HOUNG IJING THANG CAO DIEM TUYEN TRUYEN. PHO BIEN PHAP LUAT BIEN
NHONG KHAI NIEM CO BAN VE LUAT BIEN QUOC TE vA CONG LfCJC CUA LIEN HOP QU6C VE LUAT BIEN 1982
Theo Cdng udc Lien hdp qudc 1982, phqm vi vung bien cua Viet Nam dUdc md rpng tit vdi chuc nghin km' len den gdn mpt triSu km'. Nudc Viet Nam khdng con thudn tuy c6 hinh dqng hinh cha 'S"niia md mci rpng ra hudng bien, khdng chi CO bien gidi bien chung vdi Trung Qudc, Campuehia md cd vdi hdu het cdc nudc trong khu vuc Dong Nam A nhu Philippin, Malaixia, Inddnexia, Thai Lan.
Khai niem phap luat q u o c te ve bien Khdng gian ma con ngudi sinh sdng tren Trai Ddt chu ye'u gdm ba phan: dat, bien, trdi.
Lanh thd qude gia tren dat lien bao gdm dat lien, dao, sdng, sud'i, hd ndi dja, vung trdi phfa tren va Idng da't ben dudi nam trong pham vi eae dUdng bien gidi qude gia, xae dinh qua thyc te quan ly hay dieu udc qude te. Dudng bien gidi tren da't lien ve ca ban dupe coi la ben vii'ng va bat kha xam pham, mae du tren thyc te van dang ludn ludn dien ra cac loai tranh chap va cd s y bien ddng dudng bien gidi giua nhidu qudc gia,
Gidi han ve dp cao ciia viJng trdi thupe lanh thd qudc gia cung nhU dp sau cCia Idng dat ben dudi tuy khdng dupe xae dinh ro ret chinh xae bao nhieu eay s d nhung vdi kha nang ky thuat eua nhan loai hien nay, moi qude gia hoan toan cd the thuc hien chu quyen eOa minh trong nhiing pham vi nhdt dinh tdi gidi han td'i da la vanh dai khi quyen nam dudi quy dao dia tTnh va tdi dp sdu cho phep thude be ddy cCia vd Trai Da't d ben dudi phan lanh tho ciia minh.
Rieng vdi vijng bien, trong thdi gian gan ddy cd rat nhieu sU thay doi ve chdt ddi vdi pham vi vd che dp phap ly ciia eac vung bien thupe mpt nudc ven bien eung nhu viJng bien thupe ve dai duong cung nhu phan day va
Idng dat dudi day dai duong khdng thudc bat ky mdt qud'e gia ndo. Tuy nhien, bien van cdn tdn tai mdt nguyen tac ea ban ciia Luat bien.
dd la cd da't (bd bien) mdi ed bien. Cd the thay cac thay doi va phat trien ciia Luat b i l n dien ra theo mdt tie'n trinh ba bUde ea ban sau:
- TCr xa xua cho den tan glu'a thd k j XX, cac nudc ven bien ehi ed vung bien hep (lanh hai) thude chii quyen rpng 3 hai ly (moi hai ly bang 1.852 m), Phia ngodi ranh gidi lanh hai 3 hai ly deu la bien cdng, b dd mpi ea nhan, td ehOc, tau thuyen cOa moi nudc dupe hudng quyen t y do bien ea. Hau nhu khdng al chia bien vdi ai ca, dudng bien gidi bidn trong lanh hai giya cac nudc thudng dupc hinh thanh va tdn trpng theo tap quan.
- T y nam 1958 den nam 1994, cae nudc ven bien cd lanh hai va vung tiep giap lanh hai rdng khdng qua 12 hai ly, ed vung them lye dia trai dai dudi b i l n ra khdng qua dp sau 200 m nudc (theo eae cdng udc cCia Lien Hpp qud'c ve Luat bidn nam 1958). Cac nUdc lang gleng, kd can hay ddi dien nhau, can cO vao luat, t u minh quy djnh pham vi hoae ranh gidi vung bien qudc gia, dan de'n hau quS ed sy chdng lan va tranh chap ve bien. Luat bien qude te luc dd quy djnh cac nude ed vung chdng lan phai cung nhau giai quydt vach dudng bien gidi bien (bao gdm bien gidi bien
CIVHC - SO 9 / 2 0 1 4
trong lanh hai, ranh gidi bien ti-ong vung tiep giap va them luc dja) trong viing chdng lan, Nguydn tde hoaeh djnh bien gidi bien lue dd Id qua thuong lupng tren co sd phap luat qudc td va thudng ap dung nguyen tac dudng trung tuyen.
- TU nam 1994 den nay, Cdng ude eiia Lien Hop qudc ve Luat bien mdi dupe cdc nudc ky ke't vao nam 1982 (Cdng udc 1982), phe chuan ngay 16/11/1994 va bat dau cd hieu lUc phap luat qud'c td, NUdc ta phe chudn Cdng udc 1982 vao nam 1994. Theo | Cdng udc nay, mdt nude ven bien cd nam vung bien: ndi thiiy, lanh hai, vung tidp giap lanh hai, viing dae quyen kinh td, vung them lye dja. Vdi s u ra ddi ciia Cdng Udc 1982, trdn thd gidi eac nude se phai cCing nhau vach khoang 412 dUdng ranh gidi mdl tren b i l n .
Nhu vay, theo Cdng Udc 1982, pham vi vung bidn eua nude ta dupc md rpng mdt each dang kd. t y vai chyc nghin km^ len den gan mpt trieu km^ vdi nam vung bien ed pham vi va che dp phap ly khae nhau. NUdc Viet Nam khdng cdn thuan tuy ed hinh dang hinh chy
"S" nSa md md rpng ra hudng bien. khdng ehi cd bien gidi bien ehung vdi Trung Qud'e, Campuehia ma ea vdi hau het eae nude trong khu vyc Ddng Nam A nhu Philippin, Malaixia, Inddnexia, Thai Lan.
Ndi thOy. La vung bien nam d phia trong ciia dudng cd sd de tinh chidu rdng lanh hai.
Vung nUdc thudc npi thiiy cd che dp phap ly nhu lanh thd tren dat lien.
Lanh h^i: La vung bien cd chieu rdng 12 hai ly tinh t y dudng cd sd, cd ehe dp phap ly tuang t y n h u lanh thd dat lien. Ranh gidi ngoai eua lanh hai la bidn gidi qudc gia tren bien.
Trong lanh hai, tau thuyen eCia eae quoc gia khae dupe hudng quyen qua lai khdng gay hai va thudng di theo tuyen phan ludng giao thdng bidn ciia nUdc ven bidn.
Vung tiep giap: Id vung bien rpng 12 hai ly tidp giap va tfnh t y ranh gidi ngoai ciia^lanh hai. Trong vung tiep giap, nUdc ven bien cd quyen quy djnh bien phap ngan ngya va tryng tri cac hanh vi vi pham ddi vdi luat le ve nhap
eu, thue khda, y te xay ra trong lanh thd hay lanh hai cDa minh.
Vung ddc quyen kinh tS: La vung bien rpng 200 hai ly tfnh tO dudng ea sd (ta/ lanh hal thi chieu rdng la 188 hai ly). Trong viing bien nay, nude ven bien cd quyen chu quyen dd'i vdi mpi loai tdi nguyen thien nhien va eac hoat ddng kinh te nham khai thac, si!r dyng eae tai nguyen thien nhien dd, cd quyen tai phan doi vdi cae hoat dpng nghien cOu khoa hpc, bao ve mdl trudng bidn, xay dung va lap dat eae edng trinh va thiet bj nhSn tao. Cac nudc khae cd quyen t y do bay, t u do hdng hai, dat day cap va dng dan ngam.
Them luc dia: La vung day va Idng dat day bien nam ben ngodi lanh hai cua nUdc ven bien tren phan keo dai t u nhien cCia lanh thd dat lien ra den bd ngoai cOa ria luc dja, hoae tdi gidi han 200 hal ly tinh tO dudng ed sd lanh hai khi bd ngodi cua ria lue dia d khoang each gan hon. Tuy nhien, be rdng tdi da ciia them lye dia tfnh theo bd ngoai cOa ria luc dja dii the nao eung khdng dupe vupt qua gidi han 350 hai ly tfnh t d dudng co sd lanh hai. hoae khdng qua 100 hai ly ben ngoai dUdng d i n g sdu 2,500 m. Ddi vdi them lue dia, nude ven bien ed quyen chu quyen va quyen tai phan quoc gia tUdng tU nhu trong vung dae quyen kinh td. Tuy nhien, quydn chii quyen cua nudc ven bien tren them luc dia la dUdng nhien, khdng
CIVHC • SO 9 / 2 0 1 4
phy Uiudc vao viec cd tuyen bd hay khdng.
Nguon ciia Luat bien quo'c te'
Ngudn lieh sijf: Van kien phan chia bien dau tidn la Sdc chi "Inter Coetera" eiia Giao hoang Alexandre VI ngdy 04/5/1493. Dudng chia cua Giao hoang each phia Tay ciia dao Vert 100 lien (mpt lien tUOng dUong 182 m), phan dai dUdng thdnh hai khu vyc anh hudng cho hai nude Tay Ban Nha va Bd Dao Nha.
Thye chdt dd la dudng phan chia khu vyc truyen dao cDa hai qudc gia ndy ma da nhanh chdng chuydn thanh khu vuc anh hudng cCia hp.
Nam 1609, Hugo Grotius vidt cudn "Mare Liberum" di bidn minh eho eae quyen tU do trdn bidn. TU tudng nay dupe eae qude gia tU ban mdi hoan nghenh vi nd tao sOc canh tranh vdi sy phan chia tren, tao dieu kien eho eae qud'e gia hang hai khae nhU Hd Lan, Anh.,. phat trien. Nam 1635, luat gia ngudi Anh - John Selden dap lai bang cudn saeh
"Mare Clausum", k h i n g djnh quyen cCia vua anh thuc hien chii quydn tren eac vung bien bao quanh nude Anh. Tuy nhien, nguyen tac t u do tren bien da thang the.
Nguon hien dai: Cd bdn hpi nghi qudc te dagc coi la ngudn ciia luat bidn hien dai.
- Hpi nghi phap dien hoa luat qudc te La Haye 1930 dat dupe hai thang Ipi: cdng nhan eae qude gia cd mdt lanh hai rdng ft nhat ba hai ly va mpt viing tiep giap lanh hai.
- Hpi nghj Lan thd nhat cua Lien Hop qudc ve Luat bien nam 1958 tai Gionevo da eho ra ddi bdn edng udc:
- Cdng udc ve lanh hai va vung tidp giap lanh hai (cd hidu lye t y ngdy 10/9/1964, 48 qudc gia la thdnh vien);
- Cdng ude ve bien ca (ed hieu lye tO ngay 30/9/1962, 59 qud'e gia \a thanh vien);
- Cdng ude ve danh ca va bao ton cae tai nguyen sinh vat ciia b i l n ca (cd hieu luc tti ngdy 20/3/1966, 36 qudc gia la thanh vidn);
- Cdng udc ve them lye dja (cd hieu lUc tU ngay 10/6/1964, 54 qude gia la thanh vien).
Cac cdng udc ndy da phap d i l n hoa rdt nhieu eae nguyen tde tap quan vd da dua ra nhieu khai niem mdi (nhu them luc dja). Nhung edng udc nay that bai trong viec thdng nhat be rpng lanh hai (cae qudc gia yeu saeh tdi nam ioal
be rdng lanh hai khao nhau) va trong viec xae dinh ranh gidi cQa them luc dia.
- Hpi nghj Lan thO hai cDa Lidn Hpp qudc ve Luat bien nam 1960 tai Gionevd ve be rdng lanh hai. Hdi nghj ndy khdng dUa ra dupe mpt ket qua kha quan nao.
- Hdi nghj Lan t h d ba ci!ia Lidn Hpp qudc ve Luat bien, hpp t y nam 1974 ddn nam 1982, phan anh budc phat trien tien bd mdi cOa Luat bidn vd da lam thay ddi cd ban trat t y phdp ly eiJ ve bien. Cdng ddng qudc td da thda nhan mpt nguyen tac mdi do Oai s y Malta dUa ra tai phien hpp thO 22 Dai hdi ddng Lien Hpp qudc ngdy 17/8/1967, coi vung b i l n ndm ngodi vung tai phan qude gia la di san ehung cOa nhan loai. Kenya da dUa ra sang kien thanh lap vCing dac quyen kinh te rpng 200 hai ly.
Mpt loat cac quy pham mdi dUdc bd sung vao d u thao edng udc, Sau chin nam dam phan gay go qua 11 khoa hpp, dU th^o edng ude da dupe thdng qua vdi 130 phieu. VSn ban cudi cung dupe ky ket tai Montego - Bay ngdy 10/12/1982 bdi 117 qude gia va thue the, trong do cd Viet Nam. Vdi 320 dieu khoan. 17 phan va 9 phy lye. Cdng Udc nay thue s u la mpt ban hien phap mdi ve b i l n cua cdng ddng quoc t d . My va s d ddng cac nude edng nghiep phat trien. trO Phap, khdng ky kdt va phan ddi Phan XI eCia Cdng ude ve ehe dp quan ly va khai thae ddi vdi khu vuc day dai duong dupe coi Id tai san ehung eiia nhan loai, dae biet la the thdc dieu hanh c i a Co quan quyen lue Day dai duang. Cdng udc cd hidu lue tU ngay 16/11/1994. De Cdng Udc thue s u cd tinh phd thdng, tao dieu kien eho eae cudng qude tham gia, theo sang kidn cija Tdng ThU ky Lien Hdp qudc mot thoa thuan mdi da duae ky ket vao ngay 29/7/1994 cho phep thay ddi npi dung Phan XI cua Cdng ude. Ddn nay Cdng Udc da dUpc han 130 nude phe ehuan.
Cd the hinh dung che dp phap ly ve cac vung bien theo luat b i l n mdi gom hai khu vyc: (a) Cac vijng b i l n thudc chO quyen va quyen tdi phan cCia qudc gia ven b i l n nam tiep giap vdi lanh thd cac qudc gia ven bien;
va (b) Khu vue theo che dp phap ty bien ca, trong dd quyen khai thae tai nguyen phi sinh vat dupc dat dudi quyen quan ly eiia Co quan
CIVHC - S6 9/2014
quyen lye Day dai duang vd eae nUde dUpc hudng quyen t y do bien ea.
C h d do phap ly cija cac vCing bien tiep giap lanh tho quo'c gia v e n bi@^n
a. Vung nude noi thOy
Vung nude npi thiiy la vung nude ndm phia ben trong cOa dudng co sd dung de tinh chieu rpng lanh hai, tai do qudc gia ven bidn thyc hidn chii quyen hoan todn, tuyet ddi va day du nhu tren lanh thd dat lien. Tuy nhien, chu quyen cua qudc gia ven bien ddi vdi ndi thuy van cd sU khae biet so vdi ehu quyen tren lanh thd da't lien, vi qud'e gia ven bien thuc hien quyen luc ciia minh tren vung nude npi thdy khdng phai ddi vdi cac ca nhan md la ddi vdi tdu thuyen - cdng ddng ed td chOc va dap Ong eae quy tac rieng bieL
Viing nUde ndi thuy bao gdm: cdc viing nude cang b i l n , eae vung tdu, cOa sdng, cac vjnh, cac viing nude nam gida lanh thd da't lien va dudng co sd dCing d l tfnh chieu rpng lanh hai.
Cac vdn de can ehu y trong vung nude npi thiiy:
- Quyen dupe t u do thdng thuang eOa tau thuyen thuong mai vao cde cang bien qude td va cac quy dinh ddi vdi tau thuydn nudc ngoai;
- Thdm quyen tai phan dan sy;
- Tham quyen tai phan hinh sy.
b. Lanh hai
Lanh hai la vung bidn rpng 12 hai ly tfnh t y dudng CO sd lanh hai ciia nUdc ven bien.
Trong lanh hai cd nam npi dung can chu y:
- Ban chat phap ly eua lanh hai;
- Chieu rpng lanh hai;
- Dudng cO sd dung di tinh chieu rdng lanh hai;
- Quyen di qua khdng gay hai;
- Vdn de phan djnh lanh hai
Ban chat phdp ly: Thuat ngu" lanh hai la s y ket hpp thanh cdng giii'a hai tti lanh thd vd b i l n . Lanh hai la mpt viing bien dem giOa mdt bdn la lanh thd do qudc gia ven b i l n thye hien chii quyen hoan toan vd day dii, ngoai trO quyen "di qua khdng gay hai" eiia tau thuyen nyde ngoai theo nguyen tac t y do hang hai.
Luat bien coi lanh hai nhU mpt l a n h tho chim", mpt bd phan hufu cd cua lanh tho qudc
gia, trdn dd qudc gia ven b i l n thye hien tham quyen rieng biet ve phdng thO qude gia, ve canh sat, thud quan, danh ca, khai thac tai nguydn thien nhien, dau tranh chdng d nhiem, nhu qude gia dd tie'n hanh tren lanh thd eua minh. Dieu 2 eua Cdng Ude GionevO nam 1958 ve lanh hai vd viing tidp giap, cung nhu Dieu 2 Cdng ude nam 1982 cCia Lien Hpp qude ve Luat bien ghi rd: "Chii quyen ci}a qude gia ven bien dagc md rdng ra ngoai lanh thdva npi thiiy eiia minh,... ddn mpt vung bien tidp lien, gpi Id lanh hai". Tuy nhien, viec ddng hda lanh hai thanh lanh thd khdng phai Id tuyet ddi, ChCi quyen danh cho qudc gia ven bidn tren lanh hai khdng phai la tuyet ddi nhu tren cdc vung nUdc npi thOy, do s y thOa nhan quyen di qua khdng gay hai cua tau thuyen nude ngoai trong lanh hai.
Chieu rpng lanh hai: Hai hpi nghi dau tien eiia Lien Hop qudc ve Luat bidn da that bai trong vide thd'ng nhat hoa chieu rpng lanh hal.
Trudc khi cd Cdng Ude Luat bien nam 1982, tap quan ehung ap dyng chieu rdng lanh hai la ba hai ly. Sau nay, Oieu 3 Cdng Udc Lien Hop qudc ve Luat bidn nam 1982 da thdng nhat rang, quoe gia ven bien cd quyen an dinh chieu rpng lanh hai khdng vUpt qua 12 hai ly tfnh t u dudng ea sd dung de tfnh chieu rpng lanh hai. Tdi nam 1994 da cd 116 nUde tuyen bd lanh hai rpng 12 hai ly.
Dudng cd sd dung de tfnh chieu rdng lanh hai: Viec xae djnh be rdng thue te va ranh gidi ngoai cua lanh hai phy thudc vao viec vach dudng CO sd dung de tinh chieu rpng lanh hai.
Thdng thudng, dudng cd sd dd tinh chieu rpng lanh hai dupe can theo ngan nude thiiy trieu thdp nhat. Cac dao each ven bd ed t h i dupe chpn ldm diem cO sd de vach dudng ea sd lanh hai. Dudng co sd lanh hai la ranh gidi trong cua lanh hai.
Cdng Udc Lien Hpp qude ve Luat bien nam 1982 quy djnh, dUdng cd sd thdng thudng dung de tinh chieu rpng lanh hai Id ngan nude trieu tha'p nhat dpc theo bd b i l n . Cdng udc cung dua ra ba dieu kien de ap dung phUdng phap dudng cd sd t h i n g , dd la: d nhOng noi bd b i l n khOc khuyu. bj khoet sau Vd Idi Idm; b nhCmg nai cd mdt ehuoi dao chay qua; d nhiing noi ed cac dieu kien thien nhien dac biet gay ra sU khdng dn djnh ciia bd b i l n nhu
CIVHC - SO 9 / 2 0 1 4
sU hidn didn ciia cac chau tho. Nhung dudng ca sd t h i n g vach ra nay phai di theo xu hudng ehung eua bd bien va khdng dupe each xa bd.
Nhu vay, ranh gidi ngodi cfla lanh hai Id dudng ehay song song vdi dUdng ea sd vd each deu dudng co sd mdt khoang cdch td'i da la J2 hai ly. Ranh gidi ngoai ciia ldnh hai dugc
"cdTla dudng bien gidi qudc gia tren bien.
Quyen di qua khong gay hai: La mdt nguyen tae tap quan ciia luat qudc te, dagc thUa nhan bang thUc tien eua eae qudc gia.
Cong Udc Gionevo 1958 da phap dien hoa quyen di qua khdng gay hai trong lanh hai cCia qud'e gia ven bien cho tau thuyen nude ngoai.
Cdng ude cung gian tidp edng nhan quyen di qua khdng gay hai eho tau thuyen quan su nude ngoai, vi nd cd dieu khoan eho phep qude gia ven bien dupe yeu cau tdu thuyen quan s y nudc ngodi rdi khoi lanh hai eiia mlnh trong trudng hpp eae tau nay vi pham luat Id eiia qud'e gia ven bien. Cdng udc Lien Hpp qud'c ve Luat bidn nam 1982 chl nhac lai npi dung nay. Oieu 30 eiia Cdng udc quy djnh rang, ndu mdt tau ehien khdng tdn trpng eae luat va quy djnh eiia qudc gia ven bien ed lien quan ddn viee di qua trong lanh hai va bat chap yeu cau phai tuan thu cac luat va quy djnh do da dupe thdng bao eho hp, thi qud'c gia ven bien cd the ydu cau chide tau do rdi khdi lanh hai ngay lap tOc. Tdu ngam thue hien quyen di qua khdng gay hai phai di b trang thai noi va phai treo ed qud'e tieh.
NghTa eua thuat ngy "di qua": Oi qua lanh hai ed nghTa vd bao gdm ea vide di qua lanh hai ma khdng vao npi thuy, hoSe di qua lanh hai dd vao npi thQy hoae cang va rdi npi thuy ra bien. Cdng ude Luat bien nam 1982, Dieu 18 khoan 2 bo sung them viee di qua phai la lien tue va nhanh chdng. Tuy nhien, viec di qua cd t h i bao gdm ea vide dUng lai vi tha neo, trong trudng hpp gap nhung sU cd thdng thudng vd hang hai hoae vl mpt trudng hop bat kha khang hay mac nan hoae vi mye dich eOu giup ngudi, tau thuyen hay phuang tien bay dang lam nguy hoae mac nan.
NghTa cua thuat ngO "di qua khdng gay hai";
" C a e loai tau thuyen nude ngoai dupc quyen di qua lanh hai cOa qude gia ven b i i n ma khdng can phai xin phep trudc.
^
" Vide di qua nay Id hanh trinh lidn tyc va khdng gay hai, khdng xam pham tdi chii quyen, an ninh, lpi fch cua qudc gia ven bidn, Theo Dieu 19 Cdng Udc Luat bidn nam 1982, tau thuyen nUde ngoai khi thUc hien quyen di qua khdng gay hai trong lanh hai khdng dupe tidn hdnh mpt hoae bdt ky hoat dpng nao sau day:
- De dpa hoae dung vu luc chdng lai ehCi quyen, toan ven lanh thd hoae ddc lap chinh trj eua qud'e gia ven bidn hay dung mpi each khae trai vdi cac nguyen tac eua luat phap qud'e td da dagc neu trong Hien chuong Lien Hpp qudc;
- Luyen tap hocic didn tap vdi bat ky kieu loai vu khf nao;
- Thu thap tin tyc tinh bao gay thiet hai cho qudc phong hay an ninh ciia qude gia ven bien;
- Tuyen tmyen nham lam hai den qude phdng hay an ninh eiia qud'e gia ven bien;
- Phdng di, tiep nhan hay xep Idn tau eac phUdng tien bay;
- Phdng di, tiep nhan hay xdp len tau cac phuang tien quan sy;
- Xdp hoae dd hdng hoa, tien bae hay dua ngudi len xudng tdu trai vdi cac luat vd quy dinh ve hai quan, tiiud khoa. y te hoae nhap c u c u a qude gia ven bien;
- Gay d nhiem c d y va nghiem trpng, vi pham Cdng Ude;
- D a n h bat hai san;
- Nghien eOu hay do dae;
- Lam rdi loan hoat dpng ciia mpi hd thong giao thdng lien lac hoae mpi trang thiet bj hay cdng trinh khae ciia qud'e gia ven bien:
- Mpi hoat dpng khae khdng tryc tidp quan he den vide di qua.
Ngoai ra, qudc gia ven bidn ed quyen an
^ n h eae tuyen dudng, quy (^nh vide phan ehia cae ludng giao thdng danh cho tau thuyen nude ngoai di qua lanh hai cOa minh (Dieu 2 1 , 22 cua Cdng Ude).
Tdu thuyen nudc ngodi phai tuan thO luat phap cOa qud'c gia ven bidn vd:
- An todn hang hai. dieu phdi giao thdng dudng bidn;
- Bao ve eac thidt bj cdng trinh, day cap,
CIVHC - S6 9/2014
dng dan d bien;
- Bao tdn tai nguydn sinh vat bien, giu" gin mdi tmdng bien;
- Hai quan, thue khoa, y te. nhap cU.
Tdm lai. luat bien qude te va ey the Id Cdng udc eua Lien Hpp qude ve Luat b i l n nam 1982 ghi nhan quyen di qua khdng gay hai ciia tdu thuyen eiia eac nude trong pham vi lanh hai eiia cac qude gia ven bien. Mat khae, Cdng udc ve Luat bidn eung thCra nhan quyen cOa qudc gia ven bien bang luat qude gia quy dinh ey the che do phap ly dieu ehlnh hoat dpng ciia tau thuyen nude ngoai khi di qua lanh hai nham dam bao chii quyen. an ninh qud'e gia va lpi ich cOa minh.
c. Vung tiep giap lanh hai
Vung tidp giap lanh hai la vung bien nam ngoai lanh hai va tiep lien vdi lanh hai, tai dd qud'e gia ven bien thUe hien cac t h l m quyen cd tinh rieng biet va han chd dd'i vdi eae tdu thuyen nudc ngoai. Pham vi cOa vung tiep giap khdng vupt qua 24 hai ly tfnh td dtibng ca sd.
Cdng udc ve lanh hai vd vung tiep giap nam 1958, Oieu 24 quy djnh qud'e gia ven b i l n ed quyen tien hanh cac hoat dpng kiem soat can thie't tai vijng tiep giap, nham:
- Ngan ngOa nhiing vi pham ddi vdi cae luat va quy dinh ve hai quan, thue khoa, y te hay nhap c u tren lanh thd hay trong lanh hai cOa minh;
- Trtmg trj nhung vi pham ddi vdi cac luat va quy dinh ndi tren xay ra tren lanh thd hoae trong lanh hai eiia minh.
Cdng udc Lien Hpp qudc ve Luat bien nam 1982, Dieu 33 nhac lai ndi dung tren, nhung can luu y. vd ban chat phap ly, vung tidp giap lanh hai dupe quy djnh bdi Cdng udc nam 1958 Id mdt phan ciia bidn ca. Cdn vdng tiep giap lanh hai dupe quy ^ n h bdi Cdng udc nam 1982 nam trong vung dac quyen kinh te, ed quy che ciia mot vung dac bieL khdng phai la mpt vung bien thudc chii quyen qudc gia vd eung khdng phai \a vung bien ed quy che t y do bien ea.
Trong viing tidp giap lanh hai, Dieu 303,
Cdng ude Lien Hop qud'c ve Luat bien nam 1982, da md rdng quyen eiia quoc gia ven bien dd'i vdi eae hien vat ed tinh lieh sCf va khao ed. Mpi s y true vdt cae hien vat nay td day bien thupe vung tiep giap lanh hai ma khdng dUpc phep ciia qud'e gia ven bien, deu dupe coi la vi pham xay ra tren lanh thd hoae trong lanh hai cOa qudc gia do.
d. Cac vinh Cd ba loai vinh:
- Vjnh do bd bien ciia mdt qudc gia bao bpc. Oieu 7 Cdng Ude nam 1958 va Oieu 10 Cdng ude eua Lien Hpp quoe ve Luat bien nam 1982 dinh nghTa vinh la mdt viing Idm sau rd rdt vao dat lien ma chieu sau eua vung Idm do so sanh vdi chieu rdng d ngoai eCfa ciia nd den mOc la nude cOa viing tdm dd dupe bd bien bao quanh va vung dd Idm sau han la mot s y udn eong cda bd bien. Tuy nhien, vung Idm dd chi dtigc coi ta mdt vjnh neu thoa man hai dieu kien:
+ Dien tich ciia vinh ft nhat cung bang dien tich mpt nufa hinh trdn cd dudng kinh la dudng t h i n g ke ngang qua cufa vao cOa vung Idm.
Theo Dieu 10 khoan 3, dien tieh eiia mdt vung Idm dupe tinh glu'a ngan nude trieu thap nhat dpc theo bd b i l n ciia vung ldm va dudng t h i n g ndi lien cac ngan nude trieu thap nhat b cae d i l m eua cOa vao t y nhien. Neu do cd cae dao ma mdt vung Idm ed nhieu cufa vao thi
CIVHC - SO 9 / 2 0 1 4
nda hinh trdn ndi tren ed dUdng kinh bang tdng sd chieu dai cae doan t h i n g cat ngang eae cufa vdo do;
+ Dudng khep cOa vao t u nhien eiia eijfa vinh khdng vUpt qua 24 hai ly. Trong trudng hpp ngupc lai, thi can phai vach cae doan eO sd t h i n g dai 24 hai ly d phfa trong eOa vinh sao cho phia trong eiia nd ed mot dien tieh tdi da;
- Vjnh do bd bien eiia nhieu qud'e gia bao bpc: mdl qude gia quy djnh lanh hai eua minh trong vjnh Cae qude gia ed the, bang con dudng thoa thuan hoae do toa an, cdng nhan ehe do dong sd hiin vinh.
- Vjnh Ijeh si!r: Mpt vjnh dagc coi la Ijch si!f, can cO vao tap quan va cae phan quydt eua toa an va trpng tai qudc te phai thoa man ba dieu kien:
+ Thuc hien chii quyen mdt each thue s y cOa qudc gia ven bidn,
+ Thyc hidn vide s y dyng vijng b i l n nay mdt each lien tue, hoa binh va lau dai;
+ Cd sy chdp nhan. edng khai hoae sU im lang khdng phan ddi cOa cac qudc gia khae, nhat la eae qud'c gia lang gidng va ed quyen lpi tai viJng bien nay.
e. Vung dac quyen kinh te.
La vLing bien nam d phia ngoai lanh hai va tiep lien vdi lanh hai, dat dudi mpt chd do phap ly rieng, theo dd eae quyen ehti quyen va quyen tdi phan ciia qude gia ven bien cung nhu cac quydn va cae quyen t u do eua cac qud'e gia khae deu do cae quy djnh thieh hpp eiia Cdng ude dieu ehlnh.
Vung dac quyen kinh te cd chieu rpng khdng vupt qua 200 hai ly tinh tti dtibng ca sd dung de tfnh chieu rpng lanh hai.
Ban chat phap ly: Vung dac quyen kinh te la mpt ehd dinh phap ly mdi, rieng biet, lan dau tien dupe ghi nhan trong Cdng Udc Lien Hop qud'c ve Luat bien nam 1982. Viing dac quyen kinh te la mdt vung dae biet, trong do qudc gia ven bien thUe hien tiiam quyen rieng biet eiia minh nham myc dfch kinh te, dUpc quy djnh bdi Cdng ude, ma khdng chia se vdi eac qud'c gia khae. Tuy nhien, so vdi them luc dia, vung dac quydn kinh t d khdng ton tai bdi t y ban than nd va ngay tti dau (ipso facto and
ab initio); do dd qudc gia ven bidn phai ygu saeh viing nay bang mdt tuyen bd ddn phuang.
Chd dd phdp ly: Trong vung dac quyen kinh te, qudc gia ven b i l n ed:
' Cae quyen thupe chQ quyen ve vide tham dd va khai thac, bao tdn vd quan ly cac tai nguyen thidn nhien, sinh vat hoae khdng sinh vat eua vCing nude ben trdn day b i l n , eiia day bien vd tdng dat du6i day bien, cung nhu ve nhOng hoat ddng khae nham tham dd va khai thac vung nay vi mue dfch kinh te, nhu vide san xudt nang lupng tO nUdc, hai lull va gid.
• Quyen tai phan theo dung nhiing quy djnh thieh hpp ciia Cdng Ude vd vide:
- Lap dat va sCf dyng cac dao nhan tao, cae thiet bj va cdng trinh;
- Nghien cCfu khoa hpe ve bien;
- Bao ve va gin gty mdi trudng b i l n .
* Cae quyen va nghTa vy khae do Cdng udc quy djnh.
Trong vung dae quyen kinh td, tat ea cac qudc gia, du cd bien hay khdng cd bien, deu dagc htibng cae quyen t y do hang hai va hang khdng, quydn t y do dat day cap va dng dan ngam, eung n h u quyen t y do suf dung bien vao cac mue dieh khae hpp phap ve mat qude td va gan lien vdi viec thue hidn cdc quyen tU do nay va phu hop vdi cac quy ^ n h khae eua Cdng ude, nhat la trong khudn khd viee khai thae eac tau thuyen, phUdng tien bay va day cap, dng dan ngam.
Qude gia ven b i l n quan ly eac tat nguydn trong vung dac quyen kinh td:
- Ddi vdi cae tdi nguyen khdng sinh vat, qudc gia ven bidn t y khai thae hoae eho phep qude gia khae khai thac cho minh, dat dudi quyen kiem soat eiia minh;
- Odi vdi eac tdi nguyen sinh vat, qud'c gia ven bien t u djnh ra tdng khoi lupng ed t h i danh bat dupe, t y danh gia kha nang thyc te cua minh trong viec khai thac eac tai nguyen sinh vat bien va an djnh s d d y eiia qudc gia ven bien cho phep cac qudc gia khae, thdng qua cae dieu yde hoae nhiing thoa thuan lidn quan, khai thae s d dU cOa khdi luang eho phep danh bat nay, cd inj tien cho cac qudc
^ CIVHC - SO 9 / 3 0 1 4
gia khdng cd bien hoae cac qudc gia bdt lpi ve mat dja ty.
Ngoai ra, qude gia ven bidn ed nghTa vu thi hanh cac bien phap thieh hpp ve bao tdn va quan ly, nham tdm eho vlee duy tri cac ngudn lpi sinh vat trong vung dac quyen kinh te ciia minh khdi bi anh hudng do khai thae qua mOe. Cdng Ude Luat bien nam 1982 eo ghi nhan mpt loat dieu khoan cu t h i quy djnh cae quyen va nghTa vu eiia eac qud'c gia ven bien va eae qudc gia khae trong vide bao tdn cae loai sinh vat bien, eu the nhU: cac loat ea d i c u x a ; cac loai cd vu 6 bidn; eae dan ea vao sdng sinh san; cae lodi ea ra bien sinh san;
eac lodi djnh eu.
g. Thim luc dia.
Oinh nghTa va ranh gidi them lue dja.
Cdng udc Gionevo nam 1958 ve them lye dja djnh nghTa them luc dja la vung day bien va Idng ddt dUdi day bien nam bdn ngoai lanh hai ciia qude gia ven bien, tren phan keo dai t y nhidn cfla lanh thd dat lien cfla qudc gia nay va cd ranh gidi ngodi dupc xae dinh bdi hai tidu chuan:
Tieu chuan do sau: 200 m - mpt tieu chudn dn djnh;
- Tidu chuan kha nang khai thdc - mpt tieu chuan ddng, mau thuan vdi tidu chuan tren va chl phy thupe vao trinh dp ky thuat khai thac them lye dja ciia qude gia ven bien. Nd tao ra s u b a t binh d i n g giya cac qudc gia.
Cdng udc Lien Hpp qudc ve Luat bien nam 1982 djnh nghTa them lye dia ta vung day bien va ldng da't dudi day bien n^m ben ngoai lanh hai cfla qud'e gia ven b i l n , tren phan keo ddi t u nhien cfla lanh thd ddt lien eua qude gia nay cho de'n bd ngodi cfla ria luc dja, hoae den each dUdng cO sd dung de linh chieu rpng lanh hai 200 hai ly, khi bd ngoai eua ria lye dja cfla qudc gia ndy b khoang each gan han. Trong ti-udng hpp khi bd ngodi cCia ria luc dia eua mpt qudc gia ven b i l n keo dai t y nhien vuot qua khoang each 200 hai ly tinh t y dudng ea sd; qude gia ven bidn nay cd t h i xae djnh ranh gidi ngodi eua thdm lye dja cfla minh tdi mot khoang each khdng vupt qua 350 hai ly tinh tO dUdng cd sd hoae each dudng d i n g sau 2.500 m mdt
khoang each khdng vuot qua 100 hai ly, vdi dieu kien tuan thfl cac quy dinh cy the ve viee xae dinh ranh gidi ngoai eua them lye dja trong Cdng udc Luat bien nam 1982 va phu hop vdi eac kien nghi cua uy ban Ranh gidi them luc dia dUpc thanh lap tren cd sd Phu lye 11 cfla Cdng ude.
Che dd phap ly eiia them lye dja:
- Qudc gia ven bien thuc hien cac quyen thupe chu quyen dd'i vdi them lye dja ve mat tham dd va khai thac tai nguyen thien nhien cfla minh;
- Nhung quyen chu quyen cua qud'e gia ven bien ddi vdi them lue dia eua minh \a nhiing dae quyen, nghTa la neu quoe gia ven bien nay khdng tham dd them lye dja hay khdng khai thac tai nguyen thien nhien cua them lye dja (bao gdm eae tai nguyen khdng sinh vat va eae tai nguyen sinh vat thupe loai djnh eu), thi khdng ai ed quyen tien hdnh eae boat ddng nhU vay, neu khdng ed s y thoa thuan rd rang eua cae qude gia dd;
- Cae quyen cfla qudc gia ven bien doi vdi them lye dia khdng phu thupe vao sU chiem hull that s u hay danh nghTa, eung nhuvao bat cO tuyen bd rd rdng nao. Cac quyen nay tdn tai bdi tU ban than nd va ngay tO dau.
- Tat ca eac qudc gia deu cd quyen ldp dat eae ddy cap vd dng dan ngam b them lye dja.
Qudc gia dat cap hoae dng dan ngam phai thoa thuan vdi qude gia ven bien ve tuydn dudng di eua dng dan hoae cap;
- Khi qud'c gia ven bien tien hdnh khai thac them lye dia ngodi 200 hai ly k l tO dUdng cO sd dung de tinh chieu rpng lanh hai thi phai ed mdt khoan ddng gdp theo quy djnh cfla Cdng Udc;
- Cac quydn cfla qude gia ven bien ddi vdi them lye dja khdng dyng eham ddn che dp phap ly cfla vung nude d phia tren hay eua vung trdi tren viing nUdc nay;
- Vide qudc gia ven bien thyc hien eac quyen cfla minh dd'i vdi them lye dja khdng dupe gay thiet hai den hang hai hay eae quyen va eac tU do khao eiia cac qude gia khae da dupc Cdng ude thUa nhan, cung khdng ddpc can trd viec thue hien cac quyen nay mdt each khdng the bien bach dupc;
CIVHC - SO 9 / 2 0 1 4 SI
- Qudc gia ven bien cd dac quydn eho phep vd quy djnh viec khoan b them luc dia bdt ky vao mue dieh gi.
Che do phap ly cua cac v d n g bien nSm ngoai pham v i c h u q u y e n va quyen tai phan cua quo'c gia v e n bien
a. BiSn ca: La vung bien nam ngoai eae vLing bien thupe pham vi ehfl quydn va quyen tai phan qudc gia cua cac qude gia ven bien.
Thuat ngu' bien ea chl ap dung vdi cpt nude ben tren day vd Idng da't day dai dUong.
Bien ea dUpc de ngd cho tat ca eae qud'c gia, du la nhung qude gia ed bien hay khdng ed bien. Trong vung b i l n nay, tat ea cae qud'c gia deu dUOc hudng cae tU do, nhU:
- T u d o hang hai;
- T y do hang khdng;
- T y do dat cac day cap va dng dan ngam;
- T y do xay dung cac dao nhan tao va cae thidt bi khae dupe phap luat cho phep;
- T y do danh bat hai san;
- T u do nghien cufu khoa hpc...
Cae qude gia thye hien cac quyen tU do bien ca tren co sd tdn trpng vd \tiu y tdi lpi ich cfla cdng ddng qude te.
De dam bao trat t u , an todn eho eae hoat ddng b bien ea va bao tdn tai nguyen sinh vat d bien ca, Cdng udc Lien Hpp qude ve Luat bien nam 1982 ghi nhan mdt loat nhiing quy djnh ve:
- Quy che phap ly dd'i vdi cde loai tau thuyen hoat dpng d bien ea; quyen va nghTa vy cfla qud'e gia cd tdu ddi vdi tdu thuyen hoat dpng b bien ea;
- Vide ngan chan va cam eae boat ddng ehuyen chd nd le, budn ban bdt hpp phap ma tuy va eae eha't kfeh thieh, eudp bien, phat sdng truyen thanh. truyen hinh bat hpp phap t u b i l n ca hUdng vdo da't lien;
- SU hpp tae giua eac qud'c gia trong vide khai thac. bao tdn va quan ly tai nguyen sinh vat d b i l n ca.
Ngoai ra, can chu y den quyen kham xet va quyen truy dudi tau thuyen nUdc ngoai trong bien ca
b. Day dai daong: La day b i l n va long dat
dudi ddy b i l n n§m bdn ngoai cdc vung b i l n thupe quyen tai phan qudc gia, dupe gpi la Vung theo quy dinh eiia Cdng udc Lien Hpp qud'c ve Luat bien nam 1982.
- Vung va tai nguyen cfla Vung bao gdm cdc tai nguyen khoang san b t h i rdn, Idng hoae khi, ke ca cac khdi da kim nam b day dai duang va trong Idng dat dudi day - la di san chung cfla nhan loai;
- Viee tham dd. khai thae tai nguyen cfla Vung dupe tien hanh thdng qua mpt td chOc qudc td, gpi la Cd quan quyen lUc qudc t d (ta quen gpi la C d quan quyen lye Day dai duong). Co quan quyen lue quoe te bao dam vide phan chia cdng bang, tren co sd khdng phan biet ddi xCf. nhQng Ipi fch tai chinh va eae Ipi ich kinh te khae do nhumg hoat dpng tidn hanh trong Vung thdng qua bd may cfla minh;
- Cd quan quyen lUc cd quyen djnh ra eac quy tde. quy djnh va thu tyc thfch hpp cho viee suf dung Vung vao myc dieh hod binh, ngan ngda. han ehd va ehe ngy d nhiem mdi trudng bien, bao ve sU sdng ciia eon ngUdi, bao ve va bao tdn cac tai nguyen thien nhien cfla Vung, phdng ngOa nhiing thidt hai ddi vdi he dpng vat va he thyc vat.
Quyen va nghTa v u cua cac quo'c gia k h o n g co bien
Cac qude gia khdng cd b i l n cd quyen di ra bien va di tO bien vao de thUe hien eac quyen ma nhiing qude gia nay dupe hudng theo Cdng udc Lien Hop qude ve Luat bien nam 1982, ke ca cac quyen lien quan tdi t u do trdn b i l n ea va lien quan de'n nhu'ng lpi fch phat sinh t u chd dp di san chung eiia nhdn loai;
Cae qudc gia khdng cd b i l n thye hien quyen di ra bien thdng qua nhiJmg thoa thuan tryc tiep, phdn khu vyc hay khu vyc vdi qude gia lang gieng cd bien - dupc gpi la qud'e gia qua eanh;
Qudc gia qua canh co quyen dinh ra mpi bien phap can thiet de dam bao rdng cac quyen va eac dieu kien thuan Ipi dUpc quy dinh trong Cong Ude vi lpi ich cOa qude gia khdng cd bien khdng he dung cham den cac quyen ldi chfnh dang cua qud'c gia qua canh •
NH
