NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT
CACH MANG CONG NGHIEP VA PHAP LUAT
TV^n Thj Quang Hing*
* TS. Trydng ban NCPL Dan sU-kinh te; Vi^n Khoa hpc phap ly- Bp TiT phap.
Thong tin bai vi^t:
Tit khoa: each mgng c6ng nghifp, iing xii chinh sdch phdp lugt, nhom lpi the, nhom bat lpi.
Lich sic bdi viel- Nhgn bdi Bifn tgp Duyft bai Article Infomatio Keywords: in policy and legal losers.
Article History:
Received Edited Approved
02/4/2020 20/4/2020 27/4/2020 n:
dustrial revolution, response, winners.
02 Apr. 2020 20 Apr. 2020 27 Apr. 2020
Tom tat:
Bai viet nay danh gid ve si^ phat trien ciia phap luat hifn dgi dudi tac d^ng ciia ba cupe cdch mang cong nghifp dsi dien ra tru6c day, tti do rut ra nhiing bdi hpc va nhung hdm y vf iing xii chinh sach, phdp lugt trong cupe each mgng cong n ^ f p lan thii tu.
Abstract:
This article provides analysis of the evolution of modem iaw under the influence of three previous industrial revolutions. It is also to draw important implications for the policy and legal responses to the 4"" industrial revolution.
C
ach mgng cdng nghiep (CMCN) ludn tao ra nhirng biln ddi ldn vl mat xa hpi va di kem vdi nd la sy phdt trien tuang iing cua h^ thdng phdp ludt.Trong boi cdnh the gidi budc vao cudc cdch raang cdng nghiep Idn thii tu (CMCN 4.0), vipc nhin nh|n lgi sy phdt trien ciia phdp lugt qua cdc cupe CMCN mang lgi nhung bdi hpc quan trpng vl ling xir chinh sdch vd phdp luat ddi vdi sy phdt trien ciia cdng nghp vd tdc dpng cua nd tdi kinh te xa hpi, giiip Vipt Nam ling phd hieu qud vdi nhiing thdch thiic cua CMCN lan thii tu vd tgn dung dupc co
hdi de dua Viet Nara thdnh mpt qudc gia phdt trien. Phdn iing ve mat phdp ludt cua Nhd nudc ddi vdi cdc tdc ddng cua CMCN cd the dupc nhin iihdn d nhilu gdc dp. Ci gdc dd phdn hod xd hpi, cdc cudc CMCN ludn tgo ra hai nhdm chu yeu, dd Id nhdm gidnh dupc uu thi trong CMCN (wmner) va nhdm gap bat lpi va bj thua thipt tii CMCN (loser).
Tir CMCN, cd nhihig qudc gia trd nen thjnh vupng va cd qudc gia di xudng; cd nhiing doanh nghiep mdi phdt trien ldn mgnh vd cd nhung doanh nghipp phd sdn; cd nhung cdng nhan vuan len vd cd nhimg ngudi mdt vipc.
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NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT CO ngudi kiem duac cd gia tai, cd ngudi mdt cd gia tdi'. Nhu vdy, bat ky chii thi nao, du d binh dien cd nhdn, td chiic hay qudc gia deu cd the Id winner hoge loser trong cdc cudc CMCN. LTng xir vdi winner vd loser la mdt khia cgnh quan trpng de nhin nhan vl sy phdt trien cua phdp ludt qua cdc cudc CMCN.
1. Cdch mang cong nghifp I^n thu- nhat:
Ctf sd cho sur hinh thdnh ciia phdp ludt hifn d^i
Cudc CMCN dau tien trong lich sir lodi ngudi dien ra vao cudi the ky 18, ddu the ky 19, dac trung cua nd Id ca gidi hda va may mdc bat dau thay the con ngudi.
Lich sir giai doan ndy da chiing kiSn sy trdi dgy cua giai cap tu sdn - nhdm gidnh dupc uu the cua cupe CMCN lan thii nhat.
D§ thiet lap va khang dinh vj the cua minh, giai cap tu sdn da ddu tranh cho sy tdch rdi cua quyen lyc nhd nudc vdi quyen lyc ciia gido hdi vd phdp ludt ciia nha nudc tdch ra khdi phdp ludt cua gido hdi. Nhdn quySn vd ddc lgp dan tpc cung la nhung gid trj dupe giai cap tu sdn thiic day, dua den den sy ra ddi ciia cdc bdn Tuyen ngdn ddc lap cua nudc My ndm 1776^, Tuyen ngdn nhdn
quyen vd dan quyin d nudc Phdp nam 1789, de cao quyin con ngudi, quyen ty do ca nhdn vd quyen ty quyet dan tpc'. Tu tudng trong cac ban tuyen ngdn ndy ciing la ca sd dl ra ddi Hiln phdp - van ban phdp Iy tdi cao che udc mdi quan he giiia cdng ddn vd nhd nudc, ddu tien d nudc My va sau do la nhieu qudc gia chau Au khdc". Hien phdp Id van bdn ve td chiic nha nudc vd Id rapt cdng cy quan trpng cung cd vi the ciia giai cap tu sdn mdi troi day trong cupe CMCN lan thii nhat.
Vdi vipc de cao tu tudng nhan quyen va dan quyen, d nudc Anh, nam 1807, vipc budn bdnndlpdabjbaibd.Nam 1832, Nghi vifn Anh thdng qua Dao ludt Dai cdi cdch, cho phep cdc thdnh phd cdng nghipp nhu Birmingham vd Manchester cd dai difn trong Nghi vifn, tir do Idm thay dli mgnh me che dp ddn chu dgi nghi^.
Tuy nhien, Ijch sir cung ghi n h ^ ve nhiing loser ddu tien cua CMCN: cac luddite - tir tieng Anh ddnh de chi nhung ngudi tham gia vdo phong trao dgp phd mdy mdc diln ra vdo thdi ky ddu cua CMCN d nudc Anh - tnmg tdm ciia CMCN lan thii nhat.
Cdc luddite ban ddu Id nhimg ngudi thp dft ldnh nghe dupc ddo tgo lara vifc thii cdng.
Bdt binh trudc vien cdnh nhiing co rady vd
1 J. Byron McCormick, The Third Industrial Revolution, Like Moore's Law, Is a Guide to the Future, https://www.hufipostconi/entry/third-industrial-revoiution-moores-law_b_8537990.
2 Declaration of Independence, ht^s://www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/declaration-of-indq)endence.
3 La Declaration des Droits de THomme et du Citoyen (1789), xem tgi https://gallica.bnffr/essentiels/
repere/declaration-droits-homme-1789.
4 Hien phdp nuac My ra d6i nam 1787, sau do Id Hiln phdp Ba Lan nam 1791, Hiln phdp cua Phdp ndm 1791. Cach mang chau Au nam 1848 ciing dua din viec ban hdnh hdng chyc ban hiln phdp a chau lyc ndy.
Tren thyc te, vifc thay doi chinh quyen thuang dupc ddnh dau bang vifc thay dli Hien phdp. Xem Hien phdp nudc My, Thu vifn hgc lifu mcr, https://voer.edu.vn/ni/hien-phap-hoa-ky/cf3994a0. Ciing xem https://constitutioncenter.org/leam/educational-resources/historical-documents/perspectives-on-the-consti- tution-constitutions-around-the-world.
5 The Industrial Revolution and the changing face of Britain, https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/pub- lications/online research catalogues/paper money/paper money of england wales/the industrialrev- oIution/the_industrial_revolution_3.aspx. Evan Andrew, Who were the Luddites? Xem tgi https://www.history.com/news/who-were-the-luddites; Christopher Klein, The Original Luddites Raged Against the Machine of the https://www.history.com/news/industrial-revolutioD-luddites-workers.
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tri, vd gidc se giiup cho nhung ngudi khdng cd tay nghi gi cung lam duac vipc vd cudp di sinh ke ciia hp, ddng thdi dl xudt hd tra khdng duac Chmh phii ddp iing, nhilu nhdm thp dft tuyet vpng da dot nhgp vao cac cdng xudng va dap pha cdc co may. Ndm 1811, nhiing vy vifc ddu tien da nd ra d Nottmghara, va nhanh chdng lan ra khdp cdc vimg ndng thdn cua nudc Anh. Nhung ngudi thp by vpng rdng bdng each ndy ho cd thi khiln Chinh phu cdm cdc may dft. Tuy nhien, trdi vdi mong mudn cua hp, Chinh phu da thdng tay dan dp nhiing ngudi dap phd mdy mdc. Dinh cao ciia nd Id thdng 4/1812 khi rapt sd luddite bi bdn chit trong mdt eupc tdn cdng vdo mdt nhd may gdn Huddersfield. Nhiing ngdy sau dd, quan dpi bao vdy nhiing ngudi phdn ddi, treo cd nhilu ngudi, mdt sd bj dua di day. Cho din ndm 1813, phong trdo nay bj dap tdt*.
Phong trdo dap phd may mdc vd cdch nhd nudc xu ly nd cd the coi la rapt ddu dn lich sii ddng tiSc d nhirng ngdy ddu ciia CMCN. Cdu chuyen ve cdc luddite ciing cho thdy nhiing nguy ca bdt dn xa hdi md CMCN gdy ra khi nhd nudc khdng chii ;y mdt cdch thich ddng den nhihig tdc ddng bdt lpi ciia nd. Thyc tl, lich sd cung cho thdy cdc luddite chi la nhiing loser ddu tien cua CMCN. CMCN Iam hinh thdnh nen giai cdp cdng nhdn, nhiing ngudi phdi sdng vd ldm viec trong nhiing dieu kien het siic khdc nghiet. Tre em duac tuyen dyng vdo lam vifc trong cac nhd mdy, bi bdc lot va ngupc dai. Sau nhimg phong trdo ddu tranh ddi cai thien phuc lpi xa hpi, giao dye va quyen lao dpng, chinh quyin bdt dau cd nhirng dpng
NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT thdi tich cue han. Ci Anh, ndm 1833, Dgo ludt ve Cdng xudng (Factory Act) dupc ban hdnh, quy djnh tre em tir 9-13 tudi khdng Iam viec qud 8 tieng/ngay, td 14-18 tudi khdng qud 12 tieng/ngay; Dao ludt ve Hdm md nam 1842 quy dinh chii sd dung lao ddng khdng dupc tuyen lao ddng nii ldm vifc trong ham md vd chi dupc tuyen nam gidi tii 13 tudi trd len. Dgo luat 10 tilng nam 1845 (Ten Hour Act) ciia Anh gidi han thdi gian Idm vifc trong ngdy vdi phu nii va ngudi dudi 18 tudi khdng qua 10 tilng/ngdy va nam 1847, quy djnh ndy dupc dp dung ddi vdi tdt cd ngudi lao ddng. Nam 1824, Dao ludt ve Li§n kit nghiera cdm vifc thdnh lap td chiic cdng dodn ciing dupc bai bd. Cd the thdy, nhiing che djnh ca bdn cua phdp ludt lao ddng hien dai da hinh thdnh ngay tir giai doan ndy.
Trong giai doan ndy, d nhidu nudc chau Au, phong trdo phdp dien hod lugt dan sy ciing diln ra mgnh me, khdng chi the hien sy dap ling ciia phdp ludt ddi vdi cdc giao djch dan sy, thuang mgi dang ngdy cdng phat trien trong ddi sdng xa hpi md cdn the hien tu tudng ve quydn ciia cd nhdn cong ddn - hat nhdn quan trpng ciia phong trao cdch mgng giai doan nay'. Tu the ky 18, cac bang thupc Due nhu Ao, Phd, Bavaria da bat dau vifc phap dien hod Iuat ddn sy. Nam 1756, Bavaria ban hdnh dgo Iuat dan sy ddu tien six dyng tilng Latmh. 6 Ao, nd lyc phdp dien hod tir nam 1753 den 1766 da tao ra bd ludt ddu tien (du chua hodn chinh) Id Bp ludt Theresanianus, nam 1787 Id Bd ludt Josephine va nam 1797 la Bp lugt West Galacia. Nam 1811, Bp lugt Dan sy hodn
Murray Raff, The Importance of Reforming Civil Law in Formerly Socialist Legal Systems, Intemational Comparative Jurisprudence 1 (2015) 24-32.
Xem Why has tbe French Civil Code had a lasting influence on contemporary European law? Tai https://dai- lyhistory.org/.
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NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT chinh cua Ao dupc ban hdnh. Tuy nhien, Bp ludt Ddn sy ddu tien, hoan chinh nhat, danh ddu budc phdt trien quan trpng cua viec phdp dien hod lugt dan sy Id Bp lugt Ddn sy Phdp, dupc ban hdnh nam 1804*. Mai tdi ndm 1896, Ddc radi ban hanh Bd ludt Ddn sy, nhung Bd Iuat Dan sy nay cung the hien tdm anh hudng khdng kem va duac nhieu qudc gia tren the gidi hpc tgp, trong do cd Nhgt Ban'.
Ben canh luat dan sy, lugt cdng ty vdi y nghia la khudn khd phdp ly cho cdc md hinh to chiic kinh te cua cdng nghiep hod ciing da phdt trien mgnh me cudi thdi ky CMCN Ian thii nhat, danh dau bang vifc ban hanh Bp ludt Thuang mgi Phdp nam 1807. Ci Hoa Ky, New York Id bang dau tien ban hanh Lugt Doanh nghifp nam 1811, chi dp dyng ddi vdi cdc cdng ty sdn xu4t, tiep dd Id New Jersey nam 1816. Nam 1883, Ludt doanh nghifp cda Delaware dupc ban hdnh va sau dd trd thdnh hinh mau cho hdu het cdc dgo luat doanh nghifp d Hoa K^. Nudc Anh, nam 1844 bat ddu ban hdnh Ludt Doanh nghifp vd nam 1862 Dao ludt Doanh nghifp tdng hpp duac hinh thdnh tren co sd sua ddi cdc dgo ludt trudc dd'°. 6 Diic, bii cdnh chinh trj trong nira ddu cua the ky 19 da khien vifc phdp diln hod bi chdm. Ndm 1843, Dirc ban hanh Lugt Doanh nghiep vd nam I860, Dao luat Thuang ragi ehung thong nhdt todn Ddc
(bao gdm cd Ao) dupc ban hdnh. Bp ludt sda ddi ciia nd (nam 1884) chinh Id nguyen radu cho Bd ludt Thuang mgi cua Nhdt Bdn". Sy phdt trien ciia phdp Iuat doanh nghifp trong do doanh nghifp vdi tu cdch mpt td chirc kinh doanh dupe phdp ludt ddi xu nhu nhung con ngudi nhdn tao,'^ cd ddi sdng ciia rieng nd cung cho thay sy ddp iing cua phdp ludt ddi vdi nhu edu phat triln kinh doanh trong thdi ky cdng nghifp hod. Nhu vgy, cd the thay cudc CMCN lan thir nhat da tao ra nen tdng cho sy phat trien cua phdp lugt hifn dgi.
2. Cach mang cdng nghifp l^n thii hai:
Phdp lu|t cua xa h$i cdng nghifp phdt triln
Cudc CMCN ldn thir hai dien ra vdo cudi the ky 19, dau the ky 20 vdi trung tdm Id Hoa Ky. Cupe cdch mgng nay tgo ra rapt budc tiln Idn so vdi cupe cdch mang trudc dd nhd dien khi hda vd tu do, hd trp cho sy phdt trien cua cdc md hinh sdn xudt hdng logt (mass production). Tdc dpng ciia cufc CMCN ldn thu hai ddi vdi sy phdt triln ciia phdp ludt dupc thi hifn ro nhdt trong sy phdt trien cua phdp ludt Hoa Ky.
Trong cudc CMCN Ian thu hai, Hoa Ky vdi tu cdch la trung tdm cua cudc CMCN da chiing kien sy ldn mgnh cua cdc nha tdi phif t trong cac Iinh vuc thep (Andrew Carnegie), ddu Ida (John Rockerfeller), tdi chinh (J. P.
8 https://www.britannica.com/topic/civil-law-Romano-Germanic.
9 Dgo lugt ndy la mgt phan ciia hf thong cac dgo lugt dugc Anh quoc ban hdnh a cdc thupc dia ciia minh.
10 Katharina Pistor, Yoram Keinan, Jan Kleinheisterkamp & Mark D. West: Evolution of Corporate Law: A Cross-Counliy Comparision, Umversity of Permsylvania Joumal of Intemational Economic Law (2002) 23 (4) 798-9.
Xemhttp://www.studythepast.com/hisl64/materials/powerpoints/gilded_age_industry_fall_10.pdf Cung xem Judit Kapas, Industnal revolutions and the evolution of the firm's organization: an historical perspec- tive, Joumal of Iimovation Economics & Management 2008/2 (2) 15-33, https://www,cauTi.info/revue- joiunal-of-innovation-economics-2008-2-page-15.htm#no2.
11 Tran Thj Quang Hing, The Trajectory of Merger Regulation in Transforming Vietnam, PhD Thesis, Monash University (2016).
12 Charles O'Kelly, The Evolution of the Modem Corporation: Corporate Governance Reform m Context, University oflUilois Law Review (2013) 1001,1021.
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Morgan)... Hp thdng linh thi truang bang quy mo, t£io ra sire san xuat 16n va cung ckp cho nguai tieu dung hang hoa da dang vcri gia re. Ben canh do, de doi mat voi nguy ca san xuat du thita va tmh trang canh tranh co tinh huy di?t, chinh cac nha tai phiet nay Cling di dau trong viSc thi6t l^p cac lien minh trong nganh nham h?in chi canh tranh. Bk ngan chan cic hinh thuc thong dong lam han che canh tranh nay, Qu6c hpi Hoa Ky da thong qua dao luat canh tranh hien dai dau ti£n CO anh huong lon doi voi thg gioi: Luat Chdng dpc quyen Sherman Act 1890. Khi cac hen ket han che canh tranh dang long (hi?p hpi, cartel) bi ngan ch^n bdi viec thuc thi Lu^t Sherman Act, cac nhh tii phiet nhanh chong chuyen sang each lien ket chat li sap nhip cac doanh nghi?p nho hon thanh mpt doanh nghifp lon. DiSu nay da din d8n buac hoan thi$n tidp theo cua phap luat c ^ tranh vai s\r ra doi ciia Luat Clayton 1914, cim cac truang hpp sap nhjp doanh nghiep lam suy giam dang ke thi tmang canh tranh". Luat Cjnh tranh cua Hoa Ky hinh thanh trong giai doan nay da trd thanh hmh mlu ctia luat csinh tranh hifn dji va dupc tiSp thu d nhiSu qudc gia tren thS gidi sau chiSn tranh thS gidi lln thii hai. Sit ra ddi cua phap luat cjiih tranh hien dai d thdi ky nay cung cho thly chinh sach cua nha nudc ddi vdi cac doanh nghiep bj mat lai the trong cupe CMCN lln thii hai. Vdi vi?c elm cac hanh vi lam dvmg vi tri ddc quy6n va thdng ddng giiia cac doanh nghiep dk liing doan thi trucmg, lujt canh tranh the hien khia canh bao v | nhung loser thdng qua vai trd duy tri canh tranh binh ding giiia cac doanh nghiep.
S\r phat trien cua nSn sin xult hing loat ciing cimg co vi thk cua md hinh cdng ty
NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT hi$n dai vdi quy md lon v i dupc quin ly thdng qua nhiSu ting nic, dvmg dlu li cac CEO (chil tich) vdi vai trd vita li ngudi lanh dao vi din dit cdng ty vi viec quan tri dupc th\rc hien thdng qua cac nha quin ly trung gian dk dam bio diju hinh mdt doanh nghifp quy md ldn. Md hinh niy, sau chien tranh th6 gidi lln thii nhit, da mau chdng md rdng sang cac nSn kmh tk a chau Au vi Nhit Bin, mac du cd nhiing dieu ciiinh nhat djnh dk dam bao sir tuong thich vdi djc thii the che mdi qudc gia. Dieu dang chii y vdi md hinh cdng ty hifn dji d tren li khi nang huy dfng cic ngudn vdn phin tan trong cf ng dong dk tao ra tif m l\tc tii chinh khdng lk ciia cdng ty. Thay vi cic doanh nghifp tu nhan (proprietorship) vi cic hpp danh vdi mpt lupng nhd cac nha quin ly sii dyng nguon vdn diu tu cua chinh minh, cic cdng ty hifn dai da md rpng quy md nhd vio su tich biet giiia nhi dlu tu va ngudi quin ly.
Md hinh quan ly cua nd cho phep cac nhi dlu tu cd thf tham gia gdp vdn vio cdng ty thdng qua cic hinh thiic mua cd phin, mua trai phifu vi khdng nhit thift phii tham gia vio hoat ddng quan ly doanh nghifp. Cic nhi quan ly, ngupc lai, dupc su dung ngudn vdn khdng phii cua minh df dlu tu vi bi ring budc bdi trach nhifm tan tim, trung thuc. Nhu vay, cd thf thiy, nfu nhu cic doanh nghifp tu nhan va lifn ket mpt nhdm nhd cic nha dlu tu li md hinh doanh nghifp cua CMCN lln thii nhlt thi CMCN lln thii hai da cho phep tao ra cic md hinh sin xuat hang loat vi cimg vdi nd, cdng ty hifn dai vdi md hinh chu sd hihi phan tin vi cd su tach bift giiia nhi dlu tu (chu sd hiiu) vdi nha quan ly (giam ddc) da ra ddi". Phap luat doanh nghiep da phat trif n theo hudng vita
13 Tlie 4th Industrial Revolution, https://www.sentryo.net/tlie-4-ijidustrial-revolutions/.
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NHA NUdc VA PHAP LUAT tao dieu kien cho cac winner thong qua thg che hoa mo hmh so hiiu doanh nghiep theo cau tnJc von phan tan va tach roi quySn so huu voi quyen quan ly, vira chii trong bao ve nhimg nguoi co the la loser thong qua cac ca che bao ve co dong nho.
Nhu vay, dau an quan trpng nhat ve su phat trien cua phap luat trong CMCN lan thtjr hai chinh la phap luat ve chong dpc quyen va phap luat ve cong ty hien dai.
3. Cac mang cong nghifp lan thij ba v^
su- ph^t triin cua phap lu$t ve khong gian mang
Cuoc CMCN lan thii ba dupc coi la bat dau tir thap nien 70 dSn cu6i th6 ky 20, vcri c^c thanh tuu c6ng nghe noi b£it la ban dan, may tinh, tu dpng hoa, Internet'^. Internet, voi vai tro la thanh tuu co anh huong to lon nhat cua CMCN lan thti ba, da chuyen ddi c^ch thiic con nguoi giao tiSp, each cong ty tien hdnh cac boat dpng kinh doanh va each cae nha nudc th\rc thi vai tro quan tri ciia minh. Nhixng thay doi nay tac dpng manh me den he thong phap luiit.'* Internet cho phep thuc hien cac giao dich khong phu thupc vao khoang each dia ly, cho phep tao ra va su dung cac tai nguySn duoi dang dien tli tren mpt khong gian ao khong co bien gicri lanh tho va nho do, tao ra nhiing ca hpi kinh doanh, hpc tap, giai tri, giao tiep... cho tat ca nhung ai c6 the tiep can dupc no. Tuy nhien, dieu do ciing lam nay sinh cac van de
ve cdc loai tai san mdi phat smh tren khong gian mang, nguy eo bi xam pham quyen rieng tu, nguy co bi xam nhap, pha hoai h?
thong, nguy ca xam pham quyen lpi cua nguoi tieu dung. Internet eung la moi trucmg ly tucmg cho cac hanh vi lam dung, dac bi?t doi vdi cae doi tuong de bi ton thuang nhu tre em... Doi vdi nha nuac, Internet cimg cap nhung cong cu quan ly nhung dong thoi eiing lam nay sinh cac van de vk an ninh h?
thong, su kho khan trong qua trinh kidm soat cac giao dich xuyen bien gioi qua mang va nguy CO that thu thue. Co the thdy, cong ngh^
ctia CMCN lan thii ba mpt lan nua lai cho thdy kha nang cua cong nghe trong viec t^o ra lgi the cho mpt nhom nguai va bdt lpi cho mpt nhom khac. Nhimg ung xii ve mat chinh sach va phap luat cua cac qu6e gia, tir do, cting da tao ra nhung che dinh phap luat moi nhu ludt ve giao dich di?n tCr, ve bao v^ du Heu tren mang, ve quyen rieng tu, ve ban quySn, ve phat ngon tren m£ing xa hpi, ve chong gian lan va lam dung tren may tinh, ve bao v? quyen rieng tu eiia tre em v.v.."
4. Cach mang cdng nghifp lan thir tir - s^
tham gia sau va r$ng cua cdng nghf trong tat ca cac linh virc cua cu$c s6ng v^ nhung van de d^t ra doi vdi phap luat
Ke tir khi Klaus Schwab cdng bo rang the gidi da chuyen sang eupc CMCN !dn thir tu,'^ da CO rdt nhiSu nhiing ban luan vh tdc dpng cua cupe CMCN nay d6i vdi h? thdng
22
Bradford L. Smith, The Third Industrial Revolution: Policy Making for the hitemet, 3 Colum. Sci. & Tech.
L, Rev. 1 (2001).
Co thi ISy rSt nhiSu vi dy vk cac dao Iuat moi dieu chmh cac van de Hen quan dfin hiteraet, chJng t^n nhu a Anh co Luat bao v^ du lieu 1998 (Data Protection Act), Lu|it thuong m^i di^n tii 2002 (Electronic Commerce Regulations). Hoa KJ- co cac dao Luat vg quyen rieng tu trong giao dich di?n tu 1986 (The Electronic Communications Privacy Act), Lu^t vk ban quyen d6i V(5i t^i Ii?u so 1998 (Digital Miltenmiura Copyright Act), Luat vk bao v? quySn rieng tu ciia tre em tren mang 1998 (The Children's Online Privacy Protection Act), Lu?t vl l^tm dyng va gian lan tren miy tinh 1984 (The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act).
Xem Internet Law: Everything You Need to Know, https://www.upcounsel.coin/intemet-law.
Klaus Schwab, The Fourth Industrial Revolution, World Economic Forum (2017).
NGHI£N euu /
L A P P H A P ^ S 6 1 1 (411)-T6/2020
phdp lu^t. 0 khia canh kha nang tao ra cae winner va loser, CMCN ldn thii tu tgo ra vo sd tien ich mdi thong qua cdc cdng ngh$ dii li?u ldn, Internet van vat, cong ngh? chudi khoi (blockchain), in 3D, cdng ngh? AI, cdm bien, nhan bdn v6 tinh v.v.. Cac cdng nghe ndy khong chi xoa nhda ranh gidi giua cdc nganh ma con ldm gia tang khd nang can thi?p cua con ngudi vdo qud trinh tyr nhien.
Nhimg cdng ngh^ nay, khi duac sir dung dk ph\ic vu cho cdc dich vu y tk, cham sdc siic khoe, thay the nhiing cong vi|c cdn nhiku siic luc hoae lap di lap lai... se mang lai lgi ich rat ldn cho cdc doanh nghidp ciing nhu nguoi dan. Ngupc lai, chiing cung cd thk de dpa qua trinh phdt trien tu nhien n^u bi lam d\mg, chang ban nhu nguy co nhdn bdn vd tinh con ngudi, sur dimg ngudi mdy dl kilm sodt, tin cong ngudi khdc, nguy ca m4t vi?c lam cua ngudi lao dpng, doanh nghi?p bi phd sdu do khdng kip thich iing, qudc gia bi de dpa tdn cdng h? thdng v.v.. Cd thi thiy, hdu nhu tdt cd cdc lmh v\rc trong ddi sdng xa hdi se deu cd the cd s\r can thifp ciia cdng nghe va dnh hudng sau rpng ciia edng ngh$ 4.0 se khiln mpt ngudi, mot doanh nghiep hay mdt qudc gia dlu cd the trd thanh wirmer hay loser cua cudc cdch mang ndy.
Kinh nghiem tCr cdc cuOc CMCN trudc cho thdy, mpi ung xu thanh cdng vl mat chinh sdch vd phdp lu$t d6i vdi cdng nghe deu phai dua tren s\r nh$n di?n day du ve
nhimg ddi tupng cd the la winner hay loser cua nd. CMCN ldn thu tu se lam thay ddi nhieu mgt cua ddi sdng xa hpi vd se ddi hdi nhieu su thay ddi, dieu chinh trong he thdng phdp luat.
Chang han, ddi vdi ludt doanh nghiep, CMCN ldn thii tu dang tao nhiing md hinh kinh doanh mdi trudc do chua cd tien le vd ddi hdi phdp luat doanh nghiep phdi dupc dieu chinh de thich iing. Tren thue tl, su bung nd cua thuang mai di$n tii vd dac bi?t la s\r phdt trien ciia cdc iing dung phat triSn kinh te nen tang (Uber, Grab, Airbnb, Netflix...) ciing nhu s\i chao ddo cua nganh taxi truyen thdng trudc su phdt trien ciia taxi cdng nghe cho thay cdng ngh? se Id the mgnh canh tranh ciia doanh nghiep, tao ra nhiing wmner Id nhiing doanh nghiep cd khd nang nam bat va iing dung nhanh cdng ngh^, ddng thdi de dpa bien nhieu doanh nghi?p kinh doanh theo md hinh truyen thdng thanh cdc loser tren thi trudng. Ddi vdi cdc wiimer, tlic Id nhimg doanh nghidp ndm bdt va tdn d\mg dupc cdng nghe, vi?c thiet lgp mpt khudn kho phap ly thich hpp cho ede hoat dpng kinh doanh theo md hinh mdi ung dyng cdng nghe la nhu cau thiet yeu. Cd the dll dodn rang, phdp luat doanh nghiep se tiep tuc phat trien theo hudng khdng chi ddp iing su tach bach giiia quyen sd hiru vd quyen qudn ly de ddp iing nhu cdu huy dpng cac ngudn vdn phdn tan trong xa hdi ma cdn ddp
Hinh 1: Nhgn dinh vi su bien doi ctia mo hinh cong ty qua cdc cuoc CMCN CMCN
CMCNl CMCN 2+3 CMCN 4
Sit hau Tap trung Phan tan Phan tan
T^i san Tap trung Tap trung Phan tan
Quan ly Tap trung Tap trung Tap trung va phan tan
, NGHIIN Ciiu I M S6 11 (411)-T6/2020^ M * P H A P "
NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT ling dupc yeu cdu qudn ly cdc loai tdi san phan tdn nham cho phep huy ddng cac tai sdn nhdn rdi trong xa hdi (thdng qua cdc nen tdng kinh te chia se).
Ben canh md hinh kinh te nen tang, s\r phdt trien cua cdng nghe cung dang tao ra nhung ITnh vuc kinh doanh mdi trong dd cd sir giao thoa va lien ket chat che vdi cdc linh vyc kinh doanh truyen thdng, chang han nhu Fintech, tgo ra nhiing ca hpi phong phu cho sir phdt trien cua cdc starts-up. Phap lugt cdn dupc phat triln tuong iing dl thilt tbgp mpt khudn khd phdp ly thich hap cho sy phdt trien mdi nay.
Cling vdi viec quan tdm tdi nhung iing xii phdp ly ddi vdi wirmer, phap luat khdng the bd qua cdc doanh nghiep cd nguy ca trd thanh loser. Nha nudc can tiep tuc hodn thien phdp lugt tren ca sd nhdn biet ddy du cdc khia cgnh phdp ly ciia cdng nghd de dam bdo cac doanh nghidp theo md hinh mdi hay md hinh truyen thdng deu kinh doanh vd cgnh tranh binh dang. Viec phdt huy vai trd cua cdng nghe chi de tao ra nhiing lgi the vl chat lupng vd gia ca cua hang hod va dich vy, trdnh tdi da nguy ca phdp ludt khdng thich iing dupc vdi cdng nghe, dan den mdt mdi trudng phap Iy kinh doanh trd nen khdng bmh dang do mpt sd doanh nghiep cd the dya vdo cdng ngb? de khdng phai tudn thii nhihig rang budc phdp ly nhat dinh trong khi nhimg doanh nghi?p kinh doanh theo md hinh duyen thdng lai phai tudn thii. Sy khdc bi?t ve mat quy che qudn ly giiia kinh doanh taxi truyen thdng va kinh doanh taxi cdng nghe trong nhung nam vira qua da cho thdy van de nay. Phdp ludt cdn nhanh nhay han vl mat cdng nghe de bdo dam sy canh tranh giiia cdc doanh nghifp
thyc sy Id cgnh tranh binh ddng. Ben cgnh doanh nghiep, nhiing khia canh tdc ddng ddi vdi cdc cd nhdn thupc cdc thdnh phdn khdc nhau, cac nhdm xa hpi vd nhiing tac dpng d cdp dp qudc gia ciing can dupc nhan biet mpt cdch thdu ddo de cd the cd nhiing iing xir phii hpp nhdt khdng chi d cap dp phap luat qudc gia md cd phdp lugt qudc te.
5. Kit lu^n
Trdi qua cdc cupe CMCN, loai ngudi da cd the nhdn thuc tdt ban vl tac dpng cua cdng nghe doi vdi xa h$i, nhd nudc vd phdp ludt ciing nhu nhan thiic ddy du hem ve tam quan trpng cua nhiing chinh sdch, phdp lugt phu hpp de ling xu ddi vdi nhung tdc ddng nay. Myc tieu ciia cdc chinh sdch la cdng nghf phai phyc vy cho phdt trien, cho tiln bp xa hpi. Cdng thiic chung doi vdi iing xir ehinh sdch vd phdp ludt trudc tdc dpng ciia CMCN Id phdt huy thdnh tuu, tan dyng ca hpi de phdt trien ddng thdi ngan ngura nhiing h? qud tieu cue ma su phat trien cua cdng ngfa? mang lai. Mdt trong nhung cdch thuc de trien khai cdng thiic nay Id nhdn bilt ai cd the Id wiimer vd ai cd the Id loser ciia mdi cudc CMCN.
Cac cupe CMCN da tgo ra nen tdng cho sy phat trien cua phdp ludt hi$n dai vdi cdc try edt ve quyen ty do, bmh dang cua cdc cd nhan, cua cdc qudc gia, ve nguyen tac phdp quyen, v6 cdc md hinh doanh nghifp, vl quyen ty do kinh doanh va canh tranh... Va d mpt gdc dp nhdt dinh, do chinh Id kit qud cua su phdn ung ve chinh sdch va phdp ludt ddi vai cdc wirmer vd loser trong cdc eupc CMCN. tTng xir chinh sach va phdp lugt mpt each phu hpp vdi cdc winner va loser Id bi quylt cua sy thdnh cdng •
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iNamtNCira /L A P P H A P ^ S 6 11 (411) - T6/2020
