) NGHliN Ciru-TRAO B6I
VE CAC KHAI NIEM "HANH CHINH CONG",
"QUAN L^", VA "QUAN TRI"
Nguyen Wn Dang'
Tdm tdt: Trong cdc thdo lugn ly ludn vd chinh sdch d Viet Nam den nay vdn chUa cd sU thdng nhdt ve mpt sd khdi niem then chdt nhU: hdnh chinh cdng (HCC), qudn ly cdng (QIC), hay qudn tri cdng (QTC). Bdi viet tdm lUdc qud trinh phdt trien ly ludn ve qudn ly vd QTC tren the gidi, qua dd bUdc ddu phdn djnh rd hOn ndi hdm cdc khdi niem cO bdn neu tren.
Tdkhda: hdnh chinh cdng qudn ly cdng, qudn tri cdng
Abstract: In theoretical and policy debates in Vietnam until now, there has been no agreement on some key concepts such as public administration (PA), public management (PM), or public governance. This article summarizes the process of developing management theory and financial management in the world, thereby delineating the basic concepts mentioned above.
Keywords: public administration, public management, public
Ngdy nhdn bdi:12/l 1/2019 Ngdysda bdi: 15/12/2019 Ngdy nhgn bdi: 25/12/2019 Sau hPn 30 nira ddi radi phflpng thfle
quin ly kinh tl - xi hpi, he thdng chinh tri vi hinh chinh Vilt Nara dang dflng trfldc ip Ific cii thien hieu qua boat dpng va ning cao chat Mdng phue vu. Nhfing thich thflc khu vflc cdng trd thanh mdt chu de dflpe quan tam rdng rii, nhat li trong gidi nghien cflu eung nhfi cic nha lanb dao va quin ly khu vfic cdng. Tuy nhiln. cic thio Man ly Man vi chrah sach d Viet Nam din nay van chfia ed sfi thong nhat vl mdt sd khii nilm then chdt nhfl:
HCC, QLC, hay QTC. Thfie tl nay dang dgt ra nhu cau chuan hda cic khai mem theo hfldng tflpng thich vdi cich bieu phd biln tren thi gidi. Sfl nhat quin ve khii nilm se phye vy tdt bPn eic hogt ddng nghiin cflu, giang dgy, va thio Man liln quan din chu dl quan ly vi quin trj khu ''' TS, Hoc vien Chinh tri Quoc gia Ho Chi Minh
vflc cdng d Viet Nam.
Dinh nghia khii niem rd ring vi chinh xie cd vai trd die bilt quan trpng trong nghien cflu khoa hpc. Bdi le, "khai nilm"
la rapt cai "nhan" dflpc dung de gpi ten vi md ta nhfing die trfing ehung, pho biln liln quan den cic sfl kien hay hien tfldng dien ra trong thi gidi tfl nhiln va xa bdi [1]. Cac khai niem khoa hpc giup ehung ta dinh hinh nhfing gi ma ehung ta nhin thay trong cude sdng hang ngay De dfipe edng nhin va ed gia tri sfl dyng, cac khii nilm khoa hpc phai ed the kiera chflng dfipe vdi cac quan sat chinh xae va dang tin cay Ding sau cac khai niem khdng ehi dpn giin la sfl mo ta the gidi ma cdn phan anh trinh dp nhan thfle cung nhfi tfi duy ve the gidi. Cac khii nilm chat che cung
34 [ Tap chi Khoa hpc Ndi vu
\ \ \ NGHliN CCfU - TRAO D6I giup chiing ta cd dfipe sfi nhat quan khi
sfl dyng trong nghiin cflu va thao Man, tranh dfl^e nhflng hieu nham vi tranh cai do sfl khdng rd y. Bai viet nay tdm Iflpc qui trmh phit trien ly Man ve quin ly va QTC tren thi gidi, trinh bay rd ndi him va phin dinh mpt sd khii niem cd bin nham hfidng din sfi nhat quan khi sfi dung cie khii nilm khoa hpe liln quan din quan ly vi quin tri d Viet Nam hien nay.
1. I£inh chinh cong {publk administration) Khdng ehl trong ngdn ngfi hing ngay mi ngay trong gidi nghien cfiu va lanh dgo, quin ly d Viet Nam, khdng it ngfidi de ding dinh ddng khai nilra HCC hay
"quin If hinh chinh" vdi "quan ly nha nflde". Thfie t l nay cd thi do truyin thdng coi trpng vai trd trung tam cua nha nfidc d nhilu qudc gia Ddng A. Theo dd, mpi boat dpng quan Iy xa bpi deu thupe ve nhi nfldc, vdn la mpt tap hpp da dang cie thinh td, trong do chinh quyin chi la mdt eau phan bd phin. Tuy nhiln, ly Man khoa hpe quin ly phfldng Tiy ed nhilu dinh nghia vdi nbfing hfldng tilp can khac nhau ve HGC. Hil'u rdng nhat, khai nilra HCC hay "md binh QLC kieu eu/truyin thdng", de cap din he thong cac CP quan chmh quyin va mpi boat ddng eua chinh quyin. Quin ly hanh chinh, hil'u theo nghia hep. li mpt cbfie nang (hinh phip) cua chinh quyin - thflc tbi chinh sach dl bao dim cae lpi ich edng [2]. Trong lich sfl, nhfing yeu td dau tien eua nln HCC hinh thanh tfi quan ly quin dpi [3]. Gae cudc chiln tranh thdi cd dai chinh li rapt dang thfle edng vy dau tien trong lich sfi nhan logi. De bao dira sflc manh, eae dpi
quin khdng the thieu sfi ky Mat, dpi ngu cM huy, ciing nhfl Ific Ifipng hiu can - diy dfipe coi la nhfing thanh td hanh chinh dau tien. D l che Roma la npi da thilt lap dflpe he thdng hanh chmh vdi nhflng die diem Men dai kM mdt sd eau phan cua he thdng quan ly nha nfldc dflpe tich khdi sfi kiera soit cua eae lanh dao chinh tri.
Nam 1922, ly thuylt hinh chrah cua Max Weber dfipe cdng bd, dgt eP sd cho sfl hmh thanh he thdng HCC hoin ehlnh hiln nay. Ba die diem chinh eua he thdng banh chinh hien dai gdm: (i) Cau true to cbfie vi dpi ngu nhan sfi dflpe bo tri theo trat tfl thfl bie, vdi tham quyin va nhilm vy rd ring; (il) HI thdng hinh chinh van hanh theo cae nguyen tie khich quan, ddc lap khdi cae lanh dgo chinh tri; (iii) Dpi ngu nhan sfl dflpc tuyen dung dfla tren nang Iflc chuyin mdn, bio dim cdng vi|c liu dai, va mflc IfiPng cd djnh [4].
Md binh HCC theo ly thuyet cua Weber die bilt coi trpng vai trd eua he thdng cae eP quan va dpi ngu cdng ehfic chinh quyin, eung nhfi cac quy trinh quan l^J^
hinh chinh trong viec quin ly xa hdi. Bd miy quin ly hanh chinh chuyin mdn hda dfipe to ehfic dfia tren nguyen tic duy If khoa hpc. Do do, hieu qua va Mlu Ific thfie thi chinh sach va quan ly xa hdi la nhfing fiu dilm ldn nhat cua he thdng nay [5].
Tuy nhien, mdt ban chl cua tfi duy HCC la qua dl eao vai trd eua chinh quyen trong vile giii quylt eae van dl edng [6]. Thfie te cho thay ban than chinh quyin khdng the cd du ngudn Ific dl dip fing eic nhu cau ngay cang da dang eua ngfldi dan. Han ehl thfl hai cua md Mnh HCC la nilm tin rang chinh quyin la chu the duy nhat Tap cM Khoa hpc Ndi vu [ 35
I NGHliN CI^U - TRAO D6I
va dpi ngu edng chflc chuyin nghiep l i nhfing ngfldi cd k h i nang nhat trong \iec d i p flng v i b i o ve eic Ipi ich cdng. Trin thflc te, cic \'in de edng ngiy cang phflc tap va trd t h i n h thach thflc khd \'flpt qua cho cic n h i n viln cdng quyin. Q u i n ly h i n h ehmh va thfle thi chinh sich khdng phii l i rapt quy trinh dPn giin va tich bilt vdi xa hdi. Dpi ngfi cdng ehfic h i n h chinh thfidng xuyIn phii ddi diln vdi n h i l u ylu to khdng the Ifldng trfldc, vdn cd the i n h hfldng d i n h i l u qua v i bilu Iflc q u i n ly xa hdi.
2. Quan ly edng (public management) Khii n i l m QLC xuat h i l n t r i n b i o chi v i dflpc sfl dung ngay cang pho bien bdi eae nha nghiin cflu cung nhfl cac ca quan chinh quyin d \'iet Nam trong k h o i n g hpn mpt t h i p ky gan diy. H i m y noi b i t cua khii niem niy l i d l cao vai trd cua cic chu the tfi nhan, nhan manh kha nang thda m i n nhu cau, gia ting mflc dp hai ldng cua ngfldi d i n ddi vdi cac boat ddng eua chinh quyin; coi ngfldi d i n nhfi khach h i n g cua chinh quyen. VI lich sfl, khii niem "quin ly" ludn gin vdi bdi c i n h to chfle cy the (doanh nghiep), va bao gdm hai khia cgnh: eon ngfldi va q u i trinh dilu b i n h td chflc.
Mae du nhflng boat ddng quan ly da xuat hiln tfl thdi co dgi nhflng khoa hpc ve q u i n ly ehi thflc sfl phit trien mgnh me tfi cudi the k\' 19, dau t h i ky 20. Nam 1912, F.W. Taylor n l u ra nhfing nguyen t j c dau tien ve quan ly khoa hpc trong cae doanh nghilp nham gia tang h i l u qua v i h i l u Ifle sin xuat. Den nam 1916, H. Fayol
36 I Tap ehi Khoa hpc Npi vu
gidi thilu ly thuyet khoa hpc hoan chinh dau tiln ve q u i n ly. Theo dd, n l u cac n h i q u i n ly la nhfing ngfldi chiu trich nhiem d i l u h i n h mdt td cbfie, thi q u i trinh d i l u hanh la viec sfl dung eic ngudn Iflc nhfl nhan sfl, tai chinh, bp m i y td chflc... de dgt dflpe cic muc tilu cua to chflc. Vai trd eua eae nha q u i n ly the b i l n d cbd hp l i nhflng ngfldi ra quyet dinh va chiu trich n h i l m ve kit q u i hogt ddng ( t h i n h cdng hay that bgi) cua td ehfic. Vdi khu vflc edng, cac lanb dao chinh tri nam gifi cae vi tri trong chinh quyen chinh l i nhfing n h i q u i n ly cap eao nhat. Phia dfldi hp la nhfing n h i quan ly bac trung - nbfing ngfidi linh hdi v i t r i l n khai cac chinh sach do cac lanh dgo cap t r i n d l ra. Cuoi cung la nhflng nha quan ly trfie t i l p d i l u hanh cac chflpng trinh trong tfing Hnh vflc chuyin mdn eu the. Nhfi vay, cac quan ehfic h i n h chinh bac trung vdi nhiem vy quan ly v i dilu hanh he thdng cac cP quan chuyin mdn de trii'n khai cac chfipng trinh, k l hoach cu the cho thay khia cgnh "quin ly"
trong he thdng HGC eua mdi qudc gia.
Ly thuylt quan ly dat bfide p h i t trien mdi vao gifia the ky 20 vdi cac dgi dien nhfi ]. Burnham va M. Djilas. C i c dai dien cua trfldng phai quan ly (managerialism) da khang djnh sfl biln ddi vai trd khi trong xa hdi xuat hien tang Idp quan ly chuyin nghiep vdi the manh ve chuyin mdn, dan thay the vai trd quan ly cua cac chu sd hflu tfl lieu s i n xuat. Tu duy quan ly dat d i n dinh eao vao nhflng nam 1980 khi c i c nguyin t i c va ky ning q u i n ly cua khu Vflc tfl n h i n dupe khuyen khich ap dung v i o cac to chflc khu vfic cdng. Thfie te nay dan d i n Mnh thanh khai n i l m "QLC mdi"
\ \ \ NGHliN CUU - TRAO D6I mi thfle chat la khuyin khich xu hfldng
giim bdt vai trd cua bd may hinh ehmh quan lilu, qua dd giira tMeu anh hfldng cua chinh tri din vile thflc thi chinh sach va cung cap dich vu edng. Cy thi hon, md Mnh "QLC mdi" de eao viec ap dyng cic nguyin tae canh tranh thi trfldng va sfl dung cdng cy "hpp ddng" trong vile phin bd ngudn Ifle vi cung cap dich vu cdng. Thfle te niy dan den sfl hinh thinh cie quan he mang Mdi va lien nganh, sU hpp tic mang tinh ddi tic gifia eae ehu the chinh quyen vi ehu thi ngoii chinh quyin. Md hinh quin ly doanh nghiep, cie nguyen tie vi quy trinh kilm soit ngudn Iflc dau vio, kit qui dau ra, va danh gii hilu qui cung nhfl tie ddng... vdn phd bien trong khu vflc tfl nhan dflpc cho la se giup gia ting kha nang thanh edng trong cac boat ddng QLC cua chinh quyin. Uu diem cua md hinh QLC mdi chinh la hieu lUe, hilu qua, va kha nang dap flng linh boat nhu cau cua xa hdi.
Tuy nhiln. md hinh niy eung bj phe phin vi qua nhan manh cic mdi quan he liln to ehfic trong khi the gidi ngay cang trd nen da dgng, ddi hdi sfi hpp tic gifla cac qudc gia de eung giai quyet eae van dl edng. Vile dl eao eae ky nang quan ly eua khu vflc tfl nhan va ap dung trong khu vflc cdng, vdn phfle tap hdn nhilu, nhanh chdng trd nen lac hiu. Die bilt, tU duy QLC mdi du cd Uu the ve tinh hieu Iflc, Mlu qui, va khi nang dip fing nhu eau nhflng lgi td ra khdng cd kha nang trong vi?c xay dflng va vun dap sfl chinh danh chinh tri eho cic the che cdng cung nhfi long tin chinh tri gifla cac edng dan. Thfie tl tai cac qudc gia phit trie'n cho thay cac
yeu td kinh t l nhfi lpi nhuan hay cd phan khdng the la nhfing tie nhin cd thi giup gia tang ldng tm cMnb trj eua edng din vao cie the che chinh trj.
3. Quan tri edng (Public Governance) Khi du nhip vao Viet Nam, khii nilm
"quan tri" thfidng gan vdi "quan tri doanh nghiep", tflc la gan vdi khu vflc tfl nhan.
Rat it nha nghiin cflu Viet Nam sfi dyng khai niem QTC. Do dd, "quin trj" dfipe hil'u theo nghia hep hpn "quin ly nhi nfldc". Thara ehi, do nham lan khi dich khii nilm "management" vi "governance", vile sfl dung khai nilm "quan trj" edn thilu nhat quan, lan ldn vdi "quin ly".
Khii nilm QTC theo nghia phd bien tren the gidi chu ylu dflpe sfl dung bdi cic td ehfle qudc tl tai Viet Nam nhfl Ngan hing thi gidi hay Chfldng trinh phit triln cua Liln hpp qudc. Xuat hiln tfl dau nhflng nara 1980 vi den nay, do kha nang bao phu eua nd, khii nilm "quin trj" van dflpc sfi dung vdi nhfing ham nghia da dang.
Ching ban, nlu vi cdng ddng xa hdi nhfl mpt eon thuyin thi quan tri xa hdi la each thfie ehung ta cheo Iii con thuyen dd. Cy the hOn, quan tri la "each thflc quan ly xa hpi, each thflc dung hda vi giai quyet cic lpi ich canh tranh nhau gifla eic nhdm xi hpi khac nhau. He thdng quan tri bao gdm cac the chl chinh quyen cung nhfl cae trat tfl the che tdn tai ben ngoai chinh quyin".
Khii nilra quin tri eung ed the dflpc hieu vdi ba bira y: (i) Hpp tic qudc tl thdng qua cac the chl toin eau; (ii) HI thdng hanh chinh nha nflde thflc Men chinh sach cdng; vi (in) Nhflng quy dinh hanh vi thdng qua cae mgng Ifldi va eP chl phi
Tap cM Khoa hpc Ndi vu I 37
( NGHliN CUU - TRAO o6l
thfl bae. Nhfl viy, he thdng q u i n tri khdng ehi bao gdm cic t b i che chmh thfie nhfi chinh quyin. Mat p h i p , nguyin tie v i quy dinh h i n h cMnb v i cie cP quan n h i nfidc.
Trin thflc tl, n l n QTC cdn bao gdm cac chu the tfl nhan, cic td cbfie pM lpi nhuan, cic dinh c h l khu vflc va qudc te, ciing nhfl vai trd ngiy cing tieh cflc v i ehu ddng eua mdi edng dan.
Do dd, "quin tri" dfipe gidi nghiin cfiu dinh nghia rapt cich khii quit la "cac nguyin tie ra quyet djnh t i p t b i trong nhfing bdi canh da dgng ehu the boac td ehfic v i khdng tdn tgi mpt he thdng Idem soit chinh thflc nham chi phoi eic dieu khoan v l mdi quan he gifia eic ehu the cung nhfi to ehfle". Chung ta ed t h i binh dung v l mpt he thdng "quin tri" vdi cie die dilm: (1) Tinh chat lai ghep - he thdng q u i n trj tich hpp cae he thdng h i n h ehmh vdi cie cd che thi trfldng v i cic td ehfic phi lpi nhuan. C i c hinh thflc quy dinh v i nguyin tic quan he radi se thu hep v i lim md di ranh gidi gifia nha nfldc va xa hpi; (ii) Hoat ddng quan trj cd tinh lien qudc gia v i da tham quyen - cic khudn m i u , md thflc quin tri bao gdm cic t h i c h l v i eon ngfidi d tat e i eic cap dp chinh quyin eung nhfi cic Hnh vfic chinh sich khic nhau, va khdng bj gidi han bdi b i l n gidi lanb thd dia phfipng hay qudc gia;
(Hi) Sfi da dgng cac chu t h i - qua trinh ra quyet dinh t i p t h i dfipe d i e trfing bdi sfi da dgng cua cic chu the quan tri, c i trong v i ngoii khu vfic cdng. Khdng cM eic Ipi ich cdng m i cic ldi ich da dang cd vai trd ngiy cang chu dpng va tieh c\ic trong quy trinh chinh sach; (iv) Mdi quan he ddi t i c va hpp t i c dfia t r i n cic mgng Mdi kit ndi
38 Tgp chl Khoa hpc Ndi vu
cac chu the - thay vi e i c mdi quan h | khep k m theo chieu dpc trong md hinh h i n h chinh truyin thdng, cae chu the da dgng dfidc liln kit vdi nhau theo dgng thflc mgng Mdi, hinh t h i n h c i e quan he theo chieu ngang v i dem den sfl binh dang cho c i e ehu the. Nhieu hgng mye dich vy cdng dflpc eung cap bdi mgng Ifldi cie ben liln quan, gdm ca eP quan chinh q u y i n cung nhfl eic doanh nghiep tfl n h a n hay td ehfic phi lpi nhuan. Thflc t l q u i n trj n i y xuat h i l n d mpi cap dp, tfl dia phflpng, khu vfic, qudc gia, cho d i n t o i n cau.
Mdt ham y then chdt eua k h i i niem QTC la de cao sfl h p p t i c gifia eae chu the da dang trong mpt khung khd linh hogt, khdng tdn tai mdt ehu the nao dd cd tham quyen va chflc nang Mem soit (nhfi chrah quyen trong q u i n ly hanh chinh). Vi the, QTC hfldng den hien thfie hda cac gia tri phd quit, thda man cie mong dpi cua so ddng ngfidi d i n , chfl khdng ehi n h a m dat dfipe hieu Ific hay h i l u qua trong thfie thi chinh sach. D i e diem thfl hai eua tfi duy QTC la nhan ragnh cac quy trinh chinh thfie nham tao ra cic cam k i t da ehu the ed t h i thflc thi. Chinh quyin se ehi boat ddng nhfl mdt nha dieu phdi sfl khae bilt vl mong dpi v i Ipi ich cua cac chu the da dang. Thfl ba, tfl duy QTC coi h i n g hda cdng la s i n pham cua sfi h p p t i c gifia cac ehu t h i cdng, tfl, va cae chu the phi lpi nhuan. Tat c i cic chu the da dgng nay eung chia se quyen sd hfiu ddi vdi cac h i n g hda cdng. Cung bdi nhflng d i e diem n l u t r i n , QTC edn dfiPc coi l i "quan tri dua t r i n cie g i i tri" - xiy dUng mdi quan he hpp t i e gifla cae chu the, giai quylt hai bda cic lpi ich, hudng d i n v i h i l n thUc
VV\ NGHliN a^U-TRAO D6I
hda cac gia tri chinh tri - xa hdi pho quit.
Vdi ndi ham neu trin, khii nilra quan tri dupe sfl dung kha linh hogt. Chang han, quin tri dia phUdng bim y cic hinh thfie
"tfl quan" (self-governing), vdn gan vdi cic ddn vj chinh quyin cP sd (municipality) tgi My va nhieu nflde chau Au. Tfipng tfl nhfi vay, quin tri nha nflde hay quan tri tdt dfldc dung pho biln vdi cae nfldc dang phat triln, ndi ngfldi din vdn quen vdi y nilm ve vai trd trung tam cua nhi nflde (vdn la rapt tap hpp cie thinh td da dgng), chfi khdng phii chinh quyen nhfi d cie nfldc phfldng Tay. Quan tri nha nfidc de cap den sfl thay ddi vai trd eua nhi nfldc vi nhu eau hpp tic gifia cae thinh td tao nen nha nfidc vdi eic ehu the mdi (tfi nhan, phi lpi nhuin, liln qudc gia) xuat hiln trong bdi cinh toin eau hda.
4. Ket luan vi de xuat
Mae du dfipe sfi dyng vdi nhfing ham nghia khic nhau nhfing diem gidng nhau khai quit nhat gifla ba khai niem HCC, QLC, va QTC Ii deu dl cap din cac hogt dpng xfi ly, giii quylt cac van de lien quan din lpi ich cdng. Die'm khac nhau then chot gifla ba khii nilra la sfl thay ddi vai trd cua chinh quyen/nha nfldc trong cic moi quan he quan ly va quan tri. Cy the hpn, hai khai niem HCC va "QLC mdi"
cimg nhan manh vai trd eua chinh quyen trong vile giii quyet eic van de edng. Sfl khac nhau li d eho nlu khai nilm HGC chi nhan mgnh vai trd cua chinh quyin va dpi ngu cdng vy trong hoach dinh va thflc thi chrah sich thi khii niem "QLC mdi" lgi de cao vile ip dyng cd chl thj
trfldng, cac nguyen tie vi ky ning quan ly cua khu vflc tfi nhan vio khu vfic edng, va dat ra yeu eau ddi vdi cic cp quan cdng quyen trong vile gia tang kha nang dip flng nhu can cua ngfldi dan. Trong khi dd, khai nilm QTC lgi khdng qui ehu y din ranh gidi gifla khu vfic edng va khu vfic tfi nhan, ddng thdi giira bdt tara quan trpng cua cae chu tbi chinh quyln/nha nfidc.
Thay vio dd, tfi duy QTC de cao cie radi quan he hpp tie da ehu the (ca cdng vi tfl, dia phfldng, quoe gia, khu vfic, vi qudc tl) dl cung giii quyet cic van de edng.
Khai niem QTC nhan manh dac diem tfl quan linh boat, pM thfl bie, phi trat tfl cd dinh, quan he ddi tie binh dang gifia cie ehu the, vi khdng tdn tai mpt eiu true quyin Ific ed tham quyin kil'm soat hinh ddng cung nhfi mdi quan he gifla cic chu the. Mdi khii nilm nlu trin dlu cd him y rilng eho nln chung khdng phu djnh nhau ma bo sung eho nhau trong vile rad ti eic tinh hudng da dang trong thfie tien.
d Viet Nam, vile sfi dyng pho biln khii nilm "quan ly" cho thay tfl duy ly Man va quan dilm chu dao den nay van nhan manh vai trd eua chinh quyln/nbi nflde trong tfi each rapt he thdng kiera soit cie quan he xa hdi va thfie thi eae quyet djnh chinh sach. Thfie tl nay phan anh nhfing die thu bdi cinh qudc gia nhflng ddng thdi eung eho thay nhfing bat cap ve tfi duy ly Man so vdi thfie tien dang thay ddi nhanh chdng. Gan day, vai trd eua eic ehu the ngoai nhi nfidc cung nhfi cac thi che khu vflc va toan can dang ngay eing trd nln quan trpng trong cac qua trinh toan eau hda va hpi nhap quoe te. Thflc tl niy khiln cho vile sfi dyng khii nilra Tap ehi Khoa hpc Ndi vu I 39
I NGHliN Cifu - TRAO D6I
"quan ly", von gan vdi \'ai trd MIm soit cua chinh quyin, trd nln khdng edn thflc sfl phu hdp trdng rat nhilu tinh hudng.
Chang ban, de tim giai phap eho eic trgm BOT dit khdng dung chd hay xfi ly cie tranh chap ehu quyin trin biln Ddng thi khii niem "quan ly" vdi vai trd then ehdt cua chinh quyin trd nln khdng phu hpp.
Bdi le, d ei hai tinh hudng thi chmh quyin khdng thi sfi dyng cic tham quyin quin ly vdn mang tmh ip dat de xfl ly xung dot, bat ddng vl quan dilm hay ldi ich gifia cic chu the lien quan.
Vdi cic tinh hudng mdi, phflc tgp nhfl neu trin thi khii niem "quan trj" se phan inh dung ban chat van de ciing nhfl giup ehung ta cd dfldc nhin thflc dung dan hdn khi tim kiem giii phip. Trong cac mdi quan he quin trj, chinh quyln/nhi nfldc ehi li mdt ehu the. Be xfi ly eic van dl mdi niy sinh, chu thi chrah quyin khdng thi sfi dyng quyin Ific efidng ep nhfl trong he thdng quin ly binh chinh truyen thdng. Thay vao dd, van de cM cd thi dflpc giii quylt nlu dat dflpe eic cam kit dfla trin sfi ddng thuan gifla eic ben lien quan. Thflc tl niy cho thay mdi quan be gifla chinh quyin vdi eic chu thi da dgng da chuyin sang dang thflc quan he theo chilu ngang, mang tmh chat ddi tie, hpp tic, vi binh ding trong mdt mang Mdi da chu the. Trong mdt khung khd nhfi viy, cie mong dpi lpi ich cua cic chu the quin tri ed vai trd quan trpng. chi phdi vile ra quyet dinh tip the. Lpi ich edng khdng cdn li CP sd duy nhat cho vile ban binh cic quyet djnh chinh sich hay quin ly.
Nhfi viy, khai nilm "quin ly hanh 40 I Tap ehi Khoa hpc Ndi vu
chmh" vi QLC phu hdp vdi nhfing tinh hudng tdn tai mdt chu thi ed tham quyin Mem soit cie mdi quan he va ra quyet dinh. Ngflpc lgi, khai ni|m QTC nen dflpc sfi dyng vdi nhfing tinh hudng trong dd quan he gifia eic ehu the la binh dang, khdng chu the nao ed the Mem soit va ap dat tien tinh ra quylt dinh. Ngfipe lgi, vile ra quylt dinh chi cd the dfipe thfle hien khi eae bin lien quan dat dflpc sfi ddng thuan ve mpt cam kit nao dd.
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