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NHUlVC IfAltf &E Pmi THIEN KHU CdN6 ItffifffEP va NHUlilG 6im PHBP NBNC CAO fffElf OffA
Vdi net ldn ve thdnh cong vd ton tqi trong phdt trien KCX va KCN d Viet Nam
Ndm 1991 KCN Tdn Thudn thdnh phd Ho Chf Minh Id khu eong nghiep d d c thu d d u tien dadc c d p gidy phep h o q t d p n g . Sou 20 ndm ddt nade ta dd hinh thdnh 223 khu eong nghiep (KCN), khu ehe xud't (KCX), khu eong nghe eao phdn b d tren 56 tfnh/ thdnh phd, trong do co 171 KCN dd di vdo hoqt ddng (ehu ye'u Id d ede thdnh p h d Idn), 52 KCN t d p trung dang hoqe se xdy dUng ed bdn, ngodi ra eon co hdng nghin cum CN, KCN nhd do dja phUdng qudn ly. Gdn 2/3 ede KCN t d p trung vdo vung Dong Nam Bd. Cdc KCX- KCN dd huy ddng sac mqnh tdng hdp eua mpi thdnh phdn kinh t e , thu hut tren 7.000 d a dn (trong vd ngodi nude) vdi tdng ngudn vdn d d u ta thUc hien hdn 20 ty USD; hdng ndm t q o ra khodng 33 ty USD trj gid hdng eong nghiep, chiem gdn 40% gid trj sdn xud't hdng cdng nghiep, gdn 30% gid trj xudt khdu eua c d nade; nop ngdn sdch 2,6 ty USD; gidi quyet viec Idm eho khodng hdn 1,5 trieu lao ddng. SU hinh thdnh ede KCN, KCX dd gop phdn d d y mqnh chuyen djch ed e d u kinh te eua ddt nade theo hadng "cdng nghiep h o d " Benh cqnh nhOng thdnh t a u , sU phdt trien KCN, KCX eua Viet Nam eung bqe Id nhieu tdn tqi, t d c dqng hqn ehe de'n ddi sdng kinh t e - xd hdi eua Viet Nam:
1, Phong trdo phdt trien KCN & KCX dd'y len d nhieu dja phUdng, gdn nhutlnh ndo eung eo (ch?
7 tinh khong ed KCN). SU eho ra ddi ede KCN mot each vdi vd md ngUdi ta khdng tfnh de'n mgt trdi eua no, hdu qud d nhieu vung ngudi ta ld'y ed dd't trong ladng thUe ndng sud't cao de Idm KCN. Vf d u , d Dong bang Song CCfu Long (DBSCL) theo Phdng ThUdng mgi vd Cdng nghiep Viet Nam, chi nhdnh Cdn Thd, hien todn vung eo 20 KCN vdi tdng dien tfch 3.645 ha, dien tfch ddt dd cho thue 810 ha, dgt ty le tren 22%. Ngodi ra, c d c tinh DBSCL cdn ldp 177 c u m CN vdi dien tfch 15.457 ha; trong d o , chl c d 15 c u m dadc c d c doanh nghiep thue vdi hdn 700 ha, ty le chT dgt 4,5% tdng dien tieh quy hogch. Vung bdn d d o Cd IVlau xo xdi, ndi nen dd't rd't ye'u, nhieu khu, c u m cdng nghiep cung d gt mpc len nha d Sdc Trdng, Cd IVlau, Bgc Ueu, Hgu Giong... sou dd dd't dgi bj bd hoang vi khdng
So: 06/2011 //////////////////////////////////
ed nhd d d u tU. NhU vdy, de'n nay, c d c tinh DBSCL c d tdi 17,690/19.102 ha dd't tqi c d c khu, cum cdng nghipp hien dien tfch bj bd trdng, chie'm hdn 92,6%, IVldi ndm rieng DBSCL ddt ndng nghipp bj mdt tdi 70,000 ha de doq an ninh lUdng thae eua qudc gia vd khu vUc - t d c dqng xdu de'n ddi sdng kinh te xd hpi c u a nhdn ddn, dqc dipt nhQng ndng ddn bj ld'y dd't Idm KCN, C5 KCN mien Trung Xii Thanh Hod tdi Binh Thudn, tinh hinh ede KCN ra ddi nhieu, nhUng ty le Idp d d y bdng ede d a dn eung rd't thdp, binh qudn khodng 30%, g d y Idng phf quy ddt, tdc dqng xdu tdi chd't iUdng phdt trien, Theo sd lieu bdo c d o eua UBND TP, HCiVI vdi Bp Tdi nguyen vd IVldi tradng ve quy hoqeh vd sCf dung dd't c u a TP. HCiVl giai dogn 2001 - 2008 dipn tfch trong lua gidm n h i l u , binh qudn 3,000 ha mdi ndm,
2, Vi nhieu KCN chqy theo muc tieu thu hut da d n , nen budng Idng kiem sodt chgt ehe hoqt dqng eua c d c doanh nghiep g d y d nhilm, dd t d c ddng xdu de'n mdi tradng, Theo Cue cdnh sdt IVldi trUdng (C36B - Tdng Cue cdnh sdt, Bp Cdng an), cho biet, trong ndm 2009 - 2010 c d tdi 70 KCN - KCX trong c d nUdc ehUa xdy dUng he thdng xQ ly chdt thdi (HTXLCT) rdn vd long, Ddng lo nggi Id c d c doanh nghiep ed HTXLCT nhUng chi de ddi phd, khdng sCf dung md Iqi xdy dUng he thdng bf mdt, phac t a p d l xd thdi trUe tie'p ra mdi tradng g d y d n h i l m tren dien rdng, tdg ddng tieu cac de'n ddi sdng kinh te - xd hpi, Hdng trdm doanh nghiep tqi ede KCN BTnh DUdng, Ddng Nai dd xd hdng trieu lit nude thdi ra sdng Dong Nai, Id ndi eung c d p nUde sinh hoqt eho hdng tripu ngadi c u a ede tinh IVIien Ddng Nam Bp, Theo Bp Tdi nguyen vd Mdi trUdng cdng b d ndm 2009: mdi ngdy ed hdng trieu m'nUdc thdi ra mdi tradng thi ed tdi 70% nade thdi ra tO c d c KCN chUa qua xCf ly, lapng chdt thdi rdn (CTR) ta c d c KCN eung dang c d chieu hUdng gia tdng, trong dd thdnh phdn CTR nguy hgi chiem tdi 20%. Ridng ndm 2010, Udc tfnh khdi lUdng CTR khu cdng nghipp c u a c d nade khodng 4,8 tripu t d n , trong dd co khodng 630.000 tdn chdt thai nguy hgi. Hipn nay vdn de thu gom vd xCf ly chdt thdi tgi c d c KCN cdn nhieu bdt c a p , nhd't Id ddi vdi vipc qudn ly, vgn
Sd Khoa Hoc va Cong Nghe Binh Phuftfc
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chuyen vd ddng ky nguon thdi ddi vdi chdt thdi nguyhqi,
3, Tinh hinh thieu lao ddng tgi ede KCN trong nhOng ndm gdn d d y rdt trdm trqng, cdn khde lao dpng dd gdn nha len den dinh diem khi tqi ede KCN, KCX tren ed nUde deu khd khdn trong viec tuyen dung lao ddng, Ngay tqi c d c KCN ndm trong vung ddng ddn cU eung khdng trdnh khoi tinh trqng khd khdn ndy: trong 6 thdng d d u ndm 2010 ede KCN d DBSCL thid'u khodng 30,000 cdng nhdn phd thdng; ede KCN Hd Npi, TP.HCM, Dong Nai hdng trdm doanh nghipp khdng the md rdng hoqt dpng sdn, hoqe chdm trien khai dU dn vi khdng tuyen dung dapc ngudn nhdn iUe, Dieu ddng ehu y ngay c d lao dpng phd thdng eung khdng the tuyen d u , them vdo tinh trqng chuyen chd lao dpng "vd - ra doanh nghiep" rd't phd bie'n len den 50 - 60% tdng sd lao ddng, khien doanh nghidp bj dpng, chi phf kinh doanh tdng vi chi phf tuyen dung mdi, chi phf ddo tqo hud'n luyen Idn, sdn phdm hdng nhieu do thieu cdng nhdn ed kinh nghiem, tdc ddng xdu de'n khd ndng cqnh tranh eua ede doanh nghipp, Nguyen nhdn ehu y e u Id iUdng cdng nhdn tqi ede KCN, KCX rd't thdp, ehe dp vd dieu kien lao dpng, dieu kien sdng khdng dUde ddm bdo. Da so c d c trung tdm KCN nhU Ddng Nai, Binh DUdng,TP,HCM.,. cdng nhdn Id ddn nhdp eU chie'm t a 70 - 90% nhUng chu doanh nghipp vd ede ed quan qudn ly ed lien quan chUa quan tdm thod ddng den dieu kien nhd d , sinh hoqt eua cdng nhdn, Theo thdng ke eua ede ban qudn ly ede KCN ehl ed 2% so cdng nhdn dang Idm viec trong ede KCN dUdc iUu tru trong ede chung cU do ehu doanh nghiep xdy, Ngodi ra, nhieu doanh nghipp khdng quan tdm de'n cdng tdc ddo tgo nhdn IUe: theo khdo sdt c u a Sd Khoa hpc vd Cdng nghe TP,HCM ehl 30% doanh nghipp ehu y ndng eao trinh dp eho cdn bp, cdng nhdn vien,
4, Da sd ede doanh nghiep dang hogt dpng tgi c d c KCN hien nay thudc ngdnh cdng nghiep thdm dung lao ddng, hoqe ede ngdnh ehe bien mang tfnh d nhilm: Idp rdp hdng dien, dien tCf, det may, gidy dep, nhudm, hod chdt... ft doanh nghipp c d trinh dp cdng nghe eao, Ke't qud khdo sdt tqi c d c KCN d c d c thdnh phd Idn (TP.HCM ehl c d 3/429 doanh nghiep) thi ehl ed 1% doanh nghipp dqttrinh dp cdng nghp d mQc tien tie'n;
khd Id 4%; trung binh khd eung c h i d mQc 8%; trung binh Id 36% vd d mQc dp cdng nghe thd'p chie'm tdi 51%, Cdc KCN eua ed nUde eung ed tinh trqng tUdng t u , thdm chf cdn te hdn, NhU vdy, hoqt dpng eua ede KCN ehl t d c dpng de'n nen kinh te theo hudng "Cdng nghiep hod", chii chUa tham gia tfch cUe vdo qud trinh "Hien dqi hod" nen kinh te Viet Nam, Ddy cung Id he qud c u a muc tieu thu hut d d u t u de thod mdn nhu edu "khdt vd'n"
"Idp d d y " ede KCN md xem nhe sU chpn ldc d a d n , chfnh sdch Uu tien, Uu ddi dU dn cdng nghe eao ehUa hdp ddn,
5, Hipn tUdng quy hoqeh tree tqi c d c KCN eon khd phd bien, khidn nhdn ddn trong c d c vung ndy sd'ng trong tinh trqng bdt dn nhieu ndm: khdng dUde xdy dang, khdng giao djch chuyen nhUdng, khdng dUde thay ddi muc dfeh sCf dung... nhieu ddn khieu ngi, khieu t d , bieu tinh ed lien quan de'n phdt trien KCN, Tqi DBSCL ed tdi 100,000 hp ddn bj dnh hudng bdi viec thu hdi dd't Idm KCN, the nhUng vung ndy dien tfch tgi c d c KCN eho thue rd't thd'p, ndng ddn khdng eon dd't canh tdc, khdng cd viec Idm tqi chd vT nhieu KCN chUa trien khai, eude sdng ed cUc,
6, Cd sd hq tdng ke't nd'i trong vd ngodi KCN eon yeu: DUdng xd ehUa m d , giao thdng khd khdn, thie'u dien... khie'n nhieu KCN bj bd khdng,
NhCrng nguyen nhdn dSn tdi ton tqi trong phdt trien cac KCN
1, Cl ca'p vT mo: Trung Udng ldn dja phUdng chUa ed chidn iUdc de phdt trien ede KCN, ddn tdi sU phdt trien tuy tien, ngdu hQng d nhieu ndi:
Quy hoqeh treo, gidi t o d , den bu xong bd hoang eho CO mpc; xdy dUng xong edsd hg tdng, khdng kiem dUdc nhd d d u t u , c d d d u tU rdi thi khdng tuyen dUde cdng nhdn,..
2, Chdt iUdng phdt trien KCN thd'p: chUa mang tfnh lien tinh, lien vung; KCN ddng d ede vj trf d l ldy lan d nhilm nhU gdn sdng nUde hogc ndm trong khu ddn ea... Quy hoqeh KCN ehaa d d m bdo vdi chd d , ndi iUu tru sinh hogt cho cdng nhdn,
3, He thd'ng phdp ludt, ede vdn bdn hadng ddn ed lien quan de'n phdt trien KCN nha: Lugt lao dpng, ludt ve mdi tradng, ve phdt t r i l n KCN, quy djnh ve IUdng tdi t h i l u , ve thu hut d a dn cdng nghe cao... cdn nhieu diem khdng phu hdp,
4, ThUc chd't c d c cdng ty phdt trien KCN Id
S(f Khoa Hoc va
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cdng ty kinh doanh bdt ddng sdn, nhUng quy che ve vd'n de ndy chua hodn thien khie'n n h i l u nhd d d u t a d d u ed dd't: Idm d u dn phdt trien KCN nhUng sou khi dUde phe duyptthi chuyen nhUdng kiem Idi hoqe thay ddi cdng ndng "xe dd't" bdn n i n g d y Idng phf, bOc xuc eho nhdn ddn vung gidi tod gidnh ddt phuc vu cho phdt trien KCN,
5. Cd che qudn ly mdi trUdng tqi c d c KCN cdn chdng cheo, hogt ddng kem hieu q u d ; miic phgt ve g d y d n h i l m mdi trUdng ehUa mang tfnh rdn de khie'n nhieu doanh nghiep cii g d y d n h i l m rdi chiu phgt, VI chi phf phqt thdp hdn nhieu so vdi chi phf d d u tUehoxCfiyd n h i l m ,
6, Chien iUdc xuc tien d d u t u chUa bdi bdn, thid'u tdm nhin xa trdng rdng: ehUa ed sU chpn Ipc trong thu hut d d u t u , vdn eon tU tUdng thu hut d d u tUvdi mpi gid, m i i n Id'p d d y KCN, ChUa quan tdm de'n ede d u dn thdn thien vdi mdi trUdng...
7 ChUa ed chien IUdc d d u tU vdo phdt trien ngudn nhdn IUe d d p Qng sU phdt trien, chuyen djch ngdnh nghe tqi c d c KCN.
Nhufng giai phdp ndng cao hieu qud phat trien cac KCN Viet Nam ddp Crng vdi nhu cdu hpi nhqp kinhte quoc te:
1, BpKe hoqeh vd Ddu tUxdydUng d i d n phdt trien ede KCN & KCX Viet Nam giai doqn: 2010 - 2020 trinh Chfnh phu phe duypt, Chien IUdc ndy phdi ndu rd "sQ mqng" nhiem vu eua c d c KCN trong dieu kien hdi nhdp mdi: khi cdng ddng ASEAN ra ddi vdo ndm 2015 vd de'n ndm 2018 sou khi Viet Nam thUe thi ede cam ket md cCfa thj trudng thUdng mqj vd d d u tU thi dUde WTO thQa nhdn Id nUde ed nen kinh te'thi tradng,
2, Xdy dUng chien IUdc phdt trien ede KCN theo vung kinh te: Vung trpng d i l m m i i n Tdy Nam
Bp; Vung trpng diem phfa Nam; mien Trung vd phfa Bdc... Mdi vung phdi the hien the mqnh eua minh trong phdt trien KCN, khdng nen c d c vung kinh te c d ldi the khde nhau md Iqi ed md hinh phdttrien KCN gid'ng nhau,
3, Hodn thien c d c bd lugt vd ede vdn bdn phdp quy t g o hdnh long phdp ly cho viec chdng d n h i l m mdi tradng, sCf dung td't ngudn nhdn lac, khuye'n khfch thu hut c d c d u dn cdng nghp cao,
4, Xdy dang c d c ludt v i KCN; ludt dinh cdng;
bdi cdng... c d c ludt ndy t g o c d sd phdp ly cho phdt trien b i n vOng c d c KCN,
5, Xdy dUng quy trinh xdy dUng, vgn hdnh KCN t r i n nguydn tdc:
Vdi ede d a dn KCN d vung ndng nghidp nha Vung DBSCL, Ddng bdng Sdng Hdng... mud'n dapc cd'p gidy phep d d u t u KCN phdi ndm trong quy hoqeh; ehu d d u tU KCN phdi trinh b d y luqn chOng kinh t i ky thudt, c d kem theo bdn gidi trinh v i tdc ddng eua KCN den mdi trUdng vd phadng dn xCf ly; Phadng dn d i n bu gidi tod dd't, tdi ldp tdi djnh ea eho ngudi ddn d vung bj ld'y dd't Idm KCN,..
trude Hdi ddng lidn ngdnh, Ban chl dgo Vung kinh te, dqi dien sd Tdi nguyen Mdi trUdng, dgi di^n sd Ndng nghidp vd Phdt triln Ndng thdn, dgi di^n c u a ngadi ddn d vung ed dd't bj thu hdi. Ngodi ra, KCN ehl dupe vgn hdnh, thu hut nhd d d u tU sou khi dd xdy dUng xong he thdng xCf ly nUde thdi vd chd't thdi rdn,
6, Hodn thien quy hoqeh tdng the vd c d c quy hoqeh chi tie't v i phdt trien KCN, c d c quy hogch phdi tfnh den y e u tddd't ddnh cho hoqt ddng ddu t u , ddnh eho c d y xanh, ddt ddnh cho phdt triln nhd d vd cdng trinh phuc ldi phuc vu cho ngUdi lao dpng, cho c d y xanh, dd't ddnh cho phdt trien nhd 6 vd cdng trinh phuc ldi phuc vu eho ngadi lao dpng,
7, Hodn thien IUdng td'i t h i l u (vi nay dd Igc hgu), tie'n tdi bd logi IUdng ndy md de eho thj trudng dieu t i i t , Cdc nhd hoqeh djnh chien IUdc d c d c cd'p ehu y: IUdng thd'p, dieu ki^n sdng vd Idm viec khd cUc Id nguyen nhdn Idn nhdt ddn tdi khdng tuyen dung dUde lao ddng; cdng nhdn bo viec thadng xuydn vd thay ddi chd Idm lien tuc,
8, Thay ddi ed c d u d d u t u vdo c d c KCN d cdc thdnh phd Idn nha TPHCM, Hd Npi,... gidm vd tien tien ngUng thu hut dU dn thdm dung lao dpng, g d y d n h i l m mdi trudng; thu hut c d c d a dn cdng nghe c a o , dU dn tqo dUdc gid trj gia tdng cao tgi Vipt Nam; d a dn thdn thien vdi mdi trUdng,
Tdm Iqi sau 20 ndm hinh thdnh vd phdt triln h§
thd'ng KCN, KCX d d trd thdnh lUc lapng cd sa ddng gdp khdng nho cho sa phdt triln kinh t l nude nhd theo hUdng "cdng nghidp hod" vd hpi nhdp nhanh vdi n i n kinhte t h i gidi. Tuy nhien, tfnh hieu qud vd ben vOng c u a sU phdt t r i l n c d c KCN ehaa c a o , c d n phdi d p dung hd thdng c d c gidi phdp t a doanh nghipp d i n Chfnh phu gidi quyet./.
GS.TS. Vo Thanh Thu TrUdng Dgi Hqc Kinh TS' TP. HCM
