NOI DUNG GIAO DUC K I NANG SONG TRDNG CHIfflNG TRlNH GIAO OUC M A M NDN HIEN NAY
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• ^ ^ 1 TS. TRINH THUY G I A N G * - TS. N G U Y E N V A N H U N G "S
au khi chuong trinh Giao due mam non (GDMN) mdi duoc chinh thdc ban hanh, eac trudng mam non hien nay da tiep can viec giao due ki nang sdng (GDKNS) cho tre vdi nhung hinh thdc khac nhau va cimg hudng tdi muc tieu: giiip tre em phit trien ve the chat, tinh cam, tri tue, tham ml hinh thanh nhung yeu to dau tien cua nhan each, chuan bi cho tre vao Idp mot; hinh thanh vi phat trien a tre em nhdng chdc ning tim sinh li, nang luc va pham chi't mang tinh nen tang, nhung kining song (KNS) can thiet phu hgp vdi Ida tuoi, khai day va phit trien tdi da nhung khi nang tiem an, dat nen tang cho viec hpc d cic cap hoc liep theo vi cho viec hoc tap sud't ddLNhu vay, vdi mue tieu tren, ehuong trinh GDMN hien nay da doi mdi theo hudng ehu trgng va tang cudng GDKNS eho tre. Tuy nhien, cae ndi dung GDKNS khdng dung dgc lap ma duoc long ghep vao trong cac ngi dung giao due (GD) khac trong ehuong trinh. Bai viet phan tich cac li do cua van de nay va ehi ra nhung ngi dung ham chda ngi dung GDKNS trong chuong trinh GDMN hien nay, td dd giup cho GV hieu biet rd han ve cac ngi dung GDKNS trong trudng mam non va cdng tac GDKNS cho Ida tudi nay.
1. Quan niem ve KNS va GDKNS a tuoi mam non
Trong Ijch sd GD Viet Nam, ngi dung GD con ngudi biet doi nhan, xd the eua eha dng ta da duoe the hien rat nhieu qua ca dao, tue ngu nhu: "Hoc an, hoc noi, hgc goi, hocm&'hay "Hoc dam ba chu de lim ngudi"vdi myc dich: "Doi cho sach, rich cho tham"\/a "Thuang nguc^nhdUiethdmg than"..C6n\rongcacnha\rucir\Q, GD con ngudi trd nen cd hieu biet, cd kT nang (KN) lam vide va ed KN dng xd la muc tieu GD quan trpng: "Hgc d l biet, hge d l lam, hgc de lam ngudi va hge de eung ehung sd'ng". Tat ca cac ngi dung tren deu ham chda not dung KNS, tuy nhien, chi trong xa hpi hien dai ngay nay thuat ngd KNSmcH ra ddi va duac quan tam nghien cdu d l giup con ngudi doi phd vdi nhung thach thde va nang cao ehat luong cude sdng.
32 Tap chi Gide due so 313
1) Trong nghien ciru, di co nhieu quan niim khac nhau veKNS.Jheo UNESCO: KNS la nang luc ca nhan de thitc hien day du cac chirc nang va tham gla vao cupc song hang ngay. Theo WHO: KNS la nhung nang luc dap ung va nhung hanh vi lich ci;c giup ca nhan c6 the giai quyet co hieu qua nhi/ng yeu cau va thach thiic cOa cupc song hang ngay. Cac quan niem khac nhu: KNS la KN tam li xa hpi lien quan den tri thirc, nhOng gla trj va nhflng thai dp; hoac quan niem: KNS la nhiJng KN mang linh tam li xa hpi va KN giao liep, dupc van dung Irong nhiing tinh huong hang ngay de tuong tac mpl each hieu qua vol ngufi khac va glal quyet c6 hieu qua nhiing van de, nhiing tinh huong cua cupc scng tiang ngay.
Nhuvay, vdi cac quan nl$m tren, KNS dupc de cap vdi cac goc do va binh dien rpng, hep khac nhau va c6 the thay ro, KNS vira mang tinh ca nhan vi do la nang luc CLia ca nhan, vira mang tinh xa hpi vi moi mpt th^
diem phat then ciia xa hpi, moi vung mien lai doi hoi mdi ca nhan phai c6 nhung KNS Ihich hpp. KNS khong chi gliip con ngudl Iham gia vao ddi song xa h6i, giai quyet dupc nhiing van de thach thirc dat ra ma con giup nang cao cha'l iupng cupc song. Vai nghTa nhu vay, KNS duac phan chia tiianh nhdnp KNS chung va nhiing KNS trong tdng van cfe cu (/re - Cac KN nhan thiic: KN tuduy phe phan, gial quyet van de, nhan thirc hau qua, ra quyel djnh, kha nang sang tap, tiJ nhan thirc ve ban than, xac djnh gla Irj: - Cac KN duong dau vdi xiic cam bao gom: kiem che cang thing, kiem soat dupc cam XUC, tuquan li, tu giam sal, tudieu chinh...; • Cac KN xa hpi hay KN luong tac bao gom: KN glao Ilep, tinh quyet doan, cac KN Ihuong thuyet, KN tif choi, KN IJng nghe, KN hpp tac...; - Cac KNS trong limg van de cu the nhir.
vp sinh, ve sinh thuc pham, siic khoe, dinh du&ng, cac van de ve glal tinh, sirc khoe sinh san, ngan ngira thien tai, bao lire, gia dinh va cpng dong, GD cdng dSn, bao ve Ihien nhien va moi trudng...
'TrMng Dai hoc sir pham Ha Noi
"TnrilngCaolIaiigstfphaniHaNoi
(kil- 7/2013)
Su phan loai neu tren eho thay ro ban chat cua KNS, giup cac nha GD ed each tiep can hgp li trong GD KNS d tdng do tudi.
2) Quan niem ve KNS va GDKNS Ida tuoi mam non.£>6\ vdi mdi do tudi, eac KNS neu tren se cd su phan dinh va mde dp dat duge phu hop. Trong bac GD mam non, do dac trung cua do tudi va tinh chat giao due, mue tieu, ndi dung va phuang phap GDKNS cung se cd nhung dac tnmg rieng.
Khao sat mgt sd trudng mam non ngoai thanh Ha Ngi cho thay - Hau het giao vien (GV) chua hieu biet day du ve KNS ndi chung va KNS tuoi mam non ndi rieng (97,5%), td dd cd nhung quan niem khae nhau ve KNS danh eho tudi mam non; - Phan Idn GV eho r i n g GDKNS la GD cic KN detre tham gia vao cac hoa t dong khac nhau trong cuoc song vi cic KN nay la nhdng KN chuyen biit, dgc lap vdi cac noi dung GD trong nhi trudng mam non (93,6%). Qua trao ddi vdi cac GV mam non, cd nhieu y kien eho ring viee GDKNS cho tre n4'u co thi tot va khong co cung khong sao vi trudc diy, tre khong dugc GDKNS trong trudng mam non nhung van trd thanh nhdng cong din tot; - Cd tdi 96,6% GV cho rang GDKNS eho tre la cdng viec chuyen mdn eua cac ehuyen gia GDKNS va khdng thudc chuyen mdn hang ngay cua hp; - Tre mudn dupe hge KNS thi phu huynh dang ki eho eon hgc theo cac Idp rieng (1 hoae 2 budi/tuan) do eae chuyen gia trudng mdi ve day.
Nhung quan niem ehua dung ve KNS va GDKNS neu tren khien cho GV mam non lung tung trong viec nhan biet va xac dinh cac ngi dung GDKNS cho tre khi mi cic noi dung GDKNS khong dugc chird trong chuang trinh GDMN hien nay.
2. Noi dung GD KNS otruong mam non hien nay GDMN cd mdt vi tri dae biet quan trpng trong su nghiep GD the he tre vi nhd nd ma tre em d Ida tuoi nay ed duac nhdng nen mdng dau tien cija nhan each.
Tuc n^u cd cau: "Day_con td thud cdn tha" vi "tre non"
thi "de udn", "Non chang udn, gia nd ddt", "Be khdng vin, ea g l y eanh"...
Viee GD dao ddc cho tre khdng nam ngoai viec hinh thanh va phat trien he thdng nhdng thai dp va hanh vi cua tre ddi vol nhung ngudi xung quanh, vdi ban than va moi trudng sdng. Cung vdi dac diem tam - sinh li lua tudi, viec chim soc vi GD tre a trudng mam non khong tich rdi nhau. cham sdc chinh la GD v a G D thdng qua cham sdc. 6 do tudi cang nho, can b i t dau GD cho tre nhung thai do, hanh vi don gian nhat nhu: biet giu gin ve sinh tay, chan sau khi choi, biet chao hdi nhung ngudi xung quanh, biet cam
(ki 1-7/2013)-
on, xm idl... Vi le dd, ket qua cham sde eung ehinh la ket qua GD; Tre em nhubup tren canh/Bietan, biet ngu, bie't hoc hinh la ngoan".
Tuy nhien, trongxa hgi hien dai, viec GD tre khong chl dung lai a viec day tre "bie't an, bie't ngu" hay day tre biet "Hoc an, hoc nol, hoc goi, hoc md"ma con day cho tre cac KNS can thidt khic de tre co the song, hoat dong vi phit trien tot han, chang han nhu: GD de tre cd the nhan biet va phdng tranh rui ro cho ban than, cd t h l thich nghi tdt vdi mdi trudng sdng, biet the hien xue cam eua ban than va chia se vdi ngudi khae, biet kiem che ndng gian cua ban thSn trong qua trinh vui choi...
Vdi each tiep can nhu vay, trong chuang trinh GDMN mdi hien nay, GDKNS da dugc de eap trong muc tieu chungcua chuang trinh. Tuy nhien, khi di vao muc tieu, noi dung GD rieng cho tdng do tudi, chuang trinh khdng chi ro dau la muc tieu va ndi dung GDKNS.
Ket hgp nghien cdu ban ehat eua KNS, dac diem qua trinh GDMN va chuong trinh GDMN eho thay, trong muc tieu va npi dung GD eua ehuong trinh la ham ehda ngi dung GDKNS.
1) Ngi dung GDKNS trong chuang trinh GD tuoi nha tre. Trong cac mue tieu phat trien ve the chat, phat triln nhan thdc, phat trien ngdn ngu, phat then tinh cam, KN xa hgi va tham mi deu ham chda npi dung GDKNS: - Tbich nghi vdi che dp sinh hoat d nha tre; - Cd mdt sd td chat van dgng ban dau (nhanh nhen, kheo leo, thang b i n g co the); - Cd kha nang phdi hgp kheo leo eu dgng ban tay, ngdn tay; - Cd kha nang lam duoc mpt sd viee tu phuc vu trong an, ngu va ve sinh ea nhan; - Cd kha nang tim hieu the gidi xung quanh; - Cd su nhay cam cua cac giae quan;
- Cd kha nang quan sat, nhan xet, ghi nhd va didn dat hilu biet bang nhung eau ndi don gian; - Cd mdt sd hilu biet ban dau ve ban than va cac su vat, hien tuong gan gui quen thudc; - Nghe hilu dugc eac yeu cau don gian bang^ ldi ndi; - Biet hdi va tra Idi mdt sd cau hdi dan gian bang Idi ndi, cuehi; - Su dung ldi ndi de giao tiep, dien dat nhu cau; - Cd kha nang cam nhan van dieu, nhip dieu cua eau tho va ngu dieu cua ldi ndi; - Cd y thdc ve ban than, manh dan giao tiep vdi nhung ngudi gan gui; - Cd kha nang cam nhan va bieu Id cam xdc vdi con ngudi, su vat gan gui; - Thuc hien dupe mpt sd quy djnh don gian trong sinh hoat;
- Thich nghe hat, hat va van ddng theo nhac; thich ve,xe dan, xep hinh...
2) Ngi dung GDKNS trong chuang trinh GD miugiao.B6'\ vdi tudi mdu giao, ngi dung GDKNS
Tap chl Giae due so 313 I 33
d l nhan biet hon trong muc tieu va ndi dung GD vi sang den thdi ki nay, eac hoat dpng cua tre phong phu hon trudc, tre tham gia nhieu hon vao cac hogt dgng ea ve muc dp va cudng dp. Cac yeu cau ddi vdi su phat then nhan each cua tre eung eao hon trudc.
Do vay, cac ndi dung GDKNS the hien trong chuang trinh rd rang hon.
Cu the la: - Biet djnh hudng trong khdng gian; - Cd KN trong mgt sd hoat dpng can sU kheo leo cija ddi tay; - Cd mdt sd hieu biet ve thuc pham va ich loi cua viec an udng ddi vdi sde khoe; - Cd mgt sd thdi quen, KN tdt trong an udng, gid gin sde khoe va dam bao su an toan ciia ban than; - Cd kha nang quan sat, so sanh, phan loai, phan doan, chu y, ghi nhd cd chu djnh; - Cd kha nang phat hien va giai quyet v^n de dan gian theo nhung each khac nhau; - Cd kha nang didn dat su hilu biet b i n g cac each khae nhau (b&ng hanh d'dng, hinh anh^, Idi ndi...) vdi ngdn ngd ndi la ehu yeu; - Co mgt sd hieu biet ban dau ve con ngudi, su vat, hien tuang xung quanh va mpt sd khai niem so d i n g ve toan; - p d kha nang l i n g nghe, hieu ldi ndi trong giao tiep hSng ngay; cd kha nang bilu dat b&ng nhieu each khae nhau (ldi ndi, net mat, cd chi, dieu bd...}; diln dat ro rang va giao tiep cd van hoa trong cugc sdng hang ngay; cd kha nang nghe va ke lai su viee, ke lai tmyen; cd kha nang cam nhan van dieu, nhjp dieu eua bai tha, ca dao, ddng dao phu hgp vdi dp tudi; cd mgt sd KN ban dau ve viec dgc va viet; - Cd y thdc ve ban than, cd kha nang nhan biet va the hien tinh cam vol con ngudi, suvat, hien tugng xung quanh;
- Cd mgt sd pham chat ca nhan: manh dan, tu tin, tu luc; - Cd mdt sd KN: tdn trong, hop tac, than thien, quan tam, chia se; thuc hien mdt sd quy tac, quy djnh trong sinh hoat d gia dinh, trudng Idp mam non, cpng ddng gan gui; - Cd kha nang cam nhan ve dep trong thien nhien, cudc sdng va trong tae pham nghe thuat;
cd kha nang the hien cam xue, sang tao trong cac hoat ddng am nhac, tao hinh.
Nhu vay, ngi dung GDKNS trong chuang trinh GDMN dugc an chda trong myc tieu va npi dung GD cua tdng do tudi. Cac npi dung nay kha toan dien, kha phong phu va kha eg the, giup tre cd the dan thich nghi vdi mdi trudng tu nhien va xa hpi, iam quen va kham pha ehung. •
2. B6 GD-DT. Chucmg trtnh gido d^ic mdm non, H. 2009.
3. Thai Duy Tuyen. Triet hoc gido d u e Vi^t Nam, NXB Dgi hpc suphgm Ha N0i, 2007.
4. Nguyin Anh Tuy^t. Gido d u e m a m non - nhiing van d l h' luan vd thire ti^n. NXB Dgi hgc suphgm Hd Npi, 2005.
SUMMARY
Article refers to the content of life skills educa- tion in early childhood education programs today, the authors analyzed the content of education in hfe skills education programs year-old kindergarten, preschool.
The content Is quite comprehensive, quite rich and quite speciSc. can help children to gradually adapt to the natural environment and society, get acquainted and explore them.
Phat huy vai tro cua Internet...
(Tiep theo trang 60)
ea ngudi day va ngudi hgc duoe tiep xue vdi cac phuong tien hien dai, lam giau them vdn hieu bilt eua mlnh. Neu bie't khai thac va sd dung hop li nhu'ng thanh qua ma Internet mang lai thi ho?t dgng day hgc se dat duoe hieu qua cao, gdp phan xay dung mgt nen giao dye vung manh ca ve lugng va chat. •
T a i lien t h a m lihao
i. NguySn Duy Binh. "MOt s6 giSi phap iing dyng cflng nghe thflng tin trong day hpc d tnrdng ph6 th6ng". Tgp chi Gido due. so 223 (Ki 1-10/2009).
2. Ban Cflng ngh§ thflng tin. C 6 n g nghe thong tin t r o n g gido d u e vd d a o t a o . NXB Gido due, H. 1997.
3 BO GD-DT. Gido due eflng ddn ldp 10.11,12.NXB Gido due, H. 2007.
4. Pho Diic H6a - Ngfl Quang SoTi. ITng diing e6ng ngh^ th6ng tin t r o n g d a y h p c tich cire. NXB Gido due, H. 2008.
5. Lt Vinh Qufl'c. C a c y^u ttf effban trong qua trinh giao d u e hi£n dai va v a n de ddi m o i day hpc d* Viet N a m . NXB Dgi hoc suphgm TP Hd Ciii Minh. 2008.
6. MOt sfl' trang web: www.moet gov.vn: www.echip.
com.vn: www.ebook.edu.vn: www.vnies.edu.vn
SUMMARY
Tdi !i6u tham khao ^" '^^^ globalized world of information, teachers I DA V^i-i n-T \7A« r'um^ 1.. ^ ^u,,™,~ f-; u „• • of Civic Education need to be creative and dedicate 1. BO CrU-Dl, Vien Cnien luoc va chuong trinh giao ,i. „ , . - ^. xi_ J , -_• J- ^ - J -• , • _. • „ ., , „ „ themselves to innovating methodologies for Civic dvc. Giao due kl ndng song d' ViSt Nam, UNESCO, Education in particular and the education sectorln H. 2005. general to maximize the beneffts of the Intemet.
