QUAN LY KINH TE
Cac yeu to tac dong phat trien cong nghiep h6 trp 6 Viet Nam
{nghien cOu trudng hgp nganh det may)
Lifu T i e n D u n g
^ ghien cdu nay phan tich cac yeu to'tac dpng den phat trien cong nghiep ho trd ngan det may 3 Viet Nam. Ket qua nghien cdu cung cap nen tang ly luan khoa hpc va th^c tiin quan trpng cho cac nha hoach dinh chinh sach, cac nha khoa hpc va doanh nghiep dam bao cho sii phat trien ben vdng cua nganh det may, tan dung hieu qua cac cd hpi tvt hoi nhap kmh tequdc te.
Tfl khoa: cong nghiep ho trd, nganh det may, 1. Gidi t h i e u
Viet Nam dang trd t h a n h mot trong nhflng quoc gia cd do md nen kinh te' ldn nha't the gidi khi ra't tich cue t h a m gia h ^ u hd't eac cd che' hdp tac tfl song phfldng, da phifdng, khu vflc va toan cau, vdi sfl r a ddi efla CPTPP FTA Viet Nam - EU, AEC va cae cd che' khac m a d do c h i c chan ap Iflc canh t r a n h se cang gia t a n g m a n h me, trong khi nhflng cd hoi chi cd the dflde t a n dung dac biet ve md efla thi trfldng qua chinh sach thue trong dieu kien cdng nghidp bd trd eua nganh, qud'e gia p h a t tri^n. Cdng nghiep ho trd cae nganh se cung vdi he thd'ng the' che, chfnh sach cfla chinh phfl, cae dieu kien tien dd~ v^ tai nguyen, dieu kien ve" cau thi trfldng, chie'n Ifldc ca'u true cua doanh nghiep h i n h t h a n h n§n ldi the canh t r a n h cua qudc gia, cua nganh, eung ed' ldi t h e eanh t r a n h cua eac doanh nghiep t r e n t h i trfldng (Porter, 2000).
Cdng nghiep hd trd cho h a u h e t cac nganh cdng nghiep d Viet N a m deu ra't ye'u, ty le ndi dia hda da p h a n deu dfldi 50%, dae bidt la nganh det may, mot trong nhflng nganh kinh te' t h u ngoai te chu Iflc cua Viet Nam (Tong cue Thd'ng kd, 2015), Dau vao san xuat cua n g a n h chu ye'u p h u thudc vao nguon n h a p k h £ u t r o n g khi ap Iflc tfl hdi n h a p kinh te qud'e te se ngay cang ldn vdi
SEM, TPP.
cac cam ke't ma cac quo'c gia t h a n h vien dfla r a ngay cang k h a t khe, toan dien. Trong khi dd, tinh hinh k i n h te', chinh t r i the' gidi ba't on dac biet la va'n dd' bien Ddng va Trung Qud'e se la t h a c h thflc ra't ldn eho cae nganh kinh te Viet N a m . Do vay p h a t trien edng nghidp hd trd ndi chung va n g a n h ddt may ndi rieng se ddng vai trd vd cflng quan trong trong vide dap flng yeu cau hdi nhap, n a n g cao gia tri gia t a n g , p h a t trien b^n vflng nganh.
c a e nghien cflu ve p h a t t r i e n cong nghiep hd trd ndi c h u n g va cdng nghidp ho trd n g a n h det m a y n h a n dfldc n h i e u sfl q u a n tam cua cac n h a k h o a hoc d t r e n the gidi cung nhfl Viet N a m . Cac hfldng n g h i e n cflu c h i n h t a p t r u n g vao viee: (i) lam rd ndi h a m cua p h a t t r i e n cong nghiep hd trd ( W a t a n a b e , 1972; Porter, 1990, 2000; Mookherjee D., 1995; Eiamkanitchat, 1999; Thuy, 2007); (ii) lam ro thUc t r a n g va cae yeu td' tae ddng de'n sfl p h a t trien cdng nghiep hd trd cung nhfl edc chinh sach can q u a n t a m thflc hien (Mori, J., 2005; Ohno K., 2006; N h a m P h o n g T u a n va T a k a h a s h i Yoshi 2010; D u n g L.T va edng su, 2014; H a Thi Hudng Lan, 2014; Le The Gidi, 2009;
Vd T h a n h Thu va N g u y i n Ddng Phong]
2014).
Luu Tie'n Dung, Tnrcmg dai hoc Lac H6ng.
40 Nghi6n cOu Kinh t^sd9(496) - ViS^^^^
Cdc yeu to tac dong ,
Mac du cac nghien cflu trfldc da d a t dfldc nhieu t h a n h tflu nhflng ndi dung p h a t trien cdng nghiep ho trd cho mdi n g a n h cong nghiep la ra't k h a c n h a u , vide Ifldng hda cac yeu td' tac dong dd'n p h a t t r i e n cdng nghiep ho trd chfla dfldc tbfle h i e n day dfl, cflng vdi dd trfldc sfl t h a y doi cua mdi trfldng kinh doanh, dac biet la sfl r a ddi cua hang loat cac hiep dinh thfldng m a i quoc te se lam xua't hien t h e m n h i e u ye'u to' mdi. Day cung c h i n h la nhflng Id hd'ng ve ly luan ma n g h i e n cflu n a y hfldng den giai quye't.
2. Cd sd ly luan v a m o h i n h n g h i e n cijfu T h u a t ngfl eae n g a n h edng n g h i e p ho trd (Supporting I n d u s t r i e s ) da xua't hidn tfl ra't lau trong cac doanh nghiep N h a t B a n va trong he thd'ng san xua't cua cac qud'e gia Tay Au, nhflng p h a i de'n n a m 1980 nd mdi chinh thflc dfldc sut d u n g t r o n g cac v a n ban chinh thflc cua Chinh p h u N h d t B a n . c a c doanh nghidp N h a t B a n t a n g cfldng dau tfl r a nfldc ngoai da lam cho t h u a t ngfl nay dfldc bie't de'n tai n h i e u qucTc gia trdn the' gidi. Theo q u a n diem b a n d i u , cdng nghiep hd trcf la n g a n h cung ca'p d i u vao cho nganh cdng nghidp lap r a p s a n p h a m cud'i cflng dfla trdn chudi cung flng cua tflng nganh (Thuy, 2007).
Hidp dinh Plaza (1985) dfldc ky ke't vdi thoa t h u a n giam gia dong dola My so vdi dong Yen cua N h a t Ban va dong Mac Dflc da khie'n cho cac doanh n g h i e p N h a t B a n gap khd k h a n trong viec xua't k h ^ u s a n pham. Do do, cac doanh n g h i e p da dfla cac nha may san xua't tdi cac nfldc d a n g p h a t trien nham t a n d u n g n g u o n Iflc gia r e va tiep can t h i trfldng de d a n g hdn. Tuy nhien, d cac nfldc dang p h a t trien k h d n g cd cac doanh nghidp san xua't linh kien, chi tiet san p h a m , buoc n h a d a u tfl p h a i n h a p khau tfl N h a t Ban hoae cac nfldc t i e n tie'n tren the' gidi va di^u n a y lam t a n g d a n g ke gia t h a n h san p h ^ m . Vide n h a n h chdng xay dflng mot n g a n h cdng n g h i e p mdi
chuyen cung ca'p cae s a n p h a m dau vao p h u c vu s a n xua't san p h a m cud'i cung tai cac nude d a n g p h a t t r i e n trd t h a n h muc tieu ca'p thie't cua cac doanh nghiep N h a t B a n . T h u a t ngfl cdng nghiep hd trd dfldc d u n g de chi t i n h t r a n g thie'u linh kien cdng nghiep t a i cac nfldc ma doanh nghiep N h a t B a n d a u t u . Mot each chfnh thflc, Bd Kinh te, cdng n g h i e p va thUdng mai N h a t B a n (METI- M i n i s t r y of Economy, T r a d e a n d I n d u s t r y ) sfl d u n g t h u a t ngfl cdng n g h i e p ho trd t r o n g "Sach t r a n g ve hdp tac qudc td' n a m 1985" d u n g di chi cac doanh n g h i e p nhd va vfla gdp p h a n t a n g cfldng cd sd ha t a n g cong nghiep n h u phu tflng va linh kidn d cac nfldc C h a u A trong t r u n g va dai b a n . De'n n a m 1993, t r o n g ke' hoach p h a t t r i e n cdng nghiep C h a u A cua Bo Thfldng m a i va Cong nghiep N h a t B a n (MITI M i n i s t r y of I n t e r n a t i o n a l Trade a n d I n d u s t r y ) t h i cdng nghiep hd trd dfldc dinh n g h i a la n g a n h edng nghidp eung ca'p nhflng thfl can thie't nhfl nguyen vat lieu, p h u tflng va h a n g hda vd'n eho eae n g a n h cdng nghiep lap r a p cac loai (Thuy, 2007).
Theo Bo Cdng nghiep n a n g Ifldng My, cdng n g h i e p hd t r o dfldc dinh nghia la n g a n h cdng n g h i e p cung ca'p nguyen lieu va d a u vao can thie't de h i n h t h a n h va che' tao san p h a m p h u vu cho cac n g a n h cdng n g h i e p sfl d u n g cud'i cung (Thuy, 2007).
T h a i L a n lai d i n h n g h i a n g a n h cdng n g h i e p hd trd la n g a n h gom cae doanh n g h i e p san xua't p h u t u n g va eae t h a n h p h a n dflde sfl d u n g cho b o a t dong ciia cac d o a n h n g h i e p lap r a p cud'i cung.
Mac dfl k h a i n i e m cdng nghiep hd trd da dfldc n h i e u quo'c gia t r e n the' gidi bie't de'n, nhflng each dinh n g h i a va each ap dung thi v i n chfla cd sfl thd'ng nha't. Viec dinh nghia n g a n h cdng n g h i e p hd trd tuy thudc vao tflng thdi ky p h a t tridn cua mdi qudc gia, vao quy md n e n k i n h te', cae n g a n h cdng n g h i e p m u i n h g n can Uu tien p h a t t r i e n , va'n d$ t a i c h i n h cua mdi qud'e gia va
NghiSn cdu Kinh tgsi9(496) • Thing 9/2019 4 1
Cac yeu to tac dong .
dac diem san xua't, edng n g h e , chudi cung flng cua tflng n g a n h cdng nghiep.
Tai Viet Nam, sfl r a ddi cua edng nghiep ho trd la k h a mudn so vdi the' gidi va chinh thflc xua't hien n a m 2003 khi Chinh phfl Viet N a m phd'i hop cung N h a t B a n soan thao mot kd' hoach tong t h e p h a t trien n g a n h cdng nghiep ho trd giai doan I (2003- 2005). c a c n g a n h edng nghidp hd trd la mgt nhdm boat dgng edng nghidp cung ca'p dau vao t r u n g gian (vi du, eac bg p h a n , linh kien va cac cdng cu de san xua't eac bd p h a n va t h a n h phan) cho cac loai h i n h cdng nghidp lap r a p , edng nghiep che bien (Lflu Tie'n Dung va cgng sfl, 2014). Nghi dinh 11/2015/ND-CP cua Thu tfldng chinh phu vd"
p h a t trien cdng nghidp hd trg co neu ra khai niem "Cdng nghiep hd trd la eac n g a n h cdng nghiep san xua't nguyen lieu, vat lidu, linh kien va phu tung de cung ca'p cho san xuat san p h a m hoan chinh".
Cung vdi khai niem trfle tid'p ve nganh cdng nghiep hd trd t r e n the gidi va Viet Nam, mdt so' dinh nghia tfldng dfldng de chi n g a n h CNHT cung dfldc sfl dung nhfl:
- Nganh edng nghidp hd trd va lien quan (Related and supporting industries) la sfl hidn dien hay vang m a t cac n h a cung ca'p trong eac nganh cdng nghiep va eae nganh cdng nghiep lien quan ed sflc canh t r a n h qudc td'cua mdt qudc gia.
- Hdp dong t h i u p h u (Subcontracting) la mgt thda t h u a n gifla h a i ben, n h a t h a u chinh va cac n h a t h a u p h u . N h a t h i u chinh giao cho mdt hoac mot sd' doanh nghiep san xua't p h u t u n g , h n h kidn hoac cac cum chi tiet hoac cung ca'p dich vu cdng nghiep c i n t h i e t de s a n xua't san p h ^ m cud'i cung. Nha t h i u p h u thflc hien cong viec theo yeu cau dfldc eung cap bdi n h a t h i u chinh.
- Cac nganh cdng nghiep p h u trd dfldc sfl dung rdng r a i b An Do ke tfl nhflng n a m 1950 la mdt n g a n h cdng nghidp chi viec t h a m gia hoac dUdc de xua't t h a m gia vao viec san xuat phu tflng, linh kien, cum lap
; dich L t h a n h rap, edng cu hoac t r u n g gian, hoac cac vu rieng le.
- Cac nganh cdng nghiep phan va i phan dfldc hieu la eac nganh cdng ngbi?p san xuat cac bd p h a n va cac thanh phan cua mdt san ph^m hoan chmh. Thuat ngU nay duge sfl dung rgng rai trong cac nganh cong nghiep lap r a p n h u edng nghiep xe may, xe d td, dien va dien tfl.
- Nha cung cap chi ngUdi ban h a n g hda, dich vu cho mdt nganh cdng nghidp. Nd dfldc sfl dung rdng rai tai Malaixia va cac quo'c gia Nam A de" cap de'n doanh nghiep nhd lam viec nhfl cac n h a t h a u phu cho cac cdng ty ldn.
Tom lai, mac du chfla ed sfl thd'ng nha't hoan toan n h u n g n h i n ehung cae dinh nghia ve" cdng nghidp ho trd de"u dung de ehi mdt nganh cdng nghiep cd vai trd cung ca'p dau vao eho viec san xua't r a eac t h a n h pham eua mgt nganh cdng nghiep.
Chudi gia tri det may toan e i u dfldc ehia lam 5 cong doan cd b a n gom: (i) cung cap san pham thd, bao gom bdng tfl nhidn, xd...;
(ii) san xua't cac s a n p h ^ m d a u vao; san pham cua cdng doan n a y la chi va sdi, vai do cac cdng ty det, n h u d m dam n h a n ; (iii) thie't ke' m l u san p h a m ; san xua't thanh pham do cae edng ty m a y dam nhan; (iv) xua't k h a u do t r u n g gian thfldng mai dam n h a n va (v) m a r k e t i n g va p h a n phoi (Gereffi va Mededovie, 2003). Do vay, chuSi cung flng n g a n h ddt may cung ra't rong trai dai qua n h i e u b o a t ddng, t r o n g do vai tro eua nhdm cac doanh nghiep cdng nghiep ho trd he't sflc q u a n t r g n g va m a n g tinh quyd't dinh. Theo chudi eung flng nay, cac san pham cdng nghiep hd trd n g a n h det may dflde xac dinh gom chi may, san ph^m theu ren, bdng tam, mex ddt, mex khdng det, vai p h a n quang, chd'ng ehay, v a i det thai, khda keo, mdc gai, kim, n h a n ddt, n h a n mac, thud'c nhudm, cha't trd nhudm, phu tung may det, may may, phu kidn ddng g5i^ Q^Q nhfla, cue dap, b a n g cac loai va phu tflng may sdi. Khi nghien cflu p h a t trien cdng
Nghien cHu Kinh '^si9(49^Tn^;;^^^^
Cac yeu to tac dong ,
nghiep hd trg n g a n h det may can p h a n tich trong qua t r i n h s a n xua't eua cac doanh kha nang dap flng cac dau vao n h u t r e n nghiep san xua't cuo'i cung trong chudi.
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A^^i/dW.-Gereffi (2002).
P h a t trien cdng nghiep hd trd la sfl gia tang v^ sd' Ifldng cac doanh nghiep k e m theo sfl cai thien ve" n a n g Ifle eua cac doanh nghidp cdng nghiep hd trd t r e n eae m a t , gdm nang Ifle s a n x u a t v a nguon n h a n Iflc, nang Ifle t h a m gia vao m a n g Ifldi s a n xua't toan cau (Hoang V a n Chau v a edng sfl, 2010). De danh gia sfl p h a t t r i e n cua mdt nganh kinh te' ndi chung va n g a n h cdng nghiep ho trd ndi rieng can cd m g t t a p hdp cac ehi tieu. Cac chi tieu thUdng dfldc sfl dung de danh gia p h a t t r i e n cua n g a n h cdng nghiep hd t r d gom: (i) so' Ifldng va quy md doanh nghiep cdng n g h i e p ho trd; (li) trinh do eong nghe; (iii) ty le ndi dia hda va (iv) quan h e gifla doanh nghiep cdng nghiep hd trd vdi khach h a n g va vdi n h a eung ca'p.
Cac ye'u to' tac ddng de'n phat trien cdng nghiep hd trd dfldc nhdn dien va phan tich trong ra't nhie"u nghien cflu ca dinh tinh va dinh Ifldng. Dfla tren ke't qua nghien cflu eua Lall (2001), Porter (2000), Mori J. (2005), Ohno K. (2006), Le The Gidi (2009), Nham Phong T u a n va Takahashi Yoshi (2010), Lflu Tien Dung va cdng sfl (2014), Vo Thanh Thu va Nguydn Ddng Phong (2014), H a Thi Hfldng L a n (2014) ke't hdp vdi ke't qua nghien eflu dinh tfnh cua tac gia, cac yd'u to' tae dong de'n sfl phat trien cdng nghidp hd trd nganh det may Viet N a m hao gom: (i) mdi trfldng the che - ehinh sach t h u hflt dau tfl; (ii) hdp tac chuoi cung flng gifla cac doanh nghiep edng nghiep hd trd va cac tac n h a n khac trong chuoi; (iii) nang Iflc canh t r a n h cua
Ngbien ciiu Kinh tisd9(496) - Thing 9/2019 43
Cac yeu to tac dong
doanh nghiep edng nghiep hd trd; (iv) dung hinh nghien eflu ly thuye't cac yeu to tac lUdng thi trUdng va (v) ldi the canh t r a n h de'n pbat trien cdng nghidp hd trd ngan nganh. Bien phu thuoc trong md hinh la phat may Viet Nam va eae gia thuyet nghie trien edng nghiep hd trd nganh det may. Md dUdc trinh bay nhU hinh 2:
HINH 2: Mo h i n h ly t h u y e t c a c y e u t o t a c d o n g d e n p h a t trie'n c o n g n g h i d p n o r .
n g a n h d e t m a y Viet N a m ^ _ _ « — = Moi trucmg the
che - chinh sach thu hilt dau t u
H l ( - )
Phdt tri&i ctag ngbiep hd trd ng^nh
det may Viet Nam
Nang luc canh tranh doanh nghiep cdng
nghidp bd trg
NguSn: Dl xua't cua tac gia (2016).
- Mdi trfldng the che, chinh sach thu h u t d i u tfl vao cdng nghiep hd trd nganh det may: Theo North (1998), Aeemoglu va Robinson (2012) the che' bao gom: cae quy dinh dfldc luat hda bdi chinh phfl va cae quy tac dUdc phe chuan va ap dung bdi cac the che' tu nhan, cac td chflc cdng cgng va t u n h a n boat ddng trong khudn kho phap luat.
Trong dieu kien phat trien cdng nghiep hd trd, ehinh sach thud', chinh sach Uu dai ve da't dai, kha nang tie'p can tin dung cho cac
doanh nghiep edng nghidp hd trd se thflc sfl ddng vai trd quye't dinh cho kha nang thu hflt dau tfl va p h a t trien cfla nganh cdng nghiep hd trd.
- Ldi the canh t r a n h nganh cdng nghiep h5 trd hdi t u nhflng ldi t h e nha't dinh lam nen t a n g gom cac ldi the' t i n h nhu vd'n, n h a n Iflc va cae ldi t h e dong. Trong dieu kien phdt trien cdng nghidp hd trd nganh det may nhflng dieu kien ve thi trUdng, hgi nhap, nguon nguyen lieu gd'c, chat lugng nguon
44 Nghien Clu Kmh 'i^'^ ^(^erfii^;;^^^^
Cac yeu to tac dong
nhan Ifle cao ddng vai trd h e t sflc q u a n trong n h a m t h u h u t d i u tfl, ton tai va p h a t trien (Porter, 2000; Lall, 2001).
- Hdp tac gifla doanh nghidp cdng nghiep hd trd va cac tac n h a n k h a e trong chudi cung flng hi tac ddng m a n h bdi b a t can xflng thong tin cung cau, thid'u t h d n g tin lien he gifla nha eung cap va cac n h a san xua't cud'i cung (Mori J., 2005; Ohno K , 2006) do h a i yeu td' chinh gom k h o a n g each thdng tin, khoang each n h a n thflc gifla doanh nghiep cong nghiep hd trd va n h a san xua't cud'i cflng,
- Dung Ifldng thi trfldng: Cdng nghidp hd trd la nganh t h a m dung vd'n do phai d i u tfl ra't ldn vao cdng nghe. Do vay, quy md c i u thi trfldng nhd se khie'n cae n h a d a u tfl se khdng dam m a n h d a n bd r a chi phi cflc ldn ma doanh t h u ve san p h ^ m dem lai h a n che. C i u thi trfldng ldn khdng nhflng kich thich san xua't cdng nghidp ho trd trong nfldc phat trien ma nd cdn a n h hfldng tich cflc manh me tdi t h u h u t cac nguon FDI dau tfl vao cdng nghiep ho trd (Porter, 2000;
Lall, 2001; Mori J., 2005; Ohno K., 2006).
- Nang luc canh t r a n h trflc tie'p tao n e n sflc manh cho nganh cong nghiep ho trd bao gom kha nang dap flng yeu c i u cua k h a c h hang ve: (i) eha't Ifldng cung flng; ( i i ) gia va (iii) kha nang cung flng cflng vdi cac n a n g Iflc ve cdng nghe, tai chinh va nguon n h a n Iflc.
3. Fhflflng p h a p n g h i e n cflu 3.1. Phtidng phdp nghien ciiu Phfldng phap nghien cflu dinh t i n h vdi phfldng phap ly t h u y e t nen, chuyen gia dfldc sfl dung n h a m xay dflng chi tieu do Ifldng, md hinh nghien cflu va cac gia thuyet nghien eflu p h a t trien cdng nghiep hd trd nganh ddt may. Nghien cflu dinh Ifldng dfldc thflc hien bang phfldng p h a p khao sat. Theo To'ng cue Thong ke (2015) phan bd cae doanh nghidp det m a y va cac doanh nghiep hd trd n g a n h nay chu ye'u t a p t r u n g d khu vflc'Ddng Nam Bd (60%), dong
b a n g sdng Hong (30%), mien Trung va Tay Nguyen (8%) va mien Tay Nam Bd (2%). Do vay, m l u t r o n g nghien eflu nay dfldc tap t r u n g la'y d 3 dia phfldng gom: TP. Ho Chi Minh, Binh Dfldng va Dong Nai, cd the dam bao t i n h dai dien cho nganh. Trong nghien cflu nay, n h a m n h a n dien xdc thflc cac ye'u td anh hudng de'n p h a t trien cdng nghiep hd trd n g a n h det may, p h a n anh tinb chuyen mdn hda trong san xua't, m i u chi gdm cac doanh nghiep ehuyen ve" edng nghiep hd trd va dugc Ifla chgn theo phfldng phap t h u a n tien p h a n t i n g . Cac tidu chi p h a n t i n g gom:
n g a n h ddt va may, quo'c tich, quy md.
Theo H a i r va cdng sfl (2006) de sfl dung phfldng p h a p p h a n tich n h a n to' kham pha, kich thudc mSu td'i thieu phai la 50 va ty le q u a n sat/bid'n do ludng td'i thidu phai la 5/1 (vdi tong bien q u a n sat la 25, nhU vay de tid'n h a n h p h a n tich EFA, cS m l u it nha't trong nghien cflu la 25*5 = 125). Ben canh dd, trong p h a n tich CFA va SEM, Jackson (2003) de nghi r a n g vdi phfldng phap fldc Ifldng ML, thi c i n 100-150 quan sat. Kline (1988) chi r a r a n g can 10 den 20 quan s a t cho mdi t h a m so' can fldc Ifldng trong md hinh se cung cap mgt m a u du dai didn.
Hoyle (1995) lai cho rang, de ed do tin cay trong kiem dinh mo h i n h can 100 den 200 quan sat dfldc yeu cau. Anderson va Gerbing (1991) cho rang, mflc do phfl hdp cua md h i n h cd tfldng q u a n manh vdi sd' bien quan s a t d u n g de do moi khai nidm trong md h i n h , can co it nha't tfl 100 — 150 m a u n h a m giup cho cac fldc Ifldng dat gia tri hgi tu va dfla r a cac Udc Ifldng cd y nghia thflc tidn.
Nghien cflu ed sfl dung phfldng p h a p p h a n tich n h a n to k h a m pha, p h a n tich n h a n to' k h a n g dinh, mo hinh SEM va do h a n che nhieu ve m a t thdi gian cung nhfl dieu kien thflc hien nghien cflu nen kich cd m a u chinh thflc gdm 181 quan sat (doanh nghiep cdng nghiep ho trd). Vdi so m l u tren ke't qua nghien cflu se d a m bao dflde do tin cay va dai dien.
Nghiin aiu Kinh li so 9(496) - Thing 9/2019 4 5
Cac yeu to tdc dong ...
3.2. Nguon vd cong cu thu thdp dU lieu Dfl lieu sd ca'p dung trong nghien eflu nay dudc t h u t h a p tfl cae doanh nghidp cdng nghiep bd trd n g a n h det may ehu yeu 6 ba dia phfldng gom TP. Hd Chi Minh, Dong Nai, Binh Dudng. B a n g eau hdi khao s a t dfldc gfli trflc tie'p, didn thoai den cac doanh nghiep cdng nghiep hd trd det may.
Cdng cu t h u t h a p dfl lieu sd ca'p la bang hdi khao sat ca'u true dUde t h i e t kd' gdm 30 cau hdi chia lam hai p h a n . P h i n 1 la cac cau hoi theo t h a n g do Likert 5 diem, n h i m t h u t h a p danh gia cua doanh nghiep cdng nghiep hd trd dd'i vdi cae yeu to' tac ddng de'n phat trien cong nghidp hd trd nganh det may. P h i n 2 la thdng tin tong q u a n ve doanh nghiep dfldc k h a o sat.
3.3. Do liidng cdc khdi niem nghien cdu
Ckc bie'n trong md h i n h nghien cflu ye'u td' tac ddng de'n p h a t tri^n cdng nghiep hd BANG 1: Mo t a
trd nganh det may dfldc do Wdng bang t h a n g do Likert 5 diem vdi 1-hoan toan khdng dong y dd'n 5-hoan toan dong y.
Trong do, p h a t trie'n edng nghidp ^^ r^^
dflde do Ifldng bdi 5 bien quan sat ( P l l - PT5); mdi trfldng thi chd' - chinh sach t h u h u t d i u tu gom 5 bie'n quan sat (CS1-CS5);
ldi the' eanh t r a n h n g a n h g6m 4 bien quan sat (LT1-LT5); hdp tac chudi cung flng gom 4 bid'n quan s a t (LT1-LT4); dung Ifldng thi trudng gom 3 bie'n quan sat (DL1-DL3);
nang Iflc eanh t r a n h doanh nghiep cdng nghiep hd trd gom 4 bie'n quan s a t (CTl- CT4)'.
4. K e t q u a n g h i e n ciJfu v a t h a o l u a n 4.1 Thong he, mo td mdu nghien cdu M l u nghien cflu sau khi lam sach, danh gia do phan phd'i chu^n gom 181 q u a n sat.
M l u dfldc p h a n chia theo cae dac diem gom quy mo, loai h i n h doanh nghiep, quoc gia d i u tu, n g a n h nghe k i n h doanh (bang 1).
m a u n g h i e n ciJfu Bifih
Loai hinh doanh nghi£p Quy md doanh nghi£p Ngknh nghi kinh doanh Qudc gia d^u tu
ThuOctlnh TNHH = 88,95%; c6 phin = 11,05%.
Nho va vilra = 89,95%; doanh nghifip lan = 10,05%.
San xua't bdng, xo soi, vai = 59,10%; cac loai phu liSu cho may = 22,7%; hoa chSt cho det may = 11,6%; miy moc. linh kiSn co khi ddt may = 6.6%.
Doanh nghidp trong nudc = 66,85%; doanh nghidp co vdn dlu tunirdc ngoili = 33,15%.
7\^U($>i.-Khao sat v^ tinh toan cua tac gia (2016).
4.2 Kiem dinh do tin cdy thang do liidng cdc khdi niem nghien cdu Do tin cay cua bd thang do ludng cac khai niem nghien cflu dfldc kiem dinh qua tieu chuan cua tham so' Cronbach's Alpha, phan tich nhan td' k h a m p h a (EFA Explore Factor Analysis) va p h a n tich n h a n to' k h a n g dinh (CFA - Confirmatory Factor Analysis).
Kiem dinh cha't Ifldng t h a n g do bang t h a m so' Cronbach's Alpha cho tha'y 6 k h a i niem nghien cflu vdi 25 bien q u a n sat dung de do Ifldng deu dat yeu cau: he so' Cronbach's Alpha deu ldn hdn 0,6 (nho nha't bang 0,826), tUdng quan bie'n - tong cao (>0,3), he sd' dat dUdc deu ldn nha't, khdng cd he sd' nao qua
ldn (>0,95). Tdm lai, kiem dinh do tin cay thang do b i n g t h a m so' Cronbach's Alpha cho ke't qua td't va phfl hdp cho cac bfldc phan tich tie'p theo.
Ke't qua p h a n tich n h a n to* k h a m pha cho 5 bie'n dgc lap bao gom cho tha'y, td'ng phfldng sai tn'ch cd k h a n a n g giai thich cua mo hinh dat 62,474 % td'ng bie'n thien cua m i u quan sat. Ta't ca 5 n h a n td' dfla vao phan tich deu thda die"u kien Eigenvalue dat trdn 1 nham hinh t h a n h cac -^ nghia thShg ke (Anderson J. C , va Gerbing D. C . 1998). Kd't qu^ ph^n tich n h a n td' k h a m p h a cho tha'y, ki^m dinh KMO va Barlett's cho chi sd' KMO dat 0 863 va gia t r i kiem dinh mflc y nghia thd'ng ke
4 6 Nghien cOu Kinh « ' s d ' 9 f 4 9 S j T ^ S 5 ; ; ^ ^ — ^
Cac yeu to tac dong
sig dat 0%, nhflng chi so' t r e n h o a n toan thda man dieu kidn de md h i n h p h a n tich nhan td' k h a m p h a dat sfl p h u hdp eao trong phan tich. Hd sd' tai n h a n to' (factor loading) cua 5 n h a n to' dfldc hinh t h a n h ddu cho gia tri tdi thieu dat t r e n 0,5, thda m a n didu kien d^ nghien eflu dat y nghia thflc tidn (Hair va cdng sfl, 2006). Vdi nhflng chi sd' t r e n chflng td r i n g dfl lieu nghien eflu sfl d u n g p h a n tich kham p h a la phfl hdp, k h a n a n g giai thich cho thflc t e cao va h i n h t h a n h 5 n h a n td' cd y nghia g6m n h a n to' F l : sfl on dinh cua mdi trfldng the che' - chinh sach t h u h u t d i u tfl, gom 5 quan s a t dd la C S l , CS2, CS3, CS4, CS5; N h a n to' F2: idi the' canh t r a n h nganh, gom 4 bie'n q u a n sat: L T l , LT2, LT3, LT4; Nhan td' F 3 : hdp tac chudi cung flng gom 4 bi^n quan s a t H T l , HT2, H T 3 , HT4;
Nhan to' F4: dung Ifldng thi trfldng gom 3 bien quan sat D L l , DL2, DL3; N h a n to F5:
nang Iflc canh t r a n h doanh nghiep cdng nghidp hd trd gom 4 bie'n q u a n s a t CTI, CT2, CT3, CT4. So vdi ky vong ly t h u y e t b a n diu, ket qua p h a n tich n h a n to' k h a m p h a
EFA da p h a n a n h d u n g dfl lieu va hoan toan phfl hgp de dung cho p h a n tich tid'p theo.
Ke't qua p h a n tieh n h a n td' cho tha'y, cac hd sd' Eigenvalue dfldc hinh t h a n h cho n h a n td P h a t trien cdng nghiep ho trd nganh ddt may Viet Nam dat 3,595, chi sd'td'ng phfldng sai trich dat 65,013%. Ke't qua kiem dinh KMO dat 0,809 va kiem dinh Bartlett cd S' nghia thd'ng ke (sig = 0%). He so' tai n h a n td' td'i thieu dat 0,745. Tat ca cac chi sd'trdn deu dat dieu kidn de md hinh p h a n tich nhan td' kham p h a dat y nghia thd'ng ke, dat y nghia thflc tien cao cho qua trinh p h a n tich.
P h a n tich n h a n td" k h a n g dinh dfldc tac gia sfl dung d a n h gia ddng thdi trong mdt md hinh CFA. Cac chi tieu d a n h gia gom: (i) tinh ddn nguyen; (ii) gia tri hdi tu; (iii) gia tri p h a n biet; (iv) do tin cay tdng hdp va (v) phfldng sai trich. Ket qua p h a n tich n h a n to' k h a n g dinh cho thay, md hinh dat dfldc dd tfldng thich vdi dfl lieu t h i trfldng vdi cac chi sd' nhfl Chisquare; df; Chisquare/df; GFI;
TLI; CFI; RMSEA trong bang 2:
BANG 2: T o m t a t c a c c h i t i e u t r o n g p h a n t i c h n h a n t o ' k h a n g d i n h Chi-
square 469
Df 260 Qii tri nguSng
Chi- square/df
1.8
< 5 KellingervJ Lee (1995)
OH 0.84
TU 0.916
CFI 0.927
>0.7 BentlerviiChou(1987)
RMSEA 0.067
<0.1 Maccallum va c6ng su (1996) Nguin:Khao sit va tinh toin cua tac gia (2016).
Ke't qua phan tich n h a n td' k h a n g dinh cho thSy, cae trong so chuan hda va chfla chuan hda deu ed ;y nghia thd'ng kd nen k h a i niem dat dfldc gia tri hgi tu. Md h i n h do Ifldng nay phfl hdp vdi dfl lidu thi trfldng va khong cd tfldng quan gifla cac sai so do Ifldng ndn dat dfldc tinh ddn nguyen. Cac he so' tfldng quan cua cac khai nidm deu nhd hdn 1 cd y nghia tho'ng ke, vi vay cac khai niem t r e n deu dat gia tri phan biet (Steenkamp va Vantrijp, 1991). Cac khai niem dat yeu cau ve do tin cay td'ng hdp va phfldng sai trich cua tflng nhan td'.
4.3 Kiem dinh cdc gid thuyet nghien cdu
Phfldng trinh ca'u true tuyd'n tinh cho phep d a n h gia cac sai sd' do Ifldng (thdng qua cae p h a n dfl) hdp nha't cac khai niem nghien cflu khd do Ifldng va trifli tfldng (Hair va cgng sfl, 2006; Kline, 1998). Trong nghien cflu nay, de chon r a dfldc md hinh td't, tac gia da thvl nhieu md hinh khac nhau. Nhflng khai nidm nao khdng cd y nghia thd'ng ke d do tin cay 95% lan Ifldt hi loai khdi md hinh va tien h a n h p h a n tich lai md hinh SEM sau khi loai bd khai niem khdng dat y nghia thong ke.
Nghiin cdu Kinh l^sd9(496) - Thing 9/2019 47
Cac yeu to lac flong ...
Ket qua p h a n tich SEM cho thay. Chi - square/df = 1.804 < 5 (Kettinger va Lee.
1995), df = 260, P-value = 0.000 < 0.06, TLI = 0,916, CFI = 0,927, GFI = 0,836 16n htJn 0,7 (Bentler va Bonett, 1980), RMSEA = 0,067 < 0,1 (Maccallum va cong sU, 1996). Dilu do chfing to mo hinh phan tich phu hdp v6i dii lieu thi trUcing.
Ket qua udc lUdng chUa chuan hoa mo'i quan h& giQa cac bien doc lap len bien phu thuoc deu CO y nghia th.ong ke 6 miic y nghia 1%, Cac gia thuye't tii H I de'n H5 deu dugc chap nhan, cu the:
Gia thuyet HI: moi trUdng the che - chinh sach thu hiit dau t u tac dong dUdng de'n phat BANG 3; Ke't q u a iTSc Wrfng c a c
trien cong nghiep h6 trd nganh det may j^
Nam (Beta = 0,310, Sig.' = 0,000). Trong dieu kien phat trien cong nghiep hS trd nganh det may h Viet Nam, vdi cac y & to khac khong doi: ne'u moi trUdng the che - chinh sach thu hiit dau t u dUdc cai thien 1 diem thi phat trien cong nghiep ho trd se cai thien ^0,310 diem. Su on dinh ciia moi trddng the che, luat phap. moi trUdng kinh doanh minh bach ciing vdi he tho'ng chinh sach thu hiit dau tU ro rang, hap d i n la nhiing dieu kien tien de giiip tao hanh lang chinh sach cho cac doanh nghiep dau tU vao nganh cong nghiep hd trg ndi chung va cdng nghiep hd trg nganh d$t may ndi rieng.
t h a m so t r o n g m o h i n h n g h i e n ciJfu
Phat tri^n cong nghiep h6 tro dSt may Phat tri^n c6ng nghidp h6 tro det may Phiit tri£n c6ng nghidp h6 tro det may Phat tri^n c6ng nghiap h6 tro det may Hi^l tri^n c6ng nghifip h6 tro dfit may
<—
<—
<—
<—
<—
The chd', chi'nh sach thu hiit d i u tu Loi thti' canh I ranh nginh c6ng nghiSp hd trg
Hgp tdc chudi cung iing Dung lugng thi irutmg c6ng nghiep h d t r g
Nang luc canh tranh doanh nghidp c6ng nghidp h6 trg
Beta 0 , 3 1 ' "
0,133""
0,230*"
0,284"*
0,206"*
S.E 0.042
0,05 0,06 0,071 0.059
C R 7,295 2,644 3,814 3,997 3,506 Ghichu: ***:Mdcy nghia 1%.
Nguin: Tinh todn tif dfl lidu khao .siit ciia tac gia (2016).
Gia thuyet H2: ldi the' canh tranh nganh tac ddng dUdng den phat trien cdng nghidp ho trd nganh det may Vidt Nam (Beta = 0,133, Sig. = 0,000). Trong die"u kien phat trien cdng nghiep ho trd nganh det may d Viet Nam, vdi cac ye'u td' khac khdng doi: ne'u ldi the' canh tranh nganh cdng nghidp hd trd dfldc cai thien 1 diem thi phat trien cdng nghiep hd trd se cai thien 0,133 di^m. Ldi the' canh tranh nganh cdng nghiep hd trd can tap trung vao gia tang cac ldi the' ddng nhd ldi the s i n cd va yeu td' hdi nhap mang lai nhfl phat trien nguon nguyen lieu det may, phat trien thi trfldng san pham cdng nghiep hd trd, chinh sach phat trien tham gia chudi cung flng toan cau.
Gia thuyet H3: hdp tac gifla doanh nghiep cdng nghiep hd trd va cac tac nhan khac trong
chuoi cung flng tac dong dfldng de'n phat trien cdng nghiep hd trd nganh det may Vidt Nam (Beta = 0,230, sig. = 0,000). Trong dieu kien phat trien cdng nghiep ho trd nganh det may d Viet Nam, vdi cac ye'u td' khac khdng doi:
ndu hdp tac chuoi cung flng gii2a doanh nghiep cdng nghidp ho trd va cac tac nhan khac (khach hang va n h a cung ca'p) dfldc cai thien 1 diem thi phat tri^n cdng nghidp ho trd se cai thien 0,230 diem. Hdp tac chudi cung flng chiu chi phd'i bdi nhieu ye'u to' trong do sfl ba't can xflng thdng tin xay r a sg anh hfldng dd'n hang loat cac ye'u td'gan ket khac. Do vay can nhid"u hdn sfl hd trd tfl phia cac cd quan quan ly n h a nfldc nhfl Bd Cdng thudng vdi cac boat ddng xuc tie'n dau tfl, thfldng mai de cac ben cd the gap gd, hd trd va hdp tac
™i nhau.
4 8 Ngmn cAi Kinh '^^o S f ^ ^ T r h ^ ; ^ ^ ^
Cdc yeu to tic dong
Dac biet, cac doanh nghiep cong nghiep hd trd npi dia dang gap khd k h a n de tim kiem, dap flng nhu c l u cua cac doanh nghidp FDI, cdng ty da qud'e gia va d chieu ngfldc lai cac nha dau tfl nfldc ngoai tai Viet Nam cung gap khd khan nham tim kiem nguon cung ndi dia dam bao yeu cau. Do vay, khac phuc sfl ba't can xflng thdng tin cung cau ddng vai trd bet sflc quan trong, nham dam bao cho sfl hdp tac thanh cdng trong chudi cung flng nganh ddt may, thflc d^y phat trien cdng nghiep hd trd.
Gia thuye't H4: dung Ifldng thi trUdng tac ddng dfldng de'n phat trien cdng nghiep ho trd nganh ddt may Vidt Nam (Beta = 0,284, sig. = 0,000). Trong dieu kien p h a t trien cdng nghiep ho trd nganh det may d Viet Nam, vdi cac yd'u td' khac khdng dd'i: neu dung Ifldng thi trfldng san pham cdng nghiep hd trd t a n g len 1 diem thi phat trien cdng nghiep ho trd se cai thidn 0,284 diem. Vdi dac diem t h a m dung vd'n cao, san pham cd tinh chuyen biet ldn thi viec d l u tfl, phat trien cdng nghiep hd trd se phu thudc ra't ldn vao do ldn cau thi trfldng bao gom nhieu ngfldi mua, da dang, so' Ifldng ldn. Viec tao r a dung Ifldng hay cau thi trfldng ldn cd sfl phu thudc ldn vao chinh sach p h a t trien cdng nghidp cua Nha nfldc khi tao r a cac cu hich ve cdng nghiep mui nhgn hay chie'n Ifldc xua't khiEu.
Gia thuyet H5: nang Iflc canh t r a n h doanh nghiep cdng nghiep hd trd tac ddng dfldng den phat trien cdng nghiep ho trd nganh det may Viet Nam (Beta = 0,206, sig. = 0,000). Trong dieu kidn phat trien cdng nghiep ho trd nganh det may d Viet Nam, vdi cac yd'u td'khac khdng ddi: neii nSng Iflc canh t r a n h doanh nghiep cdng nghiep hd trd tang len 1 di^m thi phat trien cdng nghiep hd trd se cai thien 0,206 diem. Viec khdng cd du nang Iflc tai chinh de dau tfl hay trinh do cdng nghe ye'u kem khdng dap flng dfldc yeu cau cua khach hang, cung nhfl thieu nguon n h a n Iflc cong nghiep cha't Ifldng cao, la nhflng yeu diem lam cho nang Iflc canh tranh cua doanh nghiep cdng nghiep hd trd yeu, qua dd can trd sfl phat trien chung cua nganh. Cac chinh sach hd trd can dfldc
quan tam thflc hien theo thuc t i l n boat ddng san xudt, kinh doanh cua doanh nghiep.
Ke't qua kiem dinh bang phfldng phap Bootstrap cho thay, fldc Ifldng bang phfldng phap nay vdi fldc Ifldng b a n dau deu cd sfl khac biet ra't nhd va khdng cd y nghia thd'ng ke (Schumacker va Lomax, 1996). Tri tuyet ddi gia tri tdi b a n rat nhd so vdi 2 nen cd the ndi la do chech la ra't nhd, khdng cd y nghia thdng ke h do tin cay 95%. Vi vay, cd the ket luan fldc lUdng cac tham sd' trong md hinh cd tinh dn dinh cao va kd't qua fldc Ifldng dfl tin cay de lam cd sd cho viec hoach dinh chinh sach phat tridn cdng nghiep hd trd trong thflc tien.
Ke't qua p h a n tich da nhdm cho thlty, chfla the ke't luan tac ddng cua cac thuoc tinh cua doanh nghidp dau tfl cong nghiep hd trd den phat trien cdng nghidp ho trd nganh ddt may Viet Nam.
5. K e t l u a n
Thdng qua md hinh SEM, ke't qua nghien cflu lam ro 05 ye'u td' tac ddng dd'n phat t r i l n cdng nghiep ho trd nganh det may Viet Nam dfldi gdc nhin cua cac doanh nghidp cdng nghiep hd trd gom: (i) mdi trfldng the che - chinh sach t h u h u t dau tfl; (ii) ldi the' canh t r a n h nganh; (iii) hdp tac gifla cac doanh nghiep cdng nghiep ho trd va cac tac nhan khac trong chudi cung flng; (iv) dung Ifldng thi trfldng va (v) nang Iflc canh t r a n h cua doanh nghiep cdng nghidp hd trd. Cac chinh sach can tap t r u n g n h a m thflc d^y phat trien cong nghiep hd trd nganh det may d Viet Nam gom:
- Hoan thien mdi trfldng thd che' - chinh sach thu h u t dau tfl vao cdng nghiep ho trd nganh det may.
- Nang cao nang Iflc canh tranh, phat trien doanh nghidp nhd va vfla trong nganh cdng nghiep ho trd det may.
- Nang cao ldi the' canh t r a n h nganh cdng nghiep hd trd.
- Nang cao hieu qua hdp tac gifla doanh nghiep cdng nghiep hd trd va cac tac nhan khac trong chuoi cung flng nganh det may.
- P h a t trien dung Ifldng thi trfldng cong nghiep hd trd nganh det may./.
Nghiin cdu Kinh lisd9(496) • Thing 9/2019 4 9
Cdc yeu to tdc dong
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
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Ngay nhan bai: 10-4-2019 Ngay nhan ban sira; 12-6-2019 Ngay duyet dang: 18-7-2019
50 Nghien cAi Kinh lgsd9(496) -Ihi^i^^^^
