TAP CHI KHOA HQC XA HOI SO 6(142)-2010 51
HAI DAC DIEM NGON NGU TRONG CAU HOI-DAP
^CUA NGl/Cll MIEN TAY NAM BO
HO XUAN MAI
TOMTAT
Ngwdi miin Tiy Nam bd von phdng khoing trong sinh hoat hing ngiy vi trong Idi ndi. TO ngO eua ho rit mdc mac, khdng Iwa chon din mwc ciu ky nhw nhOng nai khae. Khi nghe mot eau "Nd hd li nd ehwa dwac di Hi Ndi lin nao" thi nhit dinh dd la cau ndi cua ngwdi miin Tay Nam bd.
"Nhan dien" dwac nhw vay la nhd "hd la", ciu true ciu cua ngwdi miin Tay Nam bd cung rit die trwng. Thwdng trong giao tiep, ngwdi ta sw dung loai eau dao ngO "Da + chu ngO + hd/la/keu (li) + bo ngiy. Chinh cau true nay tao ra cii "ngang ngang", "cai trong trong" vi hai die diim ngdn ngO tren trd thinh van hda cua ngwdi miin Tay Nam bd ndi rieng.
I . V A N D ^ '••••••i . • - a ^ - . r r i . v .:.. •
Hdi-dap thudc giao t i l p . Trong eau hdi- dap, ngoai npi dung d n bilt, cdn cd thai dp cua cac ben tham gia. Lugng thdng tin d n bilt n I m trong tCp ngu' va c l u true cau. Thai dp cua cac ben tham gia, ngoai moi quan he than-sg, thich-khdng thich, tinh trgng SCPC khde va tam ly cua nhO'ng ngudi hdi-dap, thi viec sw dung tO ngO va cich to chwc cau cung t h i hien r i t rd npi dung nay va day cung la ly do d l chung
H6 Xuan Mai. Tiln sT. Trung tam Nghien cu-u Van hda Vien Ph^t trien Ben vu-ng vung Nam Bd.
tdi chon doi tugng la cau hdi-dap, eu t h i la cau hdi-dap eua ngudi m i l n Tay Nam bd d l khao sat trong bai vilt nay. Tuy nhien, do gidi han cua mdt bai bap, chung tdi chf chpn va khap sat hai mat: each su- dyng tCp ngu- va d u true eau. Cy t h i , chung tdi chpn ba dpng tu' "keu (la/bang)",
"hd (la/ring)" va "la (la)" va k i l u cau dao ngu- (nghjch dao) nhu "Da ngudi ta ndi r l i ma khdng nghe" trong cau hdi-dap d l khao sat. Nhu-ng v l n d l ngdn ngu- khac ed lien quan d i n cau hdi-dap eua ngudi miln Tay Nam bp, tgm thdi chung tdi ehua khao sat. S d dT ehung tdi chpn ba dpng tCp tren la vl:
a. T i n so x u i t hien cua nhCpng ddng tw nay trong cau hdi-dap cua ngudi miln Tay Nam bd r i t cac, chilm 87% (lam trdn) tren t i n g s i 300 cau ma ehung tdi thu thap dugc.
b. Nhdm tu' nay t h i hien r i t rd thdi quen va tren h i t ia van hda trong Idi an tilng ndi cua ngudi m i l n Tay Nam Bp.
v l logi cau dac ngu-, chung tdi chf chpn nhu-ng cau dap Cpng dwac nhu-ng yeu cau sau d l phan tich:
c. T h i hien dugc "van hda vd xung" - tCpc each ndi "trdng", "ngang ngang" cua ngudi m i l n Tay Nam Bd.
d. T h i hien dugc mCpc dp than mat, x u l xda, d l dai va chan that trong giao tilp.
NhCpng cau nghjch dao nhung khdng dap
52 HO XUAN MAI - HAI DAC DIEM NGON N G Q TRONG CAU...
LPng dugc hai y l u td tren khdng thupc bai vilt nay.
Bai vilt nay dugc thgc hien tren t u lieu do chung tdi thu thap dugc tCp nam 2004 d i n 2009, d nam tfnh Tra Vinh, Sdc Trang, Ca Mau, Bac Lieu va An Giang, g l m : 300 cap cau hdi-dap cd chCra nhO'ng ddng tu' vu-a neu; 300 cau ndi "trong" va dap Cpng dugc eac yeu c l u (c) va (d).
Vay, ba dpng tCp nay cd nhung dac d i l m gl? Nd t h i hien nhu t h i nao v l van hda cua ngudi m i l n Tay Nam Bp?
2. HAI DAC D | £ M N G O N NGU TRONG cAu HOI-DAP CUA NGUOI MI^N TAY NAM BO ''•'' -'•" '^ ' ''^i"
•2.1. Dae d i l m cua ba tCp "keu (bang/ring/
la)", "hd (la/rlng/bing/)", "la (la/
ring/bing)" va each su' dung
Khiu ngCp la Idi an tilng ndi hang ngay va d b i t ky cdng d i n g c u dan nao. Dac d i l m eua k h i u ngu' la g i n gui, than mat, x u l xda va d l dai, khdng cau chip, giu' ke.
Cho nen, vdi nhu-ng ngudi than quen, ehung ta thudng SLP dung k h i u ngu' d l giao tilp. Tuy nhien, khdng phai trudng hgp nao chung ta cung SLP dung each ndi nay. Vdi ngudi m i l n Tay Nam bp thi khac.
Du quen hay Ig, ngudi miln Tay Nam bd cung v l n su' dyng nhu'ng tCp k h i u ngu-.
Vi dy:
1. (a) - Thing Hai tdi chua bay? ' (b) - Nd/7d/a chilu nd mdi tdi.
(e) - Nd/a chilu nd mdi tdi.
Bd qua y l u to "ba/ trong (la), hai ddng tu-
"hd (la)" trong (lb) va "la" trong (1c) da giup eho ngudi dpc xac djnh dugc chu t h i eua hai cau tren la ngudi d m i l n nac, cung nhu xac djnh dugc thai dp cua ngudi ndi
trong (le) va (1 b). Day la ly do thw nhit d l cho mpi ngudi d i u cam t h i y d l chju khi t i l p xuc vdi mdt ngudi m i l n Tay Nam Bp.
N i u thay hai dpng tu' tren bang '"ndi (la/ring)" hpgc "bac (la/rang)" thi v l n d l se khacdi: -
{b') - Nd bao (ring/la) chilu nd mdi tdi.
(d) - Nd ndi (rang/la) chilu nd mdi tdi.
Khdng phai khdng cd s u than mat, g i n gui trong (b') va (e'), nhung chung ta d i u phai thCfa nhan rang, hai ddng tu' "bap (ring/la)"
trpng (b') va "ndi (ring/la)" trong (c') nghieng v l each ndi cd s u lua chpn tCp ngu"
han. Rieng "ndi (rang/ la)"trong (c') thi cd tinh trung hda v l s i c thai.
Trong khi dd, "hd (rang/la)" va "la (rang/la)"
nghieng v l cue ngugc lai.
(thien ve khau ngu) keu, la, ho
•4 noi
bao (thien ve lya chpn tif ngii')
•
Cach SU' dung tu' nhu tren da gdp phin lam nen cai gpi la "tinh Nam Bd": d l dai, chan that, khdng y tCp, khdng giCp ke. Trong 300 cap cau hdi-dap chung tdi thu thap dugc, cd 241 cap cd chCpa ba tu' tren, chiem 87%. Va, day la ly do thw hai de mpi ngudi cd cam nhgn ngudi Nam Bp ndi chung, ngudi m i l n Tay Nam bp ndi rieng, la cdi md, khdng "ly su"-
Dd la dae d i l m chung eua ba tCp nay. N i u quan sat ky thi chung ta thay ba ddng tu'
"keu", "hd", "la" {rang/la) cd nhO'ng sac thai rieng, y nghTa rieng va do dd chung dugc su- dyng trong nhu-ng trudng hgp khac nhau.
2.1.1. "Keu (rang/li/bing)" vi dae diem sw dung
Quan sat nhu-ng cau sau:
HO X U A N MAI - HAI DAC D I E M NGON N G O TRONG CAU... 53 2. (a) - Ong ndng tinh keu bing khung
khilp!
(b) - Nha dl Bay ben sdng giau keu bang nhwt hgng.
(e) - Hai dCpa con dng T u nha ngheo ma hpc gidi keu bing khdng ai bl kjp.
3. (a) - Nd keu la ehwa tdi dugc!
(b) - (Con) Nhd Ut Ldn eau Nam (nd) keu li/(ndi li) d ben Xeo DCi-a cd dng t h i y gidi keu bang bac sT cung thua. -^-<' • • Sau to- "keu (bing/li)" trong nam cau tren cd ba y nghTa khac nhau. Trong cac cau (2.a), (2.b), (2.e) va (3.b), "keu bang" ed y nghTa so sinh va nhin manh mwc do eua eac ddng tCp dCpng liln trudc. Rieng "keu li" trong (3.b) thi tuang duang vdi (1 .b) va (1.e).
Vdi "keu (la)", khi su- dung tu' nay thi mCpc dp nhin manh khdng bing "keu (bang)".
Chu y l u cua tCp nay la d l lap lgi, khIng djnh lgi mdt ndi dung da cd nhu trong (3.a):
- Nd keu li ehwa tdi duac!
Nhu vay la cd s u phan biet v l each SLP dyng giu'a "keu (bang)" va "keu (la)". S u lua chpn hai tCp nay trpng ldi an tilng ndi eua ngudi m i l n Tay Nam bd la n g l u nhien; dugc hinh thanh tCp thdi quen trong Cpng xu"; la van hda cua mdt cpng ddng.
Va, n i u viec to hgp thanh "keu (la)" hay
"keu (bing)" la thdi quen, thi viec su' dyng nd sao cho thich Cpng va phu hgp vdi td'ng diiu kien va hoan canh cung la mpt thdi quen. Tinh chinh xac khi SLP dung mpt trpng hai tu- tren treng giap t i l p cho t h i y diiu dd: n i u thay "keu (la)" trong (3.a) bing "keu (bing)" thi nghTa cua ea cau se bj pha vd:
- Nd keu bang chua tdi dugc! (-)
Khdng mdt ngudi m i l n Tay Nam bp nap SLP dung mpt cau nhu vay trong giao tilp.
Bdi dan gian, "keu (bing)" la tu- dung d l nhin manh mdt ndi dung da ed; cdn "keu (la)" la d l khing djnh lai mdt ndi dung, tCrc ndi lai, lap lai mdt npi dung da bilt. Tu- phan tich tren, chung ta cd t h i nhgn xet nhu sau:
- D l n h i n mgnh mCpc dp "vugt qua mCpc"
cua v l n d l duge neu trong ddng tCp, ngudi m i l n Tay Nam bd SLP dung "keu bang" ma khdng SLP dung "keu la". Ndi each khac, khi
"keu bing" x u i t hien trong cau thi ndi dung cua cau dugc danh gia la qua gidi hgn binh thudng.
- D l tudng thuat lgi mot ndi dung nao dd, ngudi m i l n Tay Nam bd SLP dyng "keu la"
ma khdng SLP dung "keu bang". Ndi each khac, khi su- dung "keu li", ndi dung cua cau chu-a nd cd khuynh hudng mieu ta, giai thich, lap lgi.
- Cd 207 cau chCpa "keu la", chilm 69%
treng t i n g s i eau hdi-dap thu thap dugc.
- S g Iga chpn giu-a "keu li" va "keu bang"
chinh la y thCpc ngdn ngu' cua mdt cpng d i n g ; va nd lam thanh net van hda cua eu dan vung d i t nay.
2.1.2. "Hd (ring/li/bang)" va dac diim sw dung
Dpng tLP "hd (ii/ring)" ma ngudi m i l n Tay Nam bd su' dung trpng cau hdi-dap cd hai trudng hgp, mpt la ki lai mpt npi dung, s g viec nao dd do ngudi khac thue hien; hai la d l lap lgi mpt npi dung trudc dd cua ngudi ndi. Vdi trudng hgp thCp nhit, "hd (li/rang)" tuang duang vdi "keu (li/rang)"
trong (2.1.). Vdi trudng hgp thCp hai, "hd (li/rang)" tuang duang vdi "(tdi) da ndi".
Quan sat nhO'ng cau sau:
54 HO XUAN MAI - HAI DAC D I E M NGON N G O TRONG CAU...
4. (a) - Khi nao thing Giang tdi?
- Nd hd la nd mic cdng chuyen, khdng tdi duac.
(b) - Sao chua ndp bai thu hpgch?
- Sao hd li ddi lgi tuIn sau?
5. (a) - Lam nhu vg chong thing Dung di ben doi Lu'a ha bay?
- Da ngudi ta ho la tyi nd di doi Trau TrIng ma CLP ndi la doi LCpa hoai.
(b) - Bp nhu me con con nhd Bay Hiin khdng muon ban hang bdng nu-a hay sao t i l
- Da nd hd li ban thCp nay khdng giau, de nd len thanh pho ban "xlp" (shop - cCpa hang, tiem) giau han.
"Hd (li)" trong cac cau (4.a), (5.b) thupc trudng hgp thCp nhat, tCpc la k l lgi mdt ndi dung ma ngudi ndi da nghe, da bilt. Trong (4.b), "Hd (la)" la nhac lgi mpt ndi dung do chinh ngudi tham gia giao tilp da bilt.
Niu quan sat ky, chung ta thiy cd su gidng nhau giu'a (4.a), (5.b) va (3.a) va do dd Chung hoan toan cd t h i thay t h i cho nhau:
4. (a') - Nd keu li mac cdng chuyen, khdng tdi dugc.
5. (b') - Da nd keu la ban thCp nay khdng giau (...).
Mdi nhin, "Hd (la)" trong (5.a) va (5.b) giong nhau, do chung gilng d clu true
"da+chu ngw+hd la". Tuy nhien, niu quan sat ky thi hai cau nay khac nhau. Chu the phat ngdn trong (5.a) cung chinh la ngudi dang tra Idi. Do dd, cau (5.a) tuang duang
vdi cau: .,'-^
5. (a') Tdi da ndi li tyi nd di doi Trau TrIng...
Trong khi dd, chu t h i phat ngdn trong (5.b) khdng phai la ngudi dang ndi nhu trong cau (5.a), ma chu t h i nay thudc ngdi thCp ba, so it "nd". Cho nen, (5.b) tuang duang vdi cau:
5. (b") Nd da ndi la ban thCp nay khdng giau...
N I U quan sat ky, chung ta se thiy mpt diiu thu vj giu'a "keu bing" va "he la":
khdng khi nao ngudi miln Tay Nam bd SLP dyng "hd bing" ma chf cd "hd la" va "hd rang". Nhung "hd ring" cung rit it khi dugc SLP dung, du "rang" hay "la", nhu Chung ta da bilt, chf la ylu t l dien giai. Ndi each khac, "hd la" la tCp thudng dugc su' dung trong eau ndi cua ngudi miln Tay Nam bd nham khang djnh lgi, lap lgi mpt npi dung nhu "keu la". Tan so xuit hien cua tLP nay tuang dii cao, vac khoang 216 cau trong tong so 300 cau hdi-dap, chilm 72% trong tdng so 300 eau thu thgp dugc.
Trong khi dd, "hd ring" tuy cd xuit hien nhung rit it, chf 6%.
Mpt dilm tinh t l khac giO'a "keu la" va "hd la" la sic thai cua hai tu- nay. Niu "keu la"
chf dan gian lap lgi thi vdi "hd la", ngoai npi dung nay, cdn cd thai dp cua ngudi true tilp giao tilp vdi ngudi da hanh dpng, da ndi, ma thudng la khdng tich cue. Diiu thu vi nay se khdng t h i nhgn ra niu khdng phai la mdt ngudi Nam Bp, hpgc khdng phai la dan song d vung dat nay.
Cd t h i danh gia chung v l "hd (la/ring)"
nhu sau.
- "Hd (rang/la)" dugc SLP dung trong hai trudng hgp. Ca hai trudng hgp nay giong nhau d chd la diu k l lai, lap lgi mdt ndi dung da ed san.
HO XUAN MAI - HAI DAC DIEM NGON N G Q TRONG CAU..
55- Tuy "ring", "la" d i u nhIm diln giai nhung chf cd "hd la" la pho biln, cdn "hd ring" it dugc SU' dung. Rieng "hd bing" thi hoan toan khdng x u i t hien trong eau ndi cua ngudi m i l n Tay Nam Bd. ' Ci-^ ' - Xet v l phgm vi x u i t hien thi "hd la" va
"keu la" d i u gilng nhau nhung xet v l t i n s i xuit hien thi "hd la" x u i t hien nhiiu han (72%) so vdi "keu la" (69%) trong tdng so cau hdi-dap thu thap dugc.
- Thai dp cua ngudi true t i l p ndi lgi treng eau cd chCra "hd la" thudng la khdng tich cue nhu trong cau ehCpa "keu la".
2.13. "La (ring/li/bang)" vi die diem sw dung .,;^ . 1
"La" trong trudng hgp nay khdng phai la mang; nd tuang duang vdi "ndi (ring/li)".
T h i nhung ngudi m i l n Tay Nam bd thudng khdng su' dung "ndi (ring/li)" trong cau, ma trong 300 cap cau hdi-dap ma ehung tdi ghi duge, ed 195 cau su' dung "la (rang/la)", chilm 65%. Binh thudng thi ehung ta khdng t h i y dugc d i l m dae biet va ly thu nay. N i u dat nhO'ng cap cau cd ehCpa "la (rang/li)" ben eanh nhO'ng cau tuang Cpng trong each ndi toan dan, thi luc dd chung ta mdi t h i y dugc "chit" Nam Bd,
"chit" miln Tay Nam bd trong nhO'ng eau dd.
Vi du:
6. (a) - T h i n g Dung dau khdng di hpp?
- Anh di ben phudng 8 cd viec.
- Sao khdng keu nd d nha?
- Da ngudi ta la li anh di cdng chuyen roi (ma cdn hdi).
(b) - To 3 chilu nay chu xj (a) nghen!
- Sao la chilu mai? Chilu nay sao lo kjp?
- Da t h i y ndi rut n g I n r l i ma tgi mIy ngudi khdng di hpc nen khdng bilt!
- Vay sao hdi nay cd nghe dng ndi gi dau?
- Da ngudi ta la li dng ndi hdm qua.
N i u thay "la (li)" trong (6.a), (6.b) bang
"ndi/bao (li)"va "la" trong (6.b) b i n g "ndf, ddng thdi cd t h i ddi d u true "Da + chu ngu-" cua nhu-ng cau cd chCpa ddng tCp tren, thi khdng t h i nao xac djnh dugc chu t h i phat ngdn cua nhO-ng cau tren la ngudi d m i l n nao:
6. (a') - T h i n g Dung dau khdng di hpp?
- Anh Dung di ben phudng 8 cd viec. ^.f, - Sao khdng ndi/ bao nd d nha?
- Da ndi ii anh l y di cdng chuyen r l i . 6. (b') - Da no//a thay ndi hdm qua.
Khdng ai cd t h i xac djnh dugc chu t h i cua (6.a') va (6.b') d tren, vl "ndi li" thudc Idp tu- ngu- chung, khdng mang dac d i l m eua vung/ m i l n nao.
Tuang tu, hai cau dap trong cac cau (A) va (B) dudi day la each ndi eua toan dan:
A. - Sao anh khdng di d u b u l l hop d i u nam?
- Tdi da ndi vdi to trwang li tdi ket cdng viec.
B. - Td 3 chilu nay chu xj nhe!
- Sao nghe ndi chilu mai ma?
Nhung n i u thay t h i "da ndi vdi to trwancf' b i n g "da+chu ngO+la (la)" va thay "nghe ndr bang "la (la)" thi ngay lap tCpc "chit"
Nam Bd x u i t hien.
Chinh s u d i i lap nay cho t h i y "tinh Nam Bd" cua ngudi m i l n Tay Nam Bp. Ndi each khac, "la la" la mpt trpng nhu-ng tu- t h i hien
56 HO XUAN MAI - HAI DAC DIEM NGON N G Q TRONG CAU..
r i t re "chit" Nam Bp trong Idi an tilng ndi cua c u dan vung d i t nay.
Cd t h i rut ra nhu-ng nhgn xet nhu sau:
- T i n so x u i t hien cua "la la" khdng nhiiu b i n g "hd la" hay "keu la" nhung v l n t h i hien dugc dgc trung Nam Bp trpng giap tilp.
- Cung nhu "keu" va "he", "la" thudng k i t hgp vdi "la", cdn k i t hgp vdi "ring" thi r i t it, chf khoang 1 % trong tdng s i nhu-ng cau thu thap dugc.
- Cd t h i thay t h i giCpa "la la", "hd la", va
"keu la" trong trudng hgp thCp nhit, vi khi dd ba dpng tCp nay tuang Cpng vdi "ndi la".
Nhan xet 1
- "Keu, hd, la (la /rang)" la ba dpng tCp thupc k h i u ngu' cua ngudi miln Tay Nam Bp; va ed t h i xem day la "dae trung Nam Bd" ndi ehung, trong Idi an tilng ndi, dac biet la trong cau hdi-dap, cua ngudi m i l n Tay Nam bd ndi rieng. T i n sd x u i t hien cua nhu'ng tCp nay rat cao, chilm 87%
trong t i n g so cac cap cau ghi nhgn. Dae d i l m nay chCpng td rang trong moi trudng hap, Idi an tilng ndi, trudc h i t la cau hdi- dap cua ngudi m i l n Tay Nam Bp, ludn cdi md, chan tinh va chan that, d l g i n gui.
- Tuy hai y l u to "rang" va "la" khdng thue s u giu' vai trd gl quylt djnh, ma chf la nhCpng y l u to giam nhe va d i l n giai khiln cho Idi ndi them "van ve"; dong thdi chung cd t h i hay t h i cho nhau nhung n i u quan sat ky nhCpng vi dy tu' (1) d i n (6), chung ta khdng t h i y y l u to "rang" x u i t hien. Ngugc lgi, n i u chuyin ba ddng tCp "keu" "hd" va
"la" thanh "ndT thi y l u to "rang" lgi xuat hien nhiiu han. Dac d i l m nay cung co them nhu'ng nhan xet vCpa neu d tren.
- Quan sat ky, chung ta se t h i y r i n g "keu",
"hd" va "la" trong nhu-ng vi du tren diu thudc qui khw, khdng thupc hien tgi hay tuang lai. Va, treng tdng s i 300 cap eau hdi-dap thu thap dugc, chung tdi khdng t h i y cd trudng hgp nao khac vdi nhan xet vu'a neu. Dgc d i l m nay cho thiy, khi x u i t hien nhu-ng dpng tu- nay thi thudng dd la cau k l lgi, nhac lai.
- "Keu", "hd" va "ta" cd kha nang thay t h i cho nhau, nhung chu y l u la giu-a "hd" va
"ta".
Nhu vay, khdng d n phai khao sat nhu-ng v l n d l to tat, chf vdi ba ddng tCp "keu", "hd"
va "la"/(rlng/la), chung ta da cd t h i t h i y dugc "chit" Nam Bp cung nhu net van hda cua c u dan vung d i t nay. Phgm vi va t i n so x u i t hien cua nhu-ng tCp nay da giup khang djnh d i i u dd. Di sau vao nghien CCPU
dac d i l m cua ba dpng tCp nay (cung nhu nhiiu trudng hgp ngdn ngu- khac), cd le chung ta se cdn gap nhiiu d i i u thu vi han
n u - a . :r:..:r: . rjr< •••:•• '• - ; f . , :
2.2. c l u true "da+chu ngO+ddng tO+bo ngO' trong cau hdi-dap cua ngudi miln Tay Nam bd
Theo eac tac gia cuon NgO phap tiing Viet (Uy ban Khoa hpc Xa hpi Viet Nam, 1983),
"da" trong nhu-ng cau sau cd chung mpt dae dilm la chf "thi" qua khCp eua hanh dpng.
A. Tdi da di Ha Npi.
B. Da bao/ndi ring khdng dugc cai Idi ma!
O (A), chung ta cd mdt chu ngu- cua hanh dpng "(da) dl' la "tdi". Cdn d (B), chung ta khdng xac djnh dwac chu ngu- cua hanh ddng "bao/ndi rang". Tuy nhien, vdi (B), Chung ta hoan toan phyc hoi dugc chu ngu- cua hanh ddng.
HO XUAN MAI - HAI DAC DIEM NGON N G Q TRONG CAU..
57(B'). Tdi da bao/ndi rang khdng dugc cai Idi ma!
(B"). Ngudi ta...
Nhung, d (A), (B), (B') va (B") d i u khac vdi cau sau:
7(a). Da ngwdi ta la la nd di rgch dng B l u . Khae vdi (A), (7.a) cd chu ngu- cua ddng tu- nhung chu ngu- nay dugc dat ngay sau y l u td danh d i u "thi" cua ddng tCp. Chung ta cd t h i phyc h i i vi tri cua chu ngu-:
7(a'). Ngudi ta da la li nd di rach dng B l u . Nhung cau nay nghe khdng "ra" tilng Viet.
N I U lam mdt SLPa ddi nhd b i n g each thay ddng tCp "la li" b i n g "bao/ndi (ring, li)" thi (7.a') "ra" tilng Viet han:
7(a"). Ngudi ta da bio/ndi la nd di rgch dng B l u .
Tuy nhien, chu ngu- "ngudi ta" trong (7.a") cd t h i la ngudi ndi, cung cd t h i la (mpt / nhung) doi tugng khdng xac djnh (none- finite). Va, do vay, nd hoan toan khac vdi chu ngu' trong eau (7.a): "ngudi ta" d day chf cd t h i la ngudi dang ndi.
Quan sat cac cau (5.a), (5.b), (6.a), (6.b), chung ta t h i y ehung d i u ed cung mot d u true vdi (7.a) va dd la: "da+chu ngO+ddng tO+bo ngO'.
Vay tgi sao ngudi m i l n Tay Nam bd lgi thudng su dyng c l u true cau nhu (7.a), ma khdng su- dyng d u true cau nhu cau trong (B) d tren? Va, vdi c l u true nay, chung ta rut ra dugc (nhu-ng) k i t luan gl?
2.2.1 "da+chu ngO+ddng tw+bo ngO" va thdi quen cua ngwdi miin Tay Nam bd Theo Hd Xuan Mai (1999) va eac tac gia cuon NgO phip tiing Viet (Uy ban Khoa hoc Xa hdi Viet Nam, 1983), treng cau, bd
phan, y l u td nap dugc dua ra trudc, khac vdi trat t u binh thudng (dac ngCr) thi bd phan, y l u t l dd dugc n h i n mgnh. Theo dd, c l u true trong (2.2.1.) cung chf nham muc dich nay. Trd lai nhu'ng vi dy trong (2.1.) . v : ' , . .-ny
6. (a) - T h i n g Dung dau khdng di hpp?
- Anh di ben phudng 8.
- Sae khdng keu nd d nha?
- Da ngwdi ta la li anh di cdng chuyen r l i (ma cdn hdi).
(b) - Td 3 chilu nay chu xj (a) nghen!
- Sao ta chilu mai? Chilu nay sao lo kjp? ' - Da thiy ndi rut ngIn r l i . Tgi m I y ngudi khdng di hoc nen khdng bilt!
- Vay sao hoi nay cd nghe dng ndi gl dau?
- Da ngwdi ta la la ong ndi hdm qua.
Ngudi ndi nhu'ng eau nay cd y n h i n mgnh r i n g s u viec xay ra trong cau da dugc thdng bao tu' trudc dd. Mpi s u chu y luc nay rai vac "da". Ngoai ra, d u true
"da+chu ngw+ddng tO+bo ngO" cdn chf s u viee da duac thuc hien va thue hien hoan chfnh, dong thdi dwac thwc hien tw rit lau ma viee dwac ndi ra cau ehCpa d u true nay chf la nhle lai, khang dinh lgi.
v l n d l dgt ra d day la, c l u true dao ngu- nay ndi len d i i u gl: nd chf dgn thuIn phan anh thdi quen trong each su- dyng tu- ngu- cua cpng d i n g nay hay cdn gl khac nu-a?
d i n g sau c l u true ngdn ngu- dd la gi? cd phai dd la mdt khia canh van hda cua c u dan vung nay? Ndi each khac, c l u true dao ngu- nhu tren la do y thCpc trong viec lua chpn tu' ngu' trong giao t i l p d l n h i n mgnh npi dung d n giao tilp, hay chf la thdi quen, mpt thdi quen ed van hda?
58 HO X U A N MAI - HAI DAC DIEM NGON N G Q TRONG CAU..
Quan sat ky nhu-ng cau thu thap dugc, chung tdi phat hien mpt d i i u ly thu trpng c l u true dao ngu' nay: viec dao ngu' ludn mang lgi y n h i n mgnh d bd phan dugc dua ra trudc, nhung dac d i l m nay thudc ban c h i t cua ngdn ngu', cy t h i la cua c l u true cau tilng Viet, chCp khdng phai nd thudc y d l cua ngudi ndi. Ndi each khae, ngudi miln Tay Nam bd SLP dyng c l u true dao ngu' "da+ehCi ngO+ddng tw+bo ngO' chf la thdi quen, la b i i u hien cua van hda, chCp khdng phai la do y thCpc v l ngdn ngu'.
Dgc d i l m nay giup chung ta phat hien them nhiiu v l n d l ly thu v l Idi an tilng ndi cua cu dan vung sdng nudc nay. Chang hgn, khi su' dyng d u true tren, ngudi ndi ludn ludn td thii do cai lai y kiln cua ngudi khac, phu nhin y k i l n eua ngudi khac bdi ngudi ndi cho rang y kiln cua ngudi khac sai. Quan sat nhO'ng cau sau:
8. (a) - Bd eau Bay Rd di Lpng Chau ha bay? , ,.,:. , , -Ong di Nhj Binh.
- Bay ndi sap chd tao nghe nd ndi la nd di Long Chau ma?
- Da ngwdi ta la li dng di Nhj Binh ma cdn hong tin!
(b) - Sao Idp Quan ly 3 chua nhap hoc ta?
- Da ngwdi ta la li trudng ddi lai culi thang roi...
(c) - Lam nhu mdn minh dang hpc cd k i l m tra giu'a ky ha Idp trudng?
- Lam gl ed! Bu'a h i m t h i y thdng bao la thi cuoi ky ludn ma?
- Sao nghe anh D u i n ndi la cd?
- Da ngwdi ta la la khdng ed roi ma CCP cai hoai. Chinh tay ngudi ta e l m thdng bao bp sai sap?
Trong t i t ea nhCrng eau tren, thai do cua ngudi ndi la ludn bae bd y k i l n cua ngudi khac vi ehl cd minh dung. Dgc d i l m nay se khdng x u i t hien n i u chung ta su' dyng c l u true binh thudng:
8. (a') - Tdi da ndi la ong di Nhj Binh roi ma cdn khdng tin!
(b') - Tdi da ndi la trudng thdng bao thi c u l i ky ludn ma?
(c') - Tdi da ndi khdng cd ma CCP cai hoai...
0 nhu'ng cau (8.a'), (8.b') va (8.c'), thai dp cai lai va khIng djnh minh dung khdng x u i t hien, ma thay vac dd la khIng djnh lai d i i u da cd trudc dd. Do vay, c l u true nghjch dao "da+chu ngO'+ddng tCp+bl ngu'"
trong Idi an tilng ndi cua ngudi miln Tay Nam Bd, cu the la trong cau hdi-dap, khdng chf dan thuIn la d l n h i n mgnh ndi dung dugc d l cap, ma edn la mpt c l u true t h i hien dugc thai dp cua ngudi ndi. Hoan toan cd t h i xem day la dac trwng van hda trong ngdn ngO cua cpng d i n g nay.
Mdt v l n d l khac cung khdng kem phin thu vj: c l u true nay da giup ngudi ndi t h i hi?n dwac ban chat bdc trgc, thing t h i n eua minh. Day la mdt trong nhu-ng ly do khiln cho chung ta khi t i l p xuc vdi ngudi Nam Bd ndi chung, ngudi m i l n Tay Nam bp ndi rieng, ludn cam nhan duge s u chan thanh, thing t h i n , bdc true mdt each rit Nam Bd.
Trong tdng so 300 cau hdi-dap khao sat dugc, chung tdi nhgn t h i y cd 287 cau xuit hien theo d u true nay, chilm 95,6%. Con so tren cho chung ta t h i y dugc chiiu sau
van hda cua c u dan vung sdng nudc nay.
2.2.2. "Da + chu ngO + dong tw + bo ngO"
va thai dp "ngang ngang" cua ngudi mien Tay Nam bp
H O X U A N M A I - HAI DAC DIEM NGON N G O TRONG CAU.. 59 Trpng cac vi du (5.a), (5.b), (6.a), (6.b),
cau cd d u true "da+ngwdi ta+ddng tO+bS ngO' x u i t hien nhiiu han so vdi d u true
"da+chu ngO xac dinh (nd, thiy, 6ng)+
ddng tO+bo ngO ". Ma nhu da thiy, logi c l u true thCp nhit la logi "ngang ngang", bdi chu ngu- "ngudi ta" chinh la ngudi ndi, nhung mang sac thai cua each xung hd
"ngang ngang", "ndi trong". Ndi each khae, loai c l u true nay b i i u hien thai do "ngang bing" trong each xung hd, khdng cd tdn ti trong giao tilp. Cach ndi nay cd t h i c h i p nhgn n i u giO-a cac ben tham gia giao t i l p ngang bing v l tudi tac, vai v l . Cdn n i u giu-a eac ben tham gia giao t i l p khdng ngang bing v l tudi tac, vai v l thi each xung hd nay dugc xem la hon, la kem van hda. T h i nhung, day lgi la each ndi dae trung eua ngudi m i l n Tay Nam Bd. D i i u nay cho thiy, d cpng d i n g nay, mwc do hieu nhau va thai do de dai, khdng eau chip, ludn dugc dat len hang d i u va la y l u t l bdc Id rd net nhit "chit" Nam Bd.
9. (a) - Sao lau hdng t h i y v g chong thing Tam v l chai bay? Bd c d nay tui nd lo lam giau du- l i m ha?
- Dau cd dng Hai, anh Tam chj Tam eon k?t mIy vudng tdm chua ban nen khdng v l dugc.
- Bay ndi sao chd vg chong thing Tam ed lam gl dau, keu b i n g hong dung d i u ngdn tay nu'a... . , o u . ; . :- - Ong Hai ai, da (ngwdi) ta la anh chf ket thiet ma...
(b) - Con H i n g dau bay? Sao gid nay chua t h i y cam nudc gl h i t rao. Bp tyi bay dinh bd ddi tao a?
- Tia ai, chd lat nu-a ma con dem thCpc an ve.
- Hdi nao ma tui bay v l ? Di chg gl lau qua sa...
- Da (ngwdi) ta la li \at nijea. t; ^'^' Ranh gidi v l vai v l trong (9.a) va (9.b) da bj xda, chf cdn lai s g than thien, g i n gui;
s g d l dai, x u l xda. Va day chinh la ban c h i t cua ngudi Nam Bp, cu t h i la ngudi miln Tay Nam Bd.
Vay, ngpai thai dp "ngang ngang", "trdng trlng" trpng xung hd, c l u true nghjch dao nhu tren cdn ndi len d i i u gi khac? Nd cdn ndi len d i i u gl d c u dan vung d i t nay?
Quan sat 300 cap cau hdi-dap thu thap dugc, chung tdi nhan t h i y mot d i i u r i t thu vj tCp c l u true cau nghjch dao nay: c l u true nghjch dao "da ngwdi ta+ddng tO+bo ngO' la each ndi ma qua dd, ngudi ndi xie dinh minh khdng bang vai vi vdi ngudi del dien. Trong khi dd, vdi c l u true "da + chu ngO xie dinh (nd, ong,...) + ddng tO+bo ngO', Chung ta t h i y ndi dung cau dd do ngudi khae "ndi", ngudi dang true t i l p giao t i l p chf nhie lai, nen kha nang xac djnh vai v l , tdn ti giu-a eac ben tham gia giao t i l p khd han.
V i d y :
10. (a) - Tyi thing T u lam gl ma biet tam vay ca?
- Da ngwdi ta hd ong m I c nudi me v g roi...
(b) - Nghf he chua ma s l p thing Dung khdng di hpc bay?
- Da ngwdi ta hd la trudng cho nghf hai ngay d l c h i m thi...
(c) - Sao qua phdng n i y ? Mpi l i n Idp minh hpc phdng 106 ma?
- Da thay chu nhi$m keu chuyin...
(d) - Sao nghf hoai dng npi? Bd muon cam
60 HOXUAN MAI - HAI DAC DIEM NGON N G O TRONG CAU.
thi ha? Mdn nay diem danh du- lam dd!
Lieu hdn nghe!
- Tai gily bao t f l , chac dng thdng d m ! - Di ong ndi la khdng d n bilt ly do ma edn lilu!
MCPC dp ndi "trdng", "ngang ngang" trpng (10.a) va (lO.b) rd han SP vdi (lO.c) va (lO.d); d i n g thdi ehung ta cd t h i xac djnh vai v l trong hai cau (10.a) va (lO.b). Trong khi dd, d (10.c) va (lO.d) thi chu ngu- la ddi tugng xac djnh va la ngudi thue hien ndi dung trong cau cdn ngudi dang giao t i l p chf lam nhiem vu "nhle lai", nen r i t khd xac dinh vai v l giu-a cac bem tham gia hdi- dap. Dd chinh la mdt net van hda ma chf cd t h i cd trong cpng ddng ngudi miln Tay Nam bp va thuc hien nd qua c l u true eau nghjch dao.
Nh$n xet 2
- c l u true dao ngu' "da+chu ngO'+ddng tu+bd ngu'" dugc SLP dung pho biln trong cau hdi-dap cua ngudi m i l n Tay Nam Bd.
Trong 300 cap cau hdi-dap thu thap dugc, c l u true nay chilm 87%, tCpc 261 cap. Con sd nay cho ehung ta t h i y duge thdi quen, n i p van hda trong sinh hogt, cy t h i la trong hdi-dap cua ngudi miln Tay Nam Bp.
- C l u true "da+chu ngO+dong tw+bo ngO' trong cau hdi-dap cua ngudi miln Tay Nam bd nhIm muc dieh nhin mgnh thdi gian va ndi dung s u viee dugc d l cap trong cau. C l u true nay khdng mdi so vdi dac d i l m ngu- phap toan dan, nhung v l n mang dac d i l m rieng cua ngudi miln Tay Nam Bd. Bdi le, cung vdi dac ngu-, tCp xung hd (chu ngu') trong d u true, va k i t hgp vdi "la (li)", "keu (la)", "hd (la)", c l u
true nay t h i hien r i t rd tinh "ngang ngang",
"trdng trdng" eua ngudi m i l n Tay Nam Bd.
Ndi each khac, c l u true dao ngip "da+chu ngCp+dpng tCp+bl ngCp" trpng cau hdi-dap eua ngudi miln Tay Nam bd da "xda md"
tinh tdn ti trong xung hd eua cdng ddng nay.
- Dgc d i l m thCp hai cua cau hdi-dap cd c l u true dao ngu' nhu tren la bd ngu' cua dpng tu' thudng la mdt t i i u cCi, r i t it khi la mpt ngu'. Trpng 300 cap cau hdi-dap, cd 291 cap cd dgc d i l m nay, chilm 97%. D i i u vd cung iy thu la, khi x u i t hien c l u true "da+
chu ngO'+ddng tCp+bl ngu'" thi npi dung eua cau da dugc thdng bao nhung ngudi tilp nhgn ludn hilu/hanh dpng ngugc lai va day la ly do nay sinh d i i u thu vj: c l u true nay giup ngudi ndi cai lai va bic bd y kiln cua ngudi khac.
- Vdi c l u true "da+ngwdi ta+ddng tO+bo ngO', ehung ta xac djnh dugc vai v l , tdn ti giu'a cac ben dang tham gia giao tilp; cdn vdi c l u true "da+chu ngO xie dinh+ddng tw+bo ngO' thi kha nang khd han.
K^T LUAN
1. Ngudi m i l n Tay Nam bd dugc xem la
" d l chju", d l g i n gui, x u l xda, khdng cau c h i p , giu' ke. Mpt trpng nhu-ng y l u to gdp p h i n tgo ra dgc d i l m nay la ngdn ngu", cu t h i la Idi an t i l n g ndi eua cdng dong nay.
TCP ngu' hp SLP dung ludn mdc mgc, khdng trau chult, ma dan gian "nghT sao ndi vay".
2. Dae trung Nam Bd cua ngudi m i l n Tay Nam bd cdn duac t h i hien qua cac dpng tu' "keu", "la", "hd " va c l u true dao ngu'
"da+chu ngO+ddng tO+bo ngO'. B i t ky luc nao va d dau, khi nghe mdt eau ndi nhu vay, ngudi ta h i l u r i n g dd la Idi an t i l n g
HO
X U A NMAI - HAI DAC DIEM NGON
N G QTRONG CAU..
61ndi cua ngudi m i l n Tay Nam bd ma khdng phai cua b i t ky cpng d i n g nap khac.
3. Ngdn ngu-, eu t h i la t i l n g ndi eua mpt dan tdc la v l n quy eua dan tdc dd. T i l n g Viet cung t h i . Dd la t i l n g ndi cua ngudi Viet nhung nhu-ng cdng d i n g khac nhau, d nhu-ng vung khac nhau, se n h i t djnh cd each su- dyng t i l n g Viet theo each rieng cua minh, mang dam d i u I n cua vung dd. •
TAl LIEU THAM K H A O "" "
1. Oao Nguyin Phuc. 2003. Quan he ngwdi ndi-ngwdi nghe vi each xwng hd trong tiing Viet. Tap chi Ngdn ngu- va Ddi sdng. Sd 5.
2. Dinh Van OLPC. 1986. Ngw phap tiing Viet (tir loai). Ha Npi: Nxb. Dai hpc va Trung hpc chuyen nghiep.
3. H i Le. 1991. Cu phip tieng Viet (Quyin 1): Phwang phip nghien cwu cu phip. Ha Npi: Nxb. Khoa hpc Xa hdi.
4. H i Le. 1992. Cu phap tiing Viet (Quyin 2): Cu phap ca sd. Ha Npi: Nxb. Khoa hpc Xa hpi.
5. Ho Xuan Mai. 1999. Hien twang chech chuan vi mat tw vt/ng-ngw nghTa vi ngw phap-ngw nghTa cua ciu trong van ban van hoc nghe thuat. Luan van Thac sT.
6. Hd Xuan Tuyen. 2002. Mgt so kiiu ndi rut gon xet a cap dg tw ngw. Tgp chi Ngon ngu vaDdi song. S l 12.
7. Hoang Tue. 1988. Ve vin di van hda ngdn ngw. Tgp chi Ngdn ngu-. S l 1. ,, 8. Huynh Cdng Tin. 2006. Dae diem cua ngdn ngw Nam Bg trong phong each diin
dat. Tap chi Ngdn ngu va Odi sing. Sd 1+2.
9. Mai Thanh Thing. 2005. Kia, kia, kia, kia trong cich ndi eua ngwdi Nam Bd. Tap chi Ngdn ngu- va Odi sing. S l 9.
10. Nguyin Kim Than. 1999. Dpng tw trong tiing Viet. Ha Ndi: Nxb. Khoa hoe Xa hpi.
11. Nguyen Tai C i n . 1981. Ngw phip tiing Viet: Tiing-Tw ghep-Doin ngw. Ha Npi; Nxb.
Dai hpc va Trung hpc chuyen nghiep.
12. Nguyen Thj Ly Kha. 2007. Tw xwng hd thudc he thing nio? Tap chi Ngdn ngu- va Ddi sdng. S l 10.
13. Nguyin Thien Giap. 2008. Nghien cwu giao tiip phi ngdn tw qua cic nin van hda.
Tap chi Ngon ngu-. S l 7.
14. Nguyin Thj Hoang Y i n . 2005. Mdt so kiiu hdi dap tich ewe cua hinh vi che. Tgp chi Ngon ngu va Ddi sdng. Sd 12.
15. Nguyin T h i Truyln. 2002. Ngwdi Nam Bd xii tw. Tap chi Ngdn ngu- va Odi sing. S l 12.
16. Nguyin Trong Bau. 2006. Cic dac trwng van hda vi ngdn ngw chao hdi ciJa ngwdi Viet Tap chi Ngdn ngii- va Ddislng. So 4.
17. Panfilov, V.S. 2008. Ca cau ngw phap tiing Viet Ha Npi: Nxb. Giap due.
18. Pham Van Tinh-Kim Dung. 2003. Ndi tat bang phwang thwc dinh danh. Tap chi Ngdn ngO-va Ddi song. So 3.
19. TrIn Kim Phugng. 2004. NhOng trwdng hap khdng the dung phii tw "da" trong cau tiing Viet Tgp chi Ngdn ngu- va Ddi sdng.
S l 5 .
20. Uy ban Khoa hpc Xa hpi Viet Nam. 1983.
Ngw phip tiing Viet Ha Npi: Nxb. Khpa hpc Xa hoi.
