• Nghien cdu - Trao ddi
VAI TRO CUA CONG NGHIEP VAN HOA DOI V d l Sir PHAT TRIEN B £ N VLTNG DAT NlTdC
TS. NGUYEN THI KIM LIEN'*'
Tom tat: Hien nay, nhiiu qude gia trin thi gioi, cdng nghiep vdn hda dd vd dang ddng vai trd la mpt trong nhihig ngdnh kinh ti mui nhgn cua nin kinh ti tri thuc, cd khd ndng to lan trong viec truyen bd, bdo vi, phdt huy bdn sdc vd gid tri vdn hda ddn tpc. Trong khi do, a Viet Nam, cd viii ludn vd thuc tien phdt trien, ngdnh cdng nghiep van hda chi men dang a giai doan ddu. Nhdn thiec ro vi quan niim, ca cdu, vai trd ciia ngdnh cdng nghiep vdn hoa Id viec ldm hit sue cdn thiet nhdm tap trung ddu tu phdt triin ngdnh eong nghiep mdi me ndy, gop phdn phdt triin bin virng ddt nuac.
Tix khoa: cdng nghiep vdn hda; vai tro cua cdng nghiep vdn hda; phdt trien bin vdng
I
Quan niem ve cong nghiep van hoa# Thuat ngii cdng nghiep van hda xuat hien lan dau tien frong cudn sach ndi tieng Dialectic of Enlightenment (Bien chimg ciia Khai sang) nam 1947, sau dd dugc neu ra day du va hoan thien hon trong Iuan diem ciia mdt sd hpc gia phuong Tay. Nhiing thap nien cudi the ki XX, khi nen van hda dai chiing xuat
'*' Hpc vien Chinh tri khu virc II, Hpc vien Chinh tri quoc gia Ho Chi Minh
hien d nhieu nudc tren the gidi, cdng nghiep van hda da dugc nhan thirc ddy du ban. Tai Hdi nghj Thugng dinh ve hoat ddng van hda dugc to chirc tai Stockholm (Thuy Dien) thang 4/1998, thuat ngii "cong nghiep van hda"
chinh thiic dugc cdng bd va thdng qua bdi dai bieu cua gan 200 qude gia. Tuy nhien, cdng nghiep van hda la gi? Co cdu cua nd ra sao cho d8n nay vdn cdn cd sy franh cai. Chua ban tdi ndi barn khai mem "cdng nghiep van hda", ngay ca ve mat thuat ngii "cdng nghiep van bda" cung da cd nhiing khac biet. Ben canh thuat ngii "cdng nghiep van hda" (culfriral indusfries) cdn cd mdt sd thuat ngu khac nhu:
Khoa hoc chinh tn - So 9+10/2019
• Nghien cdu - Trao ddi 85 Bp Van hda, Truyen thdng va The thao cua
Anh sir dung thuat ngii cdng nghiep sang tao (creative industries). Lien hgp quoc nhan manh den tinh kinh te cua cac nganh nghe nay da gpi la kinh te sang tao (creative economy), Td chitc Sd hiru Tri tue The gidi (WIPO) gpi la cong nghiep ban quyen (copyright industries);
frong khi do, ngudi MT gpi la cdng nghiep giai tri (entertaimnent industries), cdng nghiep nghe thuat...
To chirc Giao due, Khoa hgc va Van hda Lien bop Quoc (UNESCO) quan niem: "Cdng nghiep van hda la mdt thuat ngii' chi cac nganh cdng nghiep ma cd sy ket hgp giiia sang tao, san xuat va khai thac cac ngi dung cd ban chat phi vat the va van hda. Cac ndi dung nay thudng dugc bao ve bdi luat ban quyen va the hien dudi dang cac san pham hay dich vu"'".
Bg Van hda, Truyen thdng va The thao Vuong qude Anh quan niem: "Cdng nghiep van hda la nhiing nganh cdng nghiep co ngudn gdc tir nhiing sang tao, kt nang va tai nang ca nhan, co kha nang tao ra cua cai va viec Iam thong qua viec tao ra va khai thac cac sd hiiu fri hie"'^'.
Tai Trung Quoc, cong nghiep van hda dupc xem la mdt Iinh vyc kinh te do nha nudc dieu chinh, nd cd mdi quan he chat che vdi kinh te, thuong mai. Cac san pham cdng nghiep van hda dugc xem nhu la hang hda nhung khdng hoan toan gidng vdi cac hang hoa khac*^'.
0 Viet Nam, thuat ngu "cdng nghiep van hda" da bat dau xuat hien rdng rai tren cac tap chi nghien ciiu, cac phuang tien truyen thdng dai chiing tir Aau the ki XXI va thyc su frd thanh van de dugc quan tam tir nam 2016 sau khi Thii Urdng Chinh phii ban hanh Quyet dinh sd 1755/QD-Ttg, ngay 08/9/2016 vd phe duyet Chiin luge phdt triin cdc ngdnh cdng nghiep vdn hda Viet Nam den nam 2020, tdm nhin den ndm 2030.
Tren ca sd tim hieu nhiing quan niem khac nhau ve cdng nghiep van hda d cac quoc gia fren the gidi cung nhu cac nha nghien cim frong nudc, cd the dua ra quan niem ve cdng
nghiep van hda nhu sau:
Cdng nghiep vdn hda Id su ung dung cua nhirng tiin bp khoa hgc - cdng nghi vd kindng kinh doanh, su dung ndng luc sdng tao, ngudn vdn vdn hda di tao ra cdc .sdn phdm, dich vu vdn hda, ddp ung nhu cdu tiiu dung, huang thu vdn hda cua nguai ddn. Cdc sdn phdm cua ngdnh cdng nghiep vdn hda phdi dugc bdo vi bai ludt bdn quyin.
2. Vai trd cua cong nghiep van hoa doi vdi su- phat trien ben virng ddt nuffc
Cdng nghiep van hda ddng vai trd het siic quan trgng ddi vdi sy phat trien ben viing dat nudc:
Thu nhdt, cdng nghiep vdn hda Id ngdnh kinh te dgc biet - gia tdng gid tri kinh ti vd vdn hda
Cong nghiep van bda la mdt nganh cdng nghiep tuan theo quy trinh: sang tao/san xuat, bao quan, phan phdi, luu thdng - tieu dimg cac san pham van bda. Cac san pham ciia nganh cdng nghiep van hda dugc mua ban, trao ddi tren thi trudng, gdp phan to ldn vao su tang trudng kinh te. Nhiing hieu ich kinh te to ldn ma nganh cdng nghiep nay mang Iai da Iam thay ddi nhan thiic ciia nhieu nudc tren the gidi vd vai trd cua van hda. Van boa khdng chi la nhiing san pham cd gia fri ve mat tmh than, ma cdn la dpng lyc dd thiic day nen kmh te phat tridn. Cdng nghiep van hda da frd thanh nganh kinh te miii nhgn ciia nhieu qude gia.
Doanh thu cua viec xuat khau cac san pham cdng nghiep van hda da tbiic day chinh sach thuang mai cua nhieu nudc tren the gidi. Sy thanh cdng trong Iinh vuc cdng nghiep van hda ciia cac nudc phuong Tay nhu: Mi, Anh, Uc... da keo theo sy phat tridn nganh nay d cac nudc chau A. Han Qude, Nhat Ban, Trung Quoc... Ia nhung qude gia thay ddi chien luge phat tridn kinh td - dua cdng nghiep van hda trd thanh nganh kinh td try cdt frong thdi gian qua va hp da rat thanh cdng. Theo thdng ke cua Bp Kinh te va Cdng nghiep Nhat Ban, nam 2013, ndu chi tinh rieng thi fruoTig ndi dia ciia nganh cdng nghiep ndi dung sd - ITnh
Khoa hpc,^y3^t_r! - So 9+10/2019
• Nghiin cdu - I rao ddi vyc cdt Idi ciia cdng nghiep van hda, da dat
khoang 12 nghin ti yen. XuSt khSu nam 2013 cua nganh nay dat 55 ti USD, vdi muc tieu md rpng thi trudng tai khu vyc chau A, Chinh phu Nhat Ban ki vpng se dat 75,8 ti USD vao nam 2020<''i. Theo bao cao nam 2017 cua Cue Npi dung sang tao Han Quoc, quy md nganh cdng nghiep am nhac nudc nay da len tdi 5 ti USD'^'.
0 Viet Nam, theo thdng ke chua day dii, nam 2015, cac nganh cdng nghiep van hda da ddng gdp udc dat 8.039 ti USD, chidm gin 2,68%
GDP ca nudc'*'. Theo Thdng ke ciia Cue Nghe thuat bieu dien, doanh thu trong nam 2015 ciia nganh dat khoang 5,2 trieu USD, tang trudng doanh thu udc dat 5% mdi nam'^'.
Phat trien cdng nghiep van hda se gdp phan giai quyet hai bda mdi quan he giira van hda va kinh te trong phat trien kinh te thi frudng, hudng den phat frien ben viing. Cdng nghiep van hda khdng chi la ngudn cung cap san pham hang boa frong kinh te thi truimg, ma cdn giii vai tro dinh huang gid trj cho boat ddng ciia kinh te thi trudng. Hang hda van bda khdng phai la hang boa thuan biy, hay ndi each khac, hang hda van hda khdng chl thuan tuy vd lgi nhuan kinh te ma cdn vi lgi ich tinh than, thoa man nhu cau tinh than ciia con ngudi va xa hdi. Can nhan tbiic cdng nghiep van boa nhu mdt dang san xuat dac biet cd cbiic nang tdng hgp ca vd van hda, kinh te. Neu Ioai bd mdt frong hai chirc nang do thi khdng thd phat frien. Tir trudc tdi nay, quan niem ITnh vyc van hda chil yeu chi phuc vu nhiem vy chinh tri, tu tudng, dao diic, Idi sdng cho con ngudi. Didu nay diing nhung chua du. Ngay nay, van hda con dupc nhin nhan khdng cbi la nen tang tinh than ciia xa hpi, ma cdn la muc tieu, dpng lyc thiic day sy phat frien ben virng dat nudc. Van hda duac xem la ngudn lyc, siic manh mdm de phat trien dat nudc. Phat tnen kinh td tren ca sd khoi day va khai thac cac ngudn lyc van hda cua dan tgc la xu the dang dugc thd gidi quan tam de hudng tdi phat trien kinh td nhan van, phat trien ben viing, bao ve mdi trudng sinh thai.
Thie hat, cdng nghiep vdn hda ddp ieng nhu cdu vdn hda ngdy cdng da dgng. phong phu cua nhdn ddn vd gdp phdn phdt triin nen vdn hda quoc gia hien dgi, bdn sdc.
Phat fridn cdng nghiep la qua trinh sir dung phuang thiic cdng nghiep hda trong sang tao, phd bidn, frao truyen, hudng thy va luu giir cac gia tri van boa mdt each cd hieu qua nhat. Nganh cdng nghiep van hda phat trien se giiip mdf sd ITnh vuc boat dgng van hda tao ra nhiing san pham hang hda van hda trao ddi tren thi trudng. Tii do se din den canh tranh trong san xuat, mua ban san pham va tat yeu cac san pham van hda fien ich, cd chat lugng tdt se xuat bien, cac san pham mdi la ra ddi se kich thich tieu dimg van hda, Iam phong phu nhu cau van hda cua cdng chiing. Cac nha dau tu, san xuat kinh doanh cac san pham van hda phai tim hieu thi trudng, danh gia thuc t8 cua mgi tang ldp dan cu dd san xuat ra nhung san pham phii hgp vdi mpi loai doi tugng, dap iing yeu cau cua thi trudng.
Cdng nghiep van hda phat frien gan vdi thi trudng se tao dieu kien cho van bda cd co sd kinh te ciia chinh no. Van hda ty tao ra ngudn vdn, tiem luc tai chinh cho chinh nd, ma khdng can den su bao cap kinh phi ctia nha nudc d mdt sd ITnh vyc nhat dinh. Hien nay, chinh sach tai trg cita Nha nudc cho ITnh vyc van hda d nhieu nudc da thay ddi tir co che "xin - cho", "trg cap" sang ca che d4u tu. Nha nuoc dau tu cho van hda nhu cho cac nganh kinh t6 trpng yeu khac vi nganh nay khdng chi mang lai nhihig gia tri van hda, xa bdi ma cdn mang Iai gia trj kinh te cao. Nha nudc ddu tu cho phat tridn van hda va cd nhiing chii truang, chinh sach huy dpng nhiing ngudn luc frong xa hdi tham gia vao ddu tu phat tridn van hda.
Cac san pham cdng nghiep van hda khdng chi mang Iai nhung gia fri vd mat kinh td, dap ling nhu cau van hda tinh than ngay cang phong phii, da dang cua ngudi dan ma cdn gdp phdn ndng cao ndng luc canh tranh quoc gia Cdng nghiep van hoa la kenh quan trong dd quang ba manh me thuong hieu qude gia. MT,
Khoa hpc chfnh tn - So 9+10/2019
• Nghien cdu - Trao ddi 87 Han Qude, Nhat Ban... la nhiing qude gia dien
huih thimh cdng d chien luge nay. Thdng qua nhirng san phdm cua nganh cdng nghiep van hoa, ngudi tieu dung cd them hieu biet them vh phong tuc, tap quan, Idi sdng, ban sac van hda ciia cac dan tgc. Tren co sd do, cac quoc gia cd didu kien de quang ba thuang hieu, hinh anh, ddt nudc, van hda, con ngudi den voi ban be fren the gidi.
Ciing vdi xu hudng hdi nhap quoc te ciing nhu tiln bp cua khoa hpc cdng nghe, cdng nghiep van bda da the hien vai trd la "mdt cdng cu huu hieu cho tang trudng, doi mdi kinh tt\ "ydu td quan frgng trong thuang mai va canh franh quoc te" va "mdt tai san chien luac frong chinh sach ngoai giao". Trong bdi canh can giii chii quyen va tinh dgc lap cua van hda, Viet Nam mudn chdng lai anh hudng ciia van hda ngoai lai, nhat la sy xam thyc cua nhieu hien tugng phan van hda thi phai day nhanh viec xay dyng cdng nghiep van hda, nang cao sire canh tranh va thi phan quoc ndi frong thi trudng hang hda van hda.
Hien nay, mdt sd cudng qude kinh te dang Iai dung uu the cdng nghiep van hda ciia nudc mmh nham thiic day ba quydn van boa trong canh tranh thi trudng van hda quoc te. Ddi mat vdi nguy ca nay, chiing ta phai biet sir dung va phat huy tdi da tai nguyen van hda ddc dao ciia minh, day manh xay dyng cdng nghiep van hda dan tgc, timg budc chiem lay thi phan nhat dinh trong thi trucmg van hda quoc te, gop phan bao ve chu quyen va an ninh van hda, thuc day sy tien bd va phdn vinh cua van hoa dan tpc. Khi nganh cdng nghiep van hoa phat frien, mdt mat, se bao tdn, giu gin va phat huy cac gia tri van hda truyen thdng, giii gin ban sac va ban ITnh van hda cua dan tdc; mat khac, se gdp phan tao nen sy da dang van hda, khang dinh ban sac van hda ciia dan tdc frong nen van hda ciia nhan Ioai.
Thir ba, cdng nghiep van hda ddi vdi su phdt triin xd hpi
Trinh do phat fridn cdng nghiep van hda dan frd thanh tieu chi quan trgng dd xac dinh trinh
do phat trien van hda dat nudc. Ddy chinh la li do ma nhieu quoc gia chit trpng thiic day chien luge phat trien cdng nghiep van hda cita nudc minh. Cdng nghiep van hoa gdp phan nang cao frinh dp dan fri, la san pham ciia sy sang tao, ddi hdi phai co tn thiic, cd y tudng mdi cd thd tao ra dugc. Vdi sy frg giiip ciia cac thanh tim khoa hpc, kT thuat, cdng nghe, cac san pham van hda dugc san xuat hang loat, phyc vy nhu cau ddng dao cua ngudi dan. Cac san pham nay mang trong minh chirc nang nhan thiic, giao due, tham ml va giai fri, tac ddng manh me den tu tudng, tinh cam, dao diic, ldi sdng cua ngudi tieu dimg frong xa hpi. Mot cudn sach hay, mgt thudc phim dep, mdt bai ca lay dgng ldng ngudi... se cd sire manh cam bda manh me, cham vao frai tim, thiic tinh nhan tam ban bat cii mdt bai giang dao diic thuan tuy nao. Chinh vi vay, san pham cdng nghiep van hda gop phan vun dSp nhiing tinh cam tot dep cho ngudi tieu dimg, xay dyng Idi sdng lanh manh.
Nganh cdng nghiep van hda gdp phdn thu hep khoang each ve trinh do dan fri giiia cac vimg midn Nhiing vimg mien niii xa xdi, viing sau, vung xa trinh dp dan tri cdn thap, chua cd dieu kien de hpc tap, vui chai, giai tri thi chinh san phdm cac nganh cdng nghiep van bda da pho bidn kiSn thirc, dap iing nhu cdu giai tri gian frdp ciia ngudi dan thdng qua intemet, phat thanh, truyen hinh.., Ngudi dan nhiing khu vyc nay ciing cd the bpc tap tir xa, dao tao tryc tuydn thdng qua sach dien tir, mang internet. Cd thd ndi, cdng nghiep van hda da tao CO hdi hpc tap cho nhidu ngudi. Md rdng va nang cao kha nang tiep can van hda ciia ngudi dan la mpt trong nhung quan tam hang ddu frong chinh sach van hda ciia nhidu qude gia cung nhu nhidu td chiic quoc te. Didu nay nhdm thuc hien quyen van hda cua ngudi dan, giup bg cd thd tang cudng miic do thu huong va tham gia vao cac hoat ddng van boa. Tiep can vdi van hda cung dugc coi la didu kien quan trpng dd mdi ca nhan hoan thien va phat tridn nhan each mdt each toan dien, frd thanh
KhoaimpfiiiH-nh tn - So 9+10/2019
• Nghien cdu - Trao doi nhirng con ngudi xa hdi tich cue.
Cdng nghiep van hda cd the tao ra mgt xu hudng, mdt trao liru trong xa hdi. Dien anh, am nhac Han Qude la mgf minh chung didn hinh cho xu hudng nay. Sau khi xam nhap vao thi trudng cac nudc chau A, dien anh, am nhac Han Qude da tac ddng manh me den ldi sdng, thdi trang, mT pham, am thyc ciia nbieu nudc, dac biet la Viet Nam, Nhat Ban. Gidi tre ciia cac nudc xem phim, nghe nhac Han Qude nhidu se an mac, frang diem, cu xir...
gidng vdi dien vien, ca sT Han Quoc, Ngoai ra, dien anh, am nhac Han Qude da mang Iai su giao luu, ket ndi gidi tre Iai vdi nhau tao nen nhiing nhdm nhay, nhdm nhac "ty phat", cac cau lac bd cita cac than tupng Kpop mpc Ien rat nhanh vdi sd lugng thanh vien ddng dao va khdng ngimg tang len. Than tugng chinh la sgi day ket ndi nhiing ngudi ciing chung sd thich va cd khdng it than tugng ciing chung tay thyc hien dugc nhieu chuong trinh thien nguyen y nghTa.
Phat trien nganh cdng nghiep van hda cdn tao ra nhieu viec lam, thu htit mdt sd Iugng Idn lyc lugng Iao ddng xa hdi, lam giam ti Id thdt nghiep frong nen kinh te quoc dan; thiic day phan cdng Iao ddng xa hdi, thuc ddy chuyen mdn hda nganh nghe, tao didu kien cho ITnh vyc san xuat tang nang suat Iao ddng.
3. Ket luan
Cdng nghiep van hda ddng vai trd vd cimg quan trgng ddi vdi su phat tridn ciia mdi quoc gia: ddng gdp cho su phat trien kinh td, tao cdng an viec Iam, tao ra cac ndi dung, y tudng, gdp phan phat trien nen kmh te tri tbiic. Cong nghiep van hda gdp phan ddi mdi phuang tbirc quan li van bda, tang cudng kha nang frep can cita ngudi dan va hd trg viec giii gin, phat huy ban sac van hda dan tgc, bao ve sy da dang van bda fren toan cau. Nhan thirc rd tam quan trpng ciia nen cdng nghiep van bda, trong nhiing nam gan day, cdng ddng quoc te ngay cang nhan thay vai trd khdng the phu nhan va phat frien cdng nghiep van boa trong qua trinh phat tnen kinh te - xa hdi. Lien hgp quoc va
chinh phii cac nudc tren the gidi hidn nay dac biet quan tam tdi vai trd cua van hoa va coi nganh cdng nghiep van bda la van de frpng tam trong nhiing no lyc nhdm dat dugc cac Muc tieu Phat fridn Thien nien ki.^ Viet Nam cd rdt nhidu tiem nang va lgi the de phaf trien nganh cdng nghiep van hda, trong Chien luac phdt triin cdc ngdnh cdng nghiep van hda Viet Nam din ndm 2020. tdm nhin din ndm 2030, Chinh phii da dua ra quan diem: "Cac nganh cdng nghiep van hda la bd phan cau thanh quan frpng cita nen kinh te qude dan.
Nha nudc tao dieu kien thuan lgi nham thu hiit tdi da ngudn luc tir cac doanh nghiep va xa hdi de phat tnen nganh cdng nghiep van hda"'**'. Nam 2014, Nghi quyet Trung uong 9 khda XI da ban hanh, mdt frong 6 nhiem vu de ra frong Nghi quydt la "Phat trien cdng nghiep van hda di ddi vdi xay dimg, hoan thien thj trudng van hda"'"". Nhu vay, co sd chinh tri, phap li de phaf trien nganh cdng nghiep van hda da cd. Van de d dang la, trien khai thyc hien cac chii trudng, dudng ldi, chinh sach ciia Dang va Nha nudc nhu the nao cho cd bieu qua. Hi vgng frong mgt tuong Iai khdng xa, nganh cdng nghiep van hoa se phat trien va dat dugc nhiing muc tieu da dat ra.Q
'" UNESCO - Cac nganh cong nghiep van hoa - Tam diem cua van hoa trong tucmg lai. Webssite:http://
portal.unesco,org/culture/cn/ev
'^' Din theo Giao trinh cac nganh cong nghiep van hoa, Nha xuat ban Dai hpc qu6c gia Ha Noi, tr. 15 '^' www. c nei, gov.cn
'"" http://cjs.inas.gov.vn
'''https://viiexpress.net/kinh-doanh/kpop-nganh-coiig- nghiep-giai-tri-doanh-thu-khong-lo-cua-han-quoc '•'" http;//cjs. inas.gov.vn
"'http://www.tapchicongsan.org vn/Home/
Nghiencuu-Traodoi/201 S/49765/Phat-trien-cac- nganh-cong-nghiep-van-hoa-Viet-Nam '%ttps://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/van-hoa-xa- hoi/Quyet-dinh-1755-QD-TTg-ch,en-luoc-phat- trien-nganh-cong-nghiep-van-lioa-Viet^Nam- den-2020-2016
"' Dang Cpng san Viet Nam, Van kien Hoi nahi \kn thu chin Ban Chap hanh Tmng ucmg khoa XI tr 56
Khoa hoc chinh tri - So ! '+10/2019
