Cac nhan to anh hiTcfng den
y djnh kh&i nghiep cua thanh nien tai tinh Tien Giang
^ HUYNH B A T R Q N G "
MAI NGOC KHC/dNG"
Tom tat
Qua khdo sdt 599 thanh nien co y dinh khdi nghiip tren dia bdn tinh Tien Giang, nghien edu tim thdy 5 nhdn toco dnh hudng di'n y dinh khdi nghiep cua hg, gom: (I) Nguon vdn; (2) Kinh nghiem; (3) Gido due; (4) Su ti( tin; vd (5) Chinh sdch hd trg cua Chinh phu vd dia phUOng.
Trong do, Gido due Id nhdn td eo tdc ddng tich cue mgnh nhdt den y dinh khdi nghiip cua thanh nien, trong khi "Kinh nghiem" Id nhdn td dnh hudng theo chieu hudng tieu cue. Tit ke't qud nghien edu, nhdm tdc gid ggi y mot sd chinh sdch, gidi phdp nhdm hd trg vd thdc ddy thanh niin tinh Tien Giang khdi nghiip nhiiu han.
Tii khoa: khdi nghiep, y dinh khdi nghiep, tinh Tien Giang
Summary
From a survey of 599 young people intending to start a business in Tien Giang province, this study identifies five factors that influence their entrepreneurial intentions, including (1) Financial capital, (2) Experience, (3) Education, (4) Self-confidence and (5) Support policy of central and local government. In particular, Education has the strongest positive impact on the aforementioned intention while Experience creates a negative effect. From these findings, some of policies and solutions are suggested to support and promote more young people in Tien Giang province lo start new businesses.
Keywords: entrepreneuship, entrepreneurial intention, Tien Giang province
GICJl THIEU Giiing) da trien khai nhieu hinh thffc hd trd thanh nien khdi nghidp. Dac biet la chffdng trinh "Chu tich Uy ban Trong vdng 5 nam trd lai day, khdi nhdn dan tinh TienGianggdpgdthanhnienkhdinghidp"
nghiep la mdt trong nhffng chii dd dffOc va "Nguon vd'n hd trd thanh nien khdi nghiep" do Tinh cd xa hdi Viet Nam quan tdm. Hang loat Doan Tien Giang quan ly vdi tdng ngudn vdn 2 ty ddng cac nghi quye^t, dd dn, chinh sach... dffdc la mdt ngudn quy dang tin cay va lau dai danh cho thanh Dang va Nhd nffdc ta ban hanh nham nien ctia Tinh ed nhu eau khdi nghiep.
tao ddng lUc mdi eho khdi nghiep. Ben Tuy nhien, thuc te cho tha'y, dodn vien, thanh nien canh do, eac td chUc chinh tri - xa hdi tren dia ban Tinh ehUa ed nhieu y tUdng khdi nghiep tren ca nUdc da dd ra nhieu chinh sdch cu the, cdn tam ly lo so tha't bai khi khdi nghidp, chUa khuye'n khich, hd trd vd nd lUc de da'y du ndng lUcde vay vd'n khdi nghiep. Do do, nghien cffu manh khdi nghiep, nha't la khdi nghidp cac nhan td'cd anh hudng dd'n y dinh khdi nghiep eiia trong ddi tUdng thanh nien, tri thffc tre. thanh nien tai tinh Tien Giang la can thie't. Qua dd, de Tuy nhien, ty le khdi nghiep d Viet Nam xua't cac giai phap nham thiic day thanh nien tham gia vdn cdn tha'p, ty le tha't bai cao, phan Idn khdi nghiep nhieu hdn.
ngUdi khdi nghiep cd trinh do thd'p, ngUdi _, cd trinh do cao hdn, ed dieu kien khdi COSCfLY THUYET VA MO HINH NGHIEN CUU nghiep td't hdn lai cd xu hffdng Iffa chgn
cdng viec di lam thue. _ Cd sd ly thuyet
Thdi gian qua, Doan TNCS Ho Chi Thuat ngff khdi nghiep la mdt khai nidm ehung bao Minh tmh Tidn Giang (Tinh Dodn Tien ham nhieu vd'n de vd dUde khai quat bang cdc dinh
' C a n bo Doan TNCS H6 Chi Minh tinh T i l n Giang
" PGS, TS., Trudng Dai hpc Quoc te, Dai hpc Qua'c gia TP. Ho Chi Minh Nmv nhan bat: 28/01/2020; Ngdy phdn bien: 14/02/2020; Ngdy duyet ddng: 25/02/2020
HINH: MO HINH NGHIEN CflU DE X U A T
Nguon von
KiniiflgliieBi
SyMtm
Giao due
Chuan ciiu quan
Chinh skh lid na ciia Chinh phu vi dia phmmg
Hi
m
H3
BA
H5
m
-
Y dinh khoi Dghiep ciia tlianb tiik tinh Tien Giang
Ngu<
nghia, khai nidm khdc nhau. Khdi nghiep ed the hieu la mdt chudi cae sU kien eua mdt ca nhan tff vi8c nhan thUc rd rang vd sff sd hiJu doanh nghiep de'n phdt trien y tudng eho viec kinh doanh va tim hieu eac budc de trd thdnh mdt doanh nhdn.
Y dinh khdi nghiep cd nhieu dmh nghia khac nhau tiiy thudc cdc nhd nghien citu khdc nhau va tuy tiTng giai doan khac nhau. Trong khudn kho nghien cffu nay nay, tae gia sff dung dinh nghia y dinh khdi nghidp ciia Krueger (1993) vi dinh nghia nay ngan ggn, de hieu va khdi quat dUde sU ehii ddng eiia mdt ngUdi dd'i vdi dU dinh khdi nghidp ciia hg. Dd la: "Y dmh khdi nghiep la sU cam ke't ciia mot cd nhdn dd'i vdi vide thdnh Idp vd ldm chu mdt doanh nghidp mdi".
Md hinh nghien ciJu
DUa tren viee tdng hdp cac md hinh ve y dmh khdi nghiep tff cic nghien cffu cd lien quan trffdc ddy, cd thd thd'y y dinh khdi nghiep phu thudc vao cac nhdn to', nhff: Ngudn vd'n (Fatoki, 2010; Perera va cdng sff, 2011; Amou, 2014); Kinh nghiem (Delmar vd Davidsson, 2000; Wang vd cdng sU, 2011); Giao due (Robinson va Sexton, 1994; Arenius va Mmniti, 2005;
Bae va cdng sif, 2014); Su tff tin (Autio va cdng sff, 2001; Linan vd Chen, 2009); Chuan chii quan (Shapero va Sokol, 1982; Ajzen, 1991). Ben canh dd, nhdm lac gia bd sung them nhan td' Chinh sdch hd trd cua Chinh phii va dia phffdng vao md hinh.
Tff do, nhdm tae gia de xud't md hinh nghien cffu nhu Hinh.
Phrfrfng phap nghidn cu'u
De ed dUdc sdlUdng mau du Idn, nam 2019, nhdm tae gia gffi bang khao sdt de'n 800 thanh nien cua Tinh cd y dinh khdi nghiep (gdm thanh men d cdc huydn, thanh phd', thi xd vd sinh vien cdc trUdng dai hgc, cao dang trdn dia ban Tinh). Tong sdbang khao sdt thu ve la 720 phieu, sau khi loai bo cae bang khdng hdp le, kd't qua cdn 599 phieu hdp le cd the diing de phdn tich ...,7;^.,.-:^ = 599).
KET QUA NGHIEN CU'U
Kidm tra dd tin cdy cua thang do Ke't qua phdn tich hd sd Cronbach's Alpha ciia cac nhdn td' trong md hinh nghien cffu deu dat chuan vd dUdc dUa vao phdn tich hdi quy tiep theo (Bang 1).
Phan tich nhdn td' kham pha (EFA) Phdn tich EFA dugc thffc hidn hai lan, lan 1 dd'i vdi bie'n phu thugc. Ke't qua cho tha'y Sig. = 0,000 (< 0,05) va hd sd KMO
= 0,723 (0,5 < 0,723 < 1) eho tha'y phan tich EFA la phii hop Tdng phUdng sai trich tich Iffy dffdc = 50,901 (> 50%), gia tri Eigenvalue = 2,045 (> 1), ddng thdi he so' tai nhdn to' (Factor loading) ciia 06 bie'n Id khd cao (> 0,5). NhU vay, cac bien quan sat ciia thang do nay dat yeu cau cho cdc phdn tich tie'p theo.
Phan tich EFA lan 2 dffOc thuc hien ddi vdi 6 bie'n ddc Idp. Ke't qua eho thay, Sig. = 0,000 (< 0,05) va hd sd KMO = 0,906 (0,5 < 0,906 < 1) . NhU vay, phdn tich EFA ra't thich hop. Bang phffcfng phdp riit trich cdc nhdn to Principal Components vdi phep xoay Varimax da trich, cd 6 nhdm nhdn td'vdi 29 bidn quan sat dffgc rut trich.
Phdn tich trfdng quan
Ma trdn tUdng quan cho thd'y, mlJc f nghTa ciia cdc h6 sd'rd't nhd (Sig. = 0,000
< 0,05), nen cdc bie'n phii hdp va cd the phdn tich hdi quy.
Phan tich hdi quy da bidn Kd't qua phdn tich hdi quy cho thd'y, gia tri R^ = 0,194 vd R^ dieu chinh = 0,186, nghTa la rad hinh hdi quy tuye'n tinh da xay dUng phu hdp vdi 18,6% tdp dff lieu. Ndi each khdc, khoang 20% y dinh khdi nghiep ciia thanh nien tinh Tien Giang cd the dffdc giai thich bdi sU thay ddi cua 6 nhan td, gdm: Ngudn vd'n; Kinh nghiem; Gido due; SU tu tin;
Chuan chu quan; va Chinh sach hd trd eiia Chinh phu va dia phffdng.
Kd't qua phdn tich hdi quy eho thd'y, trong 6 bie'n dUa vdo md hinh cd 5 bie'n dffdc chap nhan do cd he sd Sig. < 0,05.
Cu the: bien SEC (Sff tiT tin) cd he sdSig._
= 0,000; bien EDU (Gido due) cd hd sd Sig. = 0,000; bidn EXP (Kinh nghiem) ed he sdSig. = 0,006; bie'n SUP (Chinh sach hd trd ciia Chinh phu vd dia phffdng) cd he sd Sig = 0,013; va bie'n FIC (Ngudn vd'n) ed hd sd Sig. = 0,048. Bie'n SUN (Chua'n chu quan) bi loai do cd he so'Sig.
= 0,738 > 0,05. Cu the nhff ket qua trong Bang 2.
Phffdng trinh hdi quy tuye'n tinh dUde xae dinh nhu sau:
ENl = 2,710 + 0,087SUP + 0,13 JSEC - 0,060EXP + 0,054FIC + 0,190EDU
KET LUAN VA HAM Y CHINH SACH
Kg't Iu$n
Tff md hinh nghien cffu ly thuye't dieu chinh, gia thuye't ddt ra 6 nhdn to' anh hffdng de'n y dinh khdi nghiep cua thanh nien tinh Tien Giang. Qua qud trinh phdn tich nhan td kham phd va phan tich hdi quy da bie'n chi cdn lai 5 nhan td tae ddng de'n y dinh khdi nghiep ciia thanh nien tren dia ban Tinh, gdm: Ngudn vd'n (FIC);
Kinh nghiem (EXP); Giao due (EDU);
SU tu tin (SEC) va Chinh sdch hd trd ciia Chinh phu va dia phUdng (SUP). Chuan ehii quan (SUN) Id nhdn to bi loai do cd he sd Sig. = 0,738 (>0,05). Trong dd, Giao due Id nhan td cd sU anh hUdng tich cue nhd't de'n y djnh khdi nghiep ciia thanh men tinh Tien Giang. Cac nhan td "Sif tU tin", "Chinh sdch hd trd eiia Chinh phu vd dia phffdng" va "Ngudn von" cung cd tae ddng theo chieu hffdng tich cife de'n y dinh khdi nghiep. Trong khi dd, nhan td' "Kinh nghidm" anh budng tieu cUe de'n y dinh khdi nghiep ciia thanh nien Tien Giang.
Ham y chinh sach
De tffng budc thuc day thanh nien tinh Tien Giang tham gia khdi nghiep nhieu hdn, tae gid de xud't mot sd' chinh sdch va giai phap trien khai thUe hien, cu the nhu sau:
Ddi vdi nhdn td"Gido due": Cae trUdng dai hge, eao dang tren dia ban Tinh can xay dUng mdt ddi ngii ndng cot gdm eac giang vien tre cd hieu bie't ve vd'n de khdi nghiep; td chUe cac budi sinh hoat ngoai khda ve khdi nghiep eho sinh vien ben canh ke' hoach dao tao chinh thffc eiia trffdng; thanh lap Cdu lac bg smh vien khdi nghiep,.. giiip sinh vien ed dieu kidn thudn ldi dd trao ddi y tudng va thffc hanh ky nang, dac biet la eac ky nang lien quan de'n nghe thudt lanh dao, dieu hanh, quan ly mdt doanh nghiep trong tffdng lai, hinh thanli mdi trffdng hge tap hieu qua, nang ddng va tich effc, qua dd "Thap len nggn Iffa khdi nghiep" trong mdi sinh vien.
Cdn vdi Tinh Doan, can ed ke'hoach to chUc cac boat ddng ket nd'i giffa sinh vien, thanh nien khdi nghiep vdi cac cdng ty, doanh nghiep, nhU; td chffc
"Cudc thi sinh vien khdi nghiep", "Cudc thi thanh nien ndng thdn khdi nghiep"
BANG 1: KET QUA KIEM TRA DO TIN C^Y CUA CAC NHAN TO Cac nhSn td'
SUP. Chinli sach ho irci ciia Chinh phii va diy nhifrlnc SEC'Su'tir tin SUN; Chuan chu uiian EXP- Kmh nahiem FIC: Neii6n von EDU. Giao due ENl'Y dinh Ichcii nuhiC-D
BiS'n quan sat (29 + 5) 0,793 0,812 0,730 0,724 0,656 0,645 0,634
Cronbach's Aloha (N = 599) 6 6 5 4 4 4 5
BANG 2: KET QUA PHAN TICH HOI QUY BifTndQciap
(Constant)
SUP; Chinh sach hfl trd cua Chinh phd va dia phu'tJng SEC Sirtu'tm SUN. Chuan chu quan EXP. Kmh nghiem FIC. Nguon von EDU: Giao due
HesfThSiquvtB) 2,710 0,087 0,131 -0,009 -0.060 0,054 0,190
t 18,768
2,500 4,026 -0,335 -2,778 1,979 5,917
MiJc Y nghTa (Sig.) 0,000 0.013 0,000 0,738 0,006 0,048 0,000
hay "Cudc thi thanh nien khdi nghiep sdng tao".. nham muc tieu truydn cam hUng va khuye'n khich sinh vidn, thanh nien manh dan dffa ra va tnen khai cae y tffdng kinh doanh ciia ban thdn, ddng thdi kd't nd'i, thu hiit cdc doanh nghidp, nha dau tU ciing ddng hanh vdi thanh men trong qua trinh khdi nghiep.
Ben canh dd, cd the thdnh ISp trong ThU vien ciia Tinh hoac ThU vien tai cdc trUdng "Gdc sach khdi nghiep", "Gdc sach truyen cam hffng" ve ldm ehii ban than, tff duy sang tao, day ky nang mem... de thanh nien dd dang tim kie'm cac tai Heu chinh thd'ng, bo ich ve khdi nghiep; tao mdi trUdng de thanh men gap gd, trao ddi y tudng khdi nghiep vdi nhffng ngUdi cd cung niem dam me kinh doanh.
Ddi vdi nhdn td "Su tu tin": Truyen cam hiiftg va lan tda ddng lUc khdi nghiep eho thanh nien la hoat dong vd cung quan trgng vd het sUc can thie't de ldm tdng sU dam me, sU tu tin ciia thanh nien tinh Tien Giang dd'i vdi khdi nghidp. Giang vien cd the td chUc cac hoat ddng truyen cam hffng eho sinh vien trong qud trinh giang day bang edch dua nhffng tinh hud'ng thao ludn hay vi du minh hoa cdu chuyen thffc td' ve thd't bai, thanh cdng cua cdc doanh nhan,,. Doan thanh ni6n cac ca'p can td chffc cac budi ndi chuyen, hdi thao chuyen de; td chffc chffdng trinh giao Iffu vdi cdc khdch mdi, dtdn gia la chu cdc doanh nghiep hoac chinh cdc thanh nien tren dia ban Tinh da khdi nghiep va thanh cdng de hg ehia se ve cac khd khan, sff thanh cdng, tha't bai, bai hgc kinh nghiem ciia chinh hg khi khdi nghiep.
Ddi vdi nhdn td "Chinh sdch ho trg cua Chinh phu vd dia phuang": Cac ddn vi quan ly nha nUde cap tinh can nghien cffti, thanh lap "Trung tdm Udm tao doanh nghiep" cd'p tmh, "Trung tdm tU vd'n thanh nien khdi nghiep", "Trung tamhd trd doanh nghiep thanh nien",
"Vudn Udm doanh nghiep" d cdc dia phUdng nhdm tao mdi trudng de thanh nien cd khdng gian vd thdi gia^
1
tim hidu, ehia se, trao ddi va hgc hoi lan nhau; gidi Ddi vdi nhdn td "Nguon vdn": Tinh thieu cho thanh nien cdc ehii trUdng, chinh sdch cua Doan Tien Giang e^ncd nhiing kehoach, Dang^ Nha nUdc ve khdi nghiep; huy dgng cac ngudn ehUdng trinh nhdm tuyen truyin, tiep can lUc hd trd thanh nien khdi nghiep (ngudn vd'n, d^u ra va gidi thieu "Ngudn vd'n hd trd thanh eiia san pham khoa hgc, ky thuat va cong nghe mdi...). nien khdi nghidp" do Tinh Dodn quan ly Cac trung tdm, vUdn Udm nay cd the trd thdnh ''san de'n nhieu hOn cdc dd'i tUdng thanh nien giao dich khdi nghidp" vdi cac boat dgng hffu ich, nhff: trong Tinh ed nguyen vgng vay vd'n de lien ke't giffa nha trffdng vd doanh nghiep de dUa sinh khdi nghiep, nha't la thanh nien d khu vien de'n tap sff, tich luy kinh nghiem va lam vide d cde vffe ndng thdn, thanh nidn d vung sdu, doanh nghiep nay; ke't ndi giffa thanh nien cd y tffdng vung xa khd ed dieu kidn tie'p can cac khdi nghidp vdi doanh nghidp cd nhu cau va dieu kien ngudn vd'n vay ffu dai de khdi nghiep.
tai chinh, ky thuat nham hien thffc hda cdc y tffdng khdi Dong thdi, Tinh Doan can tie'p tuc vdn nghiep thanh nhffng san pham cu the. ddng, huy dgng cac ngudn Iffc xd hdi hda Ddng thdi, UBND Tinh can tie'p tuc ddn gian hda nhdm md rdng ngudn vd'n vay, cung nhff cac thii tuc hanh chinh, thdng thoang hda cd che' phap kha nang giai ngan cho thanh nidn khdi ly cho doanh nghiep; cd cbinh sach ifti dai cho cdc nghiep vdi so' vd'n Idn hdn. Ngoai ra, cd doanh nghidp mdi thdnh lap hoac doanh nghidp do thdsiJdungmdtphanngudn vd'n nay lam thanh nien lam chii, nhff: mien thue' thu nhap doanh giai thffdng eho cac cudc thi khdi nghidp nghiep cd thdi han, giam thue', Uu dai thue', dp dung nhdm thu hiit thanh nidn tham gia khdi chinh sach Uu tien, trd vd'n, vay vd'n Uu dai . nghiep nhieu hdn.Q
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Ban Thudng vu Tinh Dodn Tien Giang (2020). Bdo cdo sd318'BC/TDTN-VP, ngdy 09/01/2020 ve hogt dgng Dodn vd phong trdo thanh thieu nhi tinh Tien Giang ndm 2019
2. Dodn Thi Thu Trang, Le Hid'u Hge (2018). Cdc nhdn td anh hudng tdi y dinh khdi nghiep eiia sinh vien nganh Ky thuat: Nghien cffu trffdng hdp Dai hgc Bach khoa Ha Ndi, Tgp chi Kinh te'Ddi ngogi. Trudng Dgi hgc Ngogi Thuang, so'97
3. Ajzen I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211
4. Amou, Alex (2014). Theory of Planned Behavior, Contextual Elements, Demographic Factors and Entrepreneurial Intentions of Students Kenya, European Joumal of Business and Management, 6(15)
5. Arenius, P., and Minniti, M. (2005). Perceptual variables and nascent entrepreneurship.
Small Business Economies, 24(4), 233-247
6. Autio E., H. Keeley R., Klofsten M., Parker G., and Hay M. (2001). Entrepreneurial intent among students in Scandinavia and in the USA, Enterprise and Innovation Management Studies, 2(2), 145-160
7. Bae, T. L, Qian. S., Miao, C , & Fiet, J. O. (2014). The Relationship Between Entrepreneurship Education and Entrepreneurial Intendons: A Meta-Analytic Review, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 3S(2)
8. Delmar, P., and Davidsson, P. (2000). Where do they come from? Prevalence and characteristics of nascent entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 12, 1-25
9. Fatoki, O. (2010). Graduate Entrepreneurial Intention in South Africa: Moti-vations and Obstacles, Department of Business Management, University of Fort Hare
10. Krueger, N. (1993). The impact of prior entrepreneurial exposure on perceptions of new venture feasibility and desirability, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 18(1), 5-22
11. Linan, F. and Chen, Y.-W. (2009). Development and Cross-Cultural Application of a Specific Instrument to Measure Entrepreneurial Intentions, Entrepreneurship: Theory vd Practice, 33(3), 593-617
12. Perera K. H., Jayarathna L.C.H., Gunarathna R.R.P.K. (2011). The Entrepreneurial Intention of Undergraduates in Sri Lankan Universities, Faculty of Commerce and Management Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka
13. Robinson, P. B., & Sexton, E. A. (1994). The effect of education and experience on self- employment success. Journal of Business Venturing, 9(2), 141-156
14. Shapero, A. and Sokol, L. (1982). Social dimensions of entrepreneurship m C. A. Kent, D.L. Sexton, and K.H. Vesper (Eds.), Encyclopedia of entrepreneurship, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice HaU, 72-90
15. Wang, Wei Lu, and John Kem Millington (2011). Determinants of En^epreneuna Intention gnnnno roUege Students in China and USA, Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 1(1), 35-44
