NGHIEN CUU • TRAO o 6 l
lo-ir.iJ i r - i ?
NHONG DIEM M A TRONG HIEN PHAP NAM 2013
TS. NGUYIN qu3c sufu'
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gay 01/01/2014, Hiin phdp nam 1992 sfla doi, bo sung nam 2013 chinh thfle cd hidu life theo Lenh cda Chu tich nfldc vd Nghi quyit cua Qufl'c hdi khoa XIII, ky hop thfl 6 ngdy 28/11/2013.Nhfl mflt quy luat t i t yd'u, mli mflt van ban dupe soan thdo ra diu it nhiiu mang diu i n ehu quan cua nhttng ngfldi soan thao va Hiin phdp eung khflng phai ngoai Id. Nd'u nhu b i n Hiin phdp nam 1946 dflpe danh gia la mflt ban Hiin plidp mang ddm tinh ddn ehu thi khdng the khdng ndi dd'n sU I n h hudng cua nhflng ngfldi soan thio. Dfl dn Hien phdp diu tidn do b i y ngflOi soan thao (trong dd ed Chu tich H i Chi Minh) ddng trdn hdo Cdu qud'c s i 88 ngay 10/11/19451, alu la nhifng tri tbflc, chiu tdc dflng khflng nho cua nen vdn boa phflang Tdy, dac bipt Id cdc tfl tudng vi ddn ehu, tfl do, v l cdch xay dflng cdc ca quan hanh chinh... Cae ban Hiin phdp ndm 1959 va nam 1980 lai la nhiing ban Hiin phdp ddc thu eua hp thd'ng XHCN khi ma nhiing nha lanh dao dat nfldc - nhomg nhd soan t h i o ra Hien phdp da xdc dinh dupe eon dudng qua
dfl ldn CNXH. Hiin phdp nkm 1992 ra ddi la mflt trong nhiing sU thay doi, tao dieu kipn de phdt trien dat nfldc.
Ndm 2013, Viflt Nam ddng trflde ngudng mdi cua sfl phdt triin. Dflpe ddnh diu b i n g vipe Dai hOi XI da thdng qua Cuang linh xay dflng dat
nfldc trong thdi ky qud dfl ldn CNXH (bo sung phdt triin nam 2011), chiln luac phat triin kinh t l - xa hdi den nam 2020, do dd, Hiin phdp nkm 1992 can phai sfla dii d l phu hpp vdi thdi dai, ddp flng nhu clu cho sU doi mdi.
Nd'i tiep b i n Hiin phdp hien hdnh, ba mfloi thanh vidn eua Uy ban soan thdo sfla doi Hiin phdp da nhin nh$n mflt cdch d l y du rihijing khd khdn, b i t c|p md Viflt Nam da trdi qua, bdn canh dd, tiip thu mflt cdch ed chpn Ipc y kiln ddng gdp eua todn dan vd nhflng tfl tfldng t i i n bfl trdn t h i gidi vl qud trinh ldp hien. Diiu ndy dflpe t h i y rd khi nhin vao ban Hiin phdp ndm 1992 sfla doi, b l sung nam 2013. Hy vpng khi di vdo cudc sing, h i n Hiin phdp se dem lai nhflng anh hudng tich cue cho dat nude, bdi nhifng diem mdi ehinh sau ddy:
1. Lan dau tien Hien phap vi^t hoa hai cbvt "Nhan ddn" n h i m khang dinh ban c h i t niia nifdc ciia ddn, do dan, vl d i n , tat c& quyen Itfc nha niidc thupc v l Nhan d i n
Day ed t h i xem nhfl mflt trong nhflng thay doi ddng ke trong l l n sfla doi Hiin phdp ndy, t h i bifln mflt loi tfl duy mdi, cdch nhin mdi eua cde nhd Idnh dao dfl'i vdi vai trb cua Nhan dan.
Nhin vdo ddng chiy lich sd, trflde Caeh mang thdng Tam, tfl "Nhan ddn" chfla
' Hoc vl$n Hanh chinh Qu6c gia TAP CHi Q U A N L Y N H A NUdC - s 6 226 (11/2014) 35
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xuat hien vdi ngbia nhfl ngay nay md chi cd nhttng khdi niem "ba tdnh", "ddn ehung", "tram hp"... vdi nghia ban hep hon. Ttt "Nhan dan" gin hen vdi Cach mang, vdi cuflc giii phdng ddn tfle, vdi vide xay difng nin Cflng boa Ddn chd cua Vidt Nam. Tfl klii xuit hifln, hai cha "Nhan ddn" dflpe sfl dung nhieu lan trong cdc van ban chinh tho'ng cua Dang, Nha nude, trong cdc tac pham nghe thuOt vd ngay ea trong cuflc sd'ng hang ngay. Tuy nhidn, may chuc nam qua, nhan dan vin chi dupe nhin nhdn dan thuIn nhfl mflt danh tfl ehung.
Hien phdp nkm 1992, dUpe sfla dii ndm 2013, l i n diu tidn hai chtt "Nhan dan"
dupe viit boa, dupe coi la mflt danh tfl ridng, dflpe dua ldn mflt vi tri trang trpng, thidng lieng hon. Cd t h i khing dinh, hai cbfl "Nbdn ddn" da dflpe ra ddi them mflt l i n nfla va lan ndy, dfldng nhu hai chtt ay dang t i n tai, phdt triin cung vdi mflt the c h i mdi, mflt ebl dfl mdi - mdt c h i dfl dua b i n vao dan, phat huy dan ehu, cflng khai, minh bach.
Dudi gdc nhin lich sfl, day khdng phai la mflt tfl tfldng mdi, bdi each day hon nam t b i ky, Nguyen Trai da tflhg khang dinh: "Chd thuyin la dan ma lat thuyin cung la dan", hon mpt tram nam sau, Nguyen Binh Khidm cung nhin manh "ddn vi ban" nghia Id dan la glc cua nude: "Co lai qud'c di ddn vi bin. Die quie ung tri tai die ddn". Ta cung b i t gdp tu tudng ay trong quan diim cua chi sy ydu nude Phan Bfli Chdu khi dng ndi: "Ddn la dan nude, nude Id nfldc ddn". Chu tich H i Chi Minh cung ndi: "Khd van diiu ddn liflu eung xong". Tinh t h i n di cao nhdn dan trong b i n Hiin phdp mdi l l n ndy dd k l thfla truyin thdng cua dan tdc, lich sfl da cbo thay, khflng mflt chd' dfl ndo, khflng mflt t h i c h i nao eo t h i t i n tai
va phat trien nflu xa rdi nhdn dan. Ro rdng, hai cbfl "Nhdn dan" dflae viit hoa ham chfla nfli dung sau sac vl mdt chinh tri - xa hfli cbfl khdng dan thdin ehi la chuydn ngdn tfl, dd la mflt nhdn thfle, tinh elm, trach nhidm mdi dii vdi nhan dan, nhfl Ho Chi Minh da tifng dan dd, rihle nhd mdi ehung ta til bull diu lap qud'c: "... Trong biu trdi khdng ^ qu^ b i n g nhdn dan. Trong t h i gidi khflng gi manh bang life Iflpng dodn k i t eua nhdn ddn"^.
2. Ly thuyd't p h a n q u y i n di<Oc dif^ vao t r o n g vifle q u a n ly quyen liic n h a niidc t h e h i g n r o chfle ndng cd b a n c u a Hien phap • gidi h a n q u y i n li^c n h a niidc
Mdt b i n Hiin phdp dung, chuin Id mong muln eua ehung ta khi ldp hiln hay trong nhifng lan sda doi, bo sung.
Mud'n tbflc bien dflpe diiu dd, nblt dinh cin phai ed "ehu nghia Hih phdp" - nhomg ly ludn cln thilt khi thid't lOp va Id ea sd de sfla dii Hih phdp dung nghla. Trpng tam cua "cM nghia Hiin phdp" Id gidi ban quyin 1*
nhd nude, ching lai sfl dfle quyin quyin lUe, tfl dd tao n i n t i n g bio vp quyen Ipi dang cd eua ddn. Tuy nhidn, nhin vdo lieh sd lOp hien, ldp phap cua nfldc ta, nhiing ydu clu nay chua dflpe nhin nhdn mflt cdch dung mUe, chua dope thue bidn mflt cdch diy du, ehua ed chi truang cu t h i . Tuy nhidn, nlu nhil trong Hien phdp ndm 1992 sda i&
2001, chung ta mdi thtta nhdn nhflng hat rrhdn hpp 1^ eua hpc thuyit phdn quyin - cot loi eua k i i m sodt quyin 1*
thi d lan sfla dii ndy, dieu dd da ddm the hien rd ndt han trong Diiu 2;
"Quyin lire nhd nfldc Id tho'ng nhit c6 sfl phan cflng, phd'i hpp, k i i m sodt giiia eac CO quan nhd nfldc trong viOe tiiUc hidn cdc quyin ldp phdp, hdnh phdp, W
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phap'. Nhu vdy, ed t h i dd dang nhdn thiy ring, hai cbfl "kiim soat" xult hien trong Diiu 2 Hiin phdp l l n nay la mflt dieu mdi md, tid'n bp vUpt bOc Bdi le, kiem sodt quyin life gan chat vdi muc dieh bio vfl loi ich ciia ngfldi dan.
Vi ban chat, dd la tinh t h i n ddn ehu cua mflt b i n k h i Udc xd hfli, nguOi dan trao cho nha nUdc quyin, chfle vu, thi hp phai ed co sd d l kiim sodt quyin eua nha nude. Nfl'u khflng, nhttng tai nguyen ddng le phai dUpc dung dl phuc vu cho ngudi dan lai bi t h i t thodt nham lam lai cho mflt so ngfldi nao dd thflng qua quyet dinh eua co quan nha nude ma ta khflng sao kiim sodt dflpe.
Hon nfla, boat dflng nha nfldc la mflt boat dflng phflc tap, do nhilu ngfldi dam nhidm, nlu chi cd sU phan cdng, phoi hpp Id chua du, ehung ta ein ed sfl giam sdt, kiim tra d l trdnh tinh trang y lai theo kiiu "cha ehung khdng ai khde". Sfl xuat hipn eua hai chfl "kiim soat" cbo thiy. Dang va Nhd nude ta da nhdn ra dupe nhiing flu t h i eua hd thing phdp luat the gidi, k i t hpp vdi ddc diim eua n i n ebinh tri Viflt Nam, vdn dung vd phdt huy nhttng diiu i y d l tao ra mflt mfli trfldng dan ehu, cflng khai, minh bach. Hoat dflng cua mflt trong ba quyin life nha nfldc Id lap phdp, hanh phdp, tfl phdp lufln chiu sU gidm sdt cua hai quyin life edn lai Id tien de hidu qua trong cflng tdc quan ly nha nUdc. Ben canh dd, cung cln phai thiy ring, ylu t l kiim soat quyin life dem tdi cho cdc quyin mflt sfl dfle lap can thid't - mflt diiu b i t sfle quan trpng dac biet doi vdi tfl phdp.
3. Q u y i n con ngUcfi dif^c nhin nh$n vdli m$t vai tro cao hdn, xac dinh Iai mdi quan hg gifia nha nyidc vdi con ngUdli
Mflt trong nhomg bfldc tien quan
trpng vd rd net nhat eiia Hien phdp sfla doi la d l cao nhdn quyin nhU t i n g boa quyin con ngfldi v i quyen cdng ddn;
dong thoi xac lap trdch nhidm, bio ddm nhomg quyin dd dUpc thUc hien trdn thifc t l cua Nhd nUdc. Theo Hiin phdp sfla dii, khdi nipm quyin con ngudi da dflpe them vao eung vdi quyin va nghia vu eo ban eua cdng dan dflpe dfla ldn Chuong II (thay vi Chflong V nhfl trong Hiin phdp ndm 1992 sfla doi nam 2001). Sfl thay dii nay cd t h i ndi la khdng mdi nhung la mflt sU ein thid't, chuong vi quyin con ngUdi, quyin cdng ddn quay vl vdi vi tri cu nhfl da timg dflpe hidn dinh trong Hiin phdp ndm 1946. ChflOng II, sau chuang vi chinh t h i eung Id chflang vl quyin con ngfldi trong Hiin phdp ciia nhilu qud'c gia trdn t h i gidi, theo ddng y ngbia CO ban cua Hiin phdp el diln:
gidi han quyin lUe nhd nUdc (Chuong I trong Hiin phdp ve ehinh t h i , quy dinh cdch t l chfle nha nfldc) vd bio vd quyin con ngudi (Chuong II trong Hiin phdp vl quyen). C l n phdi giii thich rang, Vipt Nam ciing nhfl nhiiu nfldc khde trong khu vUc cd c h i dfl cbinh tri phong kiln dai va sau dd Id che dp thufle dia cua ede de quoc thfle ddn, nen Viflt Nam khflng ed mflt n i n ldp hiln eung nhfl khdng ed lieh sd vi nhdn quyin nhfl libiiu nfldc phflong Tdy. Khi Viflt Nam cdn dang phii diu tranh de thoat khoi einh nd Ifl thi cdc nude phuong Tay da trd thanh eac nfldc van minh ddn ehu. Hp cd c i nhdn quyin va Hiin phdp. Vi vky, trong c i mflt thdi ky dai, nhdn quyin d Vidt Nam chfla dflpe xem xet mflt cdch diy du, l i n Iflpt cdc muc tieu vi dflc lap roi v i kinh te, van hod, gido due... da vfl tinh khien chdng ta dat cdc v i n de nhdn quyin d vi tri thfl ylu. Tuy nhifln, di cung vdi sfl phdt
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trien cua ddn tfle, nhan quyin da dUpe nhin nhan dung vdi gid tri dieh thUe cua nd va danh diu bing sU thay doi trong Hien phdp.
Khdng dimg lai S viee thay doi vi tri trong Hiin phdp, each hiln iJinh quyin eon ngfldi eung Id mflt diim nhin quan trpng trong Hien phdp sfla doi. Trong nhifng bdn Hiin phdp trUOc, nhiiu quy dinh vi quyin dUpe dien dat vdi chu t h i ban banh quyin la Nhd nUdc (Nhd nude bao bfl, Nha nfldc tao diiu kipn, Nha nfldc quy dinh, Nhd nUde cd chinh sdch,...) nbilu trflOng hpp din tdi vifle hiiu sai md'i quan bfl gifla nhan dan vd Nha nfldc. Cd nghla Id, Nha nfldc phai quy dinh thi nhan ddn mdi ed quyin.
Su biiu l i m i y da dupe xod bo trong Hiin phdp sfla doi, vdi ehu t h i cua da s i cdc quy dinh vi quyin Id cflng ddn.
Quyin eon ngflOi quay lai dung nghla eua nd Id quyin tU nhifln, nhttng quyin bim sinh khflng ai c6 t h i xdm pham dupe.
Quyin va gidi ban quyin cd t h i dflpe xem nhfl bai mat cua mflt t i m huan chuang, cung nhu Nha nfldc, nhan dan ein quyen va cung cln phai hi gidi ban quyin, bdi le, nhu ngan ngfl eua Hy Lap: summum jus, summa injuria - tfl do qua trdn sd tao ra b i t cdng. Tuy nhidn, sU gidi ban quyin con nguOi phai ed su hap 1;^ n h i t dinh, nhim khdng lam m i t tfl do eua con ngudi va diiu kidn elt ylu n h i t d i dat dupe su hop ly ay dd Id cdc diiu kifln cua siif gidi ban can phii dflpe dat ra mflt each cu thi, rd rang. Hiin phdp sda doi da lam dupe diiu nay khi dinh rd, "quyin eon ngudi, quyin cdng ddn ehi eo the bi gidi han trong trfldng hpp can thid't vi ly do qud'c phdng, an ninh quoc gia, trat tfl, an todn xa hfli, dao dfle, sfle khoe cOng
ding". Hiin phdp mOi da khic phuc thieu sdt trong Unh vflc gidi ban quyin con ngflOi, diiu md nhflng ban ffifo phdp trflde ddy chfla ldm dupe.
Hiin phdp la ludt glc. Id dao luat as ban eua moi quoc gia, mang tinh l»i cao, ehinh vi the loai van ban nay ding nghia vdi vifle sfla doi khflng h i dan gian. Cang ed sdc song lau b i n thi hi§n life cua Hiin phdp lai cang c6 silc manh. Tuy nhidn, cuflc sfl'ng ludn thay doi mpt each khdch quan, sfl thay d6i vl ca sd ha tang n h i t dinh keo theo s\l dii tbay vi kiln true tbupng ting, Hib phdp cung cln phai thay dii de phd hpp vdi sU vdn dflng cua xa hfli. Vi^
sda dii ed t h i Id eO ban hodc tflng bK&
dd'i vdi nhomg quy dinh m i t hiflu lift;
phdp ly. Id life can d i i vdi sir phdt triin eua quoc gia, khing t h i hifln quy ludt khach quan cua chu nghia Hiin phdp.
Cho dd'n nay, Hiin phdp nkm 1992 slU dii, b l sung ndm 2013 mdi di vdo cuoc sing chfla du d l ehung ta ed t h i nhin thiy nhflhg higu qua hay nhiing thdeh thfle ma b i n Hiin phdp dem lai. Nhung vdi nhflng diim mdi da ndu, ehung to ed t h i thay rd rang, b i n Hiin phdp sfla dii nam 2013 dflpe QuIc hfli thdng qua da t b i hifln quan diem dii mdi ciing nhfl quyd't tdm chinh tri cua Dang, Nhd nude ta trong vifle tiep tue xdy dflng vd hodn thifln Nhd nfldc phdp quySn XHCN, hudng tdi mflt dat nfldc Vi?t Nam "ddn gidu, nfldc manh, cflng bing, ddn ehu, vdn minh"a
Chd thich:
l.DingTharii'Xxj&n.TutUdng l^ hiintM ky XX vd sU ra ddi Hiin phdp ddu tiin d Viit Nam. Luan dn tidn sy lich sd, nam 2003.
2. Ho CM Minh. Todn Tdp. Tip 8. K NXB Chinh tri quSc gia, 2000, tr. 276.
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