HBHIEHCUUCHlHH TBI-XAHtl
SUY NGHI VE LOI SONG THANH NIEN TUf Gdc NHIN VAN HOA HOC
I
Quan niem ve thanh nien. Trong d c vin bin phap ly Vilt Nam hiSn hanh, thuat ngd ttianh niSn cung d pham vl dilu chinh khdng bidng nhat Theo Chiln lupe phdt triln thanh niln Vilt Nam fldn ndm 2010 do ThO tuflng Chfnh phfl ky phi duylt kim ttieo quylt flinh sd 70/3003/QO-TTg ngdy 29-4-2003 thi
"ttianh niln nudc te" dupc cho Id gdm nhdng ngufli Vilt Nam trang dp tudi id 15 din 34. Chi hai nam sau, Luat Thanh niln (Luat s l 53/2005/QH11) dupc Qudc hpi khda XI thdng qua dd qui djnh tai flilu 1: "Thanh niln qui djnh trong luat ndy id dng flan Vilt Nam td dd 16 tudi din 30 tuli". Dly cflng te flilu aupc ghi nhan tal Dllu 1, mue 2 efla Oilu IS Ddn Thanh niSn Cdng san Hd Chf Mlnh (2007).
Dd te v l ap tudi ndi chung, nhung frong dd lai chte thdnh nhilu nhdm nho theo d c dp tudi khde nhau (vd cung khdng ttidng nhlt). Ngodi tilu ehi dp tudi, thanh niln d n d ttil dupc chia thdnh d c t i u nhdm khac nhau nhu ttianh nidn thdnh thj, thanh niln nSng thPn (lay flja bin eu trO tem tflu ehi phan bill); hay ttianh nlSn dng nhan, ndng ddn, trf ttidc (lay nghl nghiip tem blu chf phdn bill)...
Ngodi ra, d c ylu t l khie nhu tdc ngudi, tfln glao, gifli tinh, gteu - ngheo... dng d ttil dupc col te blu chl fll phdn biSt d e nhflm thanh niSn.
Nhu vay, bp phan flupc gpi la "thanh niln", ehi phan bill mat deh tuong ddi vdl d e bd phan ddn eu khdc, trln mdt t i u ehi duy nhat te gidi han dp bjdl. Dllu ndy d f l ttily, ttieo qui luat van ddng ttr
* Thac si, Hgc viin Chinh tri Khu vUc I.
32
Lifu KHU'ONG HOA*
nhiln eOa su "idn lln" hay "gid di" d a con ngudi, thanh nidn la dli tui;ing "apng", ma khong 'bnh" va dn ajnh. Cung ehlnh aae ailm nay da ham dda ca nhflng uu diim eung nhu nhdng nhupc dilm kh6 trdnh khoi efla ttianh niln. Mdt mat nhfl qui luat
"flpng" thuflng xuySn eho nSn ttianh niln lufln la chd Ihl chuyin tai llSn ttic d e gifl trj liSn thi hi, nhung mat lihae, rat khfl xae lap nhdng gte tti xlc djnh d l tao nSn bin sac cua thanh niSn.
Xlt frin binh dien tfnh ehit xd hpi, rai ehung, d l ttiing nhlt d n bin nhat efla thanh niln chinh la fl tudi fri, d flp tudi 'thanh niln" cOa tit d dc ttianh viln. Trong cupc dfli d a mfli eon ngufli Ihi tuoi thanh niln d y nghTa vfl cflng quan trpng. Xet ttr goc dp tdm sinh ly, ddy te giai doan eon ngutt chuyin biln td mdt dda fri thdnh mpt ngufli tniflng thdnh. Xet ttr gfle fll een ngufli xa hdi, thi dly chinh te gtel floan chuan bj hanh trang cho frian bo cupc adi, v l hpc van, nghl nghiSp, thd nghiim vS su lira d p n vdn hda, kinh nghiim, ldi sdng tSn cO sd dinh hinh din hS gia tri eOa rlSng mlnh, tii thdnh dng dan thuc thu vfli fliy dfl nhdng quyin lpi va nghTa vu do ludt fljnh, lua d p n ban dfli va lap gla flinh...
Thanh niSn te Ida bill flang nhap cudc vS khang dinh mlnh trong xd hpi. Hp cOng te Iflp nguS dju tee dflng vd anh huflng d a d c nhdn td kinh t l - xa hdi mdt dch sdu sle. Vl vay, kha nang diju su huflng dan, lfli euln efla nhdng gte tri mdi, hlln dai, nhdn van ludn gin liln vfli su hofln thien nhin deh ttianh niln. Trang cupc sing, ttianh niln ttiudng d nhdng nhdn ttide, aanh gte, phan tieh va
TAP CHl GIAO Dgc Lt LUAN - s6 232 (7/2018
HBHIEHCUUCHlHH TBI-XAHtl
kit luan v l nhdng hiln bipng, su viec diln ra xung bianh niln diu dupe col te l l i sdng, md ehi nhdng quanh minh vd te thfli ky flS tilp nhan nhilu thdng hoat dpng sing vd phuong thdc tiln hdnh d e hoat t n mfli, nhdng kiln thdc vd t i ttjl mfli, ehuan bj flpng sdng nao flupc lap di lap lai, d I l m Inh flilu kien xd ly ttiflng tfn, tap khi nang phat triln tri huflng manh va flp pho biln rao trong da sd ra I h l tul, phat mlnh sang kiln. Vfli tlnh d e h Id mpt bfl d a mdt nhflm, mpt eflng ddng thanh nien thi mfli phan quan trpng cOa xa hdi, vin d l thanh niln aupc coi la III sing va d e biiu hlln cda i l l sdng thuflng flupc flat vdo frung tdm nhdng dilm bde thanh nidn.
xOc nhat trong xd hpi, dpi hfli phai dupc quan tdm Tilp can \o\ sing thanh niln trSn phuong dien eham lo gili quylt fll phdt triln. Thanh niSn eung phuflng bide hoat flpng sing vd ting ttil nhdng te van a l sinh tdn trong su phdt frien efla ddn tdc, mil quan h i klnh t l , van hda, xa hdi efla nhdng d m l vi tri, vai trfl, xd mdnh Ijch sd cOa flat nuflc ludn nhdn frong mdt hinh ttidi klnh t l xa hpi nhat fljnh, '• flupc aat ISn vai thanh niln. d bid cho rang; Idi sdng ttianh nien te phuong Vfli y nghTa nhflm xa hpi - din eu thi thanh niSn thde hoat dpng sdng cOa thanh niSn. Od te d e h i d n g d vai trd vd y nghTa vd eung quan frpng thdc, phuong phap vd nhdng hinh thde eo bin, tidu I trong dfli sdng d a m&i cpng fldng, qudc gte, ddn bilu, tuong ddi I n djnh eOa boat dflng sdng cOa ra II tdc. ChO tjeh H d C h i Minh da tdng ndi: mpt nam nhan vd cpng fldng thanh niSn, dU(K t h i hlSn trong I bit a i u bang mua xudn, cudc dfli bat d i u bang d c hlnh thde sdng co bin nhu: hoat dflng sin
! ttidi be, ttjdi t r i Id mda xudn cOa ddn tpc. Thanh xult vdt ehit, boat dpng vdn hfla tfnh thin, hoat i nidn d sd mlnh fldn nhan su trao tmyin gia frj, ding vdn hda xa hfli... fll auy tri su tin tai va phat
ban giao nhilm vu, dy thdc trdeh nhilm, gdi gam frien d a d nhin va cpng ddng.
I nilm tin cOa t h i hS 11 tmdc. Vi vay, cd ttil nfli Nhu vdy, nfli flln Hi sing thanh niln la nfli flln li thanh nten ehinh te tuong tei eOa cflng fldng, dan tdng hfla nhdng dang heat flpng sdng dn flinh efla J tdc. Nlu I h l hS ttianh niln khdng fluae d u a n bj ttianh niln frong cpng ding. Ldi sdng ttianh niSn j chu ado thi sd phan vd tuflng tei eOa toan bp cpng flupc t h i hien thflng qua hoat apng eda tdng d lj ddng sS bj de dpa nghiSm frpng. nhdn thanh niSn, trong afl boat dpng san xuat vat II Torn lai, d t h i hilu rang: ttianh niln Id m i l chit (phuflng thflo muu sinh) te ndn tang quan III nhflm xa hpi - dan eu d tlnh phde hpp r l t rao, trpng. Bdi le, trinh dp phat trien nang lue cfla eon I ham ehda frong dfl nhilu su da dang v l dp tudi, ngud (bao glm nang lire lao ddng, nang lue hoat tl gidi bnh, nghl nghiip, dia ban cu frd, c^nh huflng flpng) quyet fljnh npi dung III sdng. Tat nhiln, teo g gte trj, lpi leh, tdm llnh vd d c md hlnh dng xd vd flpng sin xult te ITnh vuc boat dpng sdng co ban lt) lua ehpn xd hdi. nhlt d a thanh niln, dllu do khdng phli d i vl nd II 2. Quan niem ve Idi sdng thanh nien td goc tao ra d a rai vat chat dam bao cho su sinh tin, 11 nhin van hda hoc md d n vi nhdng ylu rau thich ddng ddi vfli ndng ,1 Do d nhOng quan nilm v l d d tfdp can khae luc boat ddng d a ttianh niln dupe phat friln va nhau bong nghiSn edu v l ill sing va ttianh nidn, ttiue hiln ttiong qua qui trinh lao flpng. Theo ad, jj nln deh tilp can, nhdn diln va phin tich v l Idi t'nh da dang, phong phO cOa d e nhu d u vd J, sdng bianh niln cung rat khie nhau. Td deh bip phuang tide tem bifla man nhu rau eung phdt t i l n li can van hfla hpc, ddng tdl cho rang, ill sdng ttieo. Co rau nhu d u d a con ngudi nfli chung vd 1,1 ttianh niln chlnh id d c ehilu eanh ehfl quan cOa ttianh niSn nfli riSng bae gdm hai loai:
.| van hda ttianh nidn, te qud frinh hlSn ttiue hfla d e - Mdt te nhu rau sinh hpe (sinh ly, ttil chit), ma . ^ gia bj van hfla bianh niln thdng qua boat dpng vlSe ttioa mdn chdng te tiln d l khlng the thilu efla L, sdng bong nhdng dilu kiSn sdng xde flinh. Tuy viee tei sin xult sdc lao ddng;
Ijl nhiln, khdng phli todn bd d c boat ddng sdng eOa - Hai te nhu rau xd hdi (tti tiS, t'nh dm), nhu rau
,„ TAP CHi GIAO Dgc Lt LUAN - s6 232 (7/2015) 3 3
HEHIEH CUU CHlNH TBI - XAHtl
ndy llnh boat va ngay dng bd nSn phong phfl, da bin than d c hoat apng sdng, mac ad gida l(S aang, viSe ttioa man nhflng nhu rau nay te ailu kiln sdng v l phuong ttidc boat apng sdng ludn hda bat bude d l tei san xult sde lao dflng d a con ngufli. quyin chat d e vdi nhau. Td flfl, dng d ttil hilu,
Hal loai nhu d u niy flupc bilu hien thanh Idi sdng thanh niln khdng ehi Id tap hpp d c boat nhdng d p dp rao ttiap khde nhau trong eupe apng sdng quen ttiupe cOa thanh nidn ma ehfl ylu sdng. Td ttilp nhlt la aim bio su sinh tdn, dupe phai te d d thde ttianh niln t i n hlnh nhdng hoai dap nhan l l n an sinh xa hpi, dupe dng nhan va apng l y frong afli sdng hang ngay nhu the nao?
rao nhlt Id flupc tu khang fljnh minh. Hay nfli mpt deh khflc, ill sdng thanh niln chfnii Nhu viy, vin ie aat ra fl flay la, khi xac ajnh te d c h thdc, phuflng phap t l ehde va ttiuc hiln npl flung ill sdng ttianh nlSn, l i l u hit sde quan hoat dpng sdng d l duy bi su tin tal, phdt triln ciia frpng te phli bm hilu xem thanh nlSn quydt djnh bin thdn thanh nlSn.
eho mlnh mde dp quan frpng cOa d e nhu d u Nhu vay, d thi ndi, ldi song nfli ehung, trong khae nhau vfl phuflng ttide ttioa man dung frong do d ldi sdng ttianh niln bilu hidn td chat van cudc sdng nhu thd ndo? hfla, trinh dp sdng cOa mpt eon ngufli cu ttil.
Td gdc nhin van hda hpe, nghlSn cdu III sdng Thdng qua Idi sing, ngufli te d thi floan djnh thanh nlSn d nghTa te ddng te tfm hieu ehiSu sSu aupc kha chinh xae ngufli l y thupe v l nln van hda van hfla d a thanh niln, phdn tieh xem nhdng bleu nio, v l dan tie va qude gte nao; eu the hfln, v4 hidn eu thi efla ldi sing thanh niln dua trln hay te gtel ting xfl hpi va nhflm xa hfli nao trong din tec su hien ttiue hda trong ttiuc tfln cOa nhdng gii bj va quic gte fld. Cung qua 111 sdng efla mdt con vd he gte bj vdn hfla nflo? Tuy nhiSn, frong thue t l ngufli, ngudi ta hoan loan xdt doan dupc tfnh cacli, d c gte tri vd he gid fri van hda khflng bao gifl ddng khi ehit, trtnh dp tri thde, b l ddy giafl due, chiSu flpe lap hay tee flpng flln idi sdng mpt deh don le sau tu duflng vd kinh nghiSm sdng cfla ngudi 36.
theo nhdng frjyin bnh xde ^nh, ma ttiuflng chflng Cfl thd nfli, lii sdng Id mat bilu hlSn d l ttily nhat, ludn tuong tee vi^ nhau, flan xen nhau... vd do fld, uyin duyIn vd linh hoat nhat ve van hda cOa mtl tat nhiSn Id nhdng hinh thdc hiln thue hda III sdng con ngufli, mdt cpng ddng ngufli.
cung hdt sdc phong phfl vd phde hpp. Chinh vl vdy Vay te td gdc fld tilp edn van hoa hpc, hieu mCl trdn thue t l , khPng mdt duydn ngdnh khoa hpe xa rach khai quat nhlt, nghiin cdu ldi sing Ihanh hpi nio nghlSn edu vd Idi sdng thanh niSn lai chi niSn la vlSe ehflng te xem xSt mpt rach cu Ihl bd hep frong nhdng phuong phap nghlSn edu quen thanh niSn sdng bang d l gl? Sdng nhu Ihl ndo?
biupc vdn d eOa mlnh, ma phli d su phdi hpp Sdng d l tem gi? Cudc sdng ttiuflng ngdy d a ho eOa nhilu phuong phap nghiin cflti khdc nhau. ehda dung nhdng hdnh vi ndo?... Sfl di ndi nhuthi Lli sdng ttianh niln te mpt ddi tupng nghiSn edu te bdS IS, eon ngufli - dO te al dl nda thi eudi cflng mang ndi hdm vd ngoai diSn rat rpng. ThSng qua eung thi hiln mlnh ttidng qua hdnh vi, lli sing d e hinh ttidc bilu hlln eu ttil d a ldi sdng ttianh trong eupe sdng blng ngay. Song, ldi sing khlng niln nhu d d ttidc lao dpng kilm sdng, d d thde ehi 11 hanh vi nhu deh fll lai, an nfli ma bao glm blu dflng sin pham vin hda vat chat va finh Uiin, ca tu duy, d c h con ngudi te iam vile, sing viS d d bide sinh hoat vin hfla d nhdn va epng dflng, nhau... Oieu dfl d nghTa, lli sing bao hdm frong d d thde giao t i p flng xd frong gte flinh vd ban do d vd mat vat chat va mat bnh than cfla con bian... ngufli te xae fljnh flupc d c gla tn va hS gte fri ngufli. Theo dfl, vile nghiSn cdu v l ldi sdng thanh van hda frong 111 sing d a ttianh niSn. niln, suy d o din dng, biire ehat eOng d nghTa IS
Td gdc nhin vdn hda hpe. d thi nol, d l Hi ran chflng ta nghiSn edu d e ehilu sdu van hfla eOa lli bin cda 111 sdng ttianh niln ehlnh te phuong thde sdng, nham kham pha ldi sing, hilu ro ban chil hoat apng sdng d a bianh nidn chd khdng phli Id vd xu hudng bidn ddi cOa ldi sdng.IS 3 4 TAP CHl GlAo Dgc Lt LUAN-S6 232 c
