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CHUAN mz (UOC TE VE BAD DAM QUYEN CON NGlfSl CUA PHU Niif TRONG Tir PHAP HINH Sir
• ThS. H O A N G H U a N G T H O Y *
Tom tdt: Xet dudi gdc dp nhdn quyen, thi quyen con ngudi cua phu nir trong linh vire tuphdp hinh su phdi dup'c ghi nhdn vd bdo vi day dii ve mgt Igp phdp, sif thvc thi ehinh xdc vi mdt hdnh phdp vd sir ddm bdo tdi da vi mat tuphdp. Bdi viit ndy khdi qudt chudn mue qudc ti vi bdo ddm quyen cda phu nir trong tuphdp hinh su.
Abstract: From the aspect of human rights, human rights of women in the criminal justice area should be fully acknowledged and protected by law and the correct executive implementation and the justice maximum guaranty. This paper generalizes international standard on guaranty of women rights in the criminal justice.
1. B a o d a m q u y e n c o n ngifdi c u a p h u nG t r o n g trf p h a p h i n h sii
Bao d a m quyen con ngiidi cua p h u nii trong linh viic tU p h a p h i n h s\l la mot noi d u n g q u a n trong trong l u a t n h a n quyen quoc te va dUOc t h e hien trong nhieu v a n kien p h a p ly nhif: Hien chufOng Lien HcJp quoc (1945); Tuyen ngon quoc te v^ n h a n quyen (1948); Cong U6c vi cac quyS'n chfnh tri cua p h u nii (1952); Cong Udc quoc te ve cac quyen d a n sii va c h i n h t r i (1966) (ICCPR); Cong lidc ve xoa bo mpi M n h thiic p h a n biet doi xtt chong lai p h u nQ (1979) (CEDAW); Cong udc ve chong t r a t a n va cac h i n h thlJtc doi x\X, triing p h a t t a n bao, v6 n h a n dao hoac ha t h a p n h a n p h a m (CAT, 1984); Tuyen ngon D a k a r ve quyen dUOc xet xut cong bang t a i chau Phi...
QuyS'n con ngUdi la nhiing bao dam p h a p ly toan cau co tac dung bao ve cac ca n h a n
va cac nhom chong lai nhiing h a n h dong hoac sil bo mac lam ton h a i den nh§.n p h a m , nhiing sU ditdc p h e p va tU do cd b a n cua con ngUcfii. L u a t N h a n quyen quoc te k h a n g dinh, cac quyen cd b a n cua con ngUcii la cac quyen d a n sU, chinh tri, kinh te, xa hoi va v a n hoa. P h u nQ vdi t u each la con ngUdi co t a t ca nhiing quyen dUdc thiia n h a n cho moi ca n h a n t r e n toan t h e gidi, dac t h u gidi khong lam m^'t di b^'t ky mot quyen con ngUcii cd b a n nao cua p h u nii^... Trong cuon Bach khoa t o a n thii t h e gidi ve p h u nii:
Nhiing v a n de va t r i thtfc toan e^u ve p h u nii^ dUcfc x u a t b a n n a m 2000, t a p t h ^ nhdm tac gia Charlotte Bunch va S a m a n t h a Frost t r o n g p h a n viet "Gidi thieu ve cac quyS'n con ngUdi cua p h u nii" da chi ra: Quyen con ngUdi cua p h u nii la mpt thulit ngii de chi cac quyen cua p h u nii vdi tU each la mpt con ngiidi va dUdc xem xet thdng qua l a n g k i n h
* Hoc vien Phu nir Viet Nam
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gidi. Theo dd, quyen con ngUdi cua phu niidUdc xem la ta't ca cac quy^n con ngiidi ma nhan loai tien bp thiia nh^n va cd them nhiing quyen mang dac thu gidi nul^. Ro rang, khai niem quyen con ngUdi cua phu nii la mpt khai ni§m viia tong hdp lai v^a dac thii, la mpt tiip hdp quyen thdng nhat, khong the chia c^t, khdng the chuyen nhUdng va cd mdi lien hd chat che vdi nhau:
"Quyen con ngildi cua phu nii la nhiing dac quyen vdn c6 ciia mot con ngUdi nhU nhan pham, nhu cau, ldi ich, nang liic diidc thCfa nhan bao gom ca dac thii gidi va dUdc bao hp bang phap luat quoc gia va phap lulit quoc te".
Tu phap hinh sii diidc cac nha khoa hpc tren the gidi nghien cifu b cac gdc dp va each tiep CEin khac nhau, moi quoc gia cung cd quan niem khdng gidng nhau ve cae ndi dung eua tU phap hinh sU x\h\i quyen, chu the thiic thi quyen va hoat dpng tu phap hinh sii. Sii khae nhau nay dUde ly giai tiC sU khae nhau ve ban chll't, muc dich, dac diem quyen liic nha nUdc va khac nhau tii y^u to' lich sit, kinh te, van hda, xa hpi cua mdi niide... Tiep clin du6i gdc dp quyen theo khoan 1 Dieu III ciia Hien phap Hdp chung qudc Hoa Ky thi: "Quyen liie tii phap cua Hoa Ky se dildc trao cho Tda Td'i cao va nhiing Tda an cap dudi ma Nghi vidn cd the thiet lap trong mot sd' trUdng hdp". Trong khi dd, the ch^ hidn hanh cua Trung Qudc quy dinh quyen tU phap bao gom quyen xet xi[ va quyen kiem sat, cd quan tU phap gom Tda an v^ Vidn kiem sat^. Cuoh Cac hd thong tii phap hinh sii so sanh
(Comparative Criminal Justice Systems- 2nd Edition), tiep ckn. dUdi gdc dd chu thi, tac gia Erika Fairehild va Harry R.
Dammer da dUa ra khai niem: "He tho'ng tU phap hinh sii la bao gom cac ca nhan va cd quan thilc hidn cac chiie nang tU phap hinh sil, cd 03 bp phan chinh cua he thd'ng tU phap hinh sil la canh sat, toa an va cac hinh phat"6. Luat hinh sii Phap quy dinh: "He thd'ng tU phap hinh sil Phap dUdc did'u chinh bdi 02 van ban quy pham phap lulit chinh la Bd luat Hinh sil (1994) va Lusit To tung hinh sii (1959). Bd luat Hinh sil xac dinh cae loai tdi pham va hinh thtic xii ph^t thieh hdp, Luat To' tung hinh sil quy dinh, hudng dan dieu tra, xet xi( 1 ngUdi vi pham phap luat hinh sii""^. Tif nhiing minh chiing tren cho tha'y, ndi de'n tU phap hinh sii la de cap den hoat ddng cua he thd'ng cae cd quan tu phap trong ITnh vile da'u tranh chdng toi pham^ hay ndi each khae la eae cdng viec cua ed quan tU phap thilc hien trong td' tung hinh sii lien quan trUc tiep den giai quyet cac vu an hinh sii nham dam bao tinh khach quan, diing dan theo phap luat. Nhii vay, cd the riit ra ket luan vd' khai niem quyen con ngUdi cua phu nii trong tU phap hinh sii la nhiing dac quy^n vdn cd eua ngudi phu nO can dUdc tdn trpng va khdng the bi tudc doat khi ngudi phu nii phai d6i mat vdi cac thu tuc to" tung hinh sU ciia bp may quyen lUc nha nude.
Bao dam quyen con ngUdi trong tU phap hinh sil bang nhieu phUdng thife va bidn phap khac nhau, trong dd bao ve bang cac quy dinh phap luat cung nhU dam bao thUc
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trpng nha't: "Dam bao quyen con ngUdi trong tu phap hinh sU la sU van hanh cua cac yeu td' khach quan nham mue dich cdng bd', ghi nhan ve mat phap ly cac quyen con ngUdi trong linh vUc tU phap hinh sii, bao vd va thiic thi eac quyen do trong qua trinh giai quyet vu an hinh sil"^. Yi le do, trong thilc tien phap ly, "bao dam quyen con ngudi eua phu nii trong tU phap hinh sU"
dUdc hidu la eac hoat dpng giii gin, bao vd eho phu nii khdi nhiing xam hai tieu cue gay tdn thUdng eae quyen eon ngUdi eua phu nii, giup hp tranh eac nguy cd, rui ro ed the xay ra trong qua trinh tham gia to' tung; chu the dUdc bao ve d day dUdc hieu d ca hai gdc dp nan nhan va khdng phai la nan nhan.
Cung vdi khai niem quyd'n con ngUdi cua phu nii va quyen eon ngUdi trong tU phap Mnh stl da dUdc xac dinh d tren, cd the tong hdp mpt each d^y du ve npi ham khai niem bao dam quyen con ngUdi ciia phu nii trong tu phap hinh sU la vide sif dung d6ng bd nhieu bien phap nham bao ve va chdng lai sU xam hai doi vdi nhflng dac quyen vdn cd cua mpt ngUdi phu nfl nhU nhan ph^m, nhu cau, ldi ich, nang luc dUdc thiCa nhan can dUdc tdn trpng va khdng the bi tUdc doat, dUdc bao hp bang phap Mat trong linh vUc tu phap hinh su (phap Mat hinh sii, phap Mat to' tung Mnh sil, phap Mat thi hanh an Mnh sil va phap Mat vl td ehiic cac cd quan tu phap hinh sU) khi ca nhan dd phai dd'i mat vdi cac thu tuc to tung Mnh sU cua bd may quyen lUc nha nUde.
Tdm lai, dam bao quyen con ngudi cua
phu nii trong tU phap hinh sil la vide dam bao eac dieu kien, yeu to' can va du cho vide thue hien eae quyen eon ngUdi cua phu nd:
khi ma hp phai dd'i mat vdi nhiing thu tuc to' tung hinh sii cua bd may quyd'n lUc nha nUdc do cd lien quan den mdt hanh vi ed da'u hieu pham tdi dUdc quy dinh trong phap Mat hinh sii qud'c gia hay qud'c te.
2. Quan diem va ccf che dam bao quyen con ngifdi cua phu nut trong tit phap hinh si^ theo quy dinh cua phap luat quoc te
Vl mat quan diem, cpng dong qud'c te ludn coi quyIn con ngUdi, trong do cd phu nii la gid tri chung cua toan nhan loai.
Quan diem nay ciing dUpc gian tidp phan anh trong he thd'ng van kidn phap ly ve quyIn eon ngudi do Lidn Hdp qude va cac td chiic lien chinh phii khac thdng qua, the hien b viec xac dinh tinh phd bien cua quyen con ngUdi, la bam sinh, vdn ed va dUde ap dung binh dang khdng ed sU phan biet ddi xit vi ba't eii ly do ^ nhu chung toe, tdn giao, gidi tinh, dp tuoiio... Cpng dong qud'c te' keu gpi huy bd nhiing dieu Mat phan Met dd'i x^ va dam bao phu nii dUdc binh dang khi thiic hien cac thu tuc tU phap, chii y bao ve cac quyen con ngUdi mang dac thu gidi. Dieu 1 Hien chUdng ciia Lien Hdp qud'c quy dinh rang, mgt trong nhiing muc dich cua Lien Hdp qud'c la de thiic d^y tdn trpng ede quyen con ngUdi va cac quyen tU do cd ban eua tat ea mpi ngUdi
"khdng phan biet chung tpc, nam nii, ngdn ngfl hoac tdn giao". Quy dinh cam phan biet ddi x i dUa tren gidi tinh dUdc nhae lai d
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Dieu 13 Hid'n chUdng va Dieu 55 (thiic d^y cac quyen con ngUdi ndi chung). Tuyen bd' cua Lien Hdp qud'c ve "Xod bo bao Me dd'i vdi phu nii" dUdc cac chfnh phu thdng qua trong phien hpp Dai hdi dong nam 1993 da khang dinh: "Ba't ky hanh vi bao Mc dua tren cd sd gidi nao dan den hoac ed kha nang ddn den tdn hai ve mat the cha't, tinh due hoac tam ly cho phu nfl, bao gom ea nhiing moi de doa cua eae hanh vi nhu vay, cUdng che hoac ttiy tien tudc doat tU do, cho dii xay ra trong ddi sdng cdng cdng hay trong ddi sdng ca nhan".
Phap Mat qud'c te' cdn ddi hdi chd' dp bao hp dae biet vdi thien chiic lam me cua phu nii thdng qua viec yeu eau loai bd thi hanh hinh phat t^ hinh dd'i v6i phu nii mang thai hoac dang nudi con nhd trong phap Mat hinh sii qud'c gia: "Khdng dUdc thi hanh dn tif Mnh dd'i vdi phu nii dang mang thai"
(khoan 5 DieV 6 ICCPR). Luat Nhan quyen qudc te' de nghi cac qud'c gia tdn trpng, bao ve, thiic Men day dii cac tieu chuan dam bao nhdn quyen cho cdng dan cua minh va cam ket thuc Men cac nguyen tac dUdc thiet lap d ca'p dp qud'c gia, khu vUc va qud'c td'.
Trong lich s\i, cac quy dinh cung da de ra nhflng nguyen t^c va sU giam sat hanh dpng cua cac cd quan cua nha nUde ed th^m quyen phan quyet dUa tren mdnh lenh va phuc tung nhu giet, tra ta'n va giam gifl.
Nghia vu eua Nha nUde la tdn trpng cac quyen eon ngudi, bao gom ca quyen cua phu nfl, keu gpi trach nhiem cua cae quoc gia kilm che' khdng thilc Men ba't ky hanh dpng nao xam pham cac quyen dd^^. Hidn nay,
trach nhidm ciia cae qud'c gia da dUde nhdn thiie rd rang trong viec bao ve va thUc hidn day du cac quyIn con ngudi, bao ve phu nfl khdi nhflng de doa xam hai.
Ve cd ehe' bao dam, Dieu 3 Cdng udc vd' xda bd ta't ca cae hinh thiic phan biet dd'i xit chd'ng lai phu nfl quy dinh: "Cae quoc gia thanh vien Cdng U6e phai thi hanh moi bien phap thich hdp, ke ea bien phap phap ly... d^
dam bao sii phat tridn va tien bd day du cua phu nfl, nham muc dich bao dam cho hp c6 the thilc Men va dUdc hudng cac quyen con ngUdi va tii do cd ban tren cd sd binh dang nam nfl". Ben canh do, Dieu 4 Cdng flde nay khang dinh rang, ngay ca khi phu nfl da dUde ghi nhan sil binh dang ve mat phap ly, dieu do cung khdng du de dam bao hp se dUdc ddi x^ mdt each binh dang trong thUc td'. Dd dam bao quyen cua phu nfl, cdc quoc gia thanh vien dUdc cho phep sif dung nhflng bien phap xit ly dae biet de dam bao quyen dae thu cua phu nfl. NhU vay, epng dong qud'c td' da vUdt qua quan diem hep ve binh ding theo nghia thdng thudng va thiet lap nhflng mue tieu ciia rieng nd la binh dang ve cd hdi va binh dang vl ket qua. Cac bien phap dac biet tam thdi de chd'ng lai sii phan bidt dd'i xfl vdi phu nfl dUde coi la can thie't va hdp phap de dat dUdc eae muc tieu nay. Trong Khuyen nghi chung so' 5 dfldc thdng qua tai Phien hop l^n thfl 7 (1988) ciia Uy ban vl xda bd sU phan biet dd'i x^
chd'ng lai phu nfl neu rd rang: "Cac qud'c gia thanh vien can ban hanh nhilu hdn cac bien phap dac biet tam thdi nhfl la nhflng
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hanh ddng tieh eUc, sU doi xif flu dai hoac hd thd'ng cdc ehi tieu de tang cfldng viec bao dam quyen binh dang cho phu nfl trong cae linh viic...". Dd'i vdi vide bao dam quyIn con ngfldi cho phu nfl thi sfl dung bien phap doi xif dac biet de bao ve ehfle nang Idm me la each thflc duy nha't dl bao dam binh dang thflc sfl cho phu nfl, ludn ludn Id can thiet va khdng bi xda bd^^^
Mac du, Nha nUdc cd trach nhiem trUdc tien dd'i vdi viec bao ve quyen phu nfl khi hp bi de dpa hoac tan cdng, nhUng sU hien dien ciia cdng dong qude td' eung nhU Lien Hdp qudc cung cd trach nhidm de ho trd va bao ve hp theo nguyen tae ed ban ve sfl bao mat, khdng gdy hai va sfl dong y cua con ngUdi.
Cdng dong qud'c te' dam bao thilc thi quyen eon ngUdi cua phu nfl thdng qua bp may va ed che giam sat gom ed Hdi dong quyIn eon ngUdi, cac uy ban va eae nhdm cdng tae chuyen biet. Cac ed quan theo ddi viee thflc thi la Uy ban vl quyIn kinh te, xa hpi, van hda va Uy ban ve quyIn eon ngfldi xem xet giai quyd't theo thdm quyen dd'i vdi cac khieu nai ea nhan vl nhflng vi pham bi cao bude, d6ng thdi giai quyet nhflng va'n de phan bieti3. Uy ban phdng chong tra td'n la ed quan giam sat Cdng Udc chd'ng tra ta'n va eae Mnh thUc trflng phat hay doi xi( tan ac, vd nhan dao hay ha nhuc khae cflng thfldng xuyen xif ly nhflng vd'n dl cua bao Mc ehdng lai phu nfl va tre em gai. Cac quoc gia tham gia phe chu^n Cdng flde phai dinh ky bao cao gifi tdi cac cd quan nay trong do dUa ra nhflng khuyen nghi vl nhflng giai
phap c^n thilt de thUc hien nghia vu theo quy dinh.
Hpi dong quyIn con ngUdi la mdt cd quan lien chinh phu cua Lien Hdp qud'c de thue day va bao ve quyIn eon ngUdi. Vdi 47 nUdc thanh vien dfldc b^u bdi Dai hpi dong. Hoi dong quyIn con ngUdi da thUdng xuyen thflc hidn nhflng chi dao dac biet ve quyIn cua phu nfl va quan tdm dd'n khia canh gidi tfl khi dUdc thanh lap nam 2006. Cung cd nhilu giai phap dUde ban hanh bdi Hpi dong vd cd quan tiln nhiem trUde nd la Uy ban ve quyen con ngfldi keu gpi cac qud'c gia thflc Men trach nhiem ciia minh dd'i vdi quyIn cua phu nfl. Nhflng thao Man vd giai phap la quan trong de gifl va'n de quyIn cua phu nfl trong chUdng trinh nghi sfl qud'c te'.
Nhdm cdng tac ve nhflng v^n de phan biet dd'i xii chd'ng lai phu nfl trong Mat va thflc tien. Nhflng thu tuc khac eung dUde dfla ra trong hoat dpng cua Hdi dong nhdm thflc hien eae quyIn eiia phu nfl va gidi, cu the la triln khai nhflng nghien cflu lien quan den phu nfl va eac quyen con ngUdi dac thu, dam bao sU quan tam den cac quyIn cua phu nfl h eae qude gia thanh vien va thao Man vdi eac Chinh phii ve nhflng trUdng hdp dac Met vi pham quyen con ngUdi ciia phu nfl bi eao budc.
Nhu vdy, dam bao quyen con ngUdi cu.a phu nfl trong tfl phap Mnh sU la vide dam bao cac dieu kien, yeu to' e^n va du cho viec thflc Men eac dac quyIn vdn cd ciia mdt con ngUdi nhu nhdn pham, nhu cau, ldi ich, nang Mc dUde thfla nhan va dUdc bao hp khi
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ma nguai p h u nO pliai doi m a t vdi nhflng toi da ve m a t t u p h a p . Dieu do t h e Men 6 t h u tuc to t u n g h i n h sU cua bo may quyen cac quy dinh cua p h a p l u a t h i n h sU p h u hdp luc n h a nudc do da thUc hien mot h a n h vi co v6i cac nguyen tac vk cac quy p h a m tuong d a u hieu p h a m toi dUdc quy dinh trong iJng cua p h a p l u a t quoc te, dUOc t u a n thu, p h a p l u a t h i n h sU qudc gia hay qudc te. Bao chap h a n h va ap d u n g mot each nghiem dam quyen con ngufii cua p h u nfl trong tU chinh, t h d n g n h f t va tri§t de Vo\ cac cd p h a p h i n h sU la viec lam can thiet va co y q u a n bao ve p h a p l u M va Toa an, ciing nhu nghia t h u c t i l n dac Met quan trong. Vi vay, nhiing ngUcii co chflc vu cua cac cd q u a n nay q u y f e con ngubi cila phu nii trong linh vUc t r o n g thUc t i l n dieu t r a , t r u y t d va xet xi, t u p h a p h i n h sU phai dUdc ghi n h a n va bao tao long tin cua cong d a n vao sU nghiem ve day du ve mat lap phap, sU thuc t h i m i n h cua p h a p che, t i n h minh bach va sU chinh xac ve m a t h a n h p h a p va sU dam bao b i n h dang cila p h a p l u a t •
1. United Nations, Human Rights: Question and Answers, New York and Geneva, 2006, p.4.
2. Xem Trin Thi Hong Le, NhSi^ van de Iy luan va thifc tiin ve bio ve quyen phu nfl bing phip luat hinh sU i Viet Nam, Luan an Tien si, Khoa Luat, Bai hoc Quoc gia, 2016.
3. Charlotte Bunch and Samantha Frost (2000), Inter International Encyclopedia of Women: Global Women's Issues and Knowledge, "Women's human rights: An introduction", Routledge, 2000, p.l5.
4. Xem Trin Thi Hong Le, Nhiing van de ly luin va thac tiin vebao ve quyen phu na bing phap luat hinh sif d Viet Nam, Luan an Tien si, Khoa Luat, Bai hoc Quoc gia, 2016.
5. Xem ThS. Nguyin Thi Thuy, Tif phap hinh sif va yeu ciu tang cifdng kiim sat hoat dgng tuphif hinhsif. Tap chi Nghien cHu lAp phap so ISO thang 7/2009, tr.26.
6. Erika Fairehild, Harry R Bammer, 2001, Comparative Criminal Justice Systems- 2nd ed, Wadsworth Thomson Learning, United States Printed, p.5.
7. Richard J. Terill, 2016, World Criminal Justice Systems: A comparative Survey-9th-ed, Routledge, 0X14 4RN, p.m.
8. Xem Li Van Cam, 2009, Hi thong Tif phap hinh sif trong giai doan xiy difng Nha niidc phap quyen, Nxb. Bai hgc Quoc gia Ha Ngi, tr.106.
9. Xem PGS.TS. Nguyin Nggc Chi (Chii bien), 2015, Sach chuyen khao: Quyin con ngifdi tronglinb vifc Tif phap hinh sif, Nxb. Hong Biic.
10. Xem Nguyin Bang Bung, VQ Cong Giao, La Khanh Tung, 2009, Giao trinh Ly luin vi phip luit viquyen con ngudi, Nxb. Chinh tri Quoc gia, tr.540-541.
11. Sheila Bauer, "Hifuhinh va vohmh: Cac quyen con ngifdi cika phu nU trong khu vifc cgng cgng vi tu nhan", xem trong Cic quyen con ngifdi, gidi va pha nif: Quan diem toan ciu, Marjorie Agosin.
12. Xem Nguyin Bing Bung, Pham Hong Thii, VU Cdng Giao, La Khinh TUng (dong chu bien) (2010), Quyin con ngUdi (Tap tai lieu chuyen dicHa Lien Hop quoc), Nxb. Cong an nhan dan. Ha Ngi.
13. Be them thong tin ve he thong diiu udc vi quyen con ngudi, xem OHCHR, Fact Sheet so 30: Hi thing dieu udc eua Lien Hop quoc vi quyin con ngUdi and OHCHR, Fact Sheet so 7: Thu tuc khieu nai ca nhin theo cic diiu udc vi nhan quyen cua Liin Hdp quoc.
