12 Nghien curu TOn giao. Sfi' 11 -2012
BAN THEM VE KHAI NIEM ME TIN, Dj DOAN
( IIIIVANTI \N'
T
r o n g thdi gian gfin d&y. nhicn nhu nghidn crfu. nhieu hpc gia, ciing nhrf c&c nh& quan li. nh&'t la cac nha quan li trdn linh vrfc van hda, d a n g d&t ra v&'n dc la c£n di s&u nghien cufu kh&i niem m d tin, di doan" trdn ca hai phrfdng didn: hpc thu&t v& ufng xuf t r o n g ddi sd'ng. Trrfdc he't, tren phrfdng dien hpc thuat, vide l&m rd khai niem "md tin.di doan", chi r a ndi dung, ban ch&'t, de'n c&c bieu hien... la mpt viec lam c^n thid't, khi m& trf trrfdc de'n nay v i n chrfa cd mdt cdng trinh nghidn cihi nao li giai mdt c&ch thoa d a n g dd'i vdi v&'n de nay. Cach hieu ve v&'n de n&y van cdn mdt sd' diem chrfa thd'ng nh&'t, n g a y ca t r o n g gidi nghien crfu li lu&n. Ngo&i ra, nghidn crfu lam rd v&'n de "md tin, di doan" cdn la mdt nhu cau cua xa hdi. Dd khdng chi la n h u cau cua nh& quan li ma cdn la nhu cau cua cac chu thd thtfc h a n h tin ngrfdng, tdn gi&o, ciing nhrf cua ddng dao quan chiing nh&n d&n. Trf gdc dp ciia n h a quan 11, nd'u k h d n g n&m drfdc ndi ham, ban chat cua k h a i nidm "me tin, di doan"
thi chac chan t r o n g cdng t&c quan li se g a p nhieu liing tung, b&'t cap, v& do dd se g&y r a nhihig h a u qua k h d n Irfdng. Cd mdt thdi ki, erf c&i gi dinh dd'n tin ngrfdng, tdn g i a o deu bi coi 1& me tin, di doan c£n phai b&i trrf, nhieu le hdi k h d n g drfdc p h e p td chrfc vi g a n vdi cac
hoat d d n g tin ngrfdng. tdn gi&o va h&u qua ciia thdi ki dd. cua nh&n thrfc dd 1&
r&'t nhidu den. chiia, mie'u mao. cac cd sd thd trf kh&c d& bi pha huy._ Ve phia c&c chii thd thrfc h&nh tin ngrfdng, tdn gi&o v& qu£n chiing nh&n d&n cd nhu c£u sinh boat tin ngrfdng, tdn giao thi deu mong mud'n hoat ddng, sinh hoat tin ngrfdng, tdn giao cua minh drfde thuTa nh&n.
k h d n g bi cum. v& k h d n g ai mud'n hoat dpng tin ngrfdng, tdn gi&o ciia minh bi coi la "md tin. di doan'.
Bdn canh c&c quan diem cho r a n g can di s&u nghidn crfrf khai nidm "me tin, di doan" nhrf vifa t r i n h bay d trdn, lai cd mdt sd nh& khoa hpc cd de xuiCt rang, k h d n g nen diing khai niem "md tin, di doan", ma t h a y b&ng kh&i nidm "ldi dung tdn gi&o. tin ngrfdng"*". Chiing tdi cho r&ng, kh&i niem "me tin. di doan" 1& khai nidm hd't srfc q u a n t r p n g k h d n g chi tren linh vrfc hpc thu&t m& ca tren phrfdng didn thrfc tien. eho du cd tid'p tuc sijf dung h a y k h d n g suf d u n g kh&i niem nay, c h i i n g ta ciing c£n phai n h a n thrfc drfdc
m d t c&ch trfdng dd'i d £ y d u ve ndi h&m.
*. TS . Vifin Nghien ci'm T6n gi^o.
1 Xem: PGS.TS. Nguydn Van Huy. Vd'n de bdo tdn vd phdl huy gid Iri cua le hdi truyen thdng - ihdo hidn ve mot sd khdi mem ca bdn. Ki y€\\ HOi Ihao
"Ld h6i-Nhan ihiJc. gia tri vJl giai ph5p quan If, do B6 Van hda, Th6" thao v i Du hch ciing Hfli d6ng di san van hda Quoc gia td chiic ngay 16/5/2012.
Chu Van Tuan. Ban llwm ve khdi niem.. U
ban chat, cung nhrf c&c bidu hien eiia nd va dd chinh 1& li do de c h u n g tdi di vao tim hieu v&'n de n&y.
1. Dinh n g h i a kh&i nidm "me tin, di doan"
Khai nidm "mc tin. di doan" d& xu&'t hien trf l&u t r o n g lich suf. ca Phrfcfng Ddng va Phrfdng T&y. Cd quan die'm cho r&ng, d Ch&u An, khai nidm md tin di doan cd the da xu&'t hidn k h o a n g the' ki XVI. Cdn d Phrfchig Ddng, cd quan diem cho r a n g quan nidm ve md tin di doan thrfc r a ed trf thdi phong kie'n, trf khi Ph&t giao du nhap, roi dd'n Nho giao'*'. O Viet Nam, cd cjuan diem cho r a n g hai khai niem "me tin" va ' di doan" drfde hdp nh&'t vdi n h a u t h a n h mdt khai niem chung -me tin di doan" cd trf thdi Trf Drfc"^'. Trinh bay nhihig npi d u n g trdn.
chung tdi mud'n nh&'n m a n h rang, da cd khdng it c&c dinh n g h i a ve' kh&i nidm nay t r o n g lich suf, tuy nhien, d Vidt Num.
cac dinh n g h i a v a n cdn chrfa thda d&ng.
Chang han, cd quan diem eho r&ng:
"Md tin la tin hoac lam cho ngrfdi khac tin mdt c&ch thie'u suy n g h i vao nhihig sif vide, hidn trfdng trai vdi t r a i Id trf nhicn, tin vao nhihig dieu md ho, khdng Irfdng trrfdc drfdc he qua cua viec lam, dan tdi h&u qua x&'u ve srfc khde, tai san , thdi gian, cd khi ca tinh m a n g ca nh&n, gia dinh va cdng dong "<*'. Trong dinh n g h i a nay, cd h a i diem chiing tdi th&'y can trao doi thdm, do la 'tin mpt each thie'u suy ng-hl" v& nhiing- sit viec. hien tiA^g- trai le tif nhien . Trrfdc hd't, dd'i vdi diem thrf nh&'t: tin mpt each thieii suy ng-hi', phai c h a n g 1& tin ma khdng cd can cuf, k h d n g drfa t r e n cd sd khoa hpc
nao? hoac dd 1& niem tin cam tinh, khdng phai niem tin tren cd sd cua nh&n thrfc li tinh? Nhrfng. nhrf chiing ta d& bie't. niem tin ciia tin ngrfdng, tdn giao gan chat vdi v&n de' tam linh, ma v&'n de nay cho dd'n nay d a n g tdn tai nhieu y kie'n kh&c nhau.
Cd quan didm cho r&ng khdng the drfa vao khoa hpc dd giai thich ve t&m linh drfdc. Vi v&y, nd'u theo dinh nghia tren thi phai c h a n g "md tin di doan" la tin mdt each thie'u suy nghi? Dieu nay la khdng thda d&ng, bdi theo chung tdi, khdng phai erf md tin d^ doan thi deu la tin mdt each thie'u suy nghi.
Dd'i vdi diem thrf hai can trao ddi them 1&: 'nhihig' sif vice, hien tifcfng trdi le tif nhien . O day c^n phai lam rd thd' n&o la nhifng srf viec trai le trf nhien, phai chang dd la nhrfng srf viec, hien trfdng k h d n g kiem nghidm drfdc trong thifc te' (khdng nhin thay, khdng sd th&'y, khdng ngufi th&'y y, ho&c phai chang dd la nhihig srf vide, hien trfdng khdng tuan theo cac Idgic, quy lu&t trf nhien, khdng the chrfng minh, kiem tra, kiem nghidm b&ng cac phrfdng ph&p khoa hpc? Nhifng, trong tin ngrfdng, tdn giao, tin dd tdn giao tin vao nhihig dieu thidng lieng, tin vao srf tdn tai cua Thien Drfdng, cua cdi Nie't Ban, tin vao thuye't lu&n hdi, nghiep bao T&'t ca nhihig dieu tren d&y khdng the chrfng minh hay kiem nghidm drfdc, vi v&y, ne'u theo dinh nghia tren, phai ch&ng tat ca tin ngrfdng. tdn gi&o dd'u la 2. Xem: Nguydn Van Huy, Sdd.
.^.Xem:htlp//.'?6pho.vn/index.php/di-ban-van- hoa/SMS-toa-dam-khoa-hoc-me-tin-di-doan-lii- quan-niem-hoc-thuat-den-iing-xu-trong-doi- song.html
4 LS Trung Vu. Me tin, bien hien vd qitan mem. Tap chi Nghien cim Tdn gido. s6 6. 2006, tr 19.
14
Ngliien ci'ru Ton giiio. So U - 2012
md tin? Chinh vi viiy. chiing tni tliiiy dinh n g h i a trdn d&y v&n cd mdt sd didm chifa thda d&ng.
Tie'p thoo. t r o n g Tif dien Biich khon Vict Nam cling od drfa ra mdt dinh n g h i a khac vd mc tin. di doan": iiirm tin viio srf tdn tai ciia nhifng srfc manh sidii nhicn nhrf tin v&o sd' nidnh. gi&'e md.
diem ban. phii thiiy, bdi to.Tn. trfdng sd' Moi hidn tifdng md tin. di doan deu la t&n tich eua nhifng tin ngifdng nguydn Ihiiy g&n vdi trinh dp nhftn thifc th&'p kdm ciia ngrfdi xifa vc nhifng nguyen nh&n ciia cac hien trfdng xay ra t r o n g the' gidi. Md tin. di doan g&y nhicu tac hai dd'i vdi srf nghidp x&y dihtg chu n g h i a xa hdi. B&i trrf md tin, di doan 1& mpt nhiem vu quan t r p n g cua cudc each m a n g trf trfdng va v&n hda .
Theo c h u n g tdi. dinh n g h i a trdn day ciing dat ra mdt sd' van de can trao dd'i them, dd la: th& nhat. nd'u erf tin v&o svf tdn tai cua nhihig srfc manh sidu nhicn la mc tin, di doan thi t&'t ca tin ngrfdng, tdn giao dd'u la md tin, di doan ca; thiir hai, nd'u cho r a n g mpi hicn trfdng mc tin, di doan deu g a n vdi t r i n h dp nh&n thrfc t h a p kem cua ngrfdi xrfa ve nhrfng nguyen nh&n cua cac hicn trfdng xay r a t r o n g the'gidi thi sd k h d n g the' giai thich drfdc vi sao t r o n g thdi dai ng&y nay, khi lo&i ngrfdi d& brfdc v&o nen v&n minh h&u cdng nghiep, khi ma t r i n h dp nh&n thrfc cua con ngrfdi ngay nay d& vrfdt r&'t xa so vdi thdi nguyen thiiy, v&y ma c&c hidn trfdng drfdc xem la md tin, di doan van phut trid'n, th&m chi cd phan m a n h mc hdn trrfdc? Trf hai diem phan tich trdn cho tha'y, dinh n g h i a tren d&y van
cdn c6 nhrfng h a n chd', th&m chi cdn lac h&u so vdi nh&n thrfc t r o n g giai doan hidn nay.
Ngo&i hni dinh n g h i a vrfa t r i n h b&y d Iron, cdn cd mpt sd' dinh n g h i a kh&c ve md tin. di doan' ma theo chiing tdi da ph£n n&o Uhac phuc drfdc nhrfng han che oiiii hai dinh n g h i a kd t r r n Ch&ng han, F.
Askevd Leherpcux da dinh nghia vc mc tin ciia nhufng ngrfdi t r o n g cdng mot cdng d d n g tdn gi&o hay x& hpi nhrf sau:
' Dd 1& nhiVng niem tin t r o n g mpt thdi ki licli si'f nh&t dinh. nay da tr&i ngrfdc vdi nhufng lu&n tliuyi't va thifc h&nh ciia bp ph&n da so' cpng d d n g khoa hpc va ciia cpng d d n g tdn gi&o cd t i n h v&n hda quan t r p n g nh&'t"**'.
Chiing tdi cho rang, vice dinh nghia kh&i nidm mc tin, di doan drfa v&o ddi trfdng, dac didm. tinh chat ciia niem tin cd h a n chd' d chd 1& rat khd cd the lay tidu chi nhrf the nao dc danh gi& dd la nid'm tin n h a m nhi. la h o a n g drfdng, hay tr&i Id trf nhicn Phiii ch&ng nhrfng gi ma khoa hpc chifa chifng minh drfdc deu la h o a n g drfdng. n h a m nhi? Mat khac, da 1& nicin tin. nh&'t 1& niem tin g&n vdi t&m linh. g&n vdi tin ngrfdng, tdn giao. cd the' ddi vdi ngrfdi n&y la linh thieng, nhrfng ngrfdi kh&c lai cho 1& h o a n g drfdng..
Nhrf chiing ta thay, d i n h n g h i a trdn day ciia F. Askcvc Leherpcux da kh&c phuc drfdc h a n chd' dd khi k h d n g de cap de'n ddi trfdng. d&c didm, t i n h chat cua niem t i n (nhrf srfc m a n h sidu nhidn, tr&i lc t\f n h i d n , n h a m n h i , h o a n g d r f d n g ) m&
.•^ \i.iii Dang NghiiJm Van. Li hidn vd tdn gido vd linh hinh tdn giao a \ ict Nam. Nxb Chinh tri Qudc gu. Ha Noi. 2001. II, l.U
Chu Van Tuan. Ban ihein ve khdi niem... l^
nh&'n m a n h dd'n vide niem tin dd da lac h&u. ldi thdi. k h d n g cdn phii hdp vdi nhan thifc va thifc h a n h chimg ciia cdng ddng (ciia da so nhihig ngrfdi trong cdng ddng). Tuy nhicn, vice dinh n g h i a nay cho r&ng mc lin id hdnli vi dd loi th&i.
hodc la niem tin trong nipt thc/i ki lich su- nhat dinh. hicn khdng con phii hap vdi luan thuyet vd thtib hanh cua da sti cpng ddng lai phai dd'i didn vdi mdt sif khd khan khac. Phai c h a n g mc tin cd tinh lich suf, chi tdn tai t r o n g mdi giai doan lich sir nh&t dinh va sc mat di khi khdng cdn phii hdp vdi luan tliuyct va thrfc h a n h ciia da sd' cdng don];"' Phai chang mc tin drfdc ddng nhat vdi nang Irfc v& khu n a n g n h a n thifc ciia con ngrfdi? Khi nh&n thrfc h a n chd, ldi thdi, khdng phii hdp vdi thdi dai thi trd thanh md tin?
Chung tdi cho r a n g , chi cd dd'i trfdng cua chu the h a n h vi md tin va n h a n thrfc cua b a n th&n chii the dd la cd t i n h lich suf. cdn b a n chat c h u n g nhut cua md tin thi k h d n g the cd t i n h lich siV.
Nd'u cho r a n g md tin la niem tin t r o n g mdt thdi ki lich suf n h a t dinh, c h u n g ta se khd cd t h e g i a i thich drfdc mpt v&'n dc la: tai sao hidn trfdng md tin da xu&'t hicn n g a y trf thdi nguydn thiiy va vdn tdn tai cho dd'n t a n b&y gid, tham chi hidn n a y cdn p h a t tridn k h a manh.
Nhrf the', cd t h e t h a y h i n h thifc to chifc, c&ch thrfc s i n h h o a t va c&ch thd hidn nid'm tin tdn g i a o , tin ngifdng cd the mang t i n h lich suf, cd thd t h a y ddi t r o n g mdi g i a i d o a n ph&t tridn k h a c n h a u cuu lich suf, nhrfng niem tin vao nbifng die'u drfdc xem la t h i e n g l i e n g thi k h d n g bao gid t h a y doi.
Qua sif phan tich d trdn. chiing ta thay rang, vice dinh nghia vc md tin, di doan • k h d n g phai la mdt van de ddn gian bdi tinh phifc tap, phong phii ciia ban than hicn trfdng -mc tin, di doan . Qua ph&n tich han chd ciia nhrfng dinh nghia vc md tin. di doan " d tren da cho chimg ta th&y. k h d n g the tidp can tir gdc do dirng - sai dc dinh nghia vc md tin. di doan , ciing k h d n g the can cif vao dac didm. tinh chat ciia ddi trfdng hanh vi md tin dc dinh n g h i a vc •mc tin. di doan ; ciing khdng the ticp can tir goc dp nang life, t r i n h dp ciia chii the hanh vi me tin di doan dc tich hanh dinh nghia. Chiing tdi cho rung, cun phai ticp can trf gdc dp dac diem, tinh chat, mrfc dd ciia ban than niem tin de dinh nghia vd me tin, di doan . Vdi each tiep can nhrf vay va trdn cd sd nhiitig ndi dung vrfa trinh bay d trdn, ddng thdi ke' thrfa yc'u to hdp li t r o n g nhrfng dinh nghia da cd trrfdc day vd md tin, di doan" chimg toi manh dan drfa ra dinh nghiu nhrf sau ve md tin: Mc tin la niem tin thdi qud ciia con ngifcfi vc mpt dieu gi do vd vice the nicni tin thdi qud do gay ra nhifng anh hifotag ticu cifc cho chinh ban than va cong dong- xd hoi . Cdn ine tin di doan la cum trf thrfdng drfdc g a n vdi nhau, trong dd di doun thrfdng drfdc hieu la c&i khac, srf khac bidt, k h d n g chinh thdng, v.v..
2. Dac diem, ban ch&'t cua "me tin. di doan"
Tif dinh n g h i a ndu tren, chiing toi tam rut ru mdt sd dac didm va ban chat cuu khai nidm "mc tin di doan' nhrf sau:
Thif nh&t. md tin thudc vc nic'm tin ciia con ngrfdi. Nghia la, da la con ngrfdi thi
16
Nghidn curu T6n giao. So 11 - 20I2_
deu cd thd "md tin' v& cd c&c h&nh vi md tin, h a y ed "kha n&ng' "md tin . trfc 1&
tin mdt o&ch th&i q u i v&o mdt didu gi dd. Bdi Id. ban ch&t ciiu con ngrfdi la ludn cd niem tin v€ mdt dieu gi dd, nidm tin vrfa nhrf 1& mdt phifchig thrfc tdn tai ciia con ngrfdi. vifa nhrf la muc ticu ciia con ngrfdi, nhifng khi nidm tin bi d&y dd'n mifc t h a i qua. ho&c bi tnyct dd'i hda.
thi sd dfin dd'n svf md tin. Ndi nhrf v&y, ban ch&t ciia mc tin k h d n g phai n&m d dd'i trfdng ciia srf mc tin, k h d n g nam d chd ngrfdi ta tin v&o c&i gi. nhrf c&c sifc manh sidu nhidn. c&c hipn tifdng tr&i vdi quy lu&t trf nhidn" ch&ng han. Con ngrfdi cd the -me t i n " v&o b&'t erf srf v&t, hidn trfdng nao t r o n g ddi sd'ng x& hpi, cac sif v&t, hidn trfdng dd chi la dieu kidn, la "nh&n duydn", la c&i cd de khdi g 0 niem tin th&i qu& cua con ngrfdi h a y cdn c6 thd gpi dd la srf "tin trfdng"
ciia con ngrfdi. Ban chat cua md tin. theo ehiing tdi cung k h d n g n&m d chd: dd 1&
niem tin h o a n g drfdng, niem tin n h a m nhi, niem tin mu qu&ng nhrf nhieu dinh n g h i a ve md tin di doun trrfdc d&y quan niem. N g h i a la, k h d n g n&m d t i n h dung, sai cua sif me tin Bdi le, c h u n g ta rat khd kh&n khi d a n h gi& the' nao 1&
h o a n g drfdng. la mii qu&ng, 1& n h a m nhi Chimg ta l&'y tieu ehi n&o de x&c d i n h dieu dd? Nhat 1& khi nhrfng niem tin dd g a n vdi v&'n de tam linh. Chung ta k h d n g the l&'y tidu chi k h o a hpc de d a n h gi& r a n g nhihig srf v&t, hidn trfdng chrfa chifng m i n h drfdc b a n g k h o a hpc la n h a m nhi, 1& h o a n g drfdng. D&y 1& va'n de k h a phd bid'n trrfdc day ciing nhrf hien nay va c h u n g ta p h a i kh&c phuc dieu n&y khi xem xet, d&nh g i a ve cac srf
v&t. hi^n tifdng ma nhidu ngrfdi gpi 1&
tr&i tiX nhidn Nd'u k h d n g c h u n g ta se rdi viio q u a n didm duy k h o a hpc.
Ngo&i ra, ban ch&'t cua md tin, theo chiing tni ciing khdng n^ni S nang Itfi;
hay trinh dd nhAn thifc eua ehu the mS tin. Chung ta k h d n g the cho r&ng. han che'vo t r i n h dd, ve nh&n thirc. ve tri thifc khoa hpc ciia chii the md tin 1& khcA ngudn cua md tin. Bdi •vi. cd mdt thrfc lc' rang, od nhifng ngrfdi cd t r i n h dp hpc v&'n r&'t cao. n&m drfdc t n thrfc khoa hoc nhifng vkn cd nhifng h&nh vi md tin. Do dd. quan nidm cho r a n g mc tin 1& do th&p kem vc nh&n thifc. t r i n h dp, d&y 1& mpt quan nidm k h d n g xac thrfc. Ban chlft ciia md tin cung k h d n g phai do yeii td' bl^t thrfdng t r o n g t&m sinh li ciia chu the, bdi vi nhrfng con ngrfdi ho&n toan khde manh. li tri s&ng sud't v4n cd the co nhufng h&nh vi mc tin
Thii" hai. mc tin la niem tin thai qua cua con ngifdi. Con ngrfdi ai ciing cd niem tin, nhifng chi nhifng niem tin thai qu& mdi drfdc gpi 1& mc tin. V&y Ih&i qu& d d&y drfdc hieu nhrf the' nao. co didm gid'ng va kh&c gi so vdi inii q u a n g ' . h o a n g drfdng", "me mudi' hay k h d n g ? Theo c h u n g tdi, thai qua khong dong nghia vdi jnti quang, khong dong nghia vdi hoang difdng. khong dSng nghia vdi nham nhi, nhtfhg thai qua co sif tuwig ddng vdi mo muoi', tiib la niem tin khong cdn dupe kiem scat, ndm ngoai sif kiem soat cua chu the niem tin.
s d di chiing tdi cho r a n g me tin khdng g a n vdi h o a n g drfdng. mii qu&ng. nham nhi la vi dd deu la srf d&nh g i a trf bdn ngo&i dd'i vdi h a n h vi h a y chu the ciia
Chu Van Tua'n. Bdn them ve khdi niem...
17 h&nh vi mc tin. Ngrfdc lai. trf phia chuthe cua h a n h vi md tin, nhrfng dieu ma bdn ngoai d&nh g i a 1& h o a n g drfdng thi dd'i vdi hp lai cd the r&'t hicn thrfc. nhrfng dieu ma ben ngoai d a n h g i a 1& mu q u a n g thi dd'i vdi hp lai cd the r&'t rd rang, nhiimg gi ma bdn ngo&i d&nh gia 1&
nham nhi thi dd'i vdi hp lai cd the r&'t cd y n g h i a
Chimg tdi cho rang, cm nhufng niem tin thai qu& nhrfng ho&n to&n cd srf suy nghi. hoac cd srf chi dan ciia li tri chrf khdng phai chi la cam tinh. Nhifng ngay ca khi niem tin cd cd sd 1& li tri dan d&t.
nhrfng mdt khi bi tuydt dd'i hda. s6 bid'n thanh thai qu&, sc t h a n h r a m&'t kiem soat, t h a n h md mudi. Khi dd, niem tin thai qu& sd cho&n", chi phd'i cac h a n h vi suy nghi, nh&n thrfc, t&m li t i n h cam. v.v..
cua chu the eua md tin, dan de'n nhiing he qua tidu cvfc dd'i vdi chinh ban th&n chii the me tin v& cpng d d n g xa hdi.
Thu' ba. xu&'t p h a t trf vide tin va vide the hidn niem tin th&i qua dd g a y a n h hrfdng tidu crfc cho c h i n h ban than va cpng d d n g xa hdi, d&y 1& mot dac diem quan t r p n g ndi Idn d a u la me tin, d&u 1&
h&nh vi me tin, g i u p p h a n biet md tin vdi niem tin t h d n g thrfdng. Ne'u nhrf niem tin t h a i qu& nhrfng chrfa gay a n h hrfdng Idn nhd gi dd'i vdi ban th&n v&
cdng d d n g x u n g q u a n h thi chrfa the gpi la ••md t i n ' . Ch&ng h a n . khi mdt ngrfdi nao dd tin r a n g cd srf ton tai cua linh hdn, tin v&o vide ngrfdi sd'ng vdn cd thd giao tie'p drfdc vdi ngrfdi che't (thdng qua c&c n h a n g o a i cam), thi niem tin dd chifa the gpi Id me tin. Nhifng ne'u nhrf niem tin dd bi d^y de'n mrfc th&i qua, de'n mrfc
ma g&y r a h&u qua che't ngrfdi (nhrf c&c phrfchig ticn t h d n g tin g&n dAy drfa tin ve chuydn di gpi hdn d Hidp Hda, Bac Giang). thi dd drfdc xem 1& md tin, v&
khi dd, nd t r d t h a n h dd'i trfdng ciia cdng tac quan 11 v&n hda.
Nhrf the', tidu chi de' d&nh gia d&u la md tin. h&nh vi md tin c&n chii y dd'n h&u qua ci'ia srf md tin hay hanh vi md tin dd g&y ra. Nic'm tin th&i qua. g&y ra b&'t ki h&u qua tidu crfc n&o tif tam li. dao drfc, phap lu&t. van hda truyen thd'ng, srfc khde, an n i n h trat trf, an toan xa hdi thi deu drfdc xem la md tin, h&nh vi mc tin. Mifc cao nhat cua md tin va hanh vi md tin dd la cudng tin, cudng tin cd the gay ra nhihig h&u qua khdn Irfdng eho to&n the xa hdi.
Nid'm tin cua con ngrfdi vao mdt srf v&t, hien trfdng nao dd, th&m chi 1& vao c&c srf v&t, hidn trfdng cd tinh ch&'t
•hoang drfdng' . khi chrfa bi day dd'n mrfc th&i qua, crfc doan, thi van cd tac d u n g va y n g h i a tich crfc ddi vdi con ngrfdi. thda m a n nhu cau cua con ngrfdi.
Nhifng mot khi da trd t h a n h thai qua, nd lai tac ddng tieu crfc dd'i vdi ban th&n chu thd md tin ciing nhrf cdng ddng x u n g quanh.
3L Ifinh thiib bieu hien ma. "me tin di doan"
Trong mdt sd' cdng trinh, cac tac gia da liet ke cac hinh thrfc bieu hien eua "me tin di doan" nhrf sau: t^iXi hinh thrfc bdi to&n, xem trfdng, ddng cd't, gpi hdn, tin vao diem bao hay biia chu, xin &m drfdng, vie't the, l&'y sd, cau sd, ciing b&i, chrfa bdnh bang phu phep thrfdng bi coi la "mc tin di doan", la nhihig hien trfdng xa hpi tieu crfc can phai da pha. Tuy v&y, ciing can khach
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cpan nhin nliitii r&ng, tron thifc td ngay ca c^c tdn giao drfdc coi hi nghidm chinh nhat ciing vdn tdn tai ddy rdy v& ludn thi^c h&nh nhrfng dii-u "md tin d4 doan' nhrf thd!
Chang han nhif xem hrfdng nha v& chon ng&y gid td't x&'u
Trong mdt cdng t r i n h kh&c. cd t&c gia d& lict kc c&o h&nh vi mc tin kh& oil Ibr nhrf sau: Xin &m drfcfng. xin th6, xin epic.
Xem bdi ch&n g&; Xem bdi b&ng mu nia;
Xem not rudi, Xom hi iriui khdng; Xem b&i t&y; lAm bna. ycm biia, Cdu cimg, I^cn ddng, Qpi hdn; Chifa benh bang biia, phep. Chijfa bnih b&ng t&n hrfdng; Chifa bdnh b&ng ngoai cam; Chifa bdnh bang lo v&t V& nhifng ngifdi h a n h n g h e md tin 1&: Thdy bdi; Thay trfdng; Thdy tir vi;
Thliy dia li; Thdy cimg; Ba cd't; Ong ddng.
ba ddng ""*'. Ngoai ra. cd quan didm cdn cho rang Hu tuc lac hau ldi thdi ciing thudc vc hicn trfdng md tin di doan.
Chimg toi cho r&ng. vice chi r a d&u la h&nh vi md tin, can phai can cd vao h&u qua cua hanh vi do g&y r a cho chu the cua h a n h vi mc tin va cdng ddng x u n g quanh. E>6 la ticu chi quan trpng nhd'i dd kd't lu&n dau la mdt h a n h vi md tin. Dang Nghidm Van cho r a n g , dc d&nh gi& drfdc h&nh vi nao la md tin cdn c&n erf v&o h&u qua cua nd m a n g lai cho x& hdi'^', Ndu khdng thda m&n tidu chi nay, chiing ta khdng the ke't lu&n cai nay hay c&i kh&c 1& h a n h vi md tin. Chang ban, nd'u nhrf cho r&ng vice cau ciing, id bai la mc tin, vay vice t h d ciing d n g b&, td tidn,, cd phai 1& me tin h a y khdng? Ne'u nhrf cho r a n g gpi hdn la me tin, v&y hicn nay viec tim md t h d n g qua cac n h a ngoai cam cd phai la me tin h a y khdng? D&y cd thd' ndi
Nghidn cil'll r6n giao. So U - 2012^
1& nhihig v&'n dd kh& phrfc tap. k h d n g the trf duy thoo c&ch ehtip k h u d n . ho&c cho r&ng erf c&i gi k h d n g khoa hpc thi quy 1&
md tin Nhrf ohiing ta bid't, vipc le b&i, cdu cimg 1& nhihig n g h i thrfc hay iS nghl n h a m biou hicn niem tin hay tinh cam ciia con ngrfdi dd'i vdi mdt ddi trfdng, nidt svf v&t, hidn t v f ^ g n&o do. Trong trrfdng hdp t h d cimg td' ticn. thi c&c hanh vl cdu ciing, id b&i 1& srf bay td tinh cam, si,f buH dn, the hidn niem tin vc srf tdn tai ciia td ticn. v& day thupc vc v&n hda, thudc vc tin ngrfdng truyen thoiig - tin ngrfdng t h d cimg to' ticn. Khdng the xem dd la mc tin di doan" v& cdn xda bd.
Nhvfng nd'u niem tin v& c&c bieu hien niem tin qua vice c;du ciing, le b&i dd bi day dd'n mrfc thai qu&. g&y a n h hrfdng dd'n thudn p h o n g mi tuc. don lu&t ph&p, de'n srfc khde, k i n h te' thi lai trd th&nh h&nh vi md tin. Do vay. r a n h gidi giiJta niem tin va md tin 1& kh& gdn, vi v&y vice xem xet d&u la h a n h vi md tin di doan cdn hd't sifc c£n th&n, can erf v&o trfng dieu kicn. ho&n canh cu the. Trong mpt cudc toa dam k h o a hpc do Trung t&m Nghidn cifu va Bao tdn v&n hda tin ngrfdng Vidt Nam td chrfc, Oscar Salemink d& cho r&ng. dd'n nay khdng cd ed sd k h o a hpc de ph&n biet drfdc c&i gi la "mc tin di doan " vdi vipc thrfc h&nh c&c n g h i lc tin ngrfdng, tdn gi&o.
Vi v&y. dd'i vdi cac h i n h thrfc bieu hidn cua md tin di doan ma mdt sd' cdng trinh da lict kd r a d trdn, e h i i n g t d i cho r&ng 6.1.& 1rung Vii. Me tin. hiCn hicn vd quan niein. Tap chi ,\i,7(,./i cim Tdn gido. so 6 . 2 0 0 6 , ir. 19.
7. Dang Nghioni Van. Li liiim \c tdn gido vd tinh hinh tdn gido d Viet Num. Nxb CTimh irj Qu6c gia.
HN.2001.tr. 134-I3.'i.
Chu Van Tuan. Ban them ve khdi nier. 19
ne'u nhrf c&c h i n h thrfc dd, bieu hidn dd van n a m t r o n g k h u d n khd cua cac quy pham dao drfc va p h a p lu&t, khdng g&y r a nhifng p h a n cam vd' v a n hda, th&m mi, khdng vi pham cac gi& tri truyen thdng.
khdng g&y tdn hai de'n srfc khde, kinh te' cua cac c& nh&n tham gia va cdng ddng x u n g quanh, thi k h d n g thd xem dd la h a n h vi "md tin di doan". Ngrfdc lai, cac h a n h vi, h i n h thrfc va bidu hien tren vi pham cac yeu cau neu trdn, thi khi dd trd th&nh h a n h vi 'md tin di doan'.
4. Quan diem v& th&i dp rfng xijf dd'i vdi "me tin di doan"
Nhrf trdn da t r i n h bay, v&'n dd" xac dinh dau la h&nh vi "me tin di doan"
khdng he dcfti g i a n . Bdi viec x&c dinh khdng diing d a n se g&y r a nhihig h&u qua n g h i e m t r p n g ma c h i n h c h u n g ta da m&e p h a i t r o n g thdi g i a n trrfdc day.
khi h a n g lout di san v a n hda vat the va phi vat t h e bi xda bd. T r o n g cudc tpa dam, Oscar S a l e m i n k da n h a c de'n d trdn cho thay, can hieu rd bd'i canh va xu&'t phut diem dd'i vdi vide suf d u n g khui niem md tin di d o a n t r o n g nhrfng trrfdng h d p cii the. Di s a n v a n hda phi v&t the la v a n h d a sd'ng, drfdc thrfc hidn t h d n g qua thrfc h a n h cac n g h i le, mdt tin ngrfdng. Ne'u nhrf vdi v a n g quy dinh mdt n g h i le, mpt t i n ngrfdng nao dd 1&
me tin di doun va bd nd di, thi nd se a n h hrfdng trifc tid'p de'n cue chu the dd, dd'n ngrfdi d a n va cdng ddng. Nhrf v&y sd n g u y h a i eho viec bao tdn cac di san van hda phi v&t the' dd. T r o n g lich suf, vide quye't d i n h bd mdt bieu hicn van hda bi coi la me t i n di d o a n ddi khi cdn la quyd't d i n h m a n g t i n h c h i n h tri, m a n g t i n h quyen life n h a nrfdc*"'.
Trf nhrfng ndi d u n g da trinh bay d trdn, cd thd rut r a mdt so' nh&n xet nhrf sau:
Mpt la. chiing tdi long tinh vdi nhieu y kie'n ciia cac hoc g.a khi cho rang ndn bd kh&i nidm "md tin di doun"' va suf dung khai niem "ldi dung tin ngrfdng, tdn gi&o" t r o n g cdng tac quan li tin ngrfdng, tdn gi&o va quan li van hda, Cd hai li do sail d&y: thif nh&t. vide dung khai nidm
"me tin di doan"' r&t dc g&y ra srf hieu idm khi nh&n dinh. danh gia vc mdt hanh vi nao dd. Do dd, nd gay khd khan cho cdng tac quan li van hda. quan li tin ngrfdng, tdn giao; thd hai, suf dung khai nidm •md tin di d o a n ' dc gay ra srf man thuan, x u n g dot t r o n g chinh cdng ddng tin ngrfdng, tdn giao-
Tuy nhien, d day can phai chii y la.
viec su; d u n g khai niem "ldi dung tin ngrfdng, tdn giao" khdng thd bao quat hd't khai nidm •mc tin di doan" theo n g h i a ma bai vidt da de cap d trdn (niem tin thdi qua cua con ngifdi vc mot dieu gi do vd vice the niem tin thai qua do gay ra nhihig inh hifdng tieu cifc cho chinh ban than vd cpng ddng xa hpi). Vice niem tin bi day de'n mrfc crfc doan, gay hau qua tieu crfc cd the khdng phai la mdt h a n h vi cd muc dich, cd ch"u y.
Nhrfng - l ^ d u n g tin ngrfdng, tdn giao"
chac chan la h a n h vi cd muc dich, cd y thrfc. Do v&y, day la diem can Irfu y t r o n g 8. Xem: Toa dam "Me lin di doun. lit quan niein lioc Ihiidt den ifng xir trong ddi sdng" do Trung lam NghiSn cilu vd Bao ton Van hoa tin ngu"5ng Viei Nam (Lien hiep h6i UNESCO Viet Nam) phoi hap vdi Trung tam Nghidn ciru va Phat huy cac gia tn di san Van hoa (Hoi Di san van hoa Viet Nam) x6 civic ngay 22/10/2012 tai Hk N6i.
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nh&n thrfc cung nhrf t r o n g ifng xuf vdi c&c hipn trfdng md tin ili doun v& "It^l diing tin ngifdng. tdn gi&o".
Hai la, con ngrfdi cd quydn tin v& ed quyd'n the hicn nidm tin, cho dii dieu m&
ngrfdi ta tin v&o od thd "tr&i ti^ nhicn Nhifng ne'u nhrf niem tin v& srf bidu hicn niem tin dd di ngrfdc lai vdi ldi ich cua cdng ddng, cua d&n tdc. tr&i vdi dao difc.
lu&n thrfdng dao li, phan v&n hda, phan th&m mi. vi pham p h a p luat. gAy tac ddng x&u ddi vdi cdng d d n g x& hdi... thi dieu dd cdn bi Idn &n vii ng&n chan Vi v&y. c h u n g tdi cho r&ng, k h d n g ndn gpi cac hinh thifc bdi to&n. xem trfdng, d d n g cd't, gpi hdn. tin v&o diem b&o hay biia chii, xin &m drfchig, 'vidt thd, l&y sd, cdu sd. ciing bai.- drfdc liet kd d trdn la md tin di doan nd'u nhrf c&c h a n h vi tron vdn n&m t r o n g khudn khd ciia c^uy pham dao drfc v& ph&p lu&t, van nam t r o n g gidi han cho phep, k h d n g crfc doan. k h d n g th&i qu&, k h d n g cd tac ddng xau...
ThvT ba. dd'i vdi cdng tac quan li. nh&'t 1& quan li van h d a dd'i vdi v&'n de me tin di doan. chiing ta k h d n g ndn lay dd'i trfdng quan Ii 1& c&c h a n h vi, m& chiing ta can q u a n li drfa vao t i n h ch&'t, mrfc dp cua c&c h&nh vi dd. Ndi each kh&c, chimg ta k h d n g quan U theo each cho r&ng h&nh vi nay, h a n h vi kia la me tin di doun, ma c h u n g ta quan li theo each:
mrfc dp the'nay, t i n h chat the'kia... n g h i a la me tin di doan. Quan li theo h&nh vi (chiing tdi tam gpi nhrf v&y). cd h a n chd' la se r&'t khd de x&c d i n h h&nh vi nay, h&nh vi k i a 1& me tin di doan h a y khdng, bdi c&c h a n h vi dd vd cung p h o n g phii, da dang, lien tuc nay sinh.
Nghifin CLTU Ton giao. So JI - 2012 v&n dpng, bid'n d^i... Do dd rA't khd di n&m b&t. Nhifng ne'u quan li theo tinh ch&'t (chung tdi tam gpi nhrf v&y). chiing ta vrfa thd' hidn difdc srf tdn t r p n g nidm tin cua mpi ngrfdi, vira kid'm so&t drfdc c&c h a n h vi dd.
Chrfng tdi ciing d d n g ^ vdi mdt so quan diem ciia c&c h9C gid cho r^ng, thai dd dd'i vdi md tin can th&n trpng, v& chi od thd giai quye't drfdc v&'n dc n&y trdn cd sd gi&o due*"', lit'n vdi vice Idi d u n g niem tin, ldi dimg tin ngifdng, tdn gi&o thi chiing ta cdn c6 cac chd' t&i dd xijf Ii.
Nhifng dd'i vdi niem tin bi day de'n mrfc crfc doan. t h a i qua {nhung chifa gAy ra hAu qu£x thi chiing ta chi cd the giai quyd't b&ng gi&o due. b&ng hrfdng ddn, trf v&'n.„ giiip cho c&c chii the ciia n i ^ tin thai qu& c&n b a n g t r d lai, k h d n g bi niem tin th&i qua chi phd'i. a n h hifdng den t&'t ca c&c hoat d d n g kh&c ciing nhrf n g i n ch&n vice d a n dd'n nhufng h&u qua khdng m o n g mud'n dd'i vdi ban th&n v& cdng ddng x& hpi. Cdn dd'i vdi nhufng niem tin bi day dd'n mrfc th&i qua va di gAy ra nhihig hAu qua ticu cifc thi luc dd cdn giai quyd't b&ng cac che' tai. xvt II theo p h a p lu&t.-
Trdn day 1& nhiJmg nghidn cufu brfdc ddu, chiing tdi m o n g r&ng v&'n de n&y sd 06 nhieu nh& k h o a hpc quan t&m. giai quyd't do cd t h ^ drfa r a drfdc srf li giai day dii hcfn, h o a n thidn hdn ve v&'n de n&yV.
9. Dang Nghifim Van. Li hidn v/ ifin gido vd linh hinh tdn gido d Viit Nam. Nxb Chfnh in Qu6c gia.
UN. 2001. If. 134-135.
