Tu tirong cua C.Mac ve giao due
Mai Dire Ngoc', T r a n T h i K i m Dung^
' Hgc vien Bao chf vd Tuyen truyen.
Email: [email protected]
^ Tnrdng Chfnh tri tinh Bac Giang.
Email: dungg26779@gmail com
Nhan ngay 6 thang 5 ndm 2017. Chip nhan dang ngay 23 thang 7 nam 2018.
Tom tat: Trong tu tudng cua C.Mac, giao due khong chi dugc coi la phuong thiic lam giau tri thiic, hinh thanh va pb^t trien nhan each ca nhSn, ma quan trpng hem, gido due eon la each thuc lam cho con ngudi duoc phat trien toan dien, gop phan quyet dinh su van dpng va phat trien xa hpi. Tu tudng eiia C.Mac ve giio due co gia tri to Idn trong viee xiy dung vk phdt trien nen gido due d Viet Nam hien nay.
TIJ khoa: C.Mac, tu tudng, giao due, Vi?t Nam.
Phan loai nganh: Chinh tri hoc
Abstract: In the thought of Marxism, education was considered to be not only a way to enrich people's knowledge, fomiing and developing their personal characters, but also, more importantly, a way of their comprehensive development, contributing to the decision of the social movement and development. K.Marx's thought on education is of great value in the building and development of education in Vietnam today.
Keywords: K.Marx, thought, education, Vietnam.
Subject classincation: PoHtics
1. Mfr d a u tirang hgfp ly nhat dinh ve giao due, nhung nhm chung, hp khong giai quy8t dugc mot Voi viec phat hien chii nghia duy vat lich each that su khoa hoc nhiing van de can ban su, C.Mac khong chi tao ra buac ngoat each cua giao due. Bai vilt nay tnnh bay va phan mang trong quan niem vh sir phat triln xa tich tu tuong cua C.Mac ve giao due (nguon hpi noi chung, ma con dat co so khoa hpc goc va ban chat ciia giao due, tinh giai cap, cho tat ca cac linh vuc khoa hpc xa hpi, h'nh lich su ciia giao due, muc dich, npi trong do co khoa hpc giao due. Cac nha dung, phuong phap, hinh thuc giao due, tiik hoc trudc C.Mac, du co nhung tu Quan he giiia giao due va phat triln xa hpi,
su hinh thanh va pbat triln cua nen giao due cpng san chu nghia).
2. TIT tirong C M a c v£ ngu6n goc va b a n chat cua giao due
Van de ve ngu6n goc va ban chat cua giao due lien quan.mat thilt din v4n d l ban chat xa hpi cua con ngudi. Cac ton giao cung nhu cac nha trilt hpc trudc C.Mac thudng quy giao due v l mpt coi nguon, mpt ban nguyen phi lich su. Ban nguyen do hoac la Thuong d l (ton giao), hoac la mot nguyen 1^ tien tbien.(I.Canta), mot y niem tuyet ddi tu phat triln (G.Heghen), rapt ban ti'nb ngudi triiu tugng (L.Pboiobac), mpt quyen uy nao do (giao due tan ddng), cac quy luat cua vii tru (giao due muc dich luan vii tru)... Hp phii nhan tinh tu nhien va ban ch4t sinh vat cua con ngudi. Hp phan chia con ngudi thanh hai bp phan doi lap nhau la the xac va linh bon. The xac la nha giam ciia linh hon. Khi con ngudi chet di tbi linh hon van sdng mai, bat diet va dugc sieu thoat ve the gidi ben kia. Dua tren nhiing co sd duy tam, sieu hinh do, hp da xay dung nen nhiing hpc thuyet giao due khac nhau.
Cac nha duy vat may moc, tu Demdcrit thdi CO dai den L.Phoiobac, da co each nhin nhan bien chiing hem, duy vat hon ve con ngudi. Quan diem nay da thira nhan con ngudi la san pham tu nhien, la thuc thi sinh vat, nhan manh tmh huyet tbSng, thu4n tuy Or nhien sinh hpc trong quan he cua con ngudi, nhtmg lai coi nhe quy luat xa hpi trong ban chat ciia con ngudi. L.PhoiabSe da tien xa hon mpt budc, nhtmg ciing chi dung lai d viec nhin nhan con ngudi cd tinh nhan ban ve mat xa hdi. C.Mac cho r^ng, L.Phoiobac bat buoc ban chit con ngudi chi la chung loai, chi la tinh cdng ddng ndi tai.
i n nau, lien k i t nhieu ca the mgt each \h\ik tuy tu nhien.
Cac nha triet hpc duy vat may moc da thira nhan anh hudng cua giao due, cua hoan canh xung quanh den con ngum, nhung theo ho, anh hudng dd mang tinh tu nhien va tu phat. Trudc khi hpc thuyat C.Mac ra ddi, da cd nhieu quan diem khac nhau v l ban chat con ngudi va ban chat ciia giao due. Nhiing ngudi theo quan dilm phii nhan ban chit xa hpi ciia con ngudi, coi con ngudi la thue t h i tu nhien gilng nhu cac loai dpng vat khac, khong thira nhan con ngudi la thuc the xa hgi, hp ciing dong thdi phu nhan ban chat xa hgi ciia giao due.
Hg quan niem rang, hien tugng giio due trong xa hgi loai ngudi ciing giong nhu hien tugng con ong xay td, nhu viec phin cdng lao dpng trong xa hdi loki kien. Hien tugng giao due cung mang tinh ban nang.
Dd la banh vi bam sinh, di truyen qua cSc thi he, khong cd y thiic. Thuc chat ciia quan diem nay la phu dinh ban chat xa hoi cua giao due.
Dong gdp lan nhit cua C.Mac ve mat giao due la da pbat hien ra ban chat xa hpi cua con ngudi. C.Mac da tiep thu tat ca nhiing quan diem duy vat cua nhan loai ve con ngudi va ban chat ngudi. C.Mac cung thira nhan rang, con ngudi la mpt thuc the tu nhien, mgt thue the sinh vat do qua trinh bien doi ciia hoan canh tu nhien va hoan canh xa hgi. C.Mac ndi, con ngudi tao ra hoan canh, hoan canh ciing tao ra con ngudi. Theo C.Mac, trong qua tnnh hinh thanh ban chat eon ngudi, yeu td xa hpi, cac quan be xa hgi la yeu td chi phoi, la nhan to quyet dinh. Trong cac quan he xa hgi thi quan he san xuat co vai trd quyet dinh cac quan he xa hgi khac. Trong mdi quan he giiia con ngudi vdi xa hgi, con ngudi tac dgng vao hoan canh, cai tao hoan canh
Mai Bice Ngpe, Tran Thj KJm Dung trong chimg muc nao, thi hoan canh cung
tac dpng vao con ngudi, lam bien ddi con ngudi trong chimg muc ay. NghTa la, cai hoan canh tao ra eon ngudi ciing chinh la cai do con ngudi lao ra. Trong xa hpi loai ngudi khdng cdn cd gi thuan tuy mang tinh tu nhien, khdng cai gi ciia con ngudi la thuan tuy sinh vat. Tat ca da dugc xa hgi boa, da dupe ngudi boa. Tat ca boat dpng cua mdi ngudi da dupe che udc bdi cac quan he xa hgi. Su lira chgn cac quan he phu hgp, su ty chu eae quan he, tao ra eac quan he xa hdi mdi do la mdt dac dilm ban chat ciia ngudi cd y thiic. Con ngudi khong chi la san pham ciia hoan canh xa hgi, ma eon ngudi cdn tich cue cai tao hoan canh va hoan thien ban than ve mpi mat. Con ngudi vira la kh^ch the, vira la chu the, trong qua tnnh phat trien ciia tu nhien, xa hpi, gidng ndi va mdi ca the.
C.Mac cho rang, thii hpc thuylt duy vat chii nghTa cho rang eon ngudi la san pham cua hoan canh va ciia giao due, rang do dd, con ngudi da dugc bien ddi la san pham cua nhung hoan canh khac nhau va cua mgt sir giao due da bien ddi, thu bpc thuyet do quen rang hoan canh dugc bien ddi chinh bdi con ngudi va ban than nha giao due ciing phai dugc giao due. Theo C.Mac, trong qua trinh hinh thanh nhan each, dieu kien quyet dinh la boat ddng thuc tien, boat dgng lao dgng va hoat dpng xa hpi. Ngudi viet: "Sir phii hgp giiia viec thay ddi cua hoan canh va boat dpng ciia con ngudi chi cd the xem va hieu mpt cdch hgp ly nhu la thuc tien cdch mang" [2, tr.38]. Dd la quan diem bien chiing de phan biet C.Mac vdi cae quan diem phi mac xit. Hoat dpng xa hgi vua la dieu kien de hinh thanh nhan each, vua la thudc do ddnh gia tinh chu the ctia mdi ca nhan. Quan diem cua C.Mac ve ban chat xa hpi ciia con ngudi ra ddi da lam
dao Idn tit ca nhiing quan diem trudc do ve con ngudi. Ddi vdi giao due, quan diem cua C.Mac da tao co sd ly luan, phuang phap luan dinh hudng eho viec nghien cuu va xay dung mpt nen giao due mdi each mang va khoa hpc. Mudn xay dyng mpt nen giao dye mdi, phai tien hanh mdt cupc each mang xa hdi lam thay ddi quan he xa hpi, thiet lap xa hdi mdi. Chi tren mpt quan he xa hgi do mdi xay dung duge nhan each ciia con ngudi cho xa hdi tuong lai. Hieu diing ban chat ngudi cd y nghia quan trgng ddi vdi giao due va ngugc lai, giao due ed y nghia to Idn doi vdi xa hgi ndi chung, vdi ban ehat con ngudi ndi rieng.
Luan de eiia C.Mac ve ban chat xa hpi cua con ngudi la ca sd ly luan de cac nha giao due bieu ro ban ve ban ehat, ddng lye, cac quy luat ciia qua tnnh giao due. Chi cd quan triet sau sac quan diem eua C.Mac ve ban chat xa hgi ciia con ngudi mdi cd the giai thich dugc tat ca nhiing hien tugng giao due vd ciing phiic tap trong xa boi loai ngudi. Dung nhu C.Mac ndi, cac nha triet hge trudc kia chi giai thich the gidi bang nhieu each khae nhau, song van de la d cho cai tao the gidi. Ddng gdp ciia C.Mac la d chd da vii trang cho nhan loai mgt vu khi tu tudng, giai phdng con ngudi va y thiic cua con ngudi ra khdi trdi huge cua t h i gidi quan, nhan sinh quan duy tam, sieu binb, tao dieu kien cho con ngudi vuon len lam ehu ty nhien, lam chu xa hgi. Ciing vdi viec phat hien ra ban chat xa hgi cua con ngudi, C.Mac cdn chi ra nhiing quy luat cua qua tnnh nhan thiic the gidi khach quan eiia con ngudi. Nhiing ddng gdp cua C.Mac da tao ca sd phuang phap luan vung chac cho khoa hpe giao due, cho viec xay dyng nen ly luan giao due hien dai va td chirc qua trinh giao due con ngudi mdt each khoa hpc.
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3. Tir tirdng C.Mac ve tinh chat giai c^p, tinh chat lich su* cua giao due Tic viec phan tich ban chit xa hdi ciia con ngudi, C.Mae chi ra rang, giao due la mdt loai hinh boat ddng xa hgi ciia con ngudi, giao due cd tmh lich su; trong xa hpi cd giai cap, giao due cd tinh giai cap. Ciing nhu tdn giao, dao diic, phap quyen, trong xa hpi cd giai cip, giao due bao gid ciing mang tmh giai cap, giao due ludn la cdng cu eiia giai cap thong tri xa hgi. C.Mac ndi: "Giai cap nao nam trong tay tu lieu san xuat vat chat ciia xa hdi thi cung ddng thdi la ke thdng tri ve mat tinh than doi vdi xa hgi do. Giao dye Ik mdt bp phan eiia kien tnic thugng tang, la cong cu tmyen ba y thiic he tu tudng, la phuong tien dao tao eon ngudi cho xa hdi, truyen ba siic manh tinh thin. Do vay, giao due luon mang tinh giai c i p " [8, tr.l28].
Cbi cd the xay dung mdt nin giao due cua giai cap vd san khi giai cap do gianh dugc quyln thing tri xa hdi. Tren tinh thin dd, C.Mac khing dinh muc dieh cita nin giao due xa hgi chii nghTa la dao tao nen nhung con ngudi xa hpi chu nghia, nhiing ngudi lao dpng mdi cd y thiic va dao diie xa hgi chii nghia, cd tnnh dp van boa va khoa hpc tien tien, cd ky nang lao dpng can thilt, cd dc tham my, cd siie khoe tdt, nhiing con ngudi phat trien toan dien.
Tinh ehit giao (luc dugc quy dinh bdi cac dieu kien kinh tl, chinh tri, xa hdi. Tinh chat giao due bao gid cung phu ligp vai tnnh do phat trien ciia lyc lugng san xuit va cac quan he san xuit von cd cua hinh thai kinh t l - xa hdi. C.Mac khing dinh ring, trong xa hpi cd giai cip, giao due trd thanh cdng cu quan trgng ciia giai cip cim quyln phyc vu cho muc dich chinh tri eiia no Ong nhan manh: "Mudn thay d l i nhirng d i l u kien xa hpi phai cd mot c h i do giao dye thich h g p " [3. t . l 6 , tr.77I]. C.Mac cho
rang, giao due chi cd d xa hdi ioai nguoi, nd la mdt phan khdng the tach rdi ciia doi sdng xa hdi loai ngudi, giao due co a m^i thdi dai, mpi thiet che xa hpi khdc nhau.
Thdng qua mue dich, tinh chat cua minh, giao dye the hien vai trd rat quan trgng dli vdi sy phat trien cua xa hpi loai ngudi noi chung va ddi vdi quoe gia dan tgc ndi rieng.
Giao due cd vai tro quan trpng trong viec hinh thanh va phat trien nhan each ca nhin, thdng qua dd, giao due gdp phin quylt dinh sy van dgng va phat trien xa hdi. Tri thiic la vu khi ky dieu de quan chdng br giai phong minh va phat trien toan dien mpi kha nang ciia minh; hem the niia, tuong lai eua loM ngudi hoan toan phu thudc vao nin gido dye the he cdng dan dang Idn len.
Ve dudng Idi phat trien giao dye, CMac viet: dudng Idi do "dugc de ra ngay dl danh tan edng cu ap biic tinh thin, "thi lyc ciia cd dao"... Tat ca mgi tmdng hpc dlu khong phai tra tien ddi vdi tat ea mpi ngudi, va dugc tach ra ngoai anh hudng ciia nha thcr va ciia bon thdng tri. Nhu vay, khong nhiing mpi ngudi deu cd the theo hpc d nha trudng, ma khoa hgc con dugc giai thoat khdi nhiing thanh kien ciia giai cap va cua chi'nh quyln" [2, t r . l 3 ] .
Trong "Tuyen ngdn cua Dang Cpng san", C.Mac va Ph.Angghen da neu len mgt so nhiem vu trong linh vue giao due ma giai cap vd san can phai thyc hien ngay sau khi gianh dugc chi'nh quyln. Dd la, giao due cdng cdng va khdng m i t tiln eho tit ca cac b-e em; xda bd viec dung tre em lam viec trong cdng xudng; k i t hgp giao due vdi su san xuat vat chit. Theo eae dng, giao due bao gid cung nay sinh va phat triln trong nhirng dieu kien lieh su cy thi tren mgt nfin tang kinh te, chinh tri, van hda, xa hgi nhSt dinh; khi nhiing dilu kien lieh su thay d6i thi giao due ciing thay ddi theo. C.Mac viet:
"Phuong thiic san xuit ddi sing vat chat
Mai Biic Ngpe, Trin Thj Kim Dung quyet dinh cac qua trinh sinh boat xa hdi,
chinh tri va tinh than ndi chung. Khdng phai y thuc cua eon ngudi quyet dinh tdn tai ciia hp; trai lai, tdn tai xa hpi cua hp quyet dinh y thiic cua hp" [3, t.l3, tr.l5]. Luan diem nay chi'nh la chia khoa de nhan thue ban chat cua mgi hien tugng xa hdi, trong do ed giao dye. Vdi viec phat hien ra tinh quy dinh cua phuang thiic san xuat ddi sdng vat chat, giao due (va cac hien tugng tinh than khac) khong cdn la bieu hien cua mdt siic manh nko do d ben ngoai xa hdi, ben ngoai cac quan he ngudi, ciing khong phai la sy bieu hien cua nhung nang luc tien thien, nhat thanh bat bien ciia con ngudi.
Giao dye thuge ve hinh thai y thiic xa hdi, nd phan anh va bi quy dinh bdi tdn tai xa hpi. Dieu do cd nghTa la, eac quan niem, quan diem, nguyen tae, nguyen ly, tinh chat, ndi dung eiia hoat dpng giao due, xet den Cling, deu phan anh nhimg dieu kien sinh boat vat chat ciia xa hdi.
Chinh vi vay, muc dich, ngi dung, phucfng phap va hinh thiic td chiic giao dye ludn chiu sy quy dinh cua cac dieu kien phat bien kinh te - xa hpi. Trinh do phat bien san xuit, trinh dp van minh ciia xa hdi anh hudng rat Idn den trinh dp phat trien cua giao due. C.Mac cho rang, nhiing tu tudng, quan niem, khai niem ciia ngudi ta, tdm lai y thiic cua ngudi ta, eung deu thay doi theo mgi sy thay ddi xay ra trong dieu kien sinh boat, trong quan he xa hpi, trong ddi song xa hdi ciia ngudi ta.
4. Tu* tirdng C.Mac ve giao due con ngirdi phat trien toan dien
Quan diem phat trien toan dien con ngudi da dugc dat ra tir thdi cd dai. Theo quan niem ciia Aristot, con ngudi gdm ba bp
phan, la xuong thit, y ehi va 1^ tri. Tuang duong vai ba bp phan dd cd ba npi dung giao dye gdm the due, diic due va tn due.
Quan diem nay tuy edn thd so, nhung da thi hien dugc nhiing y tudng tien bg trong giao due liic bay gid. Quan diem phat trien toan dien con ngudi da dugc cac nha giao due khdng tudng thdi ky Phyc hung khdi phuc va phat triln ban. Quan diem nay hinh dung ra con ngudi ly tudng vdi nhiing md hinh, phim ehit phat trien toan dien. Nhung hp lai tach con ngudi ra khdi hien thuc xa hgi, chu trucmg giao dye con ngudi phat trien toan dien trong long mpt che dp xa hpi khdng hoan thien.
Ke thira va vugt len tren quan diem eiia eac nha duy vat trude do, C.Mac da diing virng trgn lap trudng duy vat lich sir de ly giai van de ban chat cua giao dye. Theo do, y thiic xa hpi la su phan anh ton tai xa hpi, do tdn tai xa hpi quyet dinh. Mae dii ed linh dpc lap tuong ddi, nhung mpi hien tugng trong ddi sdng tinh than, xet den ciing, deu cd nguon gdc tir ddi sdng vat chat. C.Mac vilt, phuang thiic san xuat ddi sdng vat chat quyet dinh qua trinh sinh boat xa hpi, ehinh tri va tinh than ndi chung. Khdng phai y thiic eiia eon ngudi quyet dinh su tdn tai ciia hp, trai lai, chinh sy tdn tai xa hdi ciia hp quyet dinh y thiic cua hg; ca sd kinh te thay doi thi tat ea eai kien tnic thugng tang dd so ciing bi dao Idn it nhieu nhanh chdng; nhung tu tudng cua giai cap thdng tri la nhiing tu tudng thdng tri trong mdi thdi dai, ndi each khac, giai cap nao dang la Iuc lugng vat chat chiem dia vi thdng tri trong xa hgi thi eiing la luc lugng tinh than chiem dia vi thdng tri. Giai cap nao chi phdi nhung tu heu san xuat vat chat thi ddng thdi ciing chi phdi ca tu lieu san xuat tinh than, thanh thir, tu tudng cua nhung ngudi khdng ed tu lieu san xuat tinh than ndi ehung bi
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Khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam, s6 10 - 2018 giai cip thong tri chi phfii; "Bp phan giac ngo nhit trong giai cap cong nhan ciing nhan thuc rit ro rang tuong lai cua giai cap hp va do do, tuong lai ciia ca loai nguoi, hoan toan phu thupc vao viec giao due the he cong nhan dang ion len" [3, tr.262]; chi can dpc nhimg quyen sach cua Robe Open, cung dii tin chac rang che dp cong xuong lan dau tien da lam nay sinh mam mong ciia nen giao due ciia tupfng lai, nen giao due se ket hgfp lao dpng san xuat voi giao due va the due, doi vai tat ea nhiing tre em den mpt lira tuoi nhat dinh va khong nhirng do la phuong phap tang them san xuat xa hpi, ma con la phuang ph^p duy nhit va doe nhit d6 dao tao ra nhiing con nguai toan dien.
C.Mac de cap den npi dung giao due mpt each toan dien, bao gflm cac mat: tri, diic, the, my va giao due nghS nghiep. C.Mae chiing minh rang, su phat triSn toan dien mpi kha nang ti8m tang cua con nguai nho giao due la yiu to quySt dinh su phat triSn xa hpi. Ong viSt: "Viee k8t hpp giiia Iao dpng san xuit duae tra cong, vai tri due, thi due va huin luyen ky thuat bach khoa se nang giai cip cong nhan len trinh dp eao hon nhieu so voi trinh dp cua giai cip quy toe va giai cip tu san" [3, t.46, tr.263].
C.Mac, dat nen mong viing chSc cho viec xay dung va phat triin nen giao due vo san. Ong cho rang, mSi chi dp xa hpi cin CO mpt nen giao due tuong ling, mii trinh dp phat trien eiia xa hpi, eua san xuit thi can CO mpt ehi dp giao due thieh hap, xa hpi can CO va tao diiu kien cho eon nguai phiit trien, ddng thoi chinh con nguoi, din luot minh, lai thiic diy xa hoi phat trien Giao due co ttong trach to Ion trong viec tao nen nhiing con nguoi do cho xa hoi eho san xuat. Su phat triin mod cua nin san'xuit xa hoi se phai can din nhirng con nguoi hoan toan mai, va se tap ra nhirng con
ngucri mai do. Ong viet: "Nen cong nghiep do toan the xa hpi kinh doanh mpt each tap the va CO ke hoach thi lai cang can co nhirng nguai cd nang luc phat triin loan dien, dli sue rinh thong duoc toan bp he thing san xuit" [3, t.2, tr.199-200].
Theo C.Mae, giao due co vai tro dac biet quan trpng trong viec hinh thanh va phat trien nhan each ca nhan, thong qua do, giao due gop phan quyet dinh su van dpng v&
phat trien ciia xa hoi; giao due bao gia cung phai phtl hap vai trinh do phat triin ciia lite luang san xuHt va cac quan he san xuit vin CO cita hinh thai kinh ti - xa hoi nhit dinh;
tinh chat giao due duae quy dinh boi cae dieu kien kinh te, chinh tri, xa hpi cu thi Nhirng van de ca ban, chu yiu cua nin giao due trong xa hpi mcri (nhu eac vin di mue dieh, ban chat, tinh chit, phuong cham, nguyen tie, nguyen ly giao due, vai tro cua nha nuac, cita xa hoi doi vcri giao due.) duae C.Mac trinh bay va luan giai mpt each sau sic, tao nin tang ly luan rit ca ban cho sir hinh thanh va phat triin nin giao due vo san tuang lai.
Viin de mue dich cua giao due la vin d6 CO y nghia quyet dinh dii vcti ea nin giao due. C.Mac da dua ra luan di rit co ban ve giao due toan dien, ve phat triin con nguoi toan dien khong nhirng vi tri thuc, ehuyen mon ma con ca ve thi chit, silc khoe, hi tucmg, dao dire. Tii viec lam ro co so khach quan quy dinh su menh lich su thi gicfi ciia giai cap cong nhan va khong ngimg dau tranh vi sii menh lich sri iy, C.Mac da chi ra muc dieh cua nen gi^o due ma giai cap cong nhan huang tai va thuc hien trong xa hpi moi la phai phat triin toan dien con nguoi. C.Mae viit: "Nhu Ooen da noi ti mi va ro rang rang: nin giao due sau nay la nen giao due lam cho moi mot tre em khi den
Mai Biic Ngpe, TrJn Th; Kim Dung Ilia tudi nhit dinh d l u bilt kit hgp tii dye,
the dye vdi edng tac lao dpng san xuit. D i y khdng nhiing la mpt phuong phap d l tang them miic san xuat cua xa hdi, ma cdn la mdt phucmg phap duy nhat de dao tao ra Idp ngudi phat trien toan dien, phuang phap nay da dugc manh nha tir trong che dp nha may ma ra" [2, tr.85].
C.Mac ciing da neu len nhiing tu tudng v l nguyen ly, phuang eham, phuang phap, hinh thiic va ndi dung giao dye. Theo dng, day hpc phai lay ngudi hgc lam trung tam, day hge phai phat huy tdi da tinh sang tao va tich cue ciia ngudi hpc; giao due phai ket hgp vdi ty giao due; giao due phai dam bao hpc di ddi vdi hanh, ly luan gan lien vdi thyc tien, giao due gan liln ydi lao ddng, san xuat. Ong viet: "Nhirng dilu khoan cua dao luat cdng xudng, ndi chung trong toan bp, ddi vdi viee giao dye, tuy cd ve it 6i that, nhung ciing da tuyen bd duge rang tre em bat budc phai cd tnnh dp sa hpc mdi duge di lam. Thanh cdng cua nhiing dieu khoan dd da chiing td mpt each thuc tien lan dau tien eho ngudi ta thay rang ed the ket hgp giao dye va the dye vdi lao ddng chan tay va ngugc lai, lao ddng chan tay vdi giao due va the due" [5, tr.40]; "Viec ket hgp tri dye, the due va giao due ky thuat tdng hop vdi lao ddng san xuat ed thii lao, cd the nang trinh dp giai cap cdng nhan len cao ban cac giai cap lap giiia va Idp tien nhieu" [2, ti.90]; "Sdm ket hgp cdng tac lao dpng san xuat vdi giao dye se la mdt trong nhimg bien phap hieu qua nhat de eai tao xa hgi hien nay" [2, ti.85]; "Viee sdm ket hgp lao ddng san xuat vdi giao due la mgt tiong nhiing phuang sach manh nhat de cai bien xa hpi hien nay" 12, ti:.94].
5. Ket luan
C.Mae da khing dinh vai trd to Idn cua giao due ddi vdi qua trinh phat trien kinh te - xa hdi va sy tac ddng trd lai cua phat trien kinh te - xa hpi ddi vdi giao dye, ehi ro y nghia Idn lao va vai trd quyet dinh cua giao dye ddi vdi viee phat trien con ngudi, ngudn lyc eon ngudi ndi ehung va su phat tiien cua eae qude gia ndi rieng. Nhiing quan diem ay cd y nghia ly luan va thuc tien to Idn ddi vdi su nghiep giao dye eua cae nudc xa boi ehii nghTa, gdp phan xay dyng thanh cdng chu nghTa xa hdi. Tu tiidng giao due cua C.M^e da va dang la eo sd ly luan cho dudng loi, cbinh sach giao dye, dao tao ciia Dang va Nha nudc Viet Nam.
Tai lif u t h a m Ifhao
[1] Bo Giao due va Dao tao (2013), Roi - ddp vi mpt so npi dung doi mat cdn bdn, loan di$n gido due vd ddo tao, Nxb Giao due Viet Nam, Ha Noi.
[2] Cha nghia Mdc vd vdn de gido diic, Nxb Su that. Ha Noi, 1959.
[3] C M a c va Ph.Angghen (1994), Todn tap, t.2, t , i 3 , t.l6, t,20, t.46, Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia, Ha Noi.
[4] C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen (1995), Todn tap, t.3, Nxb Chmh tri quoc gia. Ha Ngi.
[5] CMac, Ph.Angghen, V.I.Lenin, I.V.Xtalin (1976), Bdn vi gido due, Nxb Su that. Ha Npi.
[6] Dang Cong san Viet Nam (2016), Vdn kien Dgi hpi dgi bieu todn quoc lan thic XU, Nxb Chi'nh tri quoc gia. Ha Noi.
[7] Pham Minh Hac (2013), Triit ly gido due thi gi&i vd Viet Nam, Nxb Chinh tri qu6c gia, Ha Noi, 2013.
[8] Bili Minh Hiln (2016), Lich su gido due thi gi&i, Nxb Dai hpc Su pham. Ha Npi.
