Quan diem ve con nguM trong trilt hoc ciia Khong Tu
Vo Van Dung ' Tmimg D^i hpc Kh^nh H6a.
Email: [email protected]
Nh§nngiy 15 th^g 10 nam 2019. Chap nhan dang nga> I th^ng 12 nam 2019.
Tom tfit: Tir tudng con ngudi trong trilt hpc cua Khong Tii dupc hinh thanh va phat Uien trong mpt giai dogn ljch sir Trung Quoc thdi c6 dgi mang tinh budc ngo§l. S\r chuyen ddi toan dipn ciia dat nudc Tning Quoc luc bay gid da lam cho xa hpi loan lac. Trudc thyc trgng do cac nhd lu tudng dua nhau tim kiim phucmg phap de dn dinh xa hpi. Tuy diing tren lap trudng giai cap khac nhau, nhirng cac nha tu tudng deu cd diem chung la hp diu bdt dau tir vipc giai thich ban tinh cua con ngucri. Mdc dii van cdn nhiing han che nhdt dinh bdi s\r chi phoi ciia ljch sir, nhirng quan diem ve con ngirdi trong trilt hpc cua Khong Tu ca ban da dap ung dupc nhu cau xa hpi liic bay gid va den nay van con nguyen gia trj.
Tir khda: Con ngudi, Khong Tii, tu tudng.
Phan Ioai ngdnh: Triet hpc
Abstract: The thought on humans in the philosophy of Confucius was formed and developed during a period which is a turning point in ancient Chinese history. The comprehensive transformation of the country of China at that time caused chaos in the society. Facing such a situation, thinkers were vying with one another to find ways to stabilise the society. Despite their different class positions, the thinkers shared one thing in common, which was that they all began with explaining the nature of human. Though still including certain limitations caused by the impacts ofthe conlemporarj' historical context, the views on humans in Confucius' philosophy basically met the social needs at that time and still bear values which remain intact today.
Keywords: Humans, Confucius, thought.
Subject classiflcation: Philosophy
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Vo Vdn Dung 1. Dan nhflp
Cd thi ndi rdng, van de con ngudi ludn dugc cdc nhd triet hgc quan tam va de cap din Uong cac tdc pham ciia minh. Tuy nhien, d moi giai dogn lich sii thi viec phat hien va nghien ciiu ve con ngudi la khdng gidng nhau bdi sy chi phdi ve dieu kien vdn hda vd chinh trj khdc nhau. Ngay thdi ky cd dai Khdng Tu trinh bdy quan diem khd toan ven ve con ngudi, vi tri, vai trd ciia con ngudi yong xS hpi. Vai yd cua con ngudi budc ddu da dugc Khdng Tu trinh bay khd todn dien yong h? thdng tu tudng ciia minh. Khdng Tli dd xera con ngudi la ddi tugng trung tdm ciia mpi van de tir triet hpc den chinh trj vd gido dye. Ld mpt trong nhirng nha tu tudng dau tien cua nhan loai nghien ciiu ve vdn de con ngudi thi viec tdn tai nhiing ban che Id dieu khdng the trdnh khdi. Tuy nhien, quan diem ve con ngudi trong triet hpc cua Khdng Tu la tien de quan trpng cho cdc nhd khoa hpc sau nay nghien ciiu ve con ngudi. Bdi viet ndy gidi thieu ndi dung va gid tri quan diem ve con ngudi trong yiet hpc cua Khdng Tir.
2. Npi dung quan diem ve con nguoi trong triet hpc ciia Khong Tv
Sy xudt hi^n mpt quan diem ludn gdn lien vdi mpt hinh thai kinh te xd hdi nhat djnh.
C.Mac tirng viet: "Cdc yiet gia khdng mpc len nhu nam tu Uai dat, hp la san phdm cua thdi dgi minh, cua dan tdc minh, raa ddng siia tinh te nhdt, quy gia va vd hinh dugc lgp trung lgi yong nhiing tu tudng triet hpc"
[3, y.l56]. Quan diera ve con ngudi trong triet hpc cua Khdng Tu ra ddi Uong giai dogn lich su Trung Qudc thdi cd dgi chuyin ddi todn dien mang tinh budc ngoat. S^r chuyen ddi dd da ddn den sy bien ddi cdn bdn cd ve ca sd hg tang lan kiln tnic thugng tang. Sy bien ddi da lara cho xa hdi logn lac, luan ly dgo due suy ddi, chinh trj rdi ren. Thyc trang dd da ddt ra cho cac nhd tu tudng cdc cau hdi ldn nhu: ldm thi ndo dl cho xa hpi dn djnh? Nguyen nhan ciia su chuyen ddi mang ti'nh budc ngoat ciia ljch sir Trung Qudc giai dogn nay la gi? He tu tudng ndo se phii hgp cho giai doan mdi ciia xa hdi Trung Qudc? v.v.. D I trd ldi cho nhting cdu hdi dd cdc nhd tu tudng diu bdt dau lir viec tim hieu ve con ngudi, chinh vi the md vdn de con ngudi trd thdnh trung tam ciia triet hpc thdi ky nay.
Khdng Tir (551 - 479 TCN) ten that la Khau, ty la Trpng Ni. Ong sinh ra Irong dieu kien xa hdi Trung Qudc roi vdo logn lgc yien mien, giai cap thdng trj cti da ddnh mat vai yd cua minh ddi vdi ljch sii. Cdc the luc mdi khdng ngtmg ndi len de tranh gidnh quyen cai tri, sy tranh gidnh do dd day xd hpi Trung Qudc thdi ky nay budc sang rapt rapt nga re mdi. Dd la sy cdo chung ciia thdi ky phong kien phan quyen de nhudng chd cho thdi ky phong kien trung ucmg tap quyen. Thyc trgng do da ldm xuat hien cdc xu the nhu: (1) Cac nha tu tudng chu yuong phap trj ra sire iing hd cac the lyc dja chu radi len; (2) Cac nhd tu tudng chil uuong diic Uj thi mudn niu giii che dp Ie uj cua nha Chu; (3) Cac nhd tu tudng chu truang vd vi vi bdt radn vdi thuc tai nen hp quay lung vdi the sy. Khdng Tu
Khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam, sd 1 - 2020 dugc sinh ra yong cdnh ca hdn nhung thupc ddng ddi quyen quy d nudc Lo, mpt dat nudc nhd be nhung cd be ddy vdn hda dirdi thdi nhd Chu. Nhu vdy dng la ngudi dai dien lieu bieu cho xu hudng thir hai vd dng da dua ra quan diem ve con ngudi dya uen CO sd bdn tinh con ngudi vdn thien de ly giai ve xa hpi.
De cd quan diera ve con ngudi mdt cdch diing ddn Khdng Tu da bdt dau ly gidi \e ngudn gdc, vai Ud, vj tri vd ban rinh ctia con ngudi. Qud Uinh nhan thirc ve ngudn gdc con ngudi Id mpt vdn de khd khdn ddi hdi phdi ydi qua mpt qua trinh phdi trien cua nhan logi thi mdi cd the ly gidi mpt cdch diing ddn. Tuy nhien, Khdng Tir dd cd cdi nhin ve con ngudi mpt cdch khd todn ven khi bdt ddu ly gidi con ngudi sinh ra tu dau. Tren quan diem con ngudi Id mpt bp phan khdng the tdch rdi vdi lu nhien, Khdng Tu cho rdng mpi sy vgl, hien tugng trong ty nhien deu van hanh theo quy lugt am duong. Con ngudi tdn tgi ciing khdng ndm ngodi quy luat ay, cho nen lay co the rad ndi, thi con ngudi phdi nhal luat tudn theo nhirng nguyen ly am ducmg bien hda ciia dgo trdi vd cuong nhu tuong thdi, ciia dgo ddl. Viec dimg nguyen ly dm duang de Iy gidi cho ngudn gdc ra ddi ciia con ngudi ciia Khdng Tu dd the hien quan diem duy vat chdt phde gdp phdn vao viec chdng lgi quan diem duy tdm than bi. Khdng Tu da xem gidi ty nhien la mpt phdn khdng the thieu trong qua trinh xudt hien ciia lodi ngudi Id mpt quan diem het sire lien bg luc bay gid.
Trong quan diera ciia minh IChdng Tu de cao vai ud vd vj tri ciia con ngudi yong xd
hdi. Ong xem con ngudi Id vdn de quan trpng nhat dan den sy thinh, suy cua mpt uilu dgi. Tuy nhien, Khdng Tir cho rdng mdi con ngudi trong xa hpi deu cd mpt vai yd nhdt dinh. Vai Ud dd ciia moi con ngudi Id khdng gidng nhau nen con ngudi cd nhiing suy nghi va hdnh dgng khdc nhau.
Ong chia xd hpi thdnh hai logi ngudi, dd Id ngudi qudn tu vd ke lieu nhan, ngudi qudn Hi cd vai trd dan ddt, cdn ke tilu nhdn cd vai Ud luan theo. NIU ddt con ngudi hong mdi quan he vdi ty nhien thi con ngudi Igi cd vai yd phy thupc vi Khdng Tir xem trdi Id ddng tdi cao vd thugng nen con ngudi phai ludn phyc tting mpnh Ipnh vd y chi ciia Udi. Tir sinh tir, thp yeu, may rui, hpa phiic, quy tien cua sinh mpnh vd sd phgn con ngudi den sy cdn mat, hung vong cua cdc yieu dgi deu do trdi chi phdi. Khdng Tii dl cao Thien mpnh va dng cho rdng con ngudi phy thupc vdo Thien menh "dgo ta niu dugc luu hdnh, dy cung do mang trdi. Dgo la neu phdi vong phe, ay cung do noi mgng Udi" [5, tr.233]. Do rin vdo Thien mpnh nen Klidng Tir coi sy hieu bill va hdnh dpng ciia con ngudi theo raenh trdi Id dilu kipn tat yiu de trd thdnh ngudi hodn thien. Bdi
"chdng hiiu raang udi, chdng dang gpi la qudn tir" [5, tr.3l5]. Do tin vao menh trdi nen Khdng Tii ddnh gid vi tri ciia con ngudi Uong the gidi la hoan todn phy thupc
"ngudi quan tir cd ba dilu kinh: kinh sg mang trdi, kinh sg bgc dai nhdn, lire la ngudi chirc phan ldn, ditc hanh cao; kinh sg ldi day cua thanh nhdn" [5, tr.263]. Tuy nhien, theo Khdng Tu thi trdi - ngudi - quy than cd mdi quan h? vdi nhau. Trong dd quan he giira trdi va ngudi Id mpt trong
Vd Van Dung nhiing gia dd hiiu hieu de cdc thi lyc Uong
xd hpi than thdnh hda vai yd cita ngudi dirng dau. Tren gid dd dd, cdc nha tu ludng dd cd gdng bien hg cho quyen lyc vd sue mgnh ciia the lyc cam quyen Uen mat ddt.
Va nhd vua cd vai Ud Id cau ndi quan trpng giiia cdc the lyc sieu nhien vdi dan chung.
Mdt khdc Khdng Tu cilng thay dugc vai trd ciia con ngudi trong viec cdi tgo the gidi chinh vi the, dng cd y trdnh ne ndi den cdi chit, khuyen con ngudi hdy quay Ud vl song thyc, sdng cho diing dgo ldm ngudi.
Tir dd dng de cao tri tue ciia ca nhdn de giup con ngudi trong xa hpi hipn thuc.
Khdng Tu cho rdng xa hdi Trung Qudc roi vdo cdnh loan lac Id do con ngudi vd dgo, klidng chinh danh djnh phan. De cd the khdc phyc dugc thyc trgng do thi can phai de cao gido dye sy thien tinh trong moi con ngudi. Khdng Tir cho rdng bdn tinh con ngudi khi sinh ra gan nhu nhau nhung do dieu kipn sdng md cd sy khdc biet. Tinh "la cdi nguyen Iy sd dt sinh ra ngudi; la tinh chat, ban chat cua ngudi hay ciia vat" [1, tr.738]. Vdi quan diem dd thi tinh Id cai trdi phli cho con ngudi khi mdi sinh ra. Trong Ludn ngir, Khdng Tir viet: "Con ngudi ta sinh ra, cai bam tanh vdn ngay that. Neu hp td khiic md sdng dugc, dd la ho may mdn khdi chit ddi thdi" [5, tr.93]. "Theo quan niem do, Khdng Tir nhdn dinh, ve co bdn thi bdn tinh con ngudi gidng nhau, ai cung cd tinh ldnh. Tinh lanh idm cho mpi ngudi gdn nhau vd ydnh xa dieu ac" [2,tr.60]. Nhu vgy, theo Khdng Tu, ban tinh con ngudi la ngay thdng, Id hai hda, het long thdnh thyc vdi minh va dem long thdnh thyc cua rainh de ddi dai vdi ngudi. Khdng Tii ludn de cao
ban tinh, pham chat tdt dep, ngay thdng cua con ngudi, vdi he thdng cdc phgm trii dgo due nhu: nhan, le, nghia, tri, diing, trung hieu, kinh de... Ttr do dng cd gdng xdy dyng mdt mau ngudi ly tudng cho xa hdi gpi Id ngudi quan tu.
Xudt phdt tu quan niem ve ngudn gdc, bdn rinh vd vai Ud, vi tri con ngudi Khdng Ttr da dua ra quan diem ve giao dye con ngudi trong tu tudng triet hpc cua dng. Myc dich ciia gido dye la ldm cho con ngudi sdng diing vdi chinh danh dinh phdn, dua con ngudi vd dao Ud ve cd dao. Ong da khdi qudt vd phan chia cdc mdi quan he xa hdi ra thdnh nhiing mdi quan he nhu: vua tdi, cha con, chdng vg, anh em, ban be.
Giiia cdc mdi quan he dd, deu dugc quy djnli bdi nhirng chudn myc, gia tri dao due nhdt dinh, de dam bdo cho ngudi ndo cung cd ydch nhiem, bdn phdn chinh ddng cua ngudi ay. Trong dd, vua phai hue, tdi phai trung, cha phdi tir, con phdi hieu, chdng tinh nghta, vg phdi tdng, anh luong, em kinh dl, bgn be phdi tin nghta. De xa hdi dn djnh theo Khdng Tu, ai mang danh nao thi phai sdng va Idm viec vdi diing vdi cai danh dd.
Phuong phdp hieu qua nhdt de dn djnh trgl ty xa hdi la phdi thyc hien gido hda dgo diic bdng le nghta cho mpi ngudi chii khdng phai bdng hinh phap. Vi: "Neu nha cam quyen chuyen dimg phdp che, cam lenh ma dan dat dan chiing; chuyen diing hinh phgl ma yj ddn, thi dan sg ma chdng pham phep dd thdi, chd hp chdng biet hd nguoi. Vay mudn dan ddt dan chiing, nha cam quyen phai dimg dire hanh; mudn tri ddn, nhd cam quyen phdi dimg le tiet" [5, tr.15]. Theo Khdng Tu, con ngudi neu khdng dugc gido
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Khoa hpc xa hpi Vipt Nam. s6 I - 2020 due, thi dil lam cd tdt dep, nga> thdng nhu the nao di niia thi ciing bi cdi ngu raupi.
phdng ddng, Iam Igc, phan loan che idp.
Trong llic xd hpi logn lgc khdng ra lam quan giiip dan cuu ddi khdng phdi la ngudi Iri, khdng phdi Id ngudi nhdn. Nhu vdy gido due dugc xem nhu phuang tien quan trpng de khdng dinh vai ud vd vi tri ciia con ngudi trong the gidi.
3. Gid trj quan diem ve con ngirdi trong triet hpc cua Khong Tur
Tir vipc nghien ciiu npi dung quan diem vl con ngudi trong rii ludng triet hpc ciia Khdng Tii chiing tdi nhgn thay van de con ngudi dd dugc dng nghien cuu khd sau sdc, toan dien vl ngudn gdc, bdn chdt, vai Ud, vi tri ciia con ngudi de ttr dd cho rdng cdn phdi gido due con ngudi de phdt huy vai Ud nhan tliiic the gidi vd dn dinh xa hpi. Thdng qua viec nghien ciiu dd, chiing tdi nit ra mpt sd gia tri sau: thu nhdl. tu tudng con ngudi uong trilt hpc ciia Khdng Tii mang tinh nhan vdn, bdi le IChdng Tir da ludn ddt con ngudi d vj tri trung tam, ludn de cao con ngudi vd quan ldm giao dye con ngudi.
Trong lu tudng triet hpc Khdng Tir mac dii diing yen lap trudng, dia vj vd lgi ich ciia giai cap thdng trj, nhung la xudt phdt tir con ngudi, ludn lay con ngudi ldm trung tam.
Tren quan diem dd chiing ta thdy con ngudi trong trill hpc Khdng Tu cd myc dich vuon tdi ldm chu chinh minh. Khdng Tii cho rdng. nha cam quyen raudn phdt Uien ddt nudc thi cdn phdi phat huy nhan td con ngudi. Mdt ddt nudc se khdng the phdi trien
niu nhu nhd cam quyen khdng de cao vd phat huy diing ddn vai trd, vj tri ciia con ngudi trong sy phdt trien xd hpi. De phdt huy nhan td con ngudi thi can phai de cao vai ud ciia giao due. Muc dich ciia vipc giao due Id dl phdt huy thien tinh trong mdi con ngudi. Nhu vgy, linh nhan vdn trong tu tudng vl con ngudi ciia Khdng Tii khdng chi dtmg lai d viec mang lgi cho con ngudi cd cupc sdng lot dep, xdy dyng xa hgi thinh tri md cdn hoan thien hp gid yj ciia con ngudi. Khdng Tu dl cao nhiing chuan rayc Ui thiic, dao dire con ngudi yong Uilt hpc dl khdng djnh dl cao vai trd, vi tri ciia nhan ddn dd thi hipn dugc tam vdc nhat djnh cua dng; thu hai, lu ludng con ngudi trong triet hpc cua Khdng Tir mang rinh da dang. Ong dd cd gdng nghien ciiu con ngudi tren nhieu phuong dien, cd ve ngudn gdc, ban tinh va vai Ird, vi Iri ciia con ngudi trong the gidi ndi chung va trong xd hpi ndi rieng, cung nhu trong viec co gdng dua ra cdc phuang phdp, cdch thiic khdc nhau de gido hda con ngudi. Tren quan diem con ngudi vdn thien, Khdng Tu da chu truong nhdn trj va diic trj de cai bien xa hpi dap img nhu cdu ljch sir xa hpi thdi Xuan Thu - Chien qudc ddt ra. Khdng Tu nghien ciiu ve con ngudi vdi rauc dich "le gia, tri quoc, binh thien hg". Vi vdy ma dng ludn de cao vai trd ciia con ngudi trong tu nhien va xa hpi. Dd Id quan diem tien bp, cd gdng thodt khdi sy chi phdi ciia the gidi quan than quyen phd bien d Trung Qudc liic bdy gid. Khdng Tu da quan tdm den con ngudi, di rim cdc gid tri. chuan myc ve tri thirc, dgo dire vd ca gid trj ve mat xa hpi ciia con ngudi, giao due, cai hda con ngudi theo cdc chudn myc gid
Vo Vdn Dung tri dd de hoan thipn con ngudi thdnh mau
ngudi 1^ tudng cd day dii yeu td "nhdn",
"nghta", "!e", "tri", "tin", hieu biet dgo ly, thyc hien dao ly, gdp phan xdy dyng mdt xd hpi Iy tudng, cd ydt ty, cuong thudng, thdi binh, thinh trj; thd ba, tu ludng con ngudi yong triet hpc cua Khdng Tii mang tinh hien thyc. Khdng Tu ludn coi sinh menh, sy sdng con ngudi Id dang quy, ddng Udn trpng nhat do vay dng chii truang diing gido hda con ngudi thay cho ludt phdp.
Ong cho rdng, nhd cam quyen mudn xa hdi on dinh thi phdi dera cdi diic ra de ma cai trj thi dan sg trd nen luong thien. Khdng Tli nhdn mgnh vipc diing ngudi hien tdi de cai tri dat nudc vi theo dng nhung ngudi hiln ldi cd khd ndng cam hda nhiing ke tan bao trong xd hdi trd nen hien lucmg.
Khdng Tir ciing cho rang, mdi con ngudi phai biet quy sinh mgng ciia minh, va khi biit quy sinh raang ciia bdn than thi mdi cd thi quan tam, giii gin, bdo ve sinh mgng va muu sy giup ngudi khdc. Cdn nhiing ngudi song khdng biit trdn quy sinh mang cua ban than thi khdng thi Id ngudi hien thuc vd khdng thi cai trj dugc ddt nudc.
Tu tudng gido dye ciia Khdng Tu budc ddu dd Ud Uidnh mdt he thdng ly ludn chat che. Trong dd dng da neu ra quan niem loan dien ve con ngudi, Ong nhan manh yeu td ben trong han be ngoai ciia con ngudi.
Quan niem ve con ngudi, ban tinh cua con ngudi, nhin nhan con ngudi khdng chi thudn tuy dya vdo ldi ndi ma ket hgp giira ddng CO va hieu qua, giira Ii tri va tinh cam.
Ve npi dtmg gido dye, Khdng Tu da dua ra nhung npi dung dao diic het siic sau sdc nhu nhan, ll, nghia, chinh danh v.v.. De
truyen dgy mdt each cd hieu qua Khdng Ttr da de xudt rapt he thdng phuang phap gido due khd chdt che vdi nhiing kien giai sinh dpng vd sdu sdc.
Tuy nhien, ben canh nhiing gid tri md chiing tdi da de cap d tren thi vdn de con ngudi Uong triet hpc Khdng Tir vdn cdn mdt sd hgn che nhdt djnh nhu: (1) Tu tudng con ngudi yong triet hpc ciia Khdng Tir mang tinh chdt duy tdm. Khdng Tu cho rdng mpi sy bien hda cua vgn vgt yong ty nhien ciing nhu hong ddi sdng xd hdi ke ca con ngudi deu do thien mpnh vd y chi ciia quy than chi phdi. Chi cd vua Id ngudi thira lenh trdi, thay Udi cai tri yen mdt ddt do vay con ngudi tuyet ddi phyc tung mpnh lenh y chi ciia nhd vua. Neu ngudi dan vi bdt Cli ly do gi ma khdng tuan menh thi trdi vd quy than se trimg phgt nghiem khdc, gieo xudng ddu nhdn ddn nhirng tai hpa ndng ne; (2) Tu tudng con ngudi trong triet hpc ciia Khdng Tu mang tinh ddng cap.
Khdng Tir rat coi trpng viec gido dye dgo diic cho con ngudi, nhung dng mdi chi dtmg lgi d viec gido dye cho giai cdp thdng trj ma chua thay dugc vai yd cua gido due ddi vdi ngudi ddn. Ong cho rang chi cd ngudi quan tu (tuc giai cap thdng tri) mdi cd the trd thanh con ngudi hodn thien cdn ke rieu nhdn (tire nhdn dan Iao dgng) khdng the trd thanh con ngudi hodn thien dugc. Tinh dang cap yong quan niem ve con ngudi ciia Khdng Tii da bpc Id han che khi chi cdng nhdn giai cap thdng tri la "con ngudi nguyen nghia" cdn giai cap bj trj vd tinh ud thanh "con ngudi khiem khuyet". Tuy nhien, viec nghien ciiu vl tu ludng can phdi cd quan diem lich sir cu the de danh gid diing gia tri cua nd.
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Khoa hoc xa hpi Vipt Nam, s6 1 - 2020 4. Ket luan
Tu tudng ve con ngudi ciia triet hpc Khdng Tir Id san phdm dugc hinh thdnh vd phat trien Uen co sd ddc diera vd yeu cdu tat yeu ciia lich sii xa hpi Tnmg Qudc thdi cd dgi.
Ddy la thdi ky mang tinh budc ngoat lich sii vd ddi hdi tu tudng phai thich nghi. Ciiinh Uong thdi dgi Iich su bien ddi ldn lao do da kich thich tdi tri cua cac nhd tu tudng phdt nien. Khdng Tii dd tap tnmg ldm ro nhiing npi dung ldn va rat co ban ve con ngudi, nhu ngudn gdc, vai yd, vj tri va bdn tinh con ngudi trong the gidi ndi chung va Uong xa hpi ndi rieng. Thdng qua vipc ly giai ve bdn tinh ciia con ngudi Id thien tinh, Khdng Tu dd dg ra quan diera ve gido dye vdi hy vpng cd the cai bien xa hpi. Tu tudng ve con ngudi ciia triet hgc Khdng Tii mdc dii cdn nhieu hgn che do the gidi quan vd sy
quy dinh cua ljch sit nhung nd dd gdp phan chdng lgi quan didm duy tdm ve con ngudi.
Ben canh dd tu tudng vl con ngudi ciia triet hgc Khdng Tii Id mpt rix)ng nh&ng tu ttrdng ddt nen radng cho vipc nghien ciiu con ngudi ve sau.
Tai lieu tham khao
[11 Doan Chinh (2009), Tic diin triit hpc Trung Qudc, Nxb Chfnh trj qu6c gia, Hk NOi.
[21 V6 van Diing (2019), Tu tudng chinh tri (hdi Tien Tan va gid tri cua nd, Nxb \jj lu§n Chtnh Trj, Hk N^i.
[31 CMic vk Ph.Angghen (2002), Todn tgp.tX, Nxb Chfnh trj quic gia, Hd Npi.
[4] Khing Til (2004), Kinh Ihu. Nxb Van h6a Th6ng tin, Hd NOi.
[5] Khong Tli (2006), Tu thu. Nxb Thu^n h6a, Hui.
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