 sao vd 3 sao. Ddy Id ede khdeh san tdm tmng, phdn khfle ma nhieu gia dinh ngudi ddn Malaysia cd thg ddp ling tdt eho nhu cau ndy.
2.4. Thach thiic trong linh vuc FinTech - Ddm bdo an loan trong thanh toan: Cdng nghd tai ehinh (FinTech) la mdt trong nhiing linh vuc ddi hdi phdi cd sy an todn tuyet ddi trong thanh toan, eho vay mupn, chuyen tign, ddu tu, quan ly tdi chinh,... Hien nay, vige khd nhdl ddi vdi thanh todn bang cdng nghe FimTech la phdi ldm sao ddp ling cimg mdt luc 2 yeu cdu Id vira thanh todn nhanh lai vtra ddm bdo an todn.
Thudng thi hai cai nay thudng khdng di kem vdi nhau, neu nhanh thi kem bao mat cdn ndu mudn bdo mdt phdi Idu va phiie tap.
- Khd khan trong vige thay ddi thdi quen khdng dung tien mat: Thdi quen dung tign mat da an sau vdo nhigu ngudi Idn ludi d ede qud'c gia chau A. Malaysia cd trinh dd phat trien d mflc trung binh nhu hign nay thi viee tao thdi quen khdng dung lign mat khdng he de ddng.
N G H I E N C U U 3., Cac dieu tiet cua chinh phu doi vdi kinh te chia se ff Malaysia
Ngn kinh Id ehia sd efla thd gidi ndi chung vd d Malaysia ndi rigng chju dnh chiu dnh hudng va quydt dinh bdi sy phdt trign efla nen tang k5' Ihu^l sd. Thdng qua nen tdng ky thudt sd md cdc hdnh ddng chia sd efla ca khu vyc tu nhdn vd edng cdng dgu phdi ling dyng cdng nghe ky thudl sd dg giao Hep vdi nhau, cung cdp thdng tin, cung cdp hdng hda vd dich vy, tu dd ddp img cdc chirc ndng cdt loi khdc dg nang cao ndng sudt, doanh thu vd thu nhap.
3.1. T&p doan Phdt trien Da phirong ti^n MDeC (Multimedia Development Corporation Bhd.)
Higu dupe tdm quan trpng eua ngn lang ky thuat sd ddi vdi phat hign kinh tg, ngay tir nam 1996 Chinh phfl Malaysia dd thdnh laip Tdp dodn Phdt trien Da phuong ti^n MDeC de giam sal cac chuong trinh phat hign ky Ihual sd ma ndi bat nhdt la qudn Ij? Sigu hdnh lang Da phuong tign MSC (Multimedia Super Corridor). Nhi^m vu cua MDeC Id phat trign ngn kinh tg ky thudt sd qudc gia bdng edeh ddy manh thu hut dau tu tryc tiep d cd trong va ngoai nude, xdy dyng cdc cdng ty cdng nghg Malaysia, xdy dung he sinh thai ddi mdi k? Ihuai sd vdi cac chinh sdch hd trp vd tuygn tmygn da dang vd loan dign. Gdn ddy, MDeC cd mdt sd chidn dieh dg cung cdp cho ngudi dan Malaysia cac ky nang va cac co hdi dg hp ed thg tham nhdp vap thi trudng ky thudl sd.
Thye id phat trign ngn kinh id sd d Malaysia cho thay, MDeC da thye hign tdt vai trd efla minh trong viec kdt ndi, xflc tien thuong mai hang hda, ling dyng cdc sdng kidn ky thuat sd, thuc ddy nen kinh le chia sg. Tu dd, lao ra su phdt irign bgn vimg, dde bigt Id phdt trien cac gia tri cdt Idi va tinh da dang cua nen kinh tg chia sg d Malaysia.
3.2. Sieu hdnh lang Da phuong tien MSC (Multimedia Super Corridor)
MSC la mdt trong nhung ehuong trinh dupe uu lien hdng dau dudi sy qudn \^ cua MDeC. MSC Id mdt ngn tdng hdnh lang da phuong tign ky thuat sd dupe ItiP ra dg nudi dudng sy phat trign efla cac cdng ty edng nghe dia phuong ddng thdi thu hflt ea ddu tu true tiep trong vd ngodi nude. Day la mdt sang kidn qud'c gia nham thuc ddy cd ngdnh edng nghe thdng tin vd huyen thdng cua Malaysia, cung nhu cung cdp mdi hudng thfl nghidm cho nganh cdng nghiep cdng nghg thdng tin vd tmygn thdng todn edu.
MSC dd cung cdp eho cdc doanh nghiep cdc digu ki^n cdn thigt cd lien quan ddn cdng nghe thdng tin vd tmygn thdng cd trong va ngoai nude, vdi nhieu uu dai, quygn va ddc quygn de Ihuc ddy tdng trudng lign tyc.
Kg tCr khi thanh ldp vdo nam 1996, ehuong trinh MSC Malaysia da cd gdng dua ngn kinh td ky thuat sd efla Malaysia Idn mdt ldm cao mdi. Hon Ihg niia, MSC Malaysia dd cflng cung cap cae gidi phap huu ich cho eae edng ly.
3.3. Cdc san choi trung t&m 1^ thudt sd qud'c gia ciia Malaysia (Centralismg The Nation's Digital Economy Players)
Dudi sy ddn dat efla MDeC, Chinh phu Malaysia cho thanh ldp cac san choi hung ldm k? thuat sd qudc gia de phdt trign ngn kinh Id sd, phdt trign ngn kinh tg ehia se. Sdn choi ndy gdm 4 ndi dung chinh Id:
(1) Cdc thdnh phd dien hi vd cdc tmng ldm k? thudt sd (Cybercities & Cybereentres). Dya ydn khdi ni^m phdn cum lien kgt ngdnh, Cybercities & Cybereentres dupe thiet kg nhu Id noi md ede cdng ty bong cflng mdt linh vuc dupe dat gan nhau dg hd trp nhau thfle ddy tang trudng nhanh. Cdc cdng ly ndy dirpc ddt trong mdt hg sinh thdi md d dd cd dfl digu kidn vg mang intemer vd cae CP sd vdt chdt hd trp hogl ddng kinh doanh dya tren ky thu$t sd.
(2) Cdc Ddu mdi Ky thudt sd (Malaysia Digital Hubs). Malaysia Digital Hubs duoc tao ra nham giflp cac cdng ty kinh doanh vg intemet khdi nghiep.
Malaysia Digital Hub Igo ra m0t he sinh thdi phong phfl, bao gdm bdng thdng rdng tde dd cao va cdc djch vy ha tdng mgm khde nhau. Malaysia Digital Hubs dupe tgo ra cflng Id dg ddm bao tang ty Ig thanh cdng efla cac cdng ty khdi nghigp boat ddng kinh hong linh vyc kinh te sd.
(3) Cdc Dau mdi Sdn xudt Ky thu^t sd (Digital Maker Hubs): dupe vi nhu cdn phdng cd nhigu ngudn tai nguygn phye vu eho nhigu mye dich khac nhau Irong vige cho phgp thye hign ede boat ddng lign quan tdi ky thudt sd. Ddy ddng thdi cflng Id tmng tam dg mang ludi cdc nhd gido, sinh vien vd cac ehuygn gia trong nganh hdi ty.
(4) cae Tmng tarn Hoat hinh vd Sdng lao gpi tdt la MAC3 (Malaysia Animation and Creative Content Centre): Id nhirng tmng tdm duac tao ra nhdm hd trp cho nhiing ai ygu thich sue sdng tao nghd thuat trong linh vyc hinh dnh, nghe, nhin tiing dyng ky thudl sd.
Cdc tmng tdm MACS la noi ly tudng eho cdc cdng ly nhd vd vtra kinh doanh trong linh vye sdn xudt cdc lo^i phim hoat hinh khdi nghiep./.
Tai lieu tham khao
Ikhram Merican (2019), Airianb's 'rapid' growth in Malaysia: What the numbers may nol be telling, iProperty,
Mohana D. J , Z. Hasan & N. Ahmad (2019), GrabCar: Opportunities and challenges for taxi opera- tors, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu Journal of Undergraduate Research Volume 1 Number 3, Julai 2019:46-55,
Simon Kemp and Sarah Moey (2019), Digital 2019 spotlight: E-Commerce In Malaysia, https://datarepor- lal.eom/reports/digilal-2019-ecommeree-in-malaysia, (accessed 5/11/2019)
