Tf^P CHf KHOA HQC XA HQI S6 3(175)-2013 KHOA HOC XA H O I THE Gl(3l
ve PHU'aNG PHAP PHAN TICH KHUNG HJNH TRONG KHOA HQC XA HOI
LE MINH Tl^N T6M TAT
Phwang phdp phdn tich khung hinh (frame analysis) Id mdt trong nhQng phwang phdp nghidn e&u dpc ddo dwpfc kh&i xw&ng b&l nhd xd h0i hpe Erving Goffmpn vdo ndm 1974 Ddn nay, phwang phdp ndy dS di/pc ung dpng nhidu trong cdc ITnh vue nghidn ctjv nhw: truydn thdng, ede phong trdo xa hdi, qudn trj va td chwc, vd chlnh trj hpc.
Trong bdi vidt ndy, tdc gid trinh bdy nhQng ndt ehinh ydu trong phwong phdp phdn tich khung hinh tir nhQng khdi ni$m can bdn cho ddn cdch thCec wng dung lopi phwang phap ndy trong thu'c tidn nghidn ewu ciJa m0t sd Unh vi/c thu0c khdi khoa hpc xa h0i.
Tuy nhien de cd thd hidu sdu va Ong dpng dupc lopi phwong phdp ndy trong thue td nghidn eu'u, cd le cdn phdi cd thdm nhQng nghien cOv sdu han, chang hpn nhw cdch thwc wng dung nd trong lopi hinh nghidn cun djnh Iwpng hode lopi hlnh nghien cwu dtnh tinh thi phdi nhw thd ndo.
I.DANNHAP
Khi nghien cieu cdc cdng trinh cua nhd xa hpi hpc ngud'i My g l c Canada En/Ing Goffman (1922-1982), nguai ta ludn tim L§ IVlinh Tiln. Thac sT. Truing Dgi hoc Md Thdnh phi Ho Chl Minh,
thiy nhifng ndt d0c ddo trong ede ldp lugn, cdch nhin vd ly giai cua dng v l ede ifng xu cua eon ngud'i trong doi song xd hpi vd m|t trong nhOng edng trinh dua dng trd thdnh mpt "ly thuyet gia" cd chd difng ndng trong ngdnh xa hpi hpe dd Id tdc pham Phdn tich khung hinh: Mpt khao ludn vd td chu'C cua kinh nghidm (Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience) duge edng b l lan d i u vdo nam 1974'^\ K l tir khi ra dd'i, lli phdn tich khung hinh (Frame Analysis) cua Goffman da dugc irng dyng vd phdt tnln trong nhilu ITnh vgc nghien cipu khoa hpc xa hgi, dge bipt Id trgng ba ITnh vgc Id nghidn ciru t l chirc vd quan ly (Management and organization studies), nghien eu'u phong trdo xa hdi (Social movement studies) vd nghien cifu truyen thdng (Media studies). Bdi vilt nay la mgt trinh bdy mang tinh ting quan v l lli phdn tich khung hinh nhu mgt ggi md cho mgt lli nghien ciru md'i can dugc quan tam vd irng dyng trong bli canh nghien cifu khoa hpc xa hgi hipn nay tai Vipt Nam.
2. NGUdN G 6 C C O A P H A N TJCH KHUON K H 6
Xdt v l mgt thd'i gian, lli phan tich khung hinh xuat hipn chinh thirc vdo ndm 1974 qua cdng trinh nhu vira neu trdn cua Goffman, Tuy nhien, nhCfng y tuo'ng phan tich khung hinh da dugc dng ndi td'i trong
LE MINH TIEN - vE PHU'aNG PHAP P H A N T I C H K H U N G HINH...
nhilu eing trinh trudc d i ching hgn nhu quyln Sw thi hi$n cOa dl Tdi trong ddi sing thwdng ngiy (The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life) xuit b i n n l m 1959.
Treng cing trinh nly, Goffman d l nghiln cuu nhu-ng ky thult m l e l c t i c nhln (actor) su- dgng d l g l y i n tugng cho ngudl khlc v l chlnh minh hole v l m i t tinh huing n i o d i . Cle ky thult i y e i t h i thay bing elc
"khung hinh" (frames) m l Goffman ggi I I
"frameworks of appearances" (nhOng khung hinh t h i hign). Vdi t i c phim Binh viin tim thin (Asylum) ra ddi n l m 1961 thi Goffman b i n d i n nhu'ng khung hinh dugc ngudi khlc dOng d l d l n h g i l c l e hlnh vi, ung xu' cOa nhO-ng b|nh nhln t l m thin. K l d i n , v i e nam 1967, Goffman cing b i t i c phim Nghi thdo twang tie (Interaetion Ritual) treng d i i n g nghiln cuu cich thuc c l e t i c nhan che g i i u he|e t h i hign ve b l ngoli cOa minh, elc nghi thu'c ung xu" dugc su dgng tnj'dc ngudi khlc treng clo bull hpp, ching hgn vige mdi khach ngii duac i n g xem nhu I I m i t
"bilu hign phong thO" cua t i e nhan. D i n nlm 1971 Goffman eing b i t i c phim Cie mdi quan hi nai cdng cdng (Relations In Public) treng do i n g khae eu'u hlnh vi treng giao tilp m|t d i i m|t oOa c l nhln trong ddi sing thudng nhlt. Vdi t i c phim nly, Goffman muin trinh b i y buc tranh v l c l e qui t i e n l n (ground rules) v l d o khuin m i u hlnh vl trong ddi sing cing cgng. Qua nghiln euu cac qui t i c n l n , i n g che ring c l e khung hlnh giOp cho t i c nhln
"dge" duae nhu'ng hign thue x l y ra xung quanh treng ddi sing thudng nh|t cOa minh.
Nhu vgy t i e phim Phin tieh khung hinh nhu I I mgt s i p x l p mang tinh hg thong v l
l i i p h l n tich khung hlnh da duac b i n din trong nhO'ng nghiln eu'u trude do cua ing, tu'c nhO'ng y tudng v l l i i p h l n tich n l y d l c i tO' tnj'dc d i r i t l l u .
3. P H A N T I C H K H U N G H I N H L A Gl X l t v l mgt ljch siJ, khal nigm khung hlnh (Frame) xuit hi|n I i n d i u t i l n v i o nlm 1954 khi n h l n h l n hpc Gregory Bateson che cing b i cing trinh nghien cO'U b i n ve nhln thuc lu|n v l h l n h vi cua loai v|t, trong khi Goffman I I ngudi d i u tiln dua khli ni|m n l y v i o ITnh vue xa h i l hgc vi m i (microsociology) nhim phln tich, giai thich c i c m i i tuang t i c v l hlnh vi truyin thing trong ddi s i n g thudng ngly eua cle t i e n h l n (Hank Johnston, John A. Neakes, 2005, tr. 3).
D i n nay, m i t d l l u d l thiy d i u tiln d i la e i r i t nhilu cleh h i l u khlc nhau v l phln tich khung hinh tuy v i e llnh vue nghiln cO'U m|c do e l c n h l nghiln cO'U v i n qui chilu v i e eing trinh Phin tich khung hlnh cua Goffman Thee c i c h nhln cOa Goffman, p h l n tich khung hlnh khong quan tlm nhilu d i n t i chuc x l h i i hay c i u true xa h i i ma trude hit, no ehu trgng d i n "clu trOc v l kinh nghigm ca n h l n " (the structure of exprerience Individuals) va q u i trinh gan y nghia v l giai thich oac su klgn thudng ngly nai cac t i c nhln. Khung hlnh I I mpt cong cg giOp t i c nhln djnh vj (Iceate), nhgn thue (perceive), nhgn dign (identify) va djnh danh (label) cho v i v l n nhu'ng su kiln cg t h i xay ra trong ddi sing thudng ngay m l minh g | p phai (Goffman, 1986, tr.
21). Nhu vly, cac khung hlnh I I nhu'ng "so do gill thich" (interpretative schema), nhu'ng c i u true nhgn thO'c hudng d i n t i c nhln nh|n dign v l trinh bay hign thuc. Vdi
LE MINH TltN - ve PHLfaNG PHAP PHAN TICH KHUNG HINH...
niiCrng tac gia khae nhu Gitlin (1980) chang hgn, khung hinh Id ly thuylt ngim ban ve nhirng gi dang t i n tgi, dang didn ra, dang ed y nghTa. Chung ta djnh khung hinh cho hi^n t h g c n h i m thuang lugng vd'i hipn thye, quan ly hipn thgc, hieu hl$n thgc vd chpn Iga dugc cdch nhgn thirc va hdnh dpng thich hgp trud'c hi$n thgc. Vt t h i cde khung hinh chinh la nhCfng cira s l nh^n thifc (cognitive windowrs) d l qua dd ehung ta dge dugc cde cau ehuypn (hipn thgc) hoge khung hinh nhu Id nhung t l m bdn d l giiip ehung ta di qua dugc khu rCrng cua hipn thgc (Jenny Kitzinger, 2007, tr. 135).
Dilu can luu y Id cdc khung hinh khdng phai Id mgt san phlm dugc tgo ra mOt each ed y thirc ma chiing la san phlm dugc hinh thdnh mpt cdch vd thirc trong tiln trinh truyin thdng.
Khi ndi den phdn tich khung hinh Id ndi den vipc nha nghien ciru tim cdch thao gd' tiln trinh djnh khung hinh (framing) cua cac tdc nhan trud'c mpt sg kipn ndo do.
Chdng hgn trong ITnh vuc nghien eifu truyin thdng, cy t h i Id bao chi, ohd nghien cifu khi diing phuang phdp phdn tich khung hinh se dgt ra nhung cdu hdi nhu tgi sao nhd bao Igi k l edu ehuypn dd? Vi sao nhd bdo Igi k l cdu chuypn theo kilu nay ma khdng theo kilu khae? Lipu ed t h i cd nhung khung hinh khde cho edu chuypn do hay khdng? Lipu cd t h i neu v l n d l dd theo each khde hgy khdng? Dau Id nhiJ-ng hgu qua khi cau chuypn dugc k l theo khung iilnh ndy chir khdng phdi khung hlnh khde?, v.v.
4. MOT S 6 K H A I NI6M CHlNH TRONG PHAN T I C H KHUNG HJNH
Phdn tich khung hinh Id mpt l l i tilp cgn
"md" do dd ma d i n nay mdi ITnh vgc nghien
ciru khi dp dyng III phdn tich nay d i u c l gang san sinh ra cac khai nipm md'i. Tuy nhien khi bdn d i n loi phdn tich nay thi vdn cd nhung khai nipm can ban e l n duge ndm vOng.
Trud'c hit Id khdi nipm khung hinh sa cip (pnmary frame) Id logi khung hinh giup eho tdc nhdn gdn y nghTa cho mgt s l khia cgnh ciia hi0n thgc ma trud'c day v l n Id vd nghTa (meaningless), tire la mpt edi khung d l mdt nhdm ngud'i trong cung mgt n l n vdn hda nhin nhgn va md ta mpt thgc tgi ndo do trong dai sing Trong khung hinh sa d p thi Igi ed hai logi, dd Id khung hinh tp" nhidn (natural frame) va khung hinh xa hpi (social frame). Khung hinh t g nhien nhin ede sg kipn nhu nhCfng cdi khdng duge djnh hud'ng, khdng dugc hud'ng ddn vd bit dgng, tire thuin tuy mang tinh vgt ly vd sg thanh edng hay that bai lien quan d i n cae sg kipn l y la khdng the (^nh trud'c dugc. Chung ta cd t h i nhgn thiy cde khung hinh t g nhien trong ngdnh vdt ly hgc va sinh hgc. Khung hinh xa hOi, ngugc Igi, cung cap nhOng n l n tang d l hilu nhCfng sg kipn khde lien quan d i n y do, hanh dpng cua con ngud'i va nd duge gan k i t vd'i mOt y chi hodc mpt muc tieu ndo do vd ddi hdi mgt khd nang lam ehu v l mgt tri tup (Goffman, 1986, tr. 22). Trong dd'i sing xd hgi, cde khung sa cap du la t g nhien hay xd hgi deu danh eho tat cd mpi ngud'i chif khdng chl ddnh rieng cho nhu-ng ngud'i tham gia vao mpt sg kipn hay hogt dpng ndo dd. Khi chiing ta d l mat d i n mgt sg kipn ndo dd thi cd nghTa chiing ta dd sir dyng d i n mgt cdi khung hinh sa e l p va thud'ng la chiing ta se dua ra nhO'ng moi lien k i t giu'a sg kipn dd vd'i nhCrng sg vgt
LE M I N H T I E N - vE PHLCONG P H A P P H A N T I C H K H U N G H I N H .
trudc d l y v l nhu'ng s u kign s l tilp diln sau nly.
Thing thudng, m i l logt e l e hogt ding thudng ngly d l duge djnh khung thee mit cleh thOc d i e thu n i o d i v l khiln nhO'ng ngudi tham gla v i e elc su ki|n i y ehi chu y d i n dilu d l dugc dinh khung, nhung khing logi tru- trudng hgp I I c i m i t s i logi hogt dgng khae cung ding thdi x l y ra tgi cung dja dilm v l t i c h bl|t vdl cac hogt ding chinh. Khi t i c nhln tham gia vao elc hogt d i n g i y thi dugc ggi I I n i m ngpil khung hinh (out-ef-frame) v l hlnh vl cua nhu'ng ngudi bj bgnh t l m thin dugc xem 11 logi hlnh vi n i m ngoli khung hinh.
Mgt khai nigm trung tam khlc treng phan tich khung hlnh 11 khai nigm khda (key).
Theo Goffman thi "khia" I I khai nigm chi mit tap hap clo qui udc qui dinh mgt hogt dpng eg the nao dd ia e i y nghTa trong m i t s i khung sa c i p , nhung Igi bj nhO'ng ngudi tham gla vao hogt ding do biln chuyin thanh m i t ell gl do holn toan khlc v l q u i trinh philn Im/chuyin bien e i t h i dugc ggi la tiln trinh dinh khda (keying), ching han nhu phlp tuang d i n g trong am nhgc (Goffman, 1986, tr. 44-45). Ngoli ra cin mgt s i khli nigm khlc nu-a nhu khung hinh theo mo hlnh, khung hinh dugc e h l tao, d i va khung hinh, da dugc t i e gia Nguyin Xuan NghTa d l e|p (Nguyin X u i n NghTa, 2012, tr. 60-71).
5. LfNG DI.ING C O A P H L / O N G P H A P TRONG N G H I E N C O ' U
Bin cgnh cae nghiln cuu v l to chuc hay phong t r i e xa h i i , cac n h l nghiln cuu truyin thing cOng da thudng xuyen I p dung l i i phln tich khung hlnh v i o vigc tim hieu n i l dung cac bai vilt, eae cau ehuygn
dugc truyin tai t r l n e l c phuang ti|n truyin thing dgi ehOng nhu bae in, blo hlnh v l b l o mgng. Khli nigm khung hinh dugc dung d i n d l mo t l hign tugng la khi oOng m i t hign tuang dang xay ra, m i i nhl b l o s l c i c i c h "djnh khung hinh" thing tin (bli vilt) r i t k h l c nhau: hg s l thilt lgp cle n i l dung c i n trinh biy, nhu-ng' ngudi oin duac phing v i n , nhung c l u hoi c i n dugc h i i , ngin ngu* c i n dugc sO' dgng cOng nhu cleh thuc m d d i u , trlen khai v i k i t lugn bai blo... Nhu v | y m i i mgt eau ehuyin c i t h i c i nhilu cleh djnh khung hlnh khae nhau chu khing chi co mgt each thuc dinh khung duy nhit dOng n i o d i Ching hgn khi n i i v l e l c g i i h i trg t l i ehinh cua chinh phO che e l c doanh nghigp b i t ding san thi su d i n g tinh hay phan d i i nai mii t i n g Idp I I hoan toan khlc nhau, do do n l u n h l b l o m u i n dinh khung thee kilu phan doi thi hp se chgn phdng v i n nhung ngudi thugc t i n g Idp n l y ; nhung nlu muin dinh khung thee kilu ung h i thi lai hoi nhu-ng ngudi thuie t i n g Idp khlc.
Trong ITnh vuc truyin thing dai chljng eua Vigt Nam \iu nay, e i khing It trudng hgp cung m i l su kign, eung mit v i n d l nhung lgi dugc ele bio, dSi dua tin va binh lugn mot eieh hoin toin trii nguae nhau. Ching han clu chuyin v l sing Thi V l i : trong khi hai t i bio Thanh Nien v i S i i Gin Tiep thj n i i v l su "hoi sinh" cOa ding sing niy vdi nhii-ng hlnh anh r i t tieh cue nhu ngudl ngu dan tuei eudi vdi s i n phim ma minh dlnh bit duae trln ding sing thi ngugc lai, blo Tuoi Tre lai liin tilp c i hai b i i chdng minh ring ding sing n l y van chua h i i sinh vdi hinh anh ngudl ngu dan "meo m|t" b i n nhu'ng con eua, eon c i b i tgc.
it MINH TltN - ve PHUQNG PHAP PHAN TICH KHUNG HlNH
Nhu vgy trong phan tich khung hinh, nhd nghien ciru se phai tra Id'i cho nhCrng cdu hoi nhu: tgi sao nha bdo lgi ndi ve cau chuypn nay, tgi sao hp lgi ndi v l eau chuypn dd theo edeh nay md khdng phai la each khde? Lipu cd t h i djnh dgng cdu chuypn theo nhu-ng edeh thirc khde hay khdng? V l n d l chinh md edu ehuypn muln chuyen tai Id gi vd gi Id nhung chia khda chinh (key players) dugc ling trong cau chuypn (ngn nhdn, cac nha khoa hgc, nhu-ng ngud'i lam chinh sdch. .)? Nguon thdng tin md tdc gia cau ehuypn dga vdo de k l den tCr ddu? Hp muln k l cdu ehuypn nay eho ai nghe? Tdc dpng eua edu chuypn (dugc djnh dgng nhu thi) dugc cdng chiing ddn nhgn nhu t h i ndo nai cdng chiing va xd hpi? N l u djnh dgng eau chuypn theo kilu khde thi dpe gia, ngud'i xem hay tdc dpng cua nd d i n xa hdi se nhu the ndo, cd gilng hay khde vd'i cdch da dugc djnh dgng?...
Qk trd Id'i nhCi-ng eau hdi dd thi trong phdn tich khung hinh nhd nghien ciru se quan tdm din;
- Hinh anh duge sir dyng trong eau chuypn.
- Logi ngdn ngCr.
- Cach djnh danh vd djnh nghTa cac khai nipm.
- Nhung bang chirng, ly le trong edu ehuypn.
- Cdc lli ly gidl
- Xac djnh ngud'i, eg quan chju trach nhipm.
- Cdc gidi phdp cho v l n de duge de cgp trong eau chuypn.
- Clu triic cua bdi bdo (cdch thirc k l cdu chuypn).
- NhO'ng so sdnh va nhu'ng hdm y trong cau chuypn.
- NhCrng yeu e l u dugc dua ra.
- NhO'ng ai Id nguo-i dugc md'i gpi binh lugn, phan bipn cdu ehuypn dd.
- NhCfng "xud'ng ngdn vien" (speaker) duge dua vdo edu chuypn nhu t h i ndo.
- NhO'ng nhdm ngud'i, cdc thgc t h i cd lien quan den edu ehuypn dugc md ta nhu t h i nao.
Phdn tich khung hinh trong nghien ciru phong trdo xa hpi Igi ehu y d i n nhO'ng cdu hoi nhu: ddn chiing hieu vd gidi thich cdc van de chinh tri-xd hdi nhu t h i ndo?
Truyin thdng ly giai va trinh bdy cde sg kipn ehinh tri-xd hdi ra sao? NhCfng nguai difng d i u cae phong trdo xa hpi tgo ra vd tai tao lai cde ma vdn hda (cultural codes) nhu t h i ndo de gay anh hud'ng vai nhdm dan chiing mye tieu trud'c nhO'ng van de md phong trdo quan tam? NhO'ng phong trao doi nghich giai thich ciing nhti-ng v l n d l dd nhu t h i nao?
Nhu da ndi, day la l l i tiep cgn rlt md'i trong boi eanh nghien eiru tgi nude ta vd do dd can nhilu no luc nghien ciru d l cd the irng dyng duge lli phdn tich khung hinh trong thue tidn nghien eifu. Bai viet nay chi nhu mpt Id'i gidi thipu von cdn nhilu thilu sdt. •
C H O T H I C H
'^' Trong bdi vilt ndy, chung tdi su' dyng ban in ndm 1986 do Norhteastern University Press In hdnh.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1 Goffman, En/ing. 1986. Frame Analysis- An Essay on the Organization of Experience.
Boston: Northeastern University Press edition.
(Xem tiep trang 81}
NGUYEN HOANG DUNG - MQT CONG TRiNH NGH|£N CO'U Mi^l...
Tilp do l i mit s i cing trinh nghiln cuu v l tilng Vi|t d Nam B i trln binh di|n giae tilp xa hgi, d i la "Diu in sdng nwdc trong pfnrang ngO' Nam Bd" eua T r i n Thj Nggc Lang, cho bilt nhOng nguyin nhln lam nSy sinh c l e t u vung v l ngu' I m gipng Nam B i . Vdi cing trinh "Cich xwng hd cila ngwdi Viit d Nam Bd" cOng cOa t i c gla trln, che thiy ngudi Nam B i c i nhu'ng cich thuc si> dgng tO' ngO' rilng.
Ciing vdi vigc nghiln euu tilng Vi|t d Nam Bi, gidi hgn d miln T l y Nam B i , l i c6ng trinh nghien edu cua t i c g i l H i Xu9n Mai, vdi "Hai die diim ngdn ngO-
trong ciu hii-dip cfia ngwdi miin Tiy Nam Bd", dua ra c l e tu ngO v i c i u trOc thudng dOng trong giao tilp khiu ngO.
B i n cgnh d i , t i c gia cOng dua thlm k i t qua khao s i t v l vile dOng mit s i dgi tu xung h i treng giae tilp khiu ngO' cua ngudi miln T l y Nam B i d i I I 'Biy-miy, chj-chi, anh-hia trpng xung hd cOa ngwdi miin Tiy Nam BO".
Trln d l y 11 phin gidi thilu sa Iuae v l n i l dung ca ban cua cuin sich, t h i high m i i quan h | ch|t che giua 3 ITnh vgc v l n hia, v l n hgc v i ngin ngO' g i n vdi dia b i n Nam Bi. a
fTT^p theo trang 71) 306p. Ban dign tu tgi dja chi:
http://www.scribd.eom/doc/36584574/En/lng- Gofiinan-Frame-Analysis, truy c|p ngiy 16/2/2013.
2. Hank Johnston, John A. Noakes. 2005 Frames Of Protest: Social tviovements And Ttie Framing Perspective. Oxford: Rowman
& Llttlefleld Publishers inc.
3. Jenny Kitzinger. 2007. Framing and Frame Iviaiysis. In: Eoin Devereux. 2007. li/ledia Studies. London: SAGE Publications Inc.
4. Lemert, Charles-Ann Branaman. 1997.
"le Goffman Reader Oxford: Blackweil
Publishers Ltd.
5. Nguyen Xuin NghTa. 2012. i\4dt si chd di ca bin trong tw twdng xa hdi hpc cua En/ing Goffman: Twang tic, cin tinh vi trit tw xa hdi. Tap ehl Khoa hgc Xa hgl. S i 01(161)- 2012.
6. Jef Verhoeven. 1985. Goffman's Frame Analysis and Modem MIcrp-Socioiogieal Paradigms In: H. J. Helle and S.N. Eisenstadt.
1985. Microsocioiogicai Theory: Perspectives on Sociological Theory. London: SAGE Publications Inc & International Sociological Association.
