KHOA HOC CONG NGHE
IMO
chung tay bao ve moi tnidng bien
DI/VANTOAN
Tdng cue Biln&hai ddo Khu vUcbien ddc biet nhgy edm (Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas - PSSA) Idnhdng vung bien cdn bdo ve ddc biet vemoi trudng vd tdi nguyen. Ve phUdng dien ndy, cdc qudc gia ven bien, thdng qua Td chde Hdng hdi qudc te(IMO), dd de xudt mpt sd bien phdp nhdm hgn che quyen tudo hdnh hdi truyen thdng.
Bdi viet ndy gidi thieu nhdng hudng ddn cua IMO ve PSSA tren the gidi vd nhdng cdn cdphdp ly ciia PSSA cung nhU quan diem cua Ludt Bien 1982 (UNCLOS 82) ve vdn dendy.
Nguyen tac hudng dan eua PSSA Uy ban Bao ve mdi trudng (MEPC) eiia IMO da nghien eUu PSSA d l dap lai nghj quyet ciia Hdi nghj qudc t l ve an toan tau dau va phdng ehdng d nhiem nam 1978. Cae thao luan v l khai niem PSSA tU 1986-1991 len den dinh d i l m trong viec dp dung ede nguyen tac ve nhUng khu vUc bien dae biet [Special Areas) va nhan dang ciia vimg bien dac biet nhay cam ciia Nghj quyet Hpi ddng IMO sd A.720(17) vao nam 1991. Cac tai lieu nay tiep tuc dugc xay dung hoan thien va thdng qua Nghj quyet Hpi dong IMO sd A.885(21) (thdng qua nam 1999). Nam 2002, Nghj quyet nay dugc thay the bang Nghi quyet sd A.927(22) de cap nhat va don gian hda eac nguyen tac. Ca khu vUe bien dac biet va khu vUc bien dac biet nhay cam deu dugc quy djnh trong cac nguyen tac tUOng tU.
PSSA la mdt khu vUc can bao ve dae biet thdng qua cac hanh dpng ciia IMO, vi phai bao ve sinh thai, kinh te xa hdi hoac khoa hoe, va vi nd cd the de bi ton thuong do tac dpng ciia cae hoat dpng khai thac, van tai bien qudc te. De mpt khu vUc dupe xac dinh la mpt PSSA, nd phai dap Ung mpt trong cac tieu ehi dupe liet ke trong hudng dan ve PSSA ciia IMO.
Muc dich thU nha't eiia nhUng nguyen tae hudng dan la nham cung cap cae
hudng dan eho mpi qudc gia thanh vien IMO trong xay dUng va trinh Ung dung cdng nhan eiia PSSA; thU hai la d l ddm bdo rang tat ed eae Ipi ich dupe xem xet ky tren cP sd eae thdng tin lien quan den khoa hpe, ky thuat, kinh t l va mdi trudng; va thU ba Id d l IMO cung cap thdng tin cho viee danh gid ciia cac Ung vien PSSA.
IMO la to chUe chju trach nhiem cdng nhan cac PSSA va chap thuan nhUng bien phap ke't hpp bao ve mdi trUdng bien khu vpc nghien cUu. Mpt Ung vien PSSA can trinh cho IMO hd so va cac bien phap ke't hpp bao ve, hay sUa ddi, cd the dupc gUi bdi qudc gia thanh vien va hd so kem theo eae bien phap de xua't bao ve mdi trudng bien, bao gdm:
cac bien phap san cd trong mpt cdng cu hien cd; hoac, bien phap nao dd ehUa cu the nhung la mdt ap dung dimg chung ed san da dUpc chap nhan trong tham quyen ciia IMO; hoac, bat ky bien phap de xua't eho viec ap dung trong viing lanh hai hoac can cU vao Dieu 211(6) eiia Cdng ude ve Luat Bien (UNCLOS 82).
IMO can xem xet tUng hd so, nhCfng sUa ddi, dupe trinh nop bang mdt de nghj ciia qudc gia thanh vien ve nhUng CO sd de nhan dang khu vUc nhu la mpt PSSA va cac bien phap kem theo nham bao ve mdi trUdng bien.
SU khac nhau gida SA va PSSA
rSOXTapchi HdnghaiVietNam •/l 0/2011
' •"" " j / ' / '
Cdc hudng dan ehi ra sU khae nhau giUa hai khdi niem cho viec bdo ve cdc vung biln. SA la mdt trong nhUng khu vUe ddc biet theo quy dinh ciia Cdng Ude MARPOL, edn PSSA khdng quy djnh trong bat ky edng Ude ndo ciia IMO. Vay, cdu hdi dat ra la tai sao eae qudc gia de nghj edng nhdn vung PSSA n l u nhu da ed nhufng bien phap bdo ve cua cdng Ude IMO, chang han nhu cac khu vue b i l n dae biet (MARPOL) hoac cac bien phap hanh hai dac biet (Special Navigational Measures - SOLAS va COLREG).
Vay dieu gl la sU khdc biet giUa SA va PSSA?
Thd nhdt, SA dugc t h i l t k l cho viing b i l n kfn va nUa kfn ed quy dinh trUde cho thai hdi dau. Tuy nhien, PSSA ed the la bat eU noi nao trong vung bien. Cae hudng dan khdng thai dau mieu td cu the ma mdt phan dien tieh nUde biln ed t h i dupe bao gdm trong PSSA. DUdng nhu bat cU phan nao cua vung biln nhU vung lanh hdi, vung dae quyln kinh te (EEZ) hoac thdm chf eo bien dupe sir dung eho hang hdi qudc t l cd t h i nam trong PSSA.
Thuf hai, ddi vdi mdt SA, mdt trong cac tieu ehi eiia moi loai thude hUdng dan phdi dupe chap nhdn. Cae tieu chi phai dupc chap nhan cho mpt khu vUc SA bao gdm: dieu kien hai dUOng hpe, dieu kien sinh thai va dae tinh tuyen giao thdng. Trong khi do, de dugc xac dinh la mpt PSSA, khu vUc chi phai dap Ung mdt trong nhUng tieu ehi eua bp nguyen tac hUdng dan (guidelines): Cac tieu chi dupe dinh nghTa la sinh thai;
xa hdi, van hda va kinh te; hoac khoa hpc va giao due. Ngoai ra, de dap Ung it nha't mpt trong cac tieu chuan ma vimg cd nguy cP tU cac hoat ddng hang hai qudc te, phai xem xet cac yeu td sau day: tinh chat tuyen giao thdng, ye'u to t u nhien. Nhu vay, dieu kien de cdng nhan ciia SA ed nhieu han che hon so vdi eae dieu kien eho PSSA.
Thdba, cac qudc gia cd the de xuat bien phap bao ve SA chi danh cho nhUng ly do ciia edng tae phdng ehdng d nhiem bien theo Cdng Ude MARPOL 73/78/88. Cac Phu luc I (dau md), II (chat Idng ddc hai), IV (nudc thai) va V (rac thai) ciia MARPOL quy djnh tieu chuan xa dac
K H O A HOC C O N G NGHE biet dp dung trong cdc SA do IMO quy
dinh. Cac bien phdp dd cd t h i dupe thUe hien tai nhufng vung ddc biet dupe thiet lap bdi cdng cu hien cd. Mdt qudc gia cd the de xuat cdc bien phdp bdo ve PSSA, cd t h i bao gdm bat ky bien phap san ed trong mdt cdng cu hien cd, hoac bat ky bien phap nao chUa dp dung nhung ma san cd nhu la mdt bien phap dp dung chung thupc tham quyln cua IMO.
Mot trong cac tieu chuan de dUde edng nhan la PSSA
77eu ehudn sinh thdi: ddc nhat hode hilm cd; noi eU ngu ddc biet, tfnh phu thude lan nhau cao (san hd, rUng ngap man, thdm ed bien,...), hay (ca, chim, bd sat, loai cd vu, than mlm...); tinh dai dien v l da dang sinh hpc, hay he sinh thai, hay qud trinh dien t h i sinh ly va sinh thai, edng ddng va dang noi cU ngu, eae tinh chat tU nhien khde; da dang loai, da dang he sinh thdi, da dang noi cU ngu, da dang cdng ddng; sUc sdn xuat sinh hpc (front, nude trdi,...); noi tru ngu sinh dk triing; tfnh chat tU nhien eiia khu vUe, eiia vung; tfnh todn ven; tfnh mdng manh; tam quan trpng phan bd dja sinh hpc.
Tiiu ehudn kinh ti-xd hgi-vdn hda: sU phu thudc kinh te va xa hdi (chat lUpng mdi trudng, sdn pham tai nguyen b i l n (danh bat ed, ngh? dudng, du ljch); tfnh phu thudc nhan vdn ciia dan eU vdo a'm thue, vdn hda bdn dja; di sdn vdn hda (di sdn ljch sir va dja chat).
Tiiu chuan khoa hgc vd gido due:
khdng gian; eo sd eho quan trac tong hpp ve ed t h i va mdi trUdng sinh hpc trong d i l u kien chuan va gan chuan;
gido due (nhUng hien tupng thien nhien dac biet). Ddng thdi, phdi xac djnh la cac hoat dpng hang hdi, dac biet la hang hdi quoc t l , cd khd nang gay ton hai tdi mdi trudng ciia vung bien nay Cdc thiet hai ve mdi trUdng do hoat dpng thudng ngay ciia tau thuyen (nhU tieng dn, xd nude thdi, nUde dan tdu...) hode do sU cd (nhu tran dau, tran hda chat ddc hai) se gay ra nhUng ton thuong Idn v l mdi trudng tU nhien vd keo theo dd la cdc tdn that ve kinh te, xd hdi, vdn hda, du lich.
Cdc PSSA se dupe thdng bdo, pho bien rdng rdi tren nhOng hudng dan ciia cdc bdn tin IMO, d i n cdc quoc gia
thdnh vien IMO, cdc qudc gia cd tau biln, cdc edng ddng hang hdi. Qudc gia cd PSSA t h i hien sU cdng nhan qudc te ve tuan thii luat phap hang hdi qudc t l cung nhu edng nhan chu quyen lanh hdi, chinh vl vdy nhieu qudc gia cd biln mudn t h i l t lap eho minh ede PSSA.
Ddng thdi day cung la cdng cu bao tdn ede gia trj tai nguyen bien song song vdi he thdng cac khu bao tdn biln, khu dU trUsinh quyln, di sdn thien nhien, cdng vien dai duong.
Hien trang phan bd cac PSSA tren the gidi
Bat dau tU nam 1990, IMO da thUa nhan va cdng nhan mdt sd PSSA. Den nay sd lupng PSSA da dupe IMO thdng qua la 12 (tU nam 1990 d i n nam 2007):
Bai da ngam san hd Idn d Australia (1990); quan ddo Sabana-Camaguey d Cuba (1997); vung biln Florida, My (2002); vung biln quanh ddo Malpelo, Colombia (2002); biln Wadden thude 3 nude Dan Maeh, DUe, Ha Lan (2002); Khu bdo tdn qudc gia Paracas, Pe-ru (2003);
vung nude biln Tay Au (2004); vung md rdng bai da ngam san hd Australia (gdm ed eo biln Torres) (Australia va Papua New Guinea) (2005); quan ddo Canary, Tay Ban Nha (2005); cdc quan ddo Galapagos, Ecuador (2005); khu vuc bien Baltic, Dan Maeh, Estonia, Phan Lan, DUc, Latvia, Lithuania, Ba Lan va Thuy D i i n (2005); Cdng vien qudc gia b i l n Papahanaumokuakea, Hawaii, My (2007).
Cd 7 PSSA thudc mdt qudc gia, 5 PSSA cua hai hay nhieu qudc gia; cd 6 vung biln xung quanh hdi ddo, 1 eo biln. Dae biet cd vung ven bd rat rdng Idn nhu vung biln Tdy Au va ven bd Baltic. Hau h i t cdc vung dd d i u bj dnh hudng bdi cae hoat ddng hang hai qudc t l , nguy eo d nhiem dau cao.
Chi t i l t so do phan bd mdt vung PSSA gdm 3 vimg: vung Idi - cam hdnh hdi, vung dem - vung han c h i hanh hdi (cd bdo edo, hoa tieu) va vung eho phep hanh hdi vdi ranh gidi cdc vung eu the.
Phuong phdp t i l p can PSSA la phUdng phdp mdi xac djnh eac vung b i l n ddc biet nhay cdm ed tfnh d i n tde ddng cua hoat ddng hang hdi tren biln ddi vdi vung ven biln va hdi ddo Viet Nam, bdi vi vung b i l n Ddng la tuyin
hang hdi qudc t l rat sdi ddng, sd lUpng tau chd dau di qua bien Ddng chiem den 50% sd tau ehd dau tren the gidi.
Vdi su phdt triln kinh te khu vUc Ddng Bac A, dan d i n sU gia tang tieu thu ve dau md va sd lupng tau dau di qua khu vUe biln Ddng tang eao, dan d i n nguy CO d nhiem dau la rat Idn. Dd xdy ra kha nhieu sU cd tran dau tU cdc hoat ddng hang hdi qudc te gay anh hudng tieu cue d i n mdi trudng cdc vung ven bien, hai ddo Viet Nam.
Mdt sd vung bien Viet Nam ed t h i la PSSA nhu eac khu di sdn thien nhien t h i gidi, khu dUtrUsinh quyen biln, khu dat ngap nude RAMSAR ven bien, khu bdo tdn biln Viet Nam, cae vudn qudc gia biln, hdi ddo, vjnh biln dep.
Viet Nam can thanh lap mdt mang ludi ede PSSA rieng nhU eac khu ven bien vjnh Bac Bd, vjnh Thdi Lan, Trung Bd va cae vung ngoai khoi quan ddo Hoang Sa, TrUdng Sa. Chung ta ed t h i hpp tae vdi cdc qudc gia khde trong viec xdy dUng ede PSSA de trinh len IMO - Day cung Id mdt phuong dn de khang djnh va bdo ve chii quyen b i l n ddo eiia Viet Nam J *
Tap huan v l phdng ngifa vd ulhg phd vdi bien ddi khi hau, nUdc bien dang tai cdc vCing ddn cU ven biln phia Nam
Muc dfeh chfnh eOa Hdi thdo la trang bj nhufng kien thUe co bdn ve BDKH, nude biln dang; npi dung, phuong phdp tuyen truyin, van ddng eho cdn bd lanh dao vd chuy#n vien true tiep phu trdch edng tde tuyen truyen; van ddng, to ehUe cho nhan dan gidm sdt nhiem vu bdo v§
mdi trudng ciia Oy ban MTTQ Viet Nam eac tinh, thanh phd cung nhU dja phuong cd dU kien xdy dUng md hinh diem trong nam 2012.
Hpi thdo gidi thieu 3 chuyen de:
Thay doi nhdn thUe, Ung phd vdi BDKH, thue trang va gidi phdp ciia Chfnh phU va qudc te, k i t qud budc dau tai Viet Nam; thUc trang mdt sd vung ven bien lien quan d i n BDKH, nude biln dang vd yeu cdu phdt trien ben vUng ciia vung Ddng bdng sdng CiTu Long; MTTQ Vi§t Nam vdi cdng tde tuyen truyen, van dpng nhdn ddn phdng ngUa vd Ung phd vdi BDKH, nUdc biln ddng.
Tapchf H d n g h a i V i e t N a m • 1 0 / 2 0 1 1 - 5 1
