Tap cW NgWSn ciSu vi Phat triln, s6' 9-10 (116-117). 2014
DOI NET KHAI QUAT VE VAN HOA THt/A THIEN HUE*
Trin Dai Vinh"
I. Vdn hoa Thita Thien Hue trong van hoa vung Bac Mi^n Trung 1. Nhan thitc ve vung vdn hoa Bdc Mien Trung
Trong phan vung van hda Viet Nam, ve danh xifng, cac nha nghi§n cu'u vkn hoa hoac dung khai niem "Vung van hoa Bac Trung Bo" (Huynh Khai Vinh)'" hoac "Viing van hoa duyen hai Bac Trung B6" (Ngo DiJc Thinh).'^' Van dung cdch phdn vung van hoa ciia hai tac gia trSn, k§'t hcfp vdfi danh xOng Bac Mien Trung quen goi hi§n nay, chung toi gpi la vung van hoa Bac Mien Trung, CO dia phan tCf Thanh Hda d§n Thijfa Thi§n Hue, \k dia ban cua quan Cijfu Chan va m6t ph^n quSn Nhat Nam thdi BSc thugc, va la cac chau: Chau Ai, chau Dien, chSu Hoan, chau Lam Binh, chau Thuan, chau Hoa dcfi Tran. Thcfi sa suT, phia bac viing thu6c van hoa Ddng Scfn, phia nam la van hoa Sa Huynh. Co th^
noi day 1^ vung dem, vijng trung gian giao thoa giiia van hda Vi§t D6ng Scfn va van hoa Viet Sa Huynh, giu'a Dai Vi|t va Champa. TiT cuoi th§' ky XV den tron the ky XVI day la viing tiep bien va dung hcfp gifia van hoa Bac Nam. Vai tro dd cang phdt huy tir cuoi the ky XVII den the ky XX. Viing van hoa nay da bao liTu kha ben chat von tijf co cua dan toe va cac dac triTng ve loi song, ve van minh v$t chat va tinh th^n cua dat nUdc. Cung la ncfi co mot so^ truyen tho'ng lao dgng can cu, hoc tap sieng ndng cua ciT dan. He thong than dien trong tin nguf^ng dan gian cung kha dong nhat. Day cung la noi phat tich cua cac anh hiing ciha nUcJc nhu Ba TriSu, Du'cfng Dinh Nghe, Ng6 QuyIn, cua cac trieu dai Tien L§, Hdu L§, cua trieu dai nha Ho, cua cac dong chua Trinh, chua Nguyen, triiu dai Nguyin Tay Scfn va trieu Nguyin Gia Mi§u, va la ncfi un due nen nhiJng ten tuoi lly liflig tren van dan Viet Nam nhif Dao Duy Tuf, Nguyin Cong TriJf, H6 Xuan Hufgng, Nguyin Du, Nguyin Mien Tham, Dao Duy Anh...
Gidi nghi§n ciiu da phan dinh viing van hda B^c Mien Trung thanh cac tieu viing vdn hda xCc Thanh, ti^u viing vdn hda xd Ngh$, vd tieu vung van hoa xu: Hui.
2. Tieu vung vdn hoa xH Hue
Ldi dinh danh nay bao qudt ca dia bdn ba tinh Binh Tri Thien, md cd th^
gpi Id xiJ tam Quang do t§n gpi ba dinh th&i Gia Long: dinh Quang Binh, dinh Quang Tri, dinh Quang Diic, "trong do co the coi Hue nhu la dang van hda ddc trUng vd tigu bi^u nha't".'^'
Ddy Id dai da't hep nam dr giu'a Deo Ngang 6 phia bac vd deo Hai Van d phia nam. Id ncfi choai chdn cua nui doi dan xen vdi dai dong bang hep, viing cdt ngi ddng va vimg cat duy§n hai, ket tu nhieu dam pha, trdm bau, Id vung
Bai viet hinh thdnh tU k i t qua nghien cifu cija de tai KHCN cap tinh, tinh ThCra Thien Hud, nSm 2014-2015: "Bien sogn Dja chi ThUa Thien H u e - Phan Van hda". BBT.
Thanh phd Hue.
Tap chi NgMSn cilu va PMt triSn, s6 9-10 (116-117). 2014
chuyen tiep giOa Bac va Nam nU(>c ta, la nai chuyen tiep ve thM tiet, khi hau giOa thM tiet bon miia 6 mien Bac va hai miia miia nSng S mien Nam, la viing dem Bac-Nam ciia cay co, dong vat An-Hoa va co cay, dgng vat Nam Duong,"' Vi the dia - chinh tri dac bi«t dem lai cho vimg nay nhiing hoan canh hch sil d6c dao. Von la dai; bien viln, nai gianh giat giu'a cac tfip doan cai tri Giao Chau va Lam Ap, mot phin phia bac da sdm sap nhSp vao ban d6 Dai Viet dudi the ky XI, do la cac chau B6' Chanh, Bia Ly va Ma Linh keo dai til D4o Ngang de'n bd bac s5ng Thach Han, Phan phia nam lai la mdn qua sinh 11 trong cugc hon nhan Chiem-Vi§t dau the ky XIV, la ban dap trong viec md coi vl phuong Nam, trd thanh thu phu ciia Dang Trong, noi phSn tranh ciia hai tap doan Trinh-Nguyln, roi kinh d6 ciia ca nUdc, lai trd thanh noi bao luia trong cu6c chien tranh thong nha't da't nildc.
3. Cgi nguon dia danh: Hue, ThUa Thien, ThUa Thien HuS' 3.1. Cgi nguon dia danh Hue
TCr mpt mdn qua sinh le ciia vua Chiem la Ch§' iVIan cildi cong chiia Huyin Tran nildc Dai Vigt nam 1306, nam sau, 1307 hai chau 6 , Ri diloc trieu dinh Dai Viet doi ten la chau Thuan, chau Hoa, the hien y nghia bien d6i va giao hoa mot each thuan hoa.
Chau Hoa co lanh tho tif bcf nam song .Thach Han cho de'n bcf bac song Thu Bon. Vien chile cai quan cao nhat d day vin goi la Trai chii chau Hda.
Tiep dd, trieu dinh da cd cac hoang than hay dai than vao trong coi chau Hoa, nhil Hung Hieu Viltfng, Truong Han Sieu, dac biet la cii D5 Tijf Binh chi huy quan Lam Binh, Thuan Hoa vao dap thanh Hoa Chau nam 1362, Thanh Hoa Chau cung dilac goi theo tif ngil Han Viet la Hda thanh, roi Thuan Hda thanh. Trong tieng Viet, dia danh Hue cung da hinh thanh trudc thdi vua L§
Thanh Tong (1460-1497).
Trong ang van chieu hdn "Thdp gidi cd hdn qudc nga van", vua Thanh Tong da diing tir ngir nay: "Thau Ldo, thdc Hui'. thuyen tdm tdm chd dd vg.y then". Nhu vay it nha't danh xiing Hue da ra ddi vao giOa the ky XV, dirge ky tu bang chir Hda \K. cd da'u bi§'n am, theo mgt trong cac philong each che tac cha Norn, hoac khong can ghi da'u biS'n am, nhiing dgc bien am theo ngO canh.
De'n khi ra ddi chuf Quo'c ngil theo mSu tU Latin, thi chii Hue da xuat hign trong tac pham Voyage et Missions ciia linh muc Alexandre de Rhodes va trong cuoil tir dien Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum eiia ong, xua't ban tai Roma, 1651 (thildng ggi la til diln Viet-Bg-La), ma dng da vie't \k"hod, ke hda, thodn hod: carte de Cochinchina qui os Portuguefes cbamdo Sinua: ki hde, idem" (hga, ke hoa, thoan hgi: kinh dg xd Co-sinh ma ngudi Bd Dao Nha ggi la Sinua. Ke hde ciing mgt nghia).
3.1.1. Cdc nhdn thUc tu: trUdc den nay
Hau nhu cac nha nghien ciiu cug'i the ky XX deu mac nhien thCra nhan Hue la do til Hoa bien am. Tuy nhien cac vi van chua giii thich duoc vi sao phai bien am.
Tap chi Nghien ciJu va Phat trien, s6' 9-10 (116-117). 2014
Cung vi the ma tCf dau the ky XXI co mot so ngUcfi da di tim nguon goc trong ti§'ng Chdm. Tieu bieu la bai viet 'Thii xet lai tiT nguyen dia danh Hue"
cua Phanxipdng, trong tap chi Kien thtic ngdy nay so 732, ngdy 10/12/2010, cho rang:
"Trudc thi' ky XIV, chinh xdc la trudc n&m Binh Mui (1307), luc ddu trieu Trdn chinh thUc tiep qudn hai chdu O vd Ry (Ly), thi ngUdi Chdm tai khu vUc song Huang goi dia bdn minh tru ngu bdng ten Hoe. Nien diem dy trd vi sau, khd dong ngu^ Chdm ddi ddn ve phia Nam, song vdn con mdt sd ngUdi Chdm nan lai tr&n manh ddt md hg dd chon nhau cdt rdn, vd sdng cgng cU hoa di vdi ngudi Kinh tic phia Bdc mdi "chdn udt chdn rao" tdi lap nghiep. Dai Viet suf ky toan thiT con cho ghi chi ti^'t, vdo ndm Nhdm Thin (1472) niin hi&u Hong BiXc tha 3: "Ra sdc chi cho Thdi bgc tU khanh xet hg t&n cua bgn ngUdi Chiim..."
Nhieu^ia dinh Chiem tUc Chdm mang hg Bd, Bg.ch, Cdi, Chi', Hdm, HU, Ma, Ong (On)... luu lai xii Thuan Hoa vdn ggi vung ddt ndy Id Hoe gidng triidc kia, vd giong phdt dm cua bd con hg d Ninh Thuan Idn Binh Thuan ngdy nay. Bia danh cd xUa do ve sau dugc Bictionnaire Chdm-Vietnamien-Francais (tiX dien Chdm-Viet-Phdp) cua Gerard Moussay xudt bdn tg.i Phan Rang ndm 1971 ghi Id Hwe. Hwe tieng Chdm co nghia Id huong tham, chdng mdy chdc chuyen thdnh Hui' tii'ng Kinh vd dugc ky dm Hdn Ndm Id i'C. Bieu do khien hau thi' ngo nhdn rdng Hue Id do Hoa dgc trg.i ra. Su that thi diin bie'n ngUgc Itii. Hd chi mdi Hoa bien thdnh Hui' con Thudn lgi khdng biin thdnh dia danh ndo".
Cdch nhan thiJc ndy da difcfc tac gia Ton That Tho trao doi lai qua bai viet
"Ve dia danh Hue", tap chi XUa Nay s6' 441, thang 12 ndm 2013, trang 25-27, vdi cdc ludn diem ccf ban nhiT sau;
(1) Tac gia (Phanxipdng) chu:a minh chihig ro rdng Id trudc luc vua Tran Nhan Tong (sic) tiep quan hai chau 6 vd Ry (Ly), ngiTcfi-Chdm d day da goi vimg dat ndy Id Hoe. Viec din chihig til Hwe la tit co trong tieng Chdm cb nghia la hifcfng thcfm khong chilfng to diftfc td nay von trLfdc day la mot dia danh (,..).
Ndm 1306, vua Chiem la Jaya Simhavarman III (Che Man) dang hai chdu 6 vd chdu Ly cho nha Tran de difcfc ket h6n v6i Huyen Trdn cong chua. Hai chau nay difcfc tdch ra tCf chau Ulik ve sau thugc khu vufc Quang Tri vd Hue ngay nay, (tufc vung Indrapura cua ChiSm Thdnh cu).
D§'n th&i diem nay ten goi Hoe (Hwe) thuoq vung da't Ulik-Indrapura khong thay ghi chep d bat cuf tai lieu lich suT nao cua vifcfng quoc nay. Cung can ddt ra cau hoi trong khi cdc dia danh khdc d mien Trung van duoc ghi nhan Id nguyen goc dia danh Chiem Thdnh nhu: Aytra (Nha Trang), Penre (Phan Rang), Parik (Phan Ri), Manthit (Phan Thig't).., tai sao Hoe, Hwe (Hue) thi khong?
(2) Sau khi hai chau tr§n ve vdi ngifcfi Viet, ndm 1307, vua Tran Anh Tong da doi t§n chdu 0 vd chdu Ri (Ly) thanh chau Thuan va chdu Hoa. Nghia la ngay khi vimg da't nay trd thdnh lanh tho Dai Viet, ten goi Hoa Chau dd dUgc hinh thanh (..,). Qua do ta thay hai dia danh Thuan Hoa vd Hoa Chdu da dong thcfi ton tai trong suot may trdm ndm. Do do neu Hoa dUcfc bie'n am thdnh Hue thi khong phai do tiT kep Thuan Hoa nhiT tac gia da vie't, ma chinh Id do tiT Hoa cua Hoa Chau md ra.
Tap clil NghiSn Cltu va Fhat trifa, so 9-10 (116-117). 2014
(3) Dl ly giai sU biln am, theo chung toi vdi b«lt cd mgt til nao cung la mot dieu ra't phiic tap, khdng the dUa ra mgt quy luat chung. (Vi du: tinh-tanh, ho'ang-huynh, nhan-nhan, binh-bang..), Nd chi cho phdp ta khao sat vaso sdnh mgt so' tir, hien tugng phu am h -I- van oa duac phat am thanh h + van ue va dugc ghi nhan vdi mdt sd td nhu hoa dgc thanh hue, hoa dgc thanh hue. Dd la co sd dl nhieu nha nghien cilu cho rang, ngudn gdc ten Hue dugc xua't phat tit tir Hda trong Hda (Chdu), thien nghi day la dieu kha tin (...)
(Va con hai dieu 4, 5 khdng quan trgng, xin luge).
Qua hai quan niem trag dgi tren, cd the tha'y r^ng ngildi ChSm chUa bao gid ggi vting da't nay la Hue, hay Hwe, mac du trgng tilng ChSm vdn cd tCl Hwd cd nghia la huang tham. Ma hg ggi chung la chau Ulik, dugc ngudi Viet phien am la chau Ri (Ri dugc ky am bang chii Han: Ly). TCr sau khi Soan NhCT Hai thira lenh vua Tran Anh Tong ddi ten la chau Thuan, chau Hda, dan dan nay sinh bien am Hue trong tilng ViSt. Tai sao lai cd bie'n am nay, chi rieng til Hda? Lam rd ly do bien dm nay mdi Ij^ giai dugc dia danh Hue.
3.1.2. Ly do bien ddi dia danh tic Hda sang Hue
Cac nha nghidn cufu h^u nhu chua neu dugc ly do bien ddi til nay. Cd y kien ciia hgc gia Thdi Van Kiem trong bai "R6ng ch^u ngoai Hue", muc Nguyin lly chu HuS' trong "Viet Nam gd'm hoa", Lang Vdn, Canada, 1997, trang 147- 149, cho r^ng:
"Hda bien thdnh Hue cd the Id do ky huy, cd the Id ten dng Nguyin Nap Hda, chdu 6 ddi cua dng Nguyin B&c, cdng thdn nhd Binh, td cua nhd Nguyin".
That ra la khong cd Nguyin Nap Hda ma chinh la Nguyin Nap Hda, dai tudng trilu vua Tran Du§ Tdng, da td tran trong cudc binh Chiem thang 2 nam 1377, cung vdi vua vk cac tudng khac.
Chii hda \K. khi ap dung cho ngudi, phai bien am vi mdt nghia khdc cua tit ndy, dd id chet.
Til diSn Hdn Viit cua Dao Duy Anh (tir 1931) da ghi nhan: "Hda: thay doi mgt cdch tUnhiSn (...) Vi du: Giao hda, vdt thay dii hinh t h i hoac tinh cha't, chit".
Than tich ve Tien tudng qudn Pham NguySn va Trung quan Dd dy Pham Khang gida t h i ky VI d vimg Dong Trieu la tuy tudng ciia Ly Bi vilt rang: "Khi nghe tin vua Ly Nam Be bibenh mdt d ddng Khudt Lieu, hai dng cho ngudi sita lgi li ydt bdy @ thdn CS Trang, quay ve hudng tdy khdc te vgng. Ti xong hai dng diu hda, hdm dy Id ngdy mdng 10 thdng Giing nam Binh Mao f54Z)"."i
Hay trong t h i n tich vl Tir Dao Hanh, cung vilt rd "Thiin su Bao Hanh hda vdo ngdy mong 7 thdng 3, niin hiiu Hgi Tudng Bgi Klidnh thii tU (1113)".^^' Chinh vi y nghia chet chdc cua ttr "hda", cho nen khdng ddng dan ldp til ndy vdi cdc danh til chi xd, ngudi, ty du nhu xil Hda, Ke Hda, ngudi Hda, ma phai bien am thanh xd Hue, Ke Hue, ngudi Hue, trir khi nd duoc dung trong ca'u true tor ngO kep: thanh Hda Chau, da't Hda Chau.
Bd cung Id mgt kieu bien dm ve ky huy, ky hliy cdc tH cd nghia chet chdc.
Tap chi Nghien ciJu va Phat tri^n, sd 9-10 (116-117). 2014
Chinh vi th§', ben canh cdc dia danh hai am tiet nhiT Thuan Hoa, Hoa Chau vdi edu true Hdn Viet, dan dan dinh hinh tCt Hue, xuf Hue, Ke Hue, thanh Hug', da't Hu6', song Hue, theo cd'u true tieng Viet. Qua cdch dung cua ngucfi difcfng thcfi, co the nhan thiJc qud trinh bie'n d6i Hoa thdnh Hue dien ra trong thg' ky XV. De'n giu'a th§' ky XVI, tif ndy diTcfc ghi bang chiJ Qu6'c ngiJ theo mdu tu Latin trong 2 tdc ph^m eua linh muc Alexandre de Rhodes vdi hai dang chu' Ke Hoa vd Ke Hu§'.
3.2. Cgi nguon dia danh ThUa Thien^ Thiia Thien Hue
Khi dcfi dinh phu tCf Quang Tri vdo PhiTde Yen roi Kim Long, Phu Xudn, cac chua Nguyin da goi vung dd't ddt dinh phu mdi Id Chinh dinh, viing Quang Tri thi goi la CiTu dinh. DS'n khi thu phuc Phu Xuan, vua Gia Long da ddt ten vting ndy Id dinh triTc le Quang Dijfc. Nam 1822 vua Minh Menh ddi ddt lam phu ThCra Thien, cM phan da't bao hoc Kinh Thanh Hug', vdn con 3 huy|n Hiicfng Trd, Quang Dien, Phu Vang. Nam 1835, trich la'y phan dat cua HiTcfng Trd, Phu Vang ddt huyen Hucfng Thuy, huygn Phu L6c, va phdn dat khdc cua huyen Hifcfng Tra va huygn Quang Dien dat thdnh huygn Phong Dien. TCr do, phu ThiJfa Thien n^m ngodi kinh sU g6m co 6 huygn: Phong Di^n, Quang Dien, HiTcfng Trd, Hucfng Thuy, Phu Lgc, Phu Vang.
Ngdy 12/7/1899, trieu dinh Hue ra du thanh lap thi xd Hue', den 12/12/1929 thi xa Hue dUcfc nang cap Ign thanh pho' Hue', gom c6 11 phUcfng. Tif ndm 1935 cdc phirdng ndy goi ten mdi la Phii Hoa, Phu Binh, Phu Thanh, Phu Cdt, Phu My, Phu Tho, Phii Hdu, Phu Ninh, Phu Vinh, Phu H6i, Phu Nhuan deu ndm bgn ngodi Kinh Thdnh.
Sau Cdch mang thang Tam 1945, phu Thifa Thign doi thanh tinh ThCfa Thign. Nam 1947 phan Kinh Thanh (npi thdnh) diTcfc phdn ra 1dm 10 phUcfng:
Hue An, Vinh An, Thudn Cdt, Trung Hdu, Phu Nhcfn, Trung Tich, Thdi Trach, Tri Vu, Tay Linh, Tdy Loc vd sdp nhap vdo thdnh pho' Hue'.
Ke tlf cac thcfi dilm cuoi the' ky XIX vd ddu thg' ky XX noi tren, dd co thi xd Hug', vl sau la thanh pho Hue trong long tinh ThiJfa Thign. Vd tgn goi cua tinh cuoi cung dinh danh Id ThCfa Thien Hue'.
Dia danh Hue' trdi qua m6t diln trinh tCf Idn, bao qudt ca vung, ca xilf trd thanh mot dia danh nh6 chi thanh ph6' Hug' trong long tinh ThCfa Thien Hue'.
Nhong cdc nhd nghien CU^J van hoa Viet Nam da xem Hug' Id tgn goi cua mot vung vdn hoa: Tieu vung vdn hoa Hue', tifcfng dng vdi xd Hue' thcfi Tran, Le chd khong phai ehi Id m6t phu Thifa Thign tCf sau 1822.
Trong dS'i ti/Ong nghign edu Id vdn hoa ThCfa Thign Hui, can khang dinh rdng vdn h6a Thifa Thign H u i la hat nhdn cua van hoa xd Hug'. Cho ngn moi nhan thdc ve van hoa ThOfa Thign H u i cff ban tifcfng ding vdi vdn hda xd Hui, chi khdc ve pham vi, khong gian, lanh thi.
II. May net khai quat ve van hda Thijfa Thien HuS'
VI vdn hda, xd Hue la ncfi ngifcfi Kinh s6'ng h6a hcfp vdi ngudi Chdm, ncfi giao luu gida van hda Kinh vd vdn hoa Chdm, nffi hpi tu vd ket tinh vdn hoa
Tap cl\i' Ngiiien cilu va Phat trien, so 9-10 (116-117). 2014
cua ca nudc trong the ky XIX, dl lai nhOng thanh tuu vSn hda lam nen gid tri ciia van hda Hue. Gia tri ay bieu hien td nha vUdn den kiln true thanh qudch, cung dien, lang tam, dinh mieu, tU mdn an dan da den mdn an quy tdc, tir trang phuc binh dan den pham phuc vua quan, tU cac dieu hd lao ddng din ca ly vk ca Hue thinh phong, tir tuong ddn gian den tuing cung dinh, tir van chuong binh ddn den van chuang bac hgc, tir trang tri n l mgc dan gian din trang tri, dieu kh&c cung dinh va hdi hga hien dai, til tin ngudng dan gian den cac tdn gido Phat giao, Thien chua gido... Ta't ca gdp phan tao nen ban sac cua van hda ThUa Thien Hue, hinh thdnh pham cha't cua con ngudi Thila Thien Hui, kit tinh thanh 16'i sd'ng hai hda cua cU dan nai day. De khach quan, xin dan sau day nguydn van nhan dinh cua mgt nhd van hoa dan gian: "Cung nhu Thdng Long - Hd Ngi, sudt gdn hai thi' ky, Hue Id trung tdm cua Bdng Trong rdi cua cd nudc, cd ddn tdc, md cdng tU ddy, toa len Bdc, xudi vdo Nam nhiing dnh hudng cua minh. Vdn hda Phil Xudn - Hui Id tiip ndi vdn hoa Thdng Long - Hd Ngi, ciing vdi Thang Long, ddy Id dgi dien vd dinh cao vdn hda Viet Nam thi ky XVHI-XIX. Vo vay, noi tdi vdn hda Hui Id ndi tdi mgt vdn hda dinh cao vd Id tinh hoa vdn hda cd truyen eda ddn tdc.
O Hui, do hodn canh thiin nhien vd dieu kiin lich sii, ta ludn thdy trong vdn hda, con ngudi, cdi chdn chat, Idm luc cd phdn thd plidc, nhung cUng that tinh te, nhuan nhi vd cd edu ky. Ngudi Hui cd y thdc vd cd biet tdi lam dep mgi thd cua din sdng thudng ngdy, ndng cdi binh thudng, binh di thdnh nghe thudt.
^ Vdn hda Hue, con ngudi Hui khdng hudng vi nhung gi ky vy, to Idn, sdc sd.Sn do md dung di, trdm lang, tinh ti, nhuan nhi. Bd cdng id tinh cdch tiiu bieu cua con ngudi xii Hue trong giao tiip xd hgi.
Thien nhiin, van hoa yd con ngudi Hui mang ddy ve trd tinh, sdu Idng, nhieu khi hai nghieng vi sdu cdm, budn thuong.
Van hda Hui Id vdn hoa dd dinh hinh nhiing sdc thdi vd gid tri, Id mdt trong nhUng guang mdt tiiu bieu eda vdn hda ddn tdc thdi ky cuoi cimg eda che do phong kien Viit Nam. Bo vdy, vdn hda Hui gdn nhu Id duy nhdt d Viet Nam, cdn giu lgi tinh cung dinh, tinh quy tgc, Gdn mgt the ky nay, nen vdn hda dd dang the hiin xu hudng ddi mdi bdng cdch tu khdng dinh minh de vuan lin trinh do vdn minh cao han cua thdi dgi".^^^
Ket tinh mgt ni n van hda dac sac nhu vay, cU dan noi day da k l thira va phat trien nhOBg via ngam van hda va cac ldp phu sa van hda duac bdi dap do cdc lan sdng di ddn tir thud diu md cdi va xuyen sudt dam dai Uch sij cho den ca the ky XX.
1. Ldp trdm tich van hoa cua cU dan Hen tru
Mgt tram nam sau khi cugc khdi nghia cua Hai Ba Triing bi ddp tat phong trao quat khdi chong ach do hd cua nhd Hdn lai day len d phuang Nam xa xoi tren dia ban huyen Tugng Lam, dang k l la vao cdc nam 137 144 Dinh cao la cudc khdi nghia thanh cong nam 192, do ngudi con cua vien Cdng tao huyen Tugng Lam, ngudi ban dia, lanh dao, ddp tan ach dd ho cua nha Hdn tai day dung nen nudc Lam Ap (theo each ggi eda sd gia Trung Qud'c), vdi kinh d6 Smhapura, ncfi sau nay ggi la Tra Kieu.
Tap chi Nghien cvCn va Phat triln, s6' 9-10 (116-117). 2014
Ndm 248, thifa dip Bd Trigu khdi nghia chong quan Ngo d Cdu Chan, Lam Ap da dem qudn la'n sang qudn Nhat Nam, chiem dUffc thanh Khu Tuc, nay ehi eon phe tich d Cao Lao Ha, bd nam Song Gianh. Dan da eho din the ky thd IV, Idnh t h i bdnh trUdng ra phia bdc eua Ldm Ap dd de'n Dfeo Ngang.
TCf dd trd cdc nam 420, 446, 605 c6 cac cu6c hdnh quan trCfng phat cua cdc Thd sd Giao Chau hay cua vua Le Dai Hdnh ndm ,982, tdn pha cdc kinh thdnh Sinhapura, Indrapura, ngoai ra nhdn ddn Ldm Ap - Chiem Thdnh dUffc sd'ng trong hoa binh, ra sdc vun ddp mpt nen van hoa phat trien. Cac den thap dUffe xay dung kh^p dia bdn chau 0, chau Ri. Tai vung dai ThCfa Thien H u i ngdy nay dd cd gan 20 den thap, nay eon phe tich rai rac d cdc vung lang xd PhUdc Tich, My Xuyen, Trach Pho, T h i Chi, Vdn Trach Hoa, Uu Dilm, Ddc Nhuan, Lai Trung, Lilu Co'c, Thuan H6a, Nham Bieu, Phu Lucfng, Nigm Pho, Thanh PhUdc, LUffng Vdn, Phd Dien va Vinh Hien. Kiln true thdnh luy vdn cd Thdnh Loi d DUffng Xudn Thupng, phe tich thdnh tai Lai Thanh, Td Ha vd phe tich thdnh chdu Ri d Thdnh Trung, chdng to mot thdnh tUu ve ky thudt nung gach, xay dUng den thdp vd digu khdc da. Cu ddn dd thu ducfe kinh nghigm trong trot tren cdc loai rupng trung, rupng chua man, ruong cao vdi cdc gidng Ida thich dng gpi Id Ida Chiem, cdc loai bau bi dUa mUdp, bap, dau, san, khoai, mon, nua,. Hp cung thdnh thao trong nghe ddnh ca sdng, cd dam, cd bien vd biet lam ede loai mdm ed, mam tep, mam ruo'c. Cung nhU quen dong thuyin, ghe lifu thong trgn song dam vd ven bien, ddc biet dung trong ddnh cd vd diing cho thuy qudn.
Khi dang hai chau O vd Ri ldm sinh ll, Che' Man da nhudng luon dan hai chdu ndy. Dieu dd it nhieu dd cd phan dng khong dong thuan cua cU ddn Chdm, nhu cdc Idng Dd Bong, Tdc Hong, La Thuy, nen trieu dinh Dai Vigt da ban bo' cac chinh sach v6 ve: tha thue', bo dung ngUdi Cham ldm quan chdc dia phUcfng.
Trai qua thdi gian, nha't Id sau cdc dut qudn Chdm tie^n ra quay nhilu Hoa Chdu lign tuc trong the ky XIV vd liai phan ba the' ky XV, ngUdi Cham phan Idn da rut ve quoc tho cua minh. Nhung vdn con mpt so' ngUdi ddn Cham d lai cung xdy dung lang mac vdi ngifdi Kinh tCf phia bac di dan vao. Cho de'n culi thg' ky XV vSn cdn nhieu ngifdi Cham lay ho Che, hp Ma, lam hp toe eua minh h6n phoi vdi ngudi Kinh, cung chung sdc vdi dan Kinh xdy dUng nen nhiJng Idng mdi nhu La Van, Co Lao, An Do, An My d huyen Kim Trd, Van Thg d huyen Tu Vinh. Trong O Chdu can luc, Duffng Van An vdn c6n m6 ta: "NgUdi Idng La Giang con noi tieng Chiem, mac vdy Chiem thi gdi lang Thuy Bgn",^^^ hoac "Co nai tii'ng Hui', vdy Chiim, tiic con que kich".^^^
Ngudi Kinh da hoc tdp kinh nghiem lam rudng, danh ca vdi nhflng ndng eu, ngU cu CO ifu thg' eua ngUdi Chdm, each che' big'n thuy hai san, de r6i ddn Hue' ndi tiling Id ddn mam ruo'c. Tap tuc dn rau dai cung du^fc ngUdi Hue' ke' thCfa, nang cao thdnh mon canh rau tap tang. Mau tim hoa cd tren trang phuc cua phu nif Cham ducfe ngudi Hue ua chuong, trd thanh mdu tim Hue. Cdch cham la tffi thdnh chie'c ao che mUa ndng dUffc ngUdi H u i ke thda vdi hai kilu tcfi dot vd tcfi Id.
Trgn lanh vUc am nhac, mot l^n nfla ngUdi Kinh lai tiip nhan dm nhac Cham, hinh thdnh cac lan dieu vd khdc thdc buon man mdc trong ca Hug'.
Tap chi Nghien cilu vi Phat trifo, s6' 9-10 (116-117). 2014
VI tin ngudng, ngUdi Hui lai thira hudng vi§c tdn thd ba me Po Yang InU Nagar cua ddn tgc Cham, chuyen dich thanh thanh mSu Thien Y A Na Ngoc Diln Phi hay ba chua Nggc, ba Dang, bd Bd Bd chua dgng, Cdc than da't gd'c gdc Chdm dugc tdn xung la Ba 6ng Ca tho quan chi than, hay dng Ca, ba Ddng tdn th4n. Miiu Ba Dang d Trach Phi, d Hai Cat dugc trCmg tu tdn tao de phung thd.
Cac tugng than Siva, Brahma dugc td d^p thdm thanh hinh tugng Phat de thd cdng d chua Kim Thanh (lang Thdnh Trung), chua tfu Diem, chua My Xuyen,
Tat ca dieu tren la phan noi cua ldp tram tich van hda cua cU ddn tien tru ma ngudi Hue da tiip nhdn.
2. LQp boi ddp nen tdng ciia di dan tit Thanh, Ngh$ va cdc dia phUdng mien Bdc, mien Nam den Hue
Kl tu 1307, sau khi vung dat chau Thuan, chau Hda sap nh$p vdo ban do Dai Vidt, cdc dat di ddn Idn cd td chdc mdi dien ra, NhUng phai din nhiitig ndm cud'i t h i ky XIV phong trao di dan mdi cd ket qua.
Ddc biet khi nha Hd manh tam cudp ngdi nha Trdn, mdt so' quan lai, quy tgc Tran va thugc ha da lanh nan di dan vag day.
Dau the ky XV, vua H6 Han Thuang da cho sda chiia dudng thidn 1^ td Tay Dd vao chdu Hda tao dieu kien tdt cho vide di ddn tCr Thanh, Nghd vao Hui, song hdnh vdi viec di ddn theo dudng thuy ven bien.
N4m 1407, daft nudc bi qudn Minh chiim ddng, tinh the chiln tranh loan lac ddn din viec dan chung, quan quan cu phai rdi que, di ddn vdo Thuan Hda, Sau cudc khang chien chd'ng qudn Minh th^ng lai, vua Le Thdi Td da cii trgng than vao tra'n gid chau Hda.
Cdc tudng noi tilng thdi ay nhu Le Khoi, LS Chuye't diu vao tran nham nai nay.
Rai rac trong cac nam 1434, 1444, quan Chiem Thanh van ra cUdp pha chau Hda. Mdi lin nhu vdy, nha L§ diu dUa quan vdo ddnh dep, thu dUgc thang lgi,
Tinh hinh ba't dn cua vung Thuan Hda cha'm dut sau vd cdng binh dinh phuang Nam cua vua Le Thdnh Tdng n i m 1471. Ding thdi md ra mdt giai doan tai thiet, bd sung va ldp lang mdi trdn dat Hda Chdu.
Cirng vdi may chuc lang thanh lap rai rac vao cud'i t h i ky XIV ddu t h i ky XV, din khoang 1473 tai ba huydn Kim Tra, Dan Diln, Tu Vinh da cd 183 Idng d ddng bang.
Ngudi dan di cU trong cac dot nay da sd cd ngudn gd'c Thanh Hda, Nghd An; mdt so xuat phat tii cac Idng d ding bang Bac Bd, dac biet cdn Id'y ten gd'c d que huong dat ten lang mdi, nhu lang Thuy Ldi til huyen Kim Bang, trd'n Son Nam Ha; lang Phd Lo tCr da't Kim Anh, lang Ddng Xuydn t^ huydn Yen Phong, Mc Ninh, Idng Than Phu tir eda bien Than Phu, huydn Nga Son, Thanh Hda;
Idng Bl Diln tir huyen Bach Hac, trd'n Son Tay; lang Da Cam ttr huydn Nggc Son, Thanh Hda; Idng La Khe tir huydn Ttr Liem, tra'n Son Tay; lang Lang Xa
Tap chi Nghign ciJu va Phat tri^n, so 9-10 (116-117). 2014
td huygn My Loc, trd'n Sffn Nam Ha; Idng LUcfng Co td huyen Duy Tign, trdn Scfn Nam ThUffng; Idng Quy Lai tif huyen Dong Thanh, Nghg An; lang Nam P h i td lang gle Dan Pho, huygn Nghi Xludn; Idng An LUu tCf huygn Nghi Loc, Nghe An; lang Cam Quyg't td Idng goc Dung Quyet, huyen Nghi L6e, Nghe An.
Vd rat nhieu lang khdc ehi biet goc Thanh Hda hay Nghg An md khong xdc dinh dugc lang gle eu the. Trong do ty le dan goc Nghe An vSn nhieu, nhU O Chdu can luc dd md ta: "Tiing not gidng tieng chdu Hoan''.^^°^
De'n khi Nguyen Hodng vao Thuan H6a, lan ddu nam 1558, lan thd hai 1600 thi dan di cU vdo phan Idn la dan nghia dung ding hucfng huyen T6'ng Scfn (nay Id Ha Trung), Thanh Hda, vd ddn eac huygn Nong Cong, Quang XUffng...
Non 200 nam sau, khi Nguyin Hue td phu Quy Nhcfn tig'n ra Phu Xudn, quan ban bo cua ngUdi anh hung do vai phan Idn Id td Phd Ygn, Quy Nhcfn, Quang Ngai, Quang Nam, vi vigc qudn dd theo ra Hue, da dupe nhap tich vao cdc Idng d Hug'. Theo truyen tung trong ddn gian, mli lang Idn phdi tiep nhdn 50 binh dinh Tdy Scfn.
Mpt dut nhdp cU khdc cung theo hudng td Nam ra Hue khi Nguyin Anh thu phuc kinh dd Phd Xuan, lap ngn vUcfng trieu Nguyin d ddy, khien cho mot so quan chdc, quan linh, thu6c ha gg'c gdc hay cU tru d Nam Bp da theo vl Hui, hinh thdnh nhdnh phdi d ddy.
Dudi trieu Tay Scfn vd trieu Nguyin, si phu ede miln dUffe b l dung ldm quan d Hue' cung dd tam trd ncd ddy trong suo^t thdi gian cdng tdc. Cung nhu thg kheo d ode miln da dugc trung tdp vl Hug' tham gia trong cdc tugng cupc, phuc vu viec chg' tdc, xdy difng theo nhu cdu cua vUffng trieu. Tieu bieu nhU cdc higp thg due goc Dai Bdi va Dong Xa, Bac Ninh, cdc hiep thg gle Phan Xd, Hodng Giang d Quang Binh vd gle Phude Kilu, Quang Nam dd lap ra lang nghe due dong noi tieng d Hug'.
Cu ddn khdp nffi khi ve Hue da dem theo phong tuc tdp qudn, loi song, va kinh nghiem nghe nghiep, gop phan xdy dung nen que hUffng mdi.
Dd chinh Id nhu'ng ldp phu sa bii ddp n i n tang cua vdn hoa Hug'.
3. Ldp giao thoa vdn hoa vdi ngUcfi goc Hoa vung Quang Dongy Phuc Kien den giao thiiong vd cU tru d Hue
Le te trong cac ddi Ho, Le, Mac va cho den gifla the ky XX dd cd nhflng ngudi Hoa phieu giat vd hdnh nghe phap sU, phong thuy, lUcfng y, thUffng mai dg'n xd Hue' dinh eU, sinh sl^ng. Ddn ddn con chau cua hp da trd thdnh ngUdi Viet. Coi nguin goc Hoa chi con dugc thdy trong gia pha. Tigu bieu la ngdi Ngo Thu "lg,c Bao gido vdng cU Viet dia" tham gia lap lang Phu Bdi, ngdi hp Qudch d Idng Phd LUffng, ho Hda d lang An Thanh, hp Trdn Hdu lang Thdnh Trung, huyen Quang Dien, cac hp Hau, Dung, Au, Ly^ d Diem Trudng va My Lgi, huygn Phu Loc, hp Thdm Idng Vdn Xd, thi xa Huong Tra, mot nhdnh Jip Trdn lang Mdu Tdi, huygn Phu Vang...'"' "
Vdo ddi chua Nguyin Phuc Nguyen, khi phu chua ddng d Idng PhUde Yen huy$n Qudng Diln, ngUdi Hoa dg'n buon bdn theo true ha lifu Song Bl. Khi chua
Tap dil NgliiSn cilu va Plilit trign, sd 9-10 (116-117) , 2014
Nguyin Phuc Lan ddi phu ve Kim Long thi Hoa thuong duac phep lap chg tai phan da't mua cua lang Thanh Ha vd Dia Linh (nay thudc xa Huong Vinh, thi xa Huang Trd).
Trong khao luan Lang Minh Huang vd phd Thanh Hd, Giao sU Tran Kinh Hda da phdng doan nam thiet lap phd Thanh Ha cd the la nam 1636, vdi didn tich dat lap phd ban dau chi 1 mdu, 5 thudc, 5 ta'c. Nim 1669_vdi dia bd Cdnh Tri 7 da la 7 mSu 5 sdo 8 thudc 2 ta'c. Ke tiep tang them 4 miu 1 sao 3 thUdc, va cang tang them dudi cac trilu Gia Long, Minh Mang. Sau dd vi cdn ndi Trilu Son Idn dan, khd do thuyin nSn phd chg chuyen Idn sat Kinh thanh, bdn cac true dudng Chi Lang, Huynh Thuc Khang va Tran Hung Dao ngdy nay, xen ke vdi pho budn cua ngudi Viet.
Ngodi Idng Minh Huong cdn cd mdt ap Minh Huang d bd bac pha Tam Giang tu cU ven dia phan lang T h i Chi Ddng xa Diln Hai, trong dd chi cd vai ngudi hg gd'c Hoa sd'ng chung vdi cU ddn cac hg Viet dugc quan Idn Tran TiSn Thanh giup dd lap a'p.
Ben canh bd phan ngudi Minh Huong hoan toan Vidt hda, cdn cd sd ngudi Hoa den buon ban, tru ngu lap thanh cac bang Quang Ddng, Hai Nam, Phuc Kien, Trieu Chau ma hgi quan da duac tai thiet ben true dudng Chi Ldng, thi dan so bie'n dgng theo hoan canh lich suf va dan cd xu hudng chuyin vdo Sdi Gdn, Chg Ldn.
Sinh boat giao thuang va chung sd'ng eua ngudi Hoa, ngUdi Minh Huong vdi ngudi Kinh da tao ra su giao thoa van hda Hoa-Viet trdn cdc mat ca ban:
budn ban, lam lung, an ud'ng va tap tuc, tin ngudng, ma ndi bat nha't Id tin ngudng thd Quan Cong, thd Thdn Tai va than Thi Dia.
Cd t h i ndi ttr nen tang cU dan Kinh d hai mien Bac Nam nhap cU vao Thira Thien Hue', tao nen khdi ddn eU chu t h i d nai nay, vdn hda Thitra Thien Hui cdn tiep nhdn anh hudng cua cu dan Cham, cU dan cac tgc ngudi thieu s l d vung nui vd giao thoa van hda vdi ngudi Viet gd'c Hoa, ngudi Minh Huong cd nguon gd'c td cac tinh Quang Ddng, Phuc Kiln di dan sang ttr the ky XVII v4 bl sung vdo cac t h i ky sau tao nen mgt bdc tranh van hda da sac.
Dac biet la sU giao thoa gida dong van hda cung dinh, quy tgc vd van hoa dan gian da t^o nen cac dac trung nd'i troi cua van hda Thira Thidn Hui, trong toan bd ddi sd'ng vat cha't va tinh than cua cU dan ncfi day.
4. Ldp giao thoa giUa vdn hoa ddn gian vd vdn hoa cung dinh Trong hai dong hg tranh ba do vuong tai Dang Trong, dong ho Nguyen Tay San ndm quyen binh trong mdt thdi gian 14 nam ngan ngui, lai gdp hodn canh chiln tranh, nep song cung dinh chua du k i t tinh thanh mdt ddng vdn hda cung dinh.
Chi cd ddng hg Nguyin goc trang Gia Mieu Ngoai, huyen Tong Son, Thanh Hda cd mgt qua trinh ldu dai xay dung co nghiep nhd chua, rei trilu vua, mdi dan dan tag ldp mdt nip van hda cung dinh, ttr gida t h i k y XVII vdi Vd Vuong Nguyen Phuc Hoat cho de'n cac vua trieu Nguyin, dinh cao la gida the ky XIX.
Tap chi Nghien ctiu va Phat trien, so 9-10 (116-117). 2014
Co the ndi dpng life de phdt trien van hoa cung dinh Id nhu cdu tieu dung hudng thu cua tang ldp quy tpc. Hudng thu tCf vdn hda vat chd't de'n vdn hda tinh thdn. Hudng thu trong dn, mac, d, di lai, eho nen dn phai ngon, mac phai dep, d phai sang, di lai bang kieu, xe do ngUdi khieng, keo, thuyen ldu do ngUdi cheo chong. Nhu cau hudng thu vat chat ay, lam cho nhdn ddn, linh trang, quan lai, dang nap, hie'n tig'n cae tho ngffi ddc san ngon quy, nhU chuoi ngif, cam ngif, ddu ngif, rau tiin vua; ngUdi ddng hep phai tim cdch nuoi Ucfm cdc thd gia cam, cua ghe vd cdc loai thuy san khac trd nen ngon beo, chg' bien tinh tg', trinh bay xinh dep, lam ngn m6t nin van hoa am thUc dac sac. Vigc mac, d cung thi, dan ddn hinh thdnh m6t vdn hda trang phuc cao sang, mpt nghe thudt kien true hdi hda.
Vl vdn hpc cung vdy. Thcf van phai hay, phai chuyen chd tinh than ca nggi trieu dai, dm dieu phai du dUOng, ngon td trau chuo't, dan tao ngn mdt n i n van hoe quan phUcfng tao nha.
Vua chua lai thudng thdc gipng ca hay, dieu mua dep, vd tuong hd'p ddn cd y nghia. Cho nen bao nhieu nha thff chuot ldi, lam nen nhiJng khdc ca uyin chuyin, bao van ban tuong digm tuyet, nghg si diin xUdng phai tinh te', lao luyen.
Ngay ea nghi thdc te ll cung phai trang nhd, nghigm cdn vdi khue thdc dm nhac hda phoi, ldi tdn tung tram bong, dpng thdi li bdi trang nghigm, uyIn chuyen, td dd nhac l i cung dinh ra ddi, nhac l l ton giao phat trien.
TCf ede phUffng dign dy, mpt dong vdn hda cung dinh dd ddn hodn thign.
Trong tac dpng nguge lai, van hoa cung dinh da anh hudng de'n van hda dan gian.
Ll nhac cung dinh chi phoi li nhac ddn gian. Digu mua bdt ddt lan xuing dan gian trd thdnh td dat. Tuy khong ed dieu kien vat chat dU thda de chon vat pham sang quy, nhung ddn gian da biet c h i bien thdc an ngon, do qudn trang nha, xay dUng, trang tri nhd eda dung quy each, thife hien nghi li quan hdn tang te chuan mUc.
Dao ddc, l l nghia chon kinh do dd lan tda khap cae Idng que d Thda Thien Hue', nhdc nhd mpi ngUdi hodn thien tU each.
Ldi song cua tang ldp thUffng lifli quy tpc cung dan dan tigm nhilm de'n ldi song dan gian Hug', ldm qudn binh ng'p sS'ng cua hp gida ldm lung va hudng thu. The" Id mdt phong each song nhdn nhd, thanh thffi hinh thdnh.
Cung chinh vi the ma ngUdi nong dan Thda Thign Hug' tCf the ky XIX khong e6n quan quat lao tdc, dau tat mat toi suot thang suit ndm, ma dd bilt nghi ngffi, tieu khien chen tra, bat nUdc, ly rugu, cu6c cd. NgUdi phu nd Hue khong tu minh che bien mpi thd, moi mdn trong mam c6 cung to tign md da chon thd mua tai pho', tai chg, thd chuan bi trong nhd.
Ngudi phu nd ay cung tudn phuc l l nghia. Khi than t h i khong sach se, khong budc vdo nhd trgn, ra dudng phai khoac ao dai t l chinh, du gdnh ging buon ban hay ldm lung rupng dong.
Nep song dao ddc trong gia dinh nffi dd't kinh do cung lam cho eon trai con gdi phai ren luyen, hoan thien tU cdch. Con trai thi hoc hdnh mong do dat ldm
Tap cW Nghien ciju va Phai trien, s6' 9-10 (116-117). 2014
quan, hay it nhat cung kiem nam ba chd d l sd'ng cd dao ly. Con gai thi phai tha'm nhuan tam tdng tU dilc, thud thilu nil da phai tdp tanh cdng dung ngdn hanh. Trudc khi ve lam ddu da thanh thao mua sam, che bie'n cd ban, biet ndi ldi thua giii ngudi tren, bao ban ke dUdi.
Cd the noi, sU giao thoa gida vdn hda cung dinh va vdn hda ddn gian da lam nen nhulig dac sdc trong cac binh dien cua van hda Thira Thien Hue.
T D V CHU THICH
(1) Huynh Khai Vinh (chO bien), Cfian hi/ng cac viing va tieu viing van hoa d nudc ta fii$n nay, Nxb Chinh trj Quoc gia, 1995.
(2) Ngo Dilc Thinh, Ban sac van hda vOng d Viet Nam, Nxb Giao due Viet Nam, 2009.
(3) Ngo Bile Thinh, Sdd, tr. 38.
(4) Theo Hu jinh Khai Vinh, Sdd, tr. 194.
(5) Le Xuan Quang, Than tich Viel Nam, Nxb Thanh nien, 2003, tr. 40.
(6) Le Xuan Quang, Sdd, tr. 76.
(7) NgS DUc Thinh, Sdd, tr. 232-233.
(8) Duong Van An, 6 Chau can Ivc, bdn dich cCia Tran Dgi Vinh-Hoang Van Phijc, Nxb Thuan Hoa. 2001, tr. 69.
(9) Duong v a n An, Sdd, tr. 7 1 . (10) DOOng Van An, Sdd, tr. 68.
(11) Tu lieu dien da cua ngudi viet.
(12) Tran Kinh Hoa, "Lang Minh Huong va phd Thanh H i " , tap c h i D^i hgc s d nam thii IV 7/1961, tr. 96.
TOM T A T
Bai v i a gom hai phan chinh. Phan mot dua ra iiiSn gidi cua t4c gia ve coi nguon cOa cac dia danh Hue, Thila Thien, ThUa Thien Hue dong thdi xac dinh vi tri cOa tieu vung v5n hda HuS (ma van hoa Thira Thien Hue la h j t nhan cua van hda xil Hue) trong vdng van hoa Bac Mien Trung. Phan hai phan tich hien tugng giao thoa giOa do idp van hoa trSn viing dat Thda Thien Hu6: Ldp tram tich van hoa cila cu dan tien trii (Champa); Ldp boi dap nSn tang cua ngudi Viet tu ca hai mien Nam Bac den Hue; Ldp giao thoa van hoa vdi ngudi goc Hoa; Dac bi$t la su giao thoa giua dong van hd^a cung dinh, quj toe va van hda dan gian... NhOng ydu to ay da tao nen nhung net dac trung noi troi cua van hoa Hue trong to4n bo ddi song vSt cha't va tinh thSn cCia CU dan ndi day.
ABSTRACT
AN OVERVIEW ON THE CULTURE OF T H O A THIEN HUE
th» nrJin^ »•!'''? """^'^^^ " ! ' " ' ° " ' ^ ' " "^'^^^ '^'"^ ^"^^ P^^ P'^=^">= ' ' ' ^ ^"^°''^ explanation on I f H u ^ n l r ^ f K " " " " " ' °, " ' • • ^ " " ™'" ''"'' ^''"^ T h i i n Hue, and determines the location
^n th„ » f s'Jl'-region (in which the culture of ThUa Thien Hue is the core of Hu« culture) o Z Z T t '1^'°" " r . " " " ' ° ' = " " ' ' ™"='- "^•^^ =«^°"<' P ^ " «"^ly^^= 'f-- acculturatro
? r h Z , r , h ' T °' ^^"^ ™'" ""^' '""""'"B ' " ^ =^«"'« l^yer of the early residents Hu^ Z m m M " " . ! . ' ' ? " " ' " ' ' ™ " ' ' ^ « ° " = '=i"'°^oed by the Vietnamese people who came to Hue from the North and the South, the layer of acculturation among the Hoa people and the .nTrr,t P^t"" l ^ " " ' " P ^ r t i ^ " ! ^ ^ * ^ ^ " " " r a l interaction among the royal court, the aristocracy ana the folk The above elements have created outstanding characteristics of H u i ' culture in the entire matenal and spiritual life of its residents.
