Nghien cdu - Trao ddi
PHU Ntr VOa c u o c C A C H M A N G C O N G N G H I E P 4.0 CO HOI VA THACH THlTC
ThS. NGUYEN THI THUY NHUNG'
Tom tat: Trong bdi cdnh cdng nghiep hda, hien dgi hda vd todn cdu hda, ngudi phu nit vira thuc hien thien ehirc ddi vdi gia dinh, vira chu dpng tgo lap the binh ddng trong so sdnh vdi nam gidi. Du trong nhiing dieu kien lich su - xd hpi dgc biet ndo, phu nir cung diu hodn thdnh tdt nhiiu vai trd khde nhau, cd nhimg ddng gdp to ldn tren tdtcd linh vuc cua ddi sdng xd hpi.
Trong bdi cdnh cua cupe Cdch mgng cdng nghiep 4.0, phi^ nit cdn ldm gi de tiep tue khdng dinh vi the, vai trd trong ddi sdng xd hdi Id vdn de dgc biet quan trgng. Bdi viit tap tmng phdn tich nhieng ca hdi vd thdch thiic, tit do di xudt mpt sd gidi phdp nhdm tgo diiu kiin cho phu nu tiep can nhanh chdng vd hieu qud cdc thdnh tuu cua cudc Cdch mgng cdng nghiep 4.0.
Tukhoa: binh ddng gidi; phu nit; Cdch mgng cdng nghiep 4.0
I
Dat van de"Phu nir la mdt, mdt nhdm hay tdt ca
• nil gidi da trudng thanh, hoac dupc cho la da trudng thanh ve mat xa hdi. Khai niem nay cho thay mdt cai nhin it nhat la trung lap, hoac the hien tMen cam, sy tran trgng nhat dinh tir pMa ngudi sir dyng"<".
Cach mang cdng nghiep 4.0 vdi sy hdi tu ciia cac kham pha khoa hgc, kdt hgp vdi nhiing sang tao cdng nghe "nhay vgt", di tu cong ngMep ty
'*' Hpc vien Chinh tri khu vyc II, Hpc vien Chinh tri qu6c gia H6 Chi Minh
5 5/2020
ddng hda tien thang vao nhung nhan td dot pha cua ky thuat sd. Cach mang cdng ngMep 4,0 tap trung vao ba nhan td chu chdt, bao gdm: (1) Tri tue nhan tao (Al) - la cdng nghe md phdng cac qua trinh tu duy, nhan th«c cua con ngudi, ttong do cd cac qua trinh hgc tap, pii5n tich, xii Iy, lap luan, dy bao, tu didu chinh,.. AI cdn md phdng dugc ca mdt sd hanh vi ciia con ngudi, tiong dd chira dyng ttang thai tmh thdn, cam xiic, kha nang img xir phu hop vdi timg tinh hudng, hoan canh; (2) Intemet vira vat (loT) - la he thdng raang dien tii mdi dya ttgn cdng nghe thdng tin va cdng nghe truyen tiidng, khdng cM kdt noi con ngucri vdi vat thg, con nguiri vdi con ngudi, ma cdn kdt ndi ca vat tiie vdi vat
Nghie,, Ou-Troo aoi
the, Iam cho may mdc cd the giao tidp vdi may mdc ttong mdi tiudng chung da tdng ndc, da cMdu canh thdng qua viec sir dung cac cdng cu Men dai;
(3) Dii lieu Idn - Big Data,
Nhu vay, eupe each mang nay la budc phat tndn mdi ciia nhan loai, vdi quy md dot pha ve cdng nghe chua tiing cd, khdng cM thuc day sy phat trien ve mat kinh tg, din den sy ximt Men hinh thai kinh te mdi, ma cdn lam thay ddi can ban each nghT, ldi sdng, phuang thiic lam viec va quan he giiia con ngudi vdi eon ngudi tiong mpi boat dgng xa hpi. Nd tac ddng toan dien len mpi mat ciia ddi sdng xa hdi, khdng bd qua bat ky ai. Tmdc bdi canh dd, nir gidi can lam gi va lam nhu the nao nham tMch iing vdi mdi trudng lam viec mdi me, ham chiia vd tan eo hdi, nhung di lien vdi nhiing thach thirc chua timg cd dugc dat ra ttr cudc Cach mang cdng ngMep 4.0.
2. Ctf hgi va thach thue dat ra doi vol nu gidi tir cugc Cach mang cong nghiep 4.0
- Ve cff hpi
Thie nhdt, Cdch mgng cdng nghiep 4 0 vdi nhiing dot phd vi cdng nghi tgo thudn lgi kep cho phu nd - vira qudn xuyen cdng viec gia dinh, viea cd thi tham gia cdng viec xd hpi
Dudi anh hudng sau dam cua tu tudng Nho giao, ngudi phu nii truyen thdng phuong Ddng ndi chung, phu nu Viet Nam ndi rigng thudng dupc quan mem phai bao dam "/am tdng, tu due".
Nhiing tu tudng nay ttudc day nliu mdt khudn mdu mang tinh chat gd ep, tid thanh ganh nang cho ngudi phu nu, ttdi budc hp. Tuy nMen, Men nay, nd lai trd thanh gia tri, tiie manh va quyen lyc tao ndn vi thg cua ngudi phu nir tiong gia dinh, dugc vi nhu "md neo" gan kdt giira hp vdi ngiriri chdng, con cai va bac sinh thanh; tham chi la Wiung thanh vien khac ttong ddng ho, thdng qua pham gia, tiich nhiem va sy sSn sang hy smb. Dieu nay gdp phan lam giam di su "rung lac" nhiing gia tri ndn tang, |2 sgi day ket ndi, giam su "gay dirt" va tao ng" su gan ket ben chat ban giiia cac thanh vien ttong gia dmh. Day cbinb la stic manh vd hinh, siic manh mem gan ket ngudi phu nii vdi gia dmh.
Vdi su phat trign manh me cua cac tMgt bi thdng minh, tao ra su ket ndi van vat thdng qua
Mtemet da, dang va se bd tig mt lon cha phy nu ttong van dd "lao dgng ndi ud'. Cac tiuet b, gia dung duoc tieh hap cdng nghe loT da gmp hg co tiidm cdng cu hd tig cdng viec nha, quan Iy con cai va Cham sdc ngudi gia. Thai gian tm, chung ta se khdng cdn xa la vdi su xuat hien cua nhung cMdc tii lanh sidu thdng minh, ngoai tac dyng bao quan thyc pham cdn i the nhan biet fliue pham cd ttong tii; robot cd dig ndu an, phuc vy dgn dep, cham sdc ngucn gia \ tte nhd chu dao...
Ben canh dd, nhimg co bdi ldn tiong cdng viec se dupc tao ra cho phu nir, giup bp chii dgng hon ttong viec tim kiem viec lam khi dugc giai phdng khdi nhimg rang budc ciia "lao ddng ngi ttg", vdi su xudt hien ciia nMdu nganh nghg mdi, edng cu quan ly va cdng cu hd ttp cdng viec mdi. Trude day, phu nii tim kidm cdng viec tai eac cdng ty va hdng ngay phai hoan thanh edng viec do. Hien nay, ed thd giai quygt vdn dg nay bdi su sang tao ciia chmh hp, ttong dd, ban hang tiije tiiyen la lya chgn mdi, sang tao giiip hp chii dpng tiidi gian, vira quan xuyen cdng viec gia dinh, vira cd the tao ra thu nhap mgt each Meu qua, Iam chu kinh te khdng bi phu thudc vao ngudi chdng va ty tin tiong cugc sdng gia fflnh.
Thu hai. ngudi phu nd si duge gidi phdng vi mat thdi gian - mpt trong nhieng vdn di khi de cap den nhieng khd khdn nhdm ndng cao vi the, vai trd cua ngudi phu nii
KM phan tich ve vai ttd gidi, cd thd thay, "it thdi gian" la mdt ttong nbimg Uid khan Idn nhat cua ngudi phy nir. Phu nii Viet Nam, dac biet a vimg ndng thdn, thudng bi bd hep ttong eae mdi quan he gia dinh, ludn ban rdn vdi cdng viec nha va cham sdc con cai, nghla la thdi gian danh cho
"lao ddng ndi tra" qua nMeu. Thdi gian ngM ngoi, hpc tap, tiau ddi cae ky nang dg tim kigm nhiing cdng viec ben ngoai lai qua it. Phdn ldn hp song phu thudc vao ehdng va gia duih chong.
Cupe Caeh mang edng nghiep 4.0 mang Iai tiiuan lgi vd cimg, vd tan giiip hg hoan thanh dugc vai ttd kep - "vira gidi viec nudc, viea tidm viec nhd ". Phu nu dugc giai phdng khdi "lao ddng ndi ttg", nen y niem "hy smb" vi gia dinh ham chiia y nghia tich cue va mang mau sdc chu dpng hon
-> 5/2020
Nghiin cdu - Trao doi 73 Vira hoan thanh cdng vi?c gia dinh va danh thdi
gian nghi ngoi, cham sdc ban than, vira hgc tap, phdn ddu, tim kiem nhiing cdng viec theo dam me va phat huy tinh ddc lap, tu chii tiong cudc sdng la xu thg mdi cua ngudi phy nir trudc ngudng cira ciia cupe each mang nay.
- Vi thdch thirc
Mpt Id, ldm gia tdng nhung "rung lac" trong cugc sdng gia dinh
Nhimg dot pha vg cdng nghe da tao thuan Igi kep cho phy nu, nhung ciing dem lai tiiach thiic khdng nhd ddi vdi bp. Khi cd sy xuat Men ciia cac tMgt hi cdng nghe, thdng tin ludn dugc cap nhat nhanh chdng, dgn kip vdi hang tiieu ngudi. Tuy nMen, kM thdng tin qua nMeu, khdng ngimg tiiay ddi, nMeu cMdu va phiic tap se din dgn nMeu he luy khd ludng. Vi du, tiong viec kiem soat con cai, giiia mdt co may khdng Id thdng tm, ndu khdng chgn lgc thdng tin, khdng Idem soat con eai se de hi cac ddi tugng thu thap tbdng tin cho myc dieh xdu, dac biet la sy bimg phat cua mang xa hgi.
Theo CO quan an ninh mang cdng bd nam 2016, eii 10 ngudi diing facebook, tM cd 6 ngudi cd thg tiep can vdi thdng tin xau, khdng diing su that. Day la thach tiiiie, la ngudn gdc lam nay smh cac tieu cue xa hpi dudi tac ddng cua mang xa hdi'^'.
Viec Idem soat qua mirc giira cac thanh vign trong gia fflnli cd nguy co din den ran nut tinh cam. CM can mdt tMdt bi cong nghe thdng minh nhu smartphone, con ngudi cd thd kiem soat ian nhau ttong mpi khdng gian va thdi gian. Digu nay mang tinh hai mat: mdt mat, nd dem lai cam giac an tam cho ngudi than; mat khac, nd tao ra nhihig he lyy kMdn mdi ngudi cam thay quydn ty do cua minh bi danh mdt, Iam suy giam gia tti Idng tin.
Kiem soat bang Idng tin dugc thay the bang kidm soat bdng cdng nghe, iau ddn Iam cho tinh cam cac thanh vign tiong gia dmh phai nhat, dac biet la tmh cam vp chdng, cd the din den do vd hdn nhan.
Trong thdi dai mdi, viec dl dang tigp can nhiing gia til eua phuang Tay din ddn sy va dap giiia cac gia tri Ddng - Tay, lam xdi mdn nhieu gia tri ca ban ciia ngudi phuong Ddng. Trong do, quan he hdn nhan de bi diit gay la vi du dien hinh. O Viet Nam, ty Ie ly hdn nam 2018 chiem tdi 31,4%, tiic
la cii 03 cap kgt hdn tM cd 01 cap ly bdn. Trong dd, 60% sd vy ly hdn thudc vg cac gia dinh tie, tudi vg ehdng cM tir 21 ddn 30; 70% sd vu ly bdn kM ket hdn tii I -7 nam va hau hdt da ed eon'^'. Ddi vdi van hda phuong Tay, Iy bdn la chuyen binh thudng, nhung d phuang Ddng, ly hdn cd thg tao ra nhimg sang chan tam ly gia dinh Idn cho con cai ciia hp.
Bdi vi, mdi quan he giua con cai gdn chat vdi gia dinb tmygn thdng.
Cd the thay, ttong xa hgi phuong Ddng ndi chung, xa hdi Viet Nam ndi rigng, tir iau, phy nii phai sdng vdi lg giao phong kign eiia Nho giao. Vi vay, mdt ttong nbiing dac diem da khac sau vao suy nghT ciia phu ntr la an phan, dan den thidu tu tin vao ban than. Dieu nay khign cho cudc sdng cua hp di theo "vdng luan quan" - ganh nang gia dinh va ttach nMem vdi xa hdi. Viec dung hda nhirng dieu nay la trd ngai ldn, dan den thach thiic - gia tang rui ro tiong bdn nhan, giam vai ttd ciia ban ddi va sy tuong tac tryc tiep giiia cac thanh vidn khi cd su can thiep qua sau cua eac thiet bi Men dai.
Hai la, gia tdng nil ro trong viec tiep cgn cdc ngudn luc tu mdi trudng xd hdi
Cach mang cdng ngMep 4.0 la tien de din dgn sy tigu vong ciia qua trinh lao ddng bang sire nguiri, thay vao dd la qua trinli ty ddng hda - cdng nghe tu dgng, tii tue nhan tao, bdi ap luc nang suat va lgi nhuan. Ngudn lyc con ngucri tham gia tryc tiep vao boat dgng san xuat giam ve so lupng, nhung ddi hdi cao vg ky nang van hanh, tir dd Iam diay doi Idn frong co cau lao ddng ca vg lugng va chat.
He qua, din den mdt bd phan khdng nhd ttong Iuc lupng lao ddng mat viec Iam, dae biet la Iao ddng nii. Mdt sd nganh nghe tmygn tiidng cd nbieu lao dgng nii khi dupc ty ddng hda, cd the dan dgn mat viee lam, hg se bi dao thai.
Viet Nam la mgt tiong nhiing nudc cd ty le nii tham gia thi ttrrdng lao ddng cao so vdi the gidi (khoang 72%), cao ban miic tiung bmh thg gidi (49%), nhung do tiiidu tay nghd, tiinh do chuyen mdn thdp, lam viec ttong cac nganh tiiam dyng lao dgng, chdt lugng viec Iam cua lao ddng nir chua dn dinh va thidu bdn viing, viec tim kiem mdt cong viee mdi doi vdi bp lai rat khd khan''''.
56 5/2020
Nghien cdu . Trao doi
O Met Nam, ty le Iao ddng nu Iam cac nghg gian don cMgm 44%, cM cd 20% Iao ddng nii qua dao tao. Nhu vay, cd tdi 80% Iao dpng nii kbduj cd chuygn mdn, ky tiiuat; 70% Iao ddng ttong cac khu cdng ngMep, khu chg xuat la nii, Trgn 50% Iao dgng nii cd trinb dp tidu hpc va trung hgc ca sd*^'.
Theo Td chiic Lao ddng qude te (ILO), nam 2016, Viet Nam cd tdi 86%) Iao ddng ttong nganh det may va giay dep cd nguy co cao mat viec dudi tac dgng ciia nhting dot pha ve cdng nghe do cupe Cach mang cdng ngMep 4,0 dem Iai. Trong may mac, may cat tu ddng dupc sir dung, mdi may thay the 15 cdng nhan ttong cdng doan cat; 3/4 lao ddng ttong nganh dien, dien tir se bi thay the bdi robot. Nam 2011, Cdng ty Canon Thang Long cd 13 nghin edng nhan, den 2018 cMcdn 8 nghin cdng nhan nhung san Iugng khdng thay ddi (do robot thay the)<^i.
Digu nay se gay tMet hai ldn, vi det may va giay dep la cac nganh dang tao nMeu viec lam cho ngudi lao ddng (gan 2,3 trieu ngudi, ttong do khoang 78% la lao ddng nu lam viec tiong nganh det may). Ty Ie lao ddng nii sau kM mat viec Iam d khu cdng ngMep (phan ldn lao ddng d khu vyc pM chinh thtic) thudng di ban hang rong, cMdm 82,6%; 12,1% Iam cdng viec tir do*'>,
Vdi thyc ttang ttdn, lao dgng nir de bi tut hau, bi dao tiiai va bi bd lai pMa sau, ap luc hpc hdi va su thien vi ttong tiiang tien se la nhiing rao can Idn day hp tut lai pMa sau ttong qua trinh phat trien.
Khdng nhirng die, kM eac thanh tuu dot pha cua cudc Cach mang cdng ngMep 4.0 ngay cang dugc img dung nMdu ban, tiinh do chuyen mdn, ky thuat, ky nang mem ttong Iao dgng ciing la thach thiic ldn ddi vdi phu nii,
Tliem vao dd, tinh ttang ban che sir dung Iao dgng nii d tudi 35 ttd len dang la van dd ndi len ttong Ihi trudng lao ddng, kMen lao ddng nii phai ddi raat vdi nguy co sut giam thu nhap, tham cM raat ngudn thu nhap do giam gid Iam hoae mat vide lam. Tren thuc te, ddi sdng ciia Iao ddng nii tai cac khu cdng ngMep, khu che xuat vdn da chiu nMdu ap Iuc do lucmg thap, cac khoan cM tieu ngay mgt tang Ign, tiong kM khdng cd ngudn thu nhap dn dinh se cang khd khan ban. Viec tiep can
u, tiiu hudng van hda, vm choi, giai cac dich vy,
ciia phy nii cang ttd ndn xa xl va Iam anh hudng ciiabp.
Lg nii khdng ngMem ttong ddn chdt lugng cudc song _ Nhuvaybdtbmhddngvgkinhtelanguongoc ddu tien va quan tiong nhdt din den gia tmg bat binh ddng gidi. Didu nay tic ddng sau sac den tien tinh phat tiidn chung cua ca hai gidi.
3. D^ xuat giai phap
Cach mang cdng nghiep 4,0 mang Iai nhigu co hdi va tiiach thuc ddi vdi ngudi phu nu. De tan dung CO hdi, khac phuc tiiach tiiiic, bai vidt de xuat mpt so gidi phdp &3M: , ,
Mdt Id, can xay dyng chuang tiinh cy tiie ve dao tao va nghg ngMep ttong cae iinh vuc tang ttndng manh, dupc tea luong cao, nhu khoa hgc va cdng nghe, ky tiiuat, nghe thuat va toan hgc (ggi tat la STEAM). Tren ca sd do, cd ke hoach thu biit su tham gia cua nii gidi va tte em gai. CM cd nhu vay radi giiip hp cd dugc viec lam, tranh bi bd Iai pMa sau.
Hai Id, xay dung cac chuong ttinh hpc tap true tuyen dg ntr gidi cd them co hdi hgc tap, dong thdi xda bd bat binh dang gidi ttong viec tiep can cdng nghe thdng tin va truygn thdng.
Ba Id, ve pMa ca nhan nir gidi, can chii ddng nang cao nhan tiiirc, Meu de hda nhap, ndu khdng se khd tMch ngM vdi nhiing thay ddi ma cudc each nay mang Iai. Do dd, phu nii can trang hi kien thiic, ky nang, Meu sau va lam chii khoa hpc - cdng nghe, sang tao va tao ra thanh cdng ttong thdi dai cdng nghe sd dg lara chii cupe sdng.
Bdn la, chu ddng hpc tap nang cao trinh dp chuyen mdn, ky thuat bang each tham gia vao cac khda dao tao lai, nhat la nhung nganh nghd mdi, dap ling ygu cau mdi. Trang bi nhiing ky nang radm, nhu ky nang lara viec, kha nang sang tao, tMch img, linh boat vdi cdng viec va giao tiep, trinh dp ngoai ngii, tin hgc... Bdi vl, ttmh dp chuyen mdn, ky tiiuat va cac bang cap chua dii dg quyet dinh Meu qua ttong cdng viec. Nhung ngu'di lara viec Meu qua va dd tiiang tien khdng thg tMdu nhiing ky nang mem, lao dpng nii ciing khdng ngoai Ig su thanh cdng phai hdi tu dii tat ca nhirng ydu td tten nhara thich img kip vdi nhu cau cua su phat tndn
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V2020
