LUAT
DANH GIA S\J PHU HdP CUA BQ LUAT HINH S\J VIET NAM VE TOI PHAM THAM NHUNG SO VOl CONG l/OfC CHONG TOI PHAM CO TO CHlfC
XUYEN QUOC GIA (TOC)
> TRAN THI NGOC KIM
T 6 M TAT:
Bd ludt Hinh siT Vidt Nam (BLHS) nam 2015 (sffa ddi, bd sung nam 2017) da chinh thffc cd hidu li^c vdo ngay 01/01/2018. Tuy nhidn, cac quy dinh cua BLHS van cdn cd nhtfng diem thie'u sdt, dac bidt dd'i vdi nhdm tdi pham tham nhung. Hien nay, Vidt Nam da gia nhdp Cdng ffdc chd'ng tdi pham cd td chtfc xuydn qud'c gia (Cdng \i6c TOC) va ddi hdi phai hodn thidn quy dinh cua BLHS trdn cd sd Cdng ffdc TOC dd'i vdi nhieu nhdm tdi pham, trong dd cd tdi pham tham nhung, Vi vdy, qua bai vid't nay, tac gia mud'n danh gia stf hoan thien cac quy dinh cua tpl pham tham nhiing tren cd sd cac quy dinh cua Cdng tfde TOC.
Ttf khoa: Cdng tfde TOC, Bd lu^t Hinh stf Vidt Nam, tdi pham tham nhung.
1. Dat vS'n de
Tinh hinh tham nhung d Viet Nam trong nhffng nam gan day cd chieu hffdng gia tang va khd kidm sodt, nan tham nhung da dnh hffdng dd'n an ninh xa hdi, lam xdi mdn long tin cua nhdn ddn, dnh hffdng tdi sff tdn vong cua ehe^dd, Tdi pham tham nhung khdng ehi cdn gidi ban trong nffdc ma nd da phat trien mang tinh cd to chffc xuyen qud'c gia. Trffdc quyd't tam diet trff td nan tham nhung, chinh phu Viet Nam da nd Iffc bang nhieu bidn phap khac nhau, trong dd cd viec tham gia
cae cdng ffdc qud'e te' ve chd'ng tham nhung va ndi luat hda nd vao BLHS dffdc coi Id bidn phdp rd't can thie't va hieu qua. Cdng ffdc qud'c te' rat quan trpng ed ndi dung chd'ng tham nhung ma Viet Nam da ky ke't vd dang thtfc hidn ra't hieu qua do la Cdng ffdc TOC. Viec ndi ludt hda cac ydu cau cua cac Cdng ffdc nay da gdp phan da'u tranh hidu qua dd'i vdi tdi pham tham nhung, qua trinh ndi ludt hda cung da trai qua dtfdc mdt sd' bffdc quan trong, BLHS nam 2015 (sffa ddi, bd sung nam 2017) ra ddi da the hien dffdc nhieu
TAP CHl CONS IHIflNG
yeu cdu ve ndi luat hda Cdng tfde ddi vdi tdi pham tham nhung. Tuy nhidn, qua nghien cffu, tdc gia tha'y cae quy dinh trong BLHS chi mdi tffdng thich dffdc mot phan edc ydu cau hinh sff hda tpl pham tham nhung theo quy dinh eua Cdng tfde TOC, nhd't Id trong viec hdp tac giffa Viet Nam va cdc qud'c gia thdnh vidn trong vide da'u tranh dd'i vdi tdi pham tham nhung. Do vay, vide tie'p tuc nghidn ctfu nham hoan thien cac quy djnh cua BLHS vd tdi pham tham nhung tren cd sd ydu clu eua cdc Cdng ffdc qud'c td'Id yeu cau can thid't. Dd Idm dffdc dieu ndy, dieu quan trpng la phai ddnh gia dffdc didm tffdng thich giffa BLHS va cae quy dinh cua Cdng ffdc trdn ed sd ede yeu cau bat budc va yeu cau tuy nghi.
2. Quy dinh cua Cdng tfde TOC vd t^i pham hoa cac hanh vi tham nhiing
Cdc vd'n de ly luan ve tdi pham va ca'u thanh tdi pham tham nhung trong cdng ffdc chd'ng tdi pham cd to chtfc xuyen qud'c gia dffdc khai quat d mdt so' diem sau day:
Thd nhd't, ve yd'u td' chu quan, Hanh vi tham nhung theo quy dinh cua cdng ffdc dffdc thffc hidn bdi Idi cd' y, dieu nay dffdc quy dinh ngay trong khoan 1 Didu 8 cdng ffdc TOC. Muc dich thffe hien hdnh vi cua chu the nham dat dffdc Idi ich khdng chinh dang, Idi ieh nay la Idi ich vat cha't hay phi vdt cha't'.
Thd hai, vd chu the cua hdnh vi tham nhung theo quy dinh cua cdng ffdc TOC la chu the dac biet. Chu the dac biet dffdc neu rd la nhffng
"cdng chtfc","cdng chffc nha nffdc nffdc ngoai hoac mdt vien chtfc dan sff qudc te'"-. Ngodi ra, cdn cd chu thd thffdng la ngffdi dffa bd'i Id, ngffdi mdi gidi Id-', trffdng hdp dong pham thi ehu the cd the la chu the thtfdng theo khodn 3 dieu 8 cdng ffdc TOC.
Thd ba, ve hanh vi khach quan, hanh vi tham nhung dffdc bieu hien dffdi edc dang cu the theo khoan 1 dieu 8 Cdng ffdc TOC: mdt Id, hdnh vi dffa hd'i Id, hffa hen hay dd nghi dffa bd'i Id cho cdng chtfc; hai la, hanh vi cua cdng chffc cd the trffc tie'p hay qua trung gian ddi hoac ddng y nhan hdi Id; vide nhdn hdi Id Id nhan nhtfng Idi
ich khdng chinh dang (Idi ich vdt cha't, idi ich phi vdt chat). Viec nhan hay gpi y, chap nhdn nhSn bd'i Id de cdng chtfc dd hdnh ddng boSc khdng bdnh ddng mot vide trdi vdi ehtfc trach, nhiem vu, quyen han cua minhcd Ipi cho ngtfdi dffa hoi Id. Hanh vi tham nhung trong Cdng tfde TOC chi tap trung vao ede hdnh vi lien quan dd'n hdi 16;
khdng bao gdm ede hanh vi khdc nhff tham 6 tai san; Ipi dung chtfc vu, quydn ban chie'm doat tiii san...
Thtf tu, ve khach the, hdnh vi tham nhung trong quy dinh eua Cdng tfde TOC xdm pham den hoat ddng ddng dung da'n cua cac cd quan nliii nffdc, cdc to chtfc qud'c td', cdng ehtfc nha ntfdc, cdng chtfc ntfdc ngoai vd vien chtfc cua cact^
chffc ddn sff qud'c te'trong khu vffc cdng, cdngifdc TOC chi quy dinh ve hanh vi tham nhung trong khu vffc cdng, khdng quy dinh ve hdnh vi tham nhung trong khu vffc tff; hdnh vi tham nhiing con xdm hai de'n quyen Idi ich hpp phap cua ngiffli ddn, anh htfdng gian tid'p dd'n quan hd dd'i ngoai cua cac qud'c gia, edc to chtfc qud'c te'.
Cdc ydu edu mang tinh bat budc:
Thd nhd't, Cdng tfde ydu cau ede qudc gia thanh vien phai hinh stf hda ede hdnh vi dtfdc quy dinh tai dieu 8, khoan 1, dd la cac hanh vldiia hd'i Id, mdi gidi hd'i Id, nhan hdi Id cua cdng chiic nha ntfdc.
Thd hai, Cdng ffdc eung ydu cau cdc qudc gia thdnh vidn phai ban hdnh phap ludt de quy dinh hanh vi vdi tff each la ddng pham eua cac hanh vi tren la tdi pham tai khoan 3 didu 8.
Cdc ydu cau mang tinh tuy nghi:
Theo quy dinh tai khoan 2 dieu 8, CdngiiSc ydu cdu cac qud'c gia xem xet ban hanh phdp luat vd cdc bien phap can thid't khdc dd xdc dinh track nhiem hinh sff dd'i vdi hanh vi dffa hd'i Id, mdi gidi hd'i Id va nhan hoi Id cd lien quan de'n cdng chiic ntfdc ngoai hoac mdt vidn ehtfc eua id chtfc dSn sff qud'c te'. Ngoai ra, Cdng tfde cijng yeu caucSc qud'e gia thanh vien xem xdt vide quy dinh trach nhidm hinh stf dd'i vdi cac hinh thtfc tham nhung khdc.
lUAT
3. Mpt so' quy dinh ciia phap ludit Vi$t Nam vd hanh vi tham nhiing
a. Quy dinh ve tham nhdng theo Luqt Phong, chd'ng tham nhdng
Ludt Phdng, chd'ng tham nhung nam 2005 (da dtfdc sffa ddi, bo sung nam 2012) dinh nghTa:
'Tham nhung la hanh vi cua ngtfdi cd chtfc vu, quyen ban da Idi dung chffc vu, quyen ban do vi vu Idi" (khoan 2 Didu 1).
Luat Phdng chd'ng tham nhiing, ngffdi cd chtfc vu quyen ban quy dmh theo khoan 3 Dieu 1 thi chi ed ngtfdi lam vide trong khu vtfc cdng mdi dffdc coi la ngtfdi cd chffc vu quyen ban va thtfc hidn dtfdc hanh vi tham nhung. Dong thdi, Luat Phdng chd'ng tham nhung eung dd liet ke 12 hdnh vi tham nhung kem theo"*.
Theo dieu 2 Dtf thao Luat Phdng chd'ng tham nhung nam 2016-°' vd dtf thao ludt phdng chd'ng tham nhung la gid'ng nhau. Didm dd phan biet la hanh vi tham nhung trong Luat Phdng chd'ng tham nhung chi trong khu vtfc cdng cdn hanh vi tham nhung trong Dtf thao Luat Phdng chd'ng tham nhung la ca d trong khu vffc cdng va khu vffc tff vi khai nidm ngffdi cd chffc vu quyen ban thtfc hidn hanh vi tham nhung dd dtfdc md rpng hdn bao gdm ca ngtfdi lam viec Id ngtfdi dai didn phan vd'n nha ntfdc tai doanh nghiep; ngffdi gitf chffc danh quan ly trong doanh nghidp vd nhffng ngffdi khdc dffdc giao thffc hidn nhidm vu, cdng vu vd cd quyen han trong khi thtfc hien nhiem vu, cdng vu dd^.
b. Quy dinh ve tgi pham tham nhung trong BLHS
BLHS nam 2015 (da dffdc sffa doi, bd sung nam 2017) quy dinh Chffdng cac tdi pham ve chtfc vu tai Chtfdng XXIII gdm 15 dieu luat vdi 14 tdi danh (ttf dieu 352 de'n didu 366). Muc 1 Chtfdng Cdc tdi pham vd tham nhung bao gdm ede hdnh vi: Tham d tai san; nhan hd'i Id; lam dung ehtfc vu, quydn han chie'm doat tai san; Idi dung chtfc vu, quydn ban trong khi thi hanh cdng vu; lam quydn trong khi thi hanh cdng vu; Idi dung chffc vu, quydn han gay anh hffdng dd'i vdi ngffdi khde
dd true Idi; gia mao trong cdng tdc. Nhff vay, trong cung he thd'ng phdp ludt Viet Nam, cdc hanh vi tham nhung theo quy dinh cua BLHS (7 hanh vi) cd ndi ham hep hdn so vdi quy dinh cua Ludt Phdng, chd'ng tham nhiing (12 hanh vl). Cd mot so'hanh vi hidn nay Luat Phdng, chd'ng tham nhung quy djnh la hanh vi tham nhung nhtfng BLHS khdng quy dinh la hdnh vi pham tdi ve tham nhung nhtf: Dtfa hd'i Id, mdi gidi hdi Id dtfdc thtfc hien bdi ngffdi cd chffc vu, quyen ban de giai quye't cdng vide cua cd quan, td chtfc, ddn vi hoae dia phtfdng vi vu Idi; Ldl dung chffc vu, quydn han stf dung trdi phep tdi san cua Nha nffdc vi vu Idi; Nhung nhidu vi vu Idi; Khdng thffc hien nhidm vu, cdng vu vi vu Idi; Ldi dung chtfc vu, quyen ban de bao che cho ngtfdi cd hdnh vi vi pham phdp ludt vl vu Idi; Can trd, can thiep trdi phap ludt vdo vide kiem tra, thanh tra, kiem toan, dieu tra, truy to', xet xtf, thi hanh an vi vu ldi... ben canh dd, BLHS da hinh stf hda hdnh vi tham nhung trong khu vffc tff, didu ndy mdi chi dffdc dffa vao Dtf thao Ludt Phdng chd'ng tham nhung, cdn Ludt Phdng chd'ng tham nhung hien hanh mdi chi quy djnh hanh vi tham nhung trong khu vffc cdng.
Ve cdc dd'u hidu phap ly ciia cac tdi pham ve tham nhung trong BLHS nam 2015 (sffa ddi, bd sung nam 2017):
- Khdch the: Sff boat ddng diing dan, uy tin eua cd quan, td chtfc; xam pham dd'n ldi ich hdp phap cua cdng ddn.
- Mat khdch quan: Hanh vi: hdnh vi eua ngtfdi cd chtfc vu, quyen han ldi dung hay lam dung chtfc vu, quyen ban cua minh xdm pham dd'n stf hoat ddng dung dan, uy tin cua cd quan nha nffdc, td chffc, gdy ra hoac de dpa gay ra nhffng thidt hai cho Idi ich cua Nha nffdc, xa hdi hay quyen va ldi ich hdp phdp cua cdng ddn. Hanh vi pham tdi trong nhdm tdi pham nay ludn gan lien vdi chtfc vu, quydn han cua ngtfdi pham tdi. Mdi lidn he nay the hidn d hanh vi ldi dung etfdng vi cdng tac cua chu the de thffc hien tdi pham ma thie'u sff ldi dung nay khdng thd tie'n hanh vide thffc hidn tpl pham. Ngtfdi pham tdi cd the thtfc hidn hanh
TAP CHJ CONG THIftfNG
vi trong tha'm quyen nhtfng trai vdi cdng vu, nhiem vu, ttfc la vi pham cdc nguyen tdc va hinh thtfc hoat ddng cua bd may nhd ntfdc, td chtfc.
Song eung ed the thffc hien hanh vi pham tdi trdn cd sd lam dung chffc vu, quyen han de lam mdt vide vffpt qud tham quydn cua minh. Hanh vl tdi pham ed the dffdc thffc Men d dang hanh ddng pham tdi va khdng hanh ddng pham tdi.
Hau qud: Id dd'u hidu kha phtfc tap vi cd stf kd't hdp giffa sff thiet hai vat cha't vd phi vdt cha't.
Hdu qua nghiem trpng la da'u hidu bat budc thudc mat khach quan cua mot sd' cd'u thanh tdi pham vd chffc vu.
- Mat chu quan: cdc tdi pham tham nhung deu dffdc thffc hidn bdi ldi co y, ddng cd da dang cd the vi vu ldi hoac ddng ed cd nhdn khac.
- Chu the: dac bidt. Id ngffdi cd chffc vu, quydn han^.
4. Di^m ttfcfng thi'ch gitfa cac quy dinh cua BLHS vdi cac quy dinh cua Cdng tfde Chd'ng toi pham cd td chtfc xuyen quo'c gia TOC
4.1. Mdt so diem tUtfng dong giffa quy dinh cua phdp luqt Viet Nam vdi quy dinh cda Cong lidc vi tham nhdng
Thd nhd't, ddp ffng yeu cau cua Cdng ffdc TOC ve tdi pham hda hanh vi tham nhung, nhffng quy dinh cua BLHS nam 2015 dtfdc sffa ddi, bo sung nam 2017 ve cd ban da dam bao. Dieu 8 Cdng tfde TOC ydu cau cac qud'c gia thdnh vidn phai quy dinh hanh vi hdi id (dtfa hd'i Id, nhan hd'i Id, ddng pham cua tdi dtfa va nhan hd'i Id) trong khu vtfc cdng Id tdi pham, Theo quy djnh tai Chtfdng XXIII BLHS hien nay, nha lam ludt da quy dinh vd cac tdi nhan hd'i Id (Dieu 354) tai Muc 1 - Cdc tdi pham vd tham nhung vd dtfa hd'i Id (Didu 364), mdi gidi hd'i Id (Didu 365) trong Muc 2 - Cae tdi pham khac ve chtfc vu. Nhtf vay, nhffng quy dinh ciia BLHS hien hanh nhin ehung da thffe hien dffpc cac nghia vu cua qud'e gia thanh vien cdng ffdc TOC ve viec tdi pham hda hanh vi tham nhung trong khu vffc cdng.
Thd hai, ve khai niem "ldi ich khdng ehinh dang" eua hoat ddng dffa - nhdn hd'i Id dffdc dl
cap trong Cdng ffdc phu hdp vdi quy djnh cua BLHS
"Ldl ich khdng chinh ddng" trong Cdng \i6c dffdc hidu la ldi ich vat cha't (tai san, cdc ldi ich vat chd't khdc) va ldl ieh phi vdt chd't (dffdc khen, phong tang cac danh hieu cao quy, thang chtfc...).
Trong khi dd, BLHS cung quy dinh dd'i tffdng cua hoat ddng dtfa, nhan, mdi gidi hd'i Id la "ciia hoi hp" - gdm tidn, tdi sdn hoac Idi ich vatehd'tkhSc va ldl ich phi vdt cha't. Nhtf vay, theo quy djnh cua BLHS hien nay, nd'u ldl ich khdng chinh ding ma ngtfdi nhdn hd'i Id nhdn dtfdc la cdc ldi ich phi vdt cha't thi ca ngtfdi dtfa, nhan vd mdi gidi hdi 16 deu bj coi la tdi pham. Tuy nhien, diem han che ciia BLHS la khdng giai thich rd thd' ndo lit liii ich phi vat chat.
Thd ba, Didu 8 Cdng tfde quy dinh ngffdi difdc hffdng ldi ich trong vide dffa va nhan hd'i 16 ci5 the la cdng chtfc nhd ntfdc hoac la mdt ca nhdn, to chtfc khdc ("thtfc thd khac" - ngtfdi thtf bakhfing ed "nhiem vu chinh thtfc" cd the dnh hffdng iin ngffdi dffa hd'i Id), Trong khi dd, BLHS quy djnh trong Tpi nhdn hd'i Id vd Tdi dffa hd'i Id, ngiifli dffdc htfdng ldi phai la ngtfdi cd chtfc vu quyin han vd da Idi dung chtfc vu quyen ban cua minh de nhdn hd'i Id hoac ngffdi khac hoac td chitc khde. Nhff vay, ve quy djnh nay cd ban da dap tfng dtfdc yeu cau ciia cdng tfde.
4.2. M0t so'diem khdc biet giffa quy dinh cm phdp luqt Viet Nam so vdi cdc quy dinh cua Cdng ddc TOC
Thd nhd't, ve ede hanh vi tham nhung theo quy dinh eua phdp ludt hinh sff Viet Nam khdc so vdi quy dinh ciia Cdng ffdc.
Trong khi BLHS coi cae tdi pham ve tham nhung bao gdm nhidu hanh vi nhff: Tham 6 lai san; nhdn hd'i Id; lam dung chffc vu, quyen han chie'm doat tdi san; ldi dung chtfc vu, quydn han trong khi thi hanh cdng vu; lam quydn trong khi thi hanh cdng vu; ldi dung chtfc vu, quydn han gdy anh hffdng dd'i vdi ngtfdi khac dd true ldi; gia mao trong cdng tdc thi Didu 8 Cdng tfde quy djnh hanh vi tham nhung chi lien quan dd'n hdnh vi hoi Id (dtfa hd'i Id, nhan hdi Id vd hanh viddngphau
LUAT
cua viec dtfa va nhdn hd'i Id). O khia eanh ndy, hanh vi tham nhung trong BLHS ndi ridng va - phap ludt Viet Nam ndi chung^ rdng bdn so vdi
"khai niem vd hdnh vi tham nhiing trong Cdng ' ffdc.
Tuy nhien, xdt ridng ve hanh vi hd'i Id, trong
• khi Cdng ffdc quy dinh ca bdnh vi dtfa hoi Id, nhan
• hdi Id va hanh vi ddng pham cua hanh vi dtfa -
"• nhdn hd'i Id ddu la hdnh vi tham nhung thl BLHS
" hidn nay chi quy djnh hanh vi nhan hd'i Id Id hanh
^vi tham nhung; hanh vidtfa hd'i id vd mdi gidi hd'i ' Id khdng dffdc BLHS xd'p vdo nhdm tpl tham
^ nhung md thudc nhdm "cdc tdi pham khac vd -chtfc vu".
Cac hanh vi tham nhiing theo quy dinh ciia Cdng tfde TOC ehi trong khu vtfc cdng, cdn theo '^quy djnh ciia BLHS la cd trong khu vtfe cdng vd
«' khu vffc tff.
•^ r/ii? hai, vd tinh chd't ciia hanh vi nhan hd'i id
"''dffdc dd cdp tai Didu 8 Cdng tfde rdng hdn so vdi -quy dinh ciia BLHS.
Didu 8(I)(b) Cdng tfde quy djnh nhdn hd'i Id la hanh vi "ddi hdi hoac cha'p nhan" mot ldi ich khdng chinh ddng ciia cdng chtfc. Trong khi do Dieu 354 BLHS quy dinh nhSn hd'i Id la hdnh vi ' "da nhdn hoac se nhdn" tai san ctfa cdng ehtfc '-bode ngffdi ed chtfc vu, quyen han trong cae
doanh nghiep, td ehtfc ngodi nhd ntfdc - hanh vi . ndy phu hdp vdi hanh vi "cha'p nhan" trong Cdng t ffdc. Nhtf vSy, hanh vi "ddi hdi" mdt md'i ldi
khdng chinh dang eua cdng chtfc hoac ngtfdi cd ,:ichffe vu, quydn ban trong edc doanh nghidp, td 1^chffc ngoai nha nffdc, trong khi Cdng ffdc quy dinh
Id hanh vi pham tdi hd'i Id thi BLHS chffa quy djnh day la hanh vi khdch quan cua tdi nhdn hd'i Id. Chu the eiia hanh vi nhan hd'i Id theo quy djnh cua BLHS eung rdng hdn so vdi quy dinh eua
"cdng tfde TOC, ngodi cdng chtfc eon ed ngtfdi lam
•viec trong ede doanh nghiep, td chtfc ngoai nha ntfdc.
Thdba, Cdng tfde quy dinh hdnh vi dtfa, nhdn ,Jidi Id va mdi gidi hd'i Id lien quan de'n cdng chffc nffdc ngoai, vien chtfc cua edc td ehtfc dan stf 1,qud'e td'Ia tdi pham. Trong khi do, BLHS hien nay
ehi quy dinh cac hanh vi dffa hd'i id dd'i vdi cdng chffc ntfdc ngoai va cdng ehtfc ciia td chffc qud'c te' cdng la tpi pham, cdn hanh vl nhan hd'i Id va 1dm mdi gidi hdi Id ddi vdi cdng ehffe nffdc ngoai va vien chtfc cua td chtfc qud'c td' cdng khdng phdi la tpi pham.
Cud'i ciang, ve djnh Itfdng gid tri td'i thieu eiia Ipi ich vat chd't de truy ctfu trach nhidm hinh stf.
Ldi ich vat cha't theo quy dinh eiia khdng quy djnh ve gid trj td'i thidu Id dd'u hidu djnh tdi md Cdng tfde chi quy dinh nghia vu ciia cac qud'c gia thanh vien phai tpi pham hda hanh vi tham nhung trong linh vffc cdng. Quy dinh nay cd the dat ra hoac khdng dat ra trong qua trinh tdi pham hda cac hdnh vi tham nhung trong phap luat cua tffng qud'c gia. Trong bd'i eanh cu the ciia Viet Nam hien nay, theo quy dinh cua BLHS, "ldi ich khdng chinh ddng" md cdng chffc hoac ngffdi ed chffc vu, quydn ban trong khu vffc ngoai nha ntfdc nhan dtfdc la ldl ich vdt chd't cd gia tn tff 2 trieu ddng trd len hoac dffdi 2 trieu ddng, nhffng kem theo nhffng dieu kien khac tai khoan 1 cac Dieu 354, 364 va 365 BLHS).
4.3. Ddnh gid si/phu hap cua phdp ludt hinh sd Viet Nam so vdi yeu cdu cua Cong ddc chd'ng tQi pham co to chdc xuyen qud'c gia
Dd'i vdi cdc yeu cau bat budc:
Thd nhd't, BLHS nam 2015, sffa doi, bo sung nam 2017 da cd nhffng quy dinh phu hdp vdi ydu cau ciia cdng ffdc, cu the: da quy dinh cac hanh vi nhan hoi Id (didu 353), tdi dtfa hd'i Id (dieu 364), tdi mdi gidi hd'i Id (dieu 365) trong khu vffc cdng phu hdp vdi yeu cau bat budc cua cdng ffdc tai khodn I didu 8 Cdng ffdc TOC.
Mac du da cd quy dinh nhffng cac quy dmh ndy van cdn nhidu diem chffa phu hdp vdi quy dinh cua Cdng \i6c TOC, do Id: Dd'i vdi quy djnh tai didu 8(a) khoan 1 dffdc BLHS quy dinh tai dieu 364 Tpi dffa bd'i Id va didu 365 Tdi mdi gidi hd'i Id. Hdnh vi dffa hd'i Id trong dieu 8(a) khoan 1 ciia Cdng ffdc la hanh vi "hffa hen, de nghi hay mang dd'n mdt each trffc tie'p hay gidn tid'p cho vidn chtfc nha ntfdc mot md'i ldi khdng chinh ddng ddnh eho ngtfdi do hay ngffdi hoac thffc the khac
TAPCHJCONGTHIftfNG
vi trdng tham quydn nhffng trai vdi cdng vu, nhiem vu, ttfc la vi pham ede nguyen tac va hinh thffc boat ddng ciia bd may nhd nffdc, td chtfc.
Song cung cd the thtfc hien hanh vi pham tdi trdn cd sd lam dung chffc vu, quyen han dd lam mdt vide vffdt qua tham quydn ciia minh. Hanh vi tdi pham cd the dffdc thffc hien d dang hanh ddng pham tdi va khdng hanh ddng pham Idi.
Hau qua: la dd'u hieu kha phtfc tap vl cd sff ke't hdp giffa sff thiet hai vat chd't va phi vdt cha't.
Hdu qua nghiem trpng la dd'u hidu bat budc thupc mat khdch quan eiia mdt sd' ca'u thanh tdi pham vd chffc vu.
- Mat chu quan: cac tdi pham tham nhung deu dtfde thtfc hidn bdi ldi cd' y, ddng cd da dang cd the vi vu ldi hoac ddng cd ca nhan khac.
- Chu the: dac bidt, la ngffdi cd chtfc vu, quyen han'.
4. Didm ttfdng thich gii?a cac quy dinh cua BLHS vdi cac quy dinh cua Cdng tfde Chd'ng tOi ph^m cd td chtfc xuydn qud'c gia TOC
4.1. Mqt sd'dii'm tffdng d6ng giffa quy dinh cua phdp ludt Vi^t Nam vdi quy dinh ciia Cong ddc vi tham nhdng
Thd nhd't, ddp tfng ydu cau eiia Cdng tfde TOC ve tdi pham hda hdnh vi tham nhung, nhffng quy dinh ciia BLHS nam 2015 dffdc sffa ddi, bd sung nam 2017 ve cd ban da dam bao. Dieu 8 Cdng
\X6c TOC ydu cau edc qud'c gia thanh vien phai quy dinh hanh vi hd'i Id (dffa hd'i Id, nhdn hd'i Id, ddng pham ciia tdi dffa va nhdn hd'i Id) trong khu vffc cdng Id tdi pham. Theo quy djnh tai Chffdng XXIIl BLHS hidn nay, nha lam ludt da quy dmh vd cae tdi nhdn hd'i Id (Didu 354) tai Muc 1 - Cac tdi pham vd tham nhung vd dffa hdi Id (Dieu 364), mdi gidi hd'i Id (Dieu 365) trong Mue 2 - Cdc tdi pham khdc ve chtfc vu. Nhtf vay, nhffng quy dinh cua BLHS hidn hdnh nhin ehung da thffe hien dtfdc cac nghia vu eua qud'c gia thanh vidn cdng tfde TOC ve viec tdi pham hda hanh vi tham nhung trong idiu vtfc cdng.
Thd hai, vd khai niem "ldi ich khdng chinh dang" eiia boat ddng dtfa - nhdn hd'i Id dtfdc dd
cap trong Cdng tfde phu hdp vdi quy djnh ciia BLHS.
"Lpi ich khdng chinh dang" trong Cdng ifdc dtfde hieu la Idi ich vat chd't (tdi san, cdc ldi ich vat cha't khac) vd ldi ich phi vat cha't (dtfdc khen, phong tang edc danh hidu eao quy, thang chtfc..), Trong khi do, BLHS ciing quy djnh ddi ttf^fngcila hoat ddng dffa, nhan, mdi gidi hdi Id la "ciia hoi hd"- gdm tidn, tai san hoac ldi ich vat chat kh^c va ldi Ich phi vat chd't. Nhff vdy, theo quy djnh ciia BLHS hidn nay, ne'u Ipi ich khdng chinh diing ma ngffdi nhan hd'i 16 nhdn dtfdc la cdc ldi ich phi vat chd't thi ca ngffdi dffa, nhdn vd mdi gidi hdi Ig deu bi eoi Id tdi pham. Tuy nhien, diem han ch^
ciia BLHS la khdng gidi thich rd thd' ndo Id Id ich phi vat chat.
Thdba, Dieu 8 Cdng ffdc quy dinh ngffdi diicic hffdng ldi ich trong viec dffa va nhdn hd'i Id c6 M Id cdng chffc nha nffdc hoac la mdt ca nhan, lo ehtfc khde ("thffe thd khde" - ngffdi thtf ba khfing cd "nhidm vu ehinh thtfc " cd thd anh hffdng dS'n ngffdi dtfa hd'i Id). Trong khi dd, BLHS quy djnh trong Tpi nhdn hd'i Id va Tdi dtfa hd'i Id, ngiffli dffdc hffdng ldi phai la ngtfdi cd ehtfc vu quyin ban va da ldi dung ehtfc vu quyen ban cua minh dd nhdn hd'i Id hoac ngtfdi khac hoac td chitc khdc. Nhtf vay, ve quy djnh nay cd ban da dap tfng dtfdc ydu cau cua cdng tfde.
4.2. MQI SO diem khdc biit giffa quy dink cm phdp luqt Viet Nam so vdi cdc quy dinh cua Cong ddc TOC
Thd nhd't. ve edc hanh vi tham nhung theo quy dinh ciia phdp luat binh stf Vidt Nam khac so vdi quy djnh ciia Cdng tfde.
Trong khi BLHS coi cdc tdi pham vd tham nhung bao gdm nhidu hdnh vi nhtf: Tham 6 tai san; nhdn hd'i Id; lam dung chtfc vu, quydn h?ii chie'm doat tai san; ldi dung ehtfc vu, quyen han trong khi thi hdnh cdng vu; lam quyen trong Uii thi hanh cdng vu; ldi dung chtfc vu, quyen han gdy anh hffdng dd'i vdi ngtfdi khdc dd triic ldi;gi^
mao trong cdng tae thi Dieu 8 Cdng tfde quy dinii hanh vi tham nhung chi lien quan dd'n hanh vihoi Id (dffa hd'i Id, nhdn hd'i Id va hanh vi ddng phao
lUAT
ciia viec dtfa vd nhdn bdi Id). 6 khia canh nay, hanh vi tham nbffng trong BLHS ndi ridng vd phdp luat Viet Nam ndi chung^ rdng hdn so vdi khdi mem ve hanh vi tham nhung trong Cdng tfde.
Tuy nhien, xet rieng ve hanh vi hd'i Id, trong khi Cdng tfde quy djnh ed hanh vi dtfa hd'i Id, nhdn hd'i Id va hanh vi ddng pham cua hanh vi dtfa - - nhan hdi Id deu la hanh vi tham nhung thi BLHS
• hien nay chi quy dinh hanh vi nhan hd'i Id Id hanh
^ vi tham nhung; hanh vi dffa hd'i Id va mdi gidi hdi Id khdng dffdc BLHS xd'p vao nhdm tdi tham
• nhung ma thudc nhdm "cac tpi pham khac ve - chtfc vu".
Cac hanh vi tham nhung theo quy dinh ciia Cdng tfde TOC chi trong khu vtfc cdng, cdn theo - quy dinh ciia BLHS la ed trong khu vtfc cdng va
khu vtfe ttf.
Thd hai, vd tinh chd't cua hanh vi nhan hd'i Id
•• dffdc dd cap tai Didu 8 Cdng ffdc rdng hdn so vdi
^ quy dinh cua BLHS.
Dieu 8(l)(b) Cdng ffdc quy dinh nhan hd'i Id la hanh vi "ddi hdi hoac chap nhan" mdt lpi ieh khdng chinh dang cua cdng chtfc. Trong khi dd Didu 354 BLHS quy dinh nhan hd'i Id la hanh vi
" "da nhdn hoac se nhan" tai san ciia cdng chtfc ' hoac ngtfdi ed chtfc vu, quyen ban trong cac
doanh nghiep, td chtfc ngodi nha ntfdc - hdnh vi I'nay phii hpp vdi hanhvi "chap nhdn" trong Cdng II tfde. Nhff vdy, hdnh vi "ddi hoi" mdt md'i ldi
khdng ehinh ddng cua cdng ehffe hoac ngffdi cd chtfc vu, quydn ban trong cac doanh nghidp, td chffc ngoai nha nffdc, trong khi Cdng ffdc quy dinh Id hanh vi pham tdi hd'i Id thi BLHS chtfa quy djnh ddy Id hanh vi khach quan eiia tdi nhdn hd'i
; Id. Chii the cua hanh vi nhdn hd'i Id theo quy dinh
"eiia BLHS cung rdng hdn so vdi quy dinh cua cdng tfde TOC, ngoai cdng chffc cdn cd ngtfdi lam vide trong cac doanh nghidp, td chtfc ngoai nhd ntfdc.
Thd ba, Cdng tfde quy dinh hdnh vi dtfa, nhan hd'i Id va mdi gidi hd'i Id lien quan dd'n cdng chtfc ,ntfdc ngoai, vidn chtfc cua cac td chtfc dan sff ,,qud'cte la tdi pham. Trong khi dd, BLHS hidn nay
chi quy dinh cae hanh vi dffa hdi Id dd'i vdi cdng chtfc ntfdc ngoai va cdng chtfc cua td chtfc quoc te cdng la tdi pham, cdn hdnh vi nhan hdi Id va lam mdi gidi hd'i Id dd'i vdi cdng chtfc ntfdc ngoai va vidn chtfc ciia td ehffe qudc tdcdng khdng phai Id tdi pham.
Cud'i cung, vd dmh Itfdng gid tri tdi thieu cua ldi Ich vdt chd't dd truy ctfu trdch nhidm binh stf.
Ldi ich vdt cha't theo quy dinh cua khdng quy dinh vd gia trj td'i thieu Id da'u hieu dinh tdi ma Cdng tfde chi quy dmh nghia vu cua ede qud'c gia thdnh vien phai tdi pham hda hdnh vi tham nhung trong ITnh vffc cdng. Quy djnh ndy cd thd dat ra hoac khdng dat ra trong qua trinh tdi pham hda cae hanh vi tham nhung trong phap ludt ciia ttfng qud'c gia. Trong bdi canh cu the cua Viet Nam hien nay, theo quy dinh cua BLHS, "ldi ich khdng chinh ddng" ma cdng chffc hoac ngffdi cd ehtfc vu, quyen han trong khu vtfc ngddl nha ntfdc nhan dtfdc la ldi ich vdt cha't cd gia trj tff 2 trieu ddng trd len hoac dffdi 2 tridu ddng, nhffng kem theo nhffng dieu kien khac tai khodn 1 cdc Dieu 354, 364 vd 365 BLHS).
4.3. Ddnh gid sif phu hdp cua phdp luqt hinh sff Viet Nam so vdi yeu cau cua Cong ddc chong toi pham cd to chdc xuyen quoc gia
Dd'i vdi cdc ydu cau bat budc:
Thd nhd't, BLHS nam 2015, stfa ddi, bo sung nam 2017 da cd nhffng quy djnh phu hdp vdi ydu eau eua cdng tfde, cu the: da quy dinh cdc hanh vi nhdn hd'i Id (dieu 353), tpi dtfa hd'i Id (didu 364), tdi mdi gidi hd'i Id (dieu 365) trong khu vtfc cdng phu hdp vdi yeu cau bat budc ciia cdng tfde tai khodn 1 dieu 8 Cdng tfde TOC.
Mac du da cd quy djnh nhffng cdc quy dinh ndy vdn eon nhidu diem chffa phii hdp vdi quy dinh eiia Cdng ffdc TOC, dd Id: Dd'i vdi quy dinh tai dieu 8(a) khoan 1 dtfde BLHS quy dinh tai didu 364 Tpi dffa hd'i Id va dieu 365 Tdi mdi gidi hdi Id. Hdnh vi dffa hdi Id trong dieu 8(a) khoan 1 eua Cdng ffdc la hanh vi "htfa hen, de nghi hay mang den mdt cdch trffc tid'p hay gian tiep eho vien ehtfc nha ntfdc mot mdi lpi khong chinh ddng ddnh cho ngtfdi do hay ngtfdi hoac thtfc the khde
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dd vien chtfc do hdnh ddng hoac khdng hdnh ddng trong khi thtfc hien cac phdn sff chinh thtfc cua minh". Trong khi dd, quy dinh tai dieu 364 Tdi dtfa hd'i Id Id hanh vi da dtfa hoac se dffa, each dung tff nay chffa chuyen tai he't ydu cau ciia Cdng ffdc vi khdi nidm "hffa hen hay dd nghj"
rdng hdn so vdi khdi niem se dffa trong dieu 364 eua BHLS
Dd'i vdi quy dinh tai didu 8 (b) khoan 1 eiia Cdng ffdc, vd hanh vi nhan hd'i Id: "Gdi y hoae chap nhdn mdt cdch trtfc tie'p hay gidn tie'p ciia vien chtfc nhd ntfdc dd'i vdi mot md'i Idi khdng ehinh ddng danh eho ngffdi dd hay ngffdi hoac thtfc the khac de vidn chtfc do hdnh ddng hoac khdng hanh ddng trong khi thtfc hidn cae phdn stf ehinh thtfc ciia minh". Hanh vi "gdi y" theo quy dinh tai dieu nay ciia cdng tfde dtfde xem nhff mdt dang ddi hdi, nhung nhidu ngffdi ddn, vdi quy dinh nay de ngan chan ca nhtfng hanh vl mud'n nhan hd'i Id ma tim mpi each dd cd the dat dffdc muc dieh eiia mlnh, cung nhff de cd the xff ly dffpc dd'i vdi ngffdi nhdn hd'i Id khi hp ed' tinh gay phidn ha cho ngffdi dan vdi gdi y dffa hd'i Id dd giaiquye'tcdng viec cho ngffdi dan trong pham vi nhiem vu, quyen ban eiia minh. Tuy nhidn, quy dinh nay tai dieu 354 tdi nh§n hd'i Id thi hanh vi nhdn hd'i Id la hanh vi "nhan hoac se nhan", cdn hanh vi ddi hdi hay gdi y nhan hd'i 16 dffdc col la tinh tie't tang nang cua tdi nhan hd'i Id trong BLHS.
Thd hai, cdng ffdc yeu cau hinh stf hda dd'i vdi hdnh vi ddng pham ciia cac hanh vi tren (Khoan 3 didu 8), quy djnh nay da dtfdc BLHS nam 2015, stfa ddi, bd sung nam 2017 quy dinh tai didu 17 vd che' djnh ddng pham.
Nhtf vay, vd cd bdn BLHS da dap ffng tffcJng dd'i day du yeu cau cua Cdng ffdc, tuy nhien vSn cdn ed nhffng quy dinh cdn thid'u hoac chffa phu hpp hoan toan vdi yeu cau eua cdng tfde, doi hoi chung ta can tie'p tuc nghidn ctfu de hodn thi?n BLHS ve tpi pham tham nhung dd phu hdp htJn vdi cdng tfde TOC.
Dd'i vdi yeu cau tuy nghi
Quy djnh tiiy nghi ciia cdng tfde ve viec hlnh stf hda hanh vi lien quan de'n cdng chffc nifiJc ngddi hoac vien ehtfc dan stf qud'c te' cung da dffdc BLHS dtfa vao quy dinh eiia minh tai kho^n 6 didu 364 BLHS nam 2015, stfa ddi, bd sung nam 2017: "Ngtfdi nao dffa hoac se dffa hd'i lo cho cdng chffc nffdc ngoai, cdng chtfc ciia td chtfc qud'c td' cdng, ngtfdi cd ehffe vu trong cac doanh nghiep, td chtfc ngodi Nha ntfdc cung hi xiJly theo quy djnh tai Didu nay". Quy djnh nay ciia BLHS cd ban da dap tfng yeu cau eua Cdng irdc.
5. Kd't luan
Cdng cudc da'u tranh vdi tdi pham tham nhung la yeu cau hd't stfc quan trong vd can thiet ciia Dang vd Nha ntfdc ta trong giai doan hidn nay.
vide tham gia edc Cdng tfde qud'e td' vd chdng tham nhung da giup Viet Nam hoan thien phdp luat cua minh hdn trong phdng chd'ng tham nhung. Qua nghidn ctfu, tac gid thd'y rang cdc quy dinh cila BLHS cung da ttfdng thich nhidu so vdi cac yeu cau cua Cdng tfde Chd'ng tdi pham cd td chtfc xuyen qud'c gia TOC ve tdi pham tham nhung.
Trong bai nay, tae gia da danh gia mdt each to&n dien vd day du nhd't nhtfng didm ttfdng thich va chtfa ttfdng thich cua BLHS nam 2015, stfa ddi,b^
sung nam 2017 so vdi Cdng tfde TOC •
TAI LI^U TRICH DAN VA THAM KHAO:
'Diem d dieu 2, Cdng udc chd'ng tdi phgm cd td chdc xuyin qudc gia.
^Dieni d khodn 1 diiu 8, Cdng udc chd'ng tgi phgm cd td chdc xuyen qud'c gia TOC.
^Diem a khodn 1 diiu 8, Cdng udc chd'ng tgi phgm cd to chdc xuyen quo'c gia TOC.
''Dieu 3, Ludt Phong chdng tham nhung ndm 2005.
^DU thdo Ludt Phong, chdng tham nhung phuc vu Hgi nghi DBQH chuyen trdch (ngdy 6-7/9/2018).
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^Diemc, d khodn 2 dieu 3, Du thdo Ludt Phdng, chd'ng tham nhung phuc vu Hgi nghi DBQH chuyin trdch (ngdy 6-7/9/2018).
^Diiu 352 BLHS ndm 2015 (sda ddi, bo sung ndm 2017).
"Xem Cdc hdnh vi tham nhung (gom 12 hdnh vi) tlieo Dieu 3 Lugt Phdng, chdng tham nhung ndm 2005
Ngay nhdn bai: 22/5/2019
Ngay phan bi^n danh gia va svta chtfa: 1/6/2019 Ngay cha'p nhSn dang bai: 11/6/2019
Thdng tin tdc gid:
NCS. TRAN TH! NGQC KIM Khoa LuSt, Trtfdng Dai hoc Da L^t
EVALUATING THE FITNESS OF THE CRIMINAL CODE'S PROVISIONS OF CORRUPTION CRIME OF VIETNAM WITH THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION
AGAINST TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME
• Ph.D Student TRAN THI NGOC KIM Faculty of Law, Da Lat University
ABSTRACT:
The Vietnam Criminal Code 2015 (amended and supplemented in 2017) officially took effect on January 1, 2018. However, the provisions of this Code still have some shortcomings, especially for corruption crime. Vietnam has joined the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (TOC Convention) and it is necessary for Vietnam to amend its Criminal Code's provisions of criminal groups, including corruption crime based on the basis of the TOC Convention. This article is to evaluate the effectiveness of the provision of corruption crimes on the basis of the TOC Convention.
Keywords: TOC Convention, Vietnam's Criminal Code, corruption crime.
