THAM NHUNG TRONG CONG l/OfC CHONG TOI PHAM CO TO CHlTC XUYEN QUOC GIA VA V A N DE HOAN THIEN
BO LUAT HINH Si/ VIET NAM
Bill Binh Tien
Tom tat: Bdi viet phdn tich cdc ddu hieu cua toi phgm tham nhiing trong khu vuc cong duac quy dinh tgi Cong uac chdng toi phgm co to chuc xuyen qudc gia cita Lien hap quoc vd yeu cdu doi vdi cdc quoc gia thdnh vien trong viec hinh su hda hdnh vi tham nhiing. Bong thdi, ddnh gid su tuang dong trong cdc quy dinh cua Bo lugt Hinh su Viet Nam; tic do, dua ra de xudt cho viec tiip tuc hodn thien cdc quy dinh cua Bo ludt Hinh su ve vdn de ndy.
Abstract: This article analyses factors of corruption crimes in public sector under the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and its requirement for its member to criminalize corruption conduct. It also evaluates ihe harmonization of regulations under Vietnam's Penal Code. It then makes proposals to improve those regulations.
I. Tham nhung trong Cong udc chong toi pham cd to chuc xuyen quoc gia
Tham nhung da ton tai tu lau va gan lien vdi timg nha nude, timg the che chinh tri. Lien hgp qudc nhan dinh rang, hien nay, tham nhung khdng nhiing khdng gidm ma ngay cang phdt trien theo chieu hudng phdc tap, vdi nhihig thu doan tinh vi hon, de dpa su dn dinh, phat trien cua mdi quoc gia cung nhu ciia ca cdng ddng qudc te. Hiem hpa tren dat ra cho mdi qudc gia cung nhu cdng ddng quoc te phai cd nhdng bien phap ddi phd, xu ly hieu qua. Vi vay, Cdng udc chdng tdi pham cd td chuc xuyen qudc gia da dupe 123 qudc gia trong dd cd Viet Nam va Lien minh chau Au ki ket tai Palermo, Italia tu ngay 12 din 15/12/2000'. Trong do, yeu cau viec hinh sir hda hanh vi tham
ThS., Bd mon Phap luat, Dai hpc An ninh nhan dan.
' Cong irdc co hieu lire tu ngay 29/9/2003, Viet Nam phe chu5n Cong irdc ngay 08/6/2012.
nhiing dugc quy dinh tgi Dieu 8 Cdng udc nhu sau:
"1. Moi quae gia thdnh vien se ban hdnh phdp ludt vd cdc bien phdp cdn thiet khdc de coi cdc hdnh vi sau Id toi phgm khi chiing duac thuc hien mot cdch co y:
(a) Hua hen, de nghi hay dua den mot cdch true tiep hay gidn tiep cho vien chuc nhd nude mgt moi lai khong chinh ddng cho nguai do hay nguai hodc thuc the khdc de vien chuc do hdnh dong hogc khong hdnh dong trong khi thuc hien cdc nhiem vu chinh thicc ciia minh;
(b) Boi hoi hogc chdp nhdn mot cdch true tiep hay gidn tiep ciia vien chuc nhd nude doi vdi mot moi lai khong chinh ddng ddnh cho nguai do hay nguai hogc thuc thi khdc de vien chuc do hdnh dong hoac khong hdnh dong trong khi thuc hien cdc nhiem vu chinh thuc ciia minh.
2. Moi quae gia thdnh vien se xem xet ban hdnh phdp ludt vd cdc bien phdp cdn
33
NHA M'OC ) 1 PHAPLUATSO 6/2016
thiet khdc de xdc dinh trdch nhiem hinh su doi vdl viec ihuc hien nhung hdnh vi duac quy dinh tgi khodn I Dieu ndy co lien quan den mot vien chiec nhd nicdc nude ngodi hodc mot vien chirc ddn su quoc te. Tuang lu. moi quoc gia thdnh vien se xem xet vice quy dinh trdch nhiem hinh \tc doi vdi nhung hinh thicc tham nhung khdc
3. Moi quoc gia thdnh vien cUng se han lidnh ninmg bien phdp cdn thiet neu tren de coi id toi pliam doi vdi sic tham gia vdi tu cdch Id ddng phgm trong viec thuc hien mot hdnh vi plum toi duac quy dinh tai Dieu ndy 4 Theo quy dmh tai khodn 1 Dieu ndy vd toi DiC'u 9, "vien chiec nhd nude " Id mot vien chiec nhd nude hodc mot ngicai thuc hien cong vu dmrc quy dmh llwo noi ludt vd du-ac dp dung irong ludl hinh sic cua qudc gia thdnh vien md tai do ngirdi duac ndi den thuc hien chiec ndng ndy"'
Dudi goc dp !y luan tpi pham va elm thanh tpi pham doi vdi cac hanh vi quy dinh tai Dieu 8 Cong udc co the khai quat mpt s6 dau hieu ciia tpi pham tham nhiing nhu sau:
- I'e khdch the: theo quy djnh ciia Cong irac. hanh \i tham nhung ciia cong chuc hoac nliung chu the khac trong khu vuc cong trudc hcl xam hai d6n hoat dong dung dan ciia cac ca quan nha niroc, cac td chirc quoc te. cong chirc nha nude, cong chirc nuac ngoai \u cong chirc cua cac td chirc quoc tc; hiitih vi tham nhung con xam hai den quyen. lai ich hpp phap ciia ca nhan.
anh hudng gian ticp den quan lie ddi ngoai cua cac quoc gia, cac to clii'rc qu6c te
- Vc phmrng dicn khdch quan- hanh vi Iliam nhung diroc biC-u hien dirai cac dang
" Ni;u>0[i Trumii; Giang, N g u \ a i Ngoc Anh (2005), C unii III'. , !ui Lien hap qiuk i e chong Idi pham co In cine. Mi\cn quae gui u? . . i . \,,;/„ ^Imh ihu ho ''//!,.' \ \ b C Oiig an nhan dan ii 232-23?
cu the: (1) Hanh vi dua, hda hoac dc ngh dua Igi ich khdng chinh dang cho con^
chuc; (2) Hanh vi cua cdng chuc true ti^p hay gian tiep ddi hoac chap nhan mot loi icli khong chinh dang; hanh vi cua nhung nguoi dong pham trong viec thuc hien mpt hoac ca hai hanh vi (1) va (2) neu Iren.
Mdi loi khong chinh dang chua dugc Cdng udc giai thich nhung co the hi^u do la Igi Ich bat hap phap ton tai dudi dang vai chat nhu tien, tai san... hoac Igi ich phi vai chat nhu de bat len vj tri cao han, khen thudng...
Vi} phuong dien chu quan: tat ca nhirng hanh vi neu tren deu dupe thuc hien vdi loi CO y, dugc quy dinh trong cac khoan 1, 2, 3 Dieu 8. Muc dich thuc hien hanh vi cua chu the nham dat dugc Igi ich vat chii hoac loi ich tinh than (true tilp hoac gian tiep). Dong ca thuc hien hanh vi pham toi la vu lai
- Ve chii the: chu the cua hanh vi Ihaiii nhung duac d l cap tai Dilu 8 co tha ia chu the thudng (khoan 1 (a)) hoac chu thS dac biet (khoan 1(b), khoan 2). Chu th£ dac biei dupe neu ro la nhiing "cong chiec". "cong chiec nhd nicdc nuac ngodi hodc mot cong chiec ddn su quoc te "
1. Tham nhung theo quy djnh cua Bo luat Hinh su Viet Nam
Toi pham tham nhung trong Bo luat Ilinli sir (BLHS) nam 1999 (sua ddi, bd sung nam 2009) quy dinh tai Chuong Cac toi pham \Q chuc vu. Muc A - Cac tpi pham ve tham nhung bao gom cac hanh \ i tham 6 tai san; nhan hoi 16, lam dung chuc vu, quyen han chiem doat tai san; lai dung chuc vu, quyen han trong khi thi hanh cdng vu; lam quyen trong khi thi hanh cong vu; Ipi dung chirc vu. qu>en han gay anh hudng ddi \ffl ngirdi khac de true Ipi: gia mao trong c6n2
THAMNHCNG TRONG CONG ifdc.
tac. Cd the nhdn thdy, mpt so hanh vi theo quy dinh cua Lugt Phong, chong tham nhung la hanh vi tham nhdng, nhung khdng ndm trong nhdm cdc tdi pham ve tham nhiing cua BLHS nhu: dua hdi !d, mdi gidi hdi Id duac thuc hi$n bdi ngudi cd chdc vy, quydn han de gidi quydt cdng viec ciia ca quan, td chuc, don vi hogc dia phuong vi vu Igd...
Cd the khdi qudt ddu hi?u phdp ly^ cua cac tdi phgm ve tham nhiing trong BLHS ndm 1999 nhu sau:
- Vi khdch the: cdc tpi phgm ddu xdm hgi hogt ddng dung dan cua co quan nha nude, to chuc xa hpi, xdm hgi quydn, Ipri ich hop phdp cua cd nhdn, td chdc.
Ve mat khdch quan: hanh vi phgm tpi rdt da dgng: tu tham d tdi san, nhan hdi Ip...
den loi dung chdc vu, quyen hgn gay dnh hudng ddi vdi ngudi khdc de true loi. Hdnh vi phgm tdi ludn dupe thuc hidn dudi hinh thuc hanh dpng.
Vi m^t chu quan: phdn Idn cac tpi phgm deu dupe thuc hi?n vdi loi cd ^; ddng ca v\i loi hogc dpng ca cd nhdn khac.
- Vi chu thi: da sd cdc tpi pham duac thuc hien bdi chu the d^c biet la ngudi cd chdc vii, quyen hgn.
BLHS ndm 2015 ke thda nhung diem hpp ly trong cdc quy dinh cua BLHS ndm 1999 ve cdc tdi pham tham nhung, ddng thdi bd sung mdt sd ndi dung sau:
- Vd "loi ich" trong tpi nhgn hdi Id vd dua hdi Ip, mdi gidi hdi Id khdng chi la lai ich vdt chdt quy dupfc bdng tien nhu Uong BLHS ndm 1999 ma cdn bao gdm cd Icri ich phi vgt chdt nhu dupe khen tdng, dd bgt Idn vi tri cao han trong cdng tdc... (diem b, khoan 1 cdc Didu 354, 364,365).
- Loi ich trong tpi dua hoi Id cd thd dua ddn cho ban thdn ngudi nhdn hodc cho ngudi khdc nhu vo, con, ban be cda ngudi
nhdn h o ^ td chuc khdc nhu to chdc md ngudi nhgn la thanh vidn ho$c cd moi quan h? kh^... Ngudi dua h6i Ip cd thd dua cho ngudi cd chdc vu, quyen hgn hodc dua cho ngudi khdc, td chuc khdc (khodn 1 cdc Didu 354,364).
- Hdnh vi dua h6i 1^ dd duprc md rpng gdm cd dgng "sS dua" cho ngudi cd chdc viL, quyen han hodc ngudi khac hodc td chuc khdc dd ngudi cd chdc vu, quydn han lam hodc khdng Idm mpt v i ^ theo yeu cdu cua ngudi dua (khodn 1 Dieu 364).
- Chu the cda tpi nhdn hdi Ip khdng chi trong phgm vi cdng chdc thudc cdc ca quan nha nude, td chdc xa hpi cua Vi?t Nam ma cdn bd sung "ngudi cd chuc v\i, quyen hgn trong cac doanh nghiep, td chuc ngoai nha nude" (khodn 6 Didu 354). Theo do, hdnh vi dua hdi Ip khdng chi dua cho ngudi cd chuc vu, quyen hgn trong ITnh vuc cdng cda Vidt Nam ma cdn bao ham cd "cdng chdc nude ngodi, cdng chuc cua td chuc qudc te cdng, ngudi cd chiic vu trong cdc doanh nghiep, td chuc ngoai nhd nude"
(khodn 6 Didu 364, 365).
3. Danh gia quy djnh cua B9 luat Hinh su Vi^t Nam vdi yeu cau hinh su- hda hanh vl tham nhung cua Cong irdc chong tpi phgm co to chuc xuydn qu6c gia Ddi chieu cdc quy dinh cua BLHS Viet Nam vdi ydu cdu ciia Cdng udc Uong viec tpi phgm hda hanh vi tham nhiing cd thd nhgn thdy:
Cdc quy djnh ciia BLHS Viet Nam vi ca bdn dd ddm bdo yeu cdu cua Cong udc ve tgi phgm hda hdnh vi tham nhung trong khu vuc cong. Nhu da phdn tich, vd phuong dien cdc yeu td cdu thdnh tpi phgm, quan nif m vd hanh vi tham nhung trong Cdng udc va trong BLHS Vidt Nam ca bdn cd su tuang ddng.
Dieu 8 Cdng udc yeu cdu cdc qudc gia thanh 35
NHA NV&C VA PHAP LU4TS6 6/2016 vien phdi quy dinh hanh vi hdi Id (dua hdi Id, nhan hdi Id, ddng phgm cda tdi dua vd nhgn hdi 16) Id tdi pham. Theo do, Chuong XXIII BLHS nam 2015 quy dinh vk cdc tdi nhan hdi Id (Diiu 354) tai Muc 1 - Cac tdi phgm vh tham nhiing, va tdi dua hdi Id (Dieu 364);
tdi mdi gidi hdi Id (Dieu 365) tgi Muc 2 - Cac tpi pham khdc ve chuc vu.
Quy dinh vd "loi ich" da dupe BLHS nam 2015 md rdng ra "loi ich phi vat chat", CO ban phu hpp vdi "mdi Ipi khdng chinh dang" tai Dieu 8 Cdng udc; hanh vi dua hdi 16 trong BLHS nam 2015 bao g6m ca dang
"da dua" va "se dua", ve co bdn phu hop vdi quy dinh Cdng udc.
Tuy nhien, quy dinh cua BLHS Viet Nam so vdi quy dinh cua Cdng udc cdn cd mpt sd diem khac biet.
Thic nhdt, ve ngi hdm cita khdi niem hdnh vi tham nhiing
BLHS Viet Nam coi hanh vi tham nhiing bao gdm nhieu hdnh vi nhu: Tham 6 tai san; nhan h6i 16; lam dung chuc vu, quyen han chiem dogt tai sdn; loi dung chdc vu, quyen han trong khi thi hanh cdng vu;
lam quyen trong khi thi hanh cdng vu; Ipi dung chuc vu, quyen han gay anh hudng ddi vai ngudi khac de true loi; gia mao trong cdng tac. Didu 8 Cdng udc quy djnh hanh vi tham nhung chi lien quan dSn hanh vi hdi Id (dua hdi Id, nhan hdi Id va hanh vi ddng pham ciia viec dua va nhan hdi 16). 6 khia canh nay, hanh vi tham nhung trong BLHS Viet Nam rdng hem so vdi hanh vi tham nhiing trong Cdng udc.
Ngoai ra, trong khi Cdng udc quy dinh ca hanh vi dua hdi Id, nhan hdi Id va hdnh vi ddng pham cua viec dua va nhan hdi Id dku la hanh vi tham nhiing, thi BLHS Viet Nam chi quy dinh hanh vi nhan hdi Id la hanh vi tham nhung; hanh vi dua h6i Ip va mdi gidi
hdi Id duac xep vdo nhdm "cdc tdi phai khdc ve chdc vu".
TTitt- hai, quy dinh vi hdnh vi nhdn k 16. Didu 8(l)(b) Cdng udc quy dinh hanhi nhdn hdi Id Id hanh vi "ddi hdi ho|ic chi nhan" mdt mdi Ipi khdng chinh dang cii cdng chdc. Trong khi do, Dieu 279 BLHl nam 1999 (Didu 354 BLHS ndm 2015) qu;
dinh la hanh vi "nhgn hogc s6 nhgn" tai sai cua cdng chdc, chi phu hpp vdi hdnh v
"ch^p nhdn" trong Cdng udc. Nhu vay hanh vi "ddi hdi" mdt mdi loi khdng chin!
dang cua cdng chuc duac Cdng udc quj dinh la hanh vi pham tpi nhgn hdi Id thi BLHS Viet Nam chua coi day la hanh vi khach quan cua tpi nay.
Thu ba, hdnh vi khdch quan "da dua hodc se dua" trong toi dua hdi Ig (Diiu 364, BLHS ndm 2015) hep han vd chua chudn xdc bdng hdnh vi "hica hen, de ngh\
hay dua din" quy dinh tgi Biiu 8{I)(a) Cong uac. "Da dua" nghia la hanh vi do phai dupe thyc hien xong, trong khi "dua den" cd the da dupe thuc hien hoac dang dupe thuc hien. "Se dua" Id hdnh vi duoc thuc hi?n trong tuang lai, ndu viec "se dua"
mdi the hien trong suy nghia ma chua duoc bieu hien ra bang hanh vi cu thd nhu chu&i bi tidn, lap kd hoach... thi khdng the xu ly hinh su, vi tdi pham phdi bidu hien bang hanh vi pham tpi la nguyen tdc co ban ciia BLHS. Hem nua, hanh vi "se dua" duoc xem nhu la chuan bi pham tpi cung khong thd bi xu ly, vi Didu 14 BLHS 2015 khong dat ra trach nhiem hinh su ddi vdi hanh vi chuan bi pham tdi cua tdi dua hdi Id. Trong khi do, "hua hen" hodc "dd nghi" vua the hien viec se dua trong tuang lai nhung chi dupe hidu dd la hanh vi ma khdng phai la j dinh pham tpi. Dd nghi dua thd hien thai do chu dpng cua ngudi dua va bao hdm ca trudng hap ngudi nhan co chdp thuan hay
THAM NHUNG TRONG CONG VOC...
khong thi hanh vi nay van bi xu ly hinh sir.
Trong khi "se dua" thong thudng phai dupe hieu la giira ngudi dua va ngudi nlian phai CO sir thoa thuan, nghTa la nguai nhan da chap thuan"'.
Thic tic, "moi lai khong chinh ddng"
quy dinh trong Cong udc co noi hdm bao qudt han "lai ich" Irong BLHS Viet Nam.
Theo quy dinh lai cac dieu 354, 364 va 365 BLHS nam 2015 thi "lai ich" chi bao gdm Ipi ich vat chat quy dupe bang tien va ioi ich phi vat chat. Tuy nhien, trong thuc tien CO lai ich vat chat khong quy dupe bang ticn nhung eo gia tri nhu nio, bp phan co the ngudi, duac su dung cho muc dich chiia benh. nghien cdu khoa hoc'*. Vay neu cac doi lirong hda se dua va nhan md, bp phan CO the ngudi de lam hoac khong lam mpt
\icc nhat dinh nhir md ta cua tpi nhan hoi 16, tpi dua hoi 16 trong BLHS nam 2015 thi se kh6ng the xd ly dupe.
Thic num. Dieu 8(2) Cong udc quy dinh hdnh VI diea vd nhdn hdi 16 lien quan den cong chirc nicdc ngodi. vien chiec ciia cdc td chiec ddn sir qudc te Id toi pham Trong khi do. BLIIS Viet .\(iin ndm 2015 chua quy
• dinh thong nhdt ve vdn de ndy Cu the, khoan 6 Di^u 354 BLHS nam 2015 quy dinh: "Ngirdi co chuc vu, quyen han trong cac doanh nghiep. to chuc ngoai nha nude ma nhan h6i 16. thi bi xu ly theo quy dinli tai Dieu na\'"; khoan 6 Dieu 364 quy djnh
"Ngudi nao dua hoac se dira hoi 16 cho cong chi'rc nude ngoai, c6ng chuc ciia to . chuc quoc te cong, ngudi c6 chi'rc vu trong cac doanh nghiep. td chuc ngoai nha nude cung bi \ u ly theo quy dinh tai Dieu nay".
• khoan 7 Dieu 365 quy dinh' "Mgudi nao
' Tua an nhan dan TP 116 Chi Mmh. Ban an so 2')/0l'2011 ivj.ii\ 27 01/201 1
* Luat 1 lien, lay. ghcp mo. bo plian ca the nijircn va hiSn, la\ \ac
m6i gidi hdi 16 trong cac doanh nghiep, td chuc ngoai nha nude cung bi xd ly theo quy dinh tai Dieu nay". Quy dinh cua ba dieu iuat tren dat ra vdn de: neu cdng chuc nuac ngoai. c6ng chuc ciia cac t6 chdc qudc te, vien chuc ciia cac td chuc dan su qudc te nhan hdi 16, va ngudi mdi gidi hoi 16 trong trudng hap nguoi nhan hoi 16 la ba loai noi tren thi hp co bi xd ly hinh sy ve tpi nhan hdi 16, tpi m6i gidi hdi 16 theo quy djnh ciia BLHS Viet Nam kh6ng? Ciing theo cac quy dinh do. ngudi dua hoi 16 cho cong chuc neu tren se bj xu ly hinh su ve tpi dua h6i 16; tuy nhien, ngudi dua h6i 16 cho vien chdc cua cac t6 chuc dan sy qu6c te lai kh6ng dupe BLHS dieu chinh. Nhu vay, quy djnh ciia BLHS nam 2015 con the hien sy thieu thdng nhat n6i tai trong ciing mpt van ban phap ly.
Tfn'r sail, ve dinh luang gid Iri tdi thieu ciia loi ich vdt chdt de truy cim trdch nhiem hinh SIC Cdng udc clii quy dinh nghTa vu cua cac qudc gia thanh vien phai tpi pham hoa hanh \ i tham nhiing trong ITnh vyc cong ma khong quy dinh gia tn t6i thieu ciia lai ich vat chat la dau hieu dinh tpi. Trong khi do, BLHS nam 2015 ciia Viet Nam quy dinh "loi ich khong chinh dang" ma c6ng chdc nhan la loi ich vat chat co gia tri tu 2 trieu dong trd len hoac dudi 2 trieu d6ng nhung kem theo nhimg dieu kien khac, hoac lai ich phi \'at chat (cac dieu 354, 364 va 365).
4. Mot so dinh hudng hoan thien Bp luat Hinh sy Viet Nam
Tu nhung phan tich tren. tac gia cho rang, can ticp tuc hoan thien mpt s6 npi dung sau da\ cua BLHS nam 2015:
- l c Dieu 354 - Toi nhdn hoi In: cdn hd sung tai khodn I cum tic "ddi hoi", cum lie
"lai ich vdt chdt khdc". ihay cum lie "loi ich khdng chinh ddng" vdo cum lie "hdt ki lai ich ndo": ho sung tat khoan 6 cum lie 37
Mil M OC VI PHAP lAATSO 6/2016
"cong chirc niedc ngodi. cong chiec cim to chiec qudc te cong"
Nhu da phan tich d tren. khoan 1 Dieu 354 mdi dl cap hanh vi "nhdn hodc se nhdn" chi phii hop vdi hanh \ i "chdp nhdn' duoc quy dinh tai Dilu 8(I)(b) cua C6ng udc. Nhu \i\. hanh vi "ddi hoi"
trong C6ng udc con dang bj bo ngd. Neu so sanh hanh vi "se nhan" vdi hanh vi "doi hoi" theo ciing mpt Ipi ich thi hanh vi "doi hoi" van thi hien tinh nguy hiem cao han.
"Doi hoi" thi hien thai dp chii ddng ciia ngudi pham tpi vdi dpng ca. muc dich pham tpi rdt ro rang, con hanh vi "se nhan" trong nhieu trudng hop the hien thai d6 bi dpng CLia ngudi nhan trudc de nghj eiia ngudi dua. D6i vdi cum tu "bat ki Ipi ich nao", tac gia cho rang, ve nghTa phap ly cum tu nay klidng chinh xac, vi bat ki lai ich nao d day c6 the la Ipi ich hpp phap va loi ich bat hap phap'\ Ngoai ra, mpt s6 loi ich vat chat khac khong the qu\ doi bang tien nhung co the dupe su dung dc dua, nhan va m6i gidi h6i 16. Xeu BLHS khong quy dinh eo the la khoang tr6ng cho cac ddi tuang lach luat muu cau Ipi ich ca nhan va lam mat < nghTa nhan van eiia Ludt Hien, Idy, ghep md. hd phdn ca ihe ngicdi vd hien. lay xdc Dieu 354 can bo sung chii the ciia t6i piiam la
"cong chuc nude ngoai, e6ng chiic cua to chi'rc quoc te cong" de phii hpp vdi quy dnih tai Dieu 8 Cong udc cung nhu dam bao tinh thong nhat vdi quy dinh tai khoan 6 Dilu 364 BLIIS 2015.
r j Dieu 364 Tdi diea hdi Id: lai khoan 1. cdn lluiy cum tir "dd dua hodc M?
dua" thdnh "hira hen, de nghi hay dui den ". thay cum tie "hdt ki lai ich ndo " bdn^
"lai ich khdng chinh ddng " vd bd sung cun tic "lai ich vdl chdt khdc"
Ngoai nhirng npi dung dupe phan tich o tren, tac gia cho rang mpt s6 ly do sau cung la CO sd cho viec thay ddi cum tir "da dua hoac se dua" thanh "hua hen, dc nghi hay dua den". Do la, neu hieu nguyen nghia qu}
dinh ciia khoan I Dieu 364 thi ngudi "dang dua" hoi loi se kh6ng pham tpi nay. Nhu vay, ve phuong dien td tung, neu bat qua tang mpt ngudi dang dua hoi 16 thi hp co bi xu ly hinh sy hay kli6ng? Thuc tien, hanh vi pham tpi qua tang mac nhien bi xu ly hinh su^, nhmig ve kT thuat lap phap quy dinh nhir vay la chua chat che. Ngoai ra, tac gia cung d6ng y vdi quan diem cho rang, "Mpt ngucri kh6ng the bi rang budc trach nhiem hinh su ve y dinh ma hp duac du doan hoac phong doan la se thuc hien trong tuong lai" .
- i'c' Dieu 365 - Tdi moi giai hdi 16: igi khodn I cdn thay cum tic "cua hdi Id" thanh
"hri ich khdng chinh ddng"; bo sung cum lii
"lai ich vdt chdt khdc" vdo cudi khodn !.
khodn 7 can bd sung cum tic "cdng chiec mcoc ngodi, cdng chiec cua td chuc qudc te cdng"
Tac gia cho rang, cum tu "eiia hoi lo"
dirac dicn giai bang lai ich vat chat va loi ich phi \at chat la khong hpp 1> Theo do.
cLia h6i 16 chi bao g6m cac lai ich vat chat ma khong the ca lai ich phi vat chat. Hon nua, cung de dam bao th6ng nhdt giiia cac quy dinh cua BLHS v l cac loi nhan hoi lo, dua hoi lo va m6i gidi hdi 16 thi viec thay
\'u Thi Thii> 12(115), Kien nghi hoan ihien qu\
dmli cua Ho lual Hinh 5ir V'lei Nam tron^ MCC noi luai hoa qii\ dmh ciia Con:; uac chong toi pham co lo chirc \u\ijn quoc gia \o i6i pham hoa hanh M Iham nhung irong linli MFC u'>ng, ir .18
•^ Xem Toa annhan dan rP !-16 Clii Mmh, Ban an so 29/01/2011 ngay 27/01/2011,
" Vu Thi Thuy (2015). Ki^n nghi hoan ihien quj dinh ciia lio lual Hinh su Viet Nam trong vice noi luat hoa quy dinh ciia Cong iroc ch6ng toi pham cii 16 chiic \uyen quoc gia ve toi pham hoa hanh ^' iham nhung trong Imh vuc cong, tr, 37
THAM NHUNG TRONG CONG UOC...
ddi cum tu "ciia hdi 16" thanh cum tu "Ipi ich khdng chinh dang" la cdn thilt. Viec bd sung cum tu "Ipi ich vat chat khac" va cum tu "cdng chiec nude ngodi, cdng chiec cua td chiec quoc te cdng" da dupe ly giai cho
\iec hoan thien tdi nhan hdi 16.
- Ve viec ban hdnh vdn bdn hudng ddn giai thich cum tie "lai ich vdt chdt khdc"
Viec bd sung cym tu "loi ich vat chdt khac"
la can thiet nham khac phuc lo hing trong quy dinh ve tpi dua, nhan hdi 16 va moi gidi h6i 16. De thdng nhat trong nhan thuc, T6a an nhan dan t6i cao, Vien kiem sat nhan dan t6i cao, Bp C6ng an, Bp Tu phap cdn co van ban giai thich cum tu "loi ich vat chdt khac". Trong do, lai ich vat chdt khdc cdn duac hieu Id mo, ho phdn ca the ngudi nhu gan. than... theo Ludt Hiin. lay, ghep mo, ho phdn ca the nguai vd hien, lay xdc.
Vdi nhirng lap luan tren. theo tac gia, m6t s6 dieu luat cua BLHS nam 2015 cdn sira d6i. b6 sung nhu sau:
Dieu 354. Tpi nhan hdi 16
1, Ngudi nao lai dung chuc vu, quyen han true tiep hoac qua trung gian nhan hoac se nhan bat ky Ipi ich khong chinh ddng nao sau day cho chinh ban than ngudi do hoac cho ngudi hoac t6 chirc khac de lam hoac kh6ng lam mpt viec vi Ipi ich hoac theo yeu cau ciia ngudi dua hoi 16, thi bi phat til tu 02 nam den 07 nam:
a) Tien, tai san hoac loi ich vat chat tri gia tir 2.000.000 d6ng din dudi 100 000 000 dong hoac dirdi 2 000 000 d6ng nhung da bi xu 1\' ky luat ve hanh \ i nay ma con vi pham hoac da bi ket an ve mpt trong cac tpi quy djnh tai Muc 1 Chuong nay, chua dupe xoa :'ui tich ma con \ i pham; hoac loi ich vat chdt khdc
b) I.pi ich phi \at chat.
(Cdc khodn 2, 3. 4, 5 giu nguyen ) 6. Ngudi CO chuc vu, quyen han trong cac doanh nghiep, td chuc ngoai Nha nude, cong chuc nude ngodi, cong chirc ciia to chiic quoc te cong ma nhan h6i Id, thi bj xd ly theo quy dinh tai Dieu nay.
Dieu 364. Tpi d u a hoi lo
1. Ngudi nao hii'a hen, de nghi hay dua den mgt cdch true tiep hay gidn tiep cho ngudi c6 chuc vu, quyen han hoac ngudi khac hoac t6 chuc khac bat ky lai ich khong chinh ddng nao sau day de ngudi co chuc vu, quyen han lam hoac kh6ng lam mpt viec vi lai ich hoac theo yeu cau ciia ngudi dua h6i 16, thi hi phat tiln tu 20.000.000 d6ng din 200.000.000 ding, phat cai tao khdng giam giu den 03 nam hoac phat tii tu 06 thang den 03 nam:
a) Tien, tai san, Ipi ich vat chat tri gia tu 2.000.000 ding din dudi 100.000.000 d6ng;
Ipi ich vat chat khac.
b) Lai ich phi vat chdt.
(Cdc khodn 2. 3, 4. 5, 6, 7 giir nguyen) Dieu 365. Toi moi gidi hdi Ip I. Ngudi nao mdi gidi h6i 16 ma loi ich khdng chinh ddng thupc mpt trong cac trudng hop sau day, thi bj phat tiln tir 20.000.000 ddng din dudi 200.000.000 ddng, phat cai tao khong giam gid din 03 nam hoac phat til tu 06 thang din 03 nam:
a) Tien, tai san hoac loi ich vat chdt tri gia tir 2.000.000 ding din dudi 100.000.000 d6ng; Iffi ich vgt chdt khdc;
b) Lai ich phi vat chat
(Cdc khoan 2. 3, 4. 5, 6 giir nguyen) 7. Ngudi nao mdi gidi hii 16 trong cac doanh nghiep, td chuc ngoai Nha nude hoeic moi gidi hdi Ip cho cong chi'rc nuac ngodi, cong chiic ciia to chiic qudc ti cong cung bi xir ly theo quy dinh tai Dilu nay.
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