NGOAI GIAO VAN HOA TRUNG QUOC VA VAI TRO CUA NO TRONG QUA TRINH HOI NHAP QUOC TE
TH S. PHAM HONG YEN Vien Nghien cdu Trung Qudc
I. NGOAI GIAO VAN HOA PHUONG T H U C TRIEN KHAI
VA
1. Khai niem "Ngoai giao van hoa"
Ngdai giad van hda xuat hien chinh thflc va mang tinh qud'c te-tfl the ky 15- 17, khi cac phat kien dia ly vdi quy md ldn dfldc thflc hien, cac con dfldng mdi dflpc khai thdng cflng vdi sfl banh trfldng cua chu nghia thflc dan phfldng Tay.
Cach mang khea hpc ky thuat bflng nd vad nhflng nam 80 the ky XX. each mang thdng tin phat trien nhanh chdng dan tdi sfl ra ddi cua cae phfldng tien thdng tin dai chflng, vdi sflc truyen ba thdng tin lan tda nhanh chdng tren pham \a toan cdu. Lan sdng toan eau hda kinh te cung la mdt tac nhan quan trpng thuc day, thuan Ipi hda sfl giao Iflu, trao ddi cua ngfldi, hang hda gifla cac qudc gia. Giao Iflu van hda xuyen qud'c gia ngay cang sdi ddng va dflpc thflc hien thdng qua nhieu hinh thflc nhfl; giao Iflu van hda dan gian. giao lUu van hda gifla chinh phu. Do dd. van hda dan trd thanh
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bp phan cau t h a n h quan trpng trong hoat ddng ngoai giao cua qud'c gia hien dai.
Dudi tac ddng cua toan cdu hda, giao lUu van hda ngay cang ddng vai trd ndi bat trong quan he qud'c te, cac nUdc tren the gidi r a t coi trpng viec svL dung van hoa tfl the hien minh, tuyen truyen quan diem gia tri cua minh. nang cao va md rdng anh hfldng eiia qud'c gia. Van hda trd t h a n h mdt hinh thflc ngoai giao mdi, ddc lap trong hoat dpng dd'i ngoai cua mdt qudc gia, dd la ngoai giao van hoa.
Theo tac gia Banh Tan Lfldng, xet ve y nghia "ngoai giao" truyen thd'ng,
"Ngoai giao van hda la mdt chu de mdi nam giao thoa gifla hai linh 'viic van hda va ngoai giao....Ngoai giao van hda la ngoai giao thdng qua cac ndi dung truyen ba, giao Iflu van hda, la mdt loai hoat ddng ngoai giao trong dd qud'c gia cd chu quyen Ipi dung phfldng thflc van hda nhdm dat dfldc muc dich chinh tri hoac dat dfldc y dd chien Ifldc dd'i ngoai dac biet'". Trong thdi dai toan cau hda
NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC so 8(96) - 2009
hien nay, ngoai giao va van hda da trd thanh phfldng thflc va muc dfch cua nhau, theo tac gia: ham y cu the ciia ngoai giao van hoa "la tdt cd hogt dong ngoai giao hoa binh cua nhd nifdc co chu quyen trong do gom cd vdn hoa, vdi muc tieu la bdo ve Icfi ich vdn hoa vd thifc hien muc tieu chien liidc vdn hoa dot ngoai cua niidc do diidi sif chi dgo cua chinh sdch vdn hoa doi ngoai nhdt
dinh "^. [-1 ; ( • ; ' ! • ! .
2. Cac kenh va phuofng thiirc trien khai ngoai giao van hoa
Ve cac kenh trien khai hoat ddng ngoai giao van hoa, trong ngoai giao van hda, giao Iflu van hda dd'i ngoai do chfnh phu chi dao la bd phan quan trpng nha't.
Trong dd, giao Iflu van hpc, nghe thuat la ndi dung cdt ldi, day cflng la mdt trong nhflng hinh thflc giao Iflu hap dan nha't, sdi ddng nha't trong giao Iflu van hda qud'c te ciia Trung Qud'c hien nay. Ngoai ra, giao Iflu gifla nhan dan cac nfldc, truyen ba qua phfldng tien thdng tin dai chflng, trao ddi giao due, khoa hpc va ky thuat, giao Iflu ly luan hpc thuat, day tie'ng, trao ddi va thfldng mai phim anh, hdp tac va trao ddi sach bao, trien lam cac tac pham, thdng tin tfl van....cflng deu la ndi dung chinh trong van hda dd'i ngoai. Phfldng thflc giao Iflu van hda rat da dang, cd the trien khai giao Iflu van hda dfldi hinh thflc song phfldng hoac da phfldng, vi du td chflc tet van hda, tet nghe thuat song phfldng; thanh lap cac kenh trao ddi van hda, td chflc cac hoat dpng nhfl: "Nam giao Iflu van hda",
"Thang van hda", "Tudn van hda" va cac dfl an trao ddi giao due, khoa hpc ky thuat va con ngfldi. Xuat khau cac sdn
pham van hda nhfl sach bao, sach ngoai van, bieu dien van nghe... ra nfldc ngoai.
Ngoai ra, cflng cd the khuyen khfch cdng dan nfldc minh ra nfldc ngoai kinh doanh, truyen ba tdn giao, giao due va cac hoat ddng van hda khac. Truyen thdng dai chflng cung la mdt bd phan quan trpng trong hoat ddng giao Iflu van hda dd'i ngoai, gdp phdn quan trpng tao nen sflc manh mem cua mdt qud'c gia.
Ve phfldng thflc trien khai, phan chia ngoai giao van hda thanh ba loai. Mot la, ngoai giao gifla chfnh phu hai nfldc, vf du: ky ket cae dfl an giao Iflu van hda qud'c te, hiep dinh van hda hiep thfldng, hiep fldc ky ket van hda, dam phan ve dich vu van hda, trieu tap va tham dfl cac hpi nghi van hda qud'c te, xay dflng va gia nhap cac td chflc van hda qud'c te, bao dam sfl trao ddi can bd trong nganh van hda, td chflc eac trien lam dd'i ngoai ve thanh qua van hda cflng nhfl cac dfl an hdp tac van hda... Hai la, ngoai giao cdng cdng, la cac hoat ddng quan he qud'c te cdng, dfldc trien khai hfldng tdi dd'i tfldng la cdng ddng qud'e te, cdng dan nfldc ngoai (gdm cac quy hdi, doan the hpc thuat, cac loai hiep hpi, td chflc tdn giao...). Muc tieu trpng tam la nhdm thflc hien y dd ehien Ifldc ngoai giao thdng qua gay anh hfldng tdi dfl luan qud'c te, gay anh hfldng gian tiep tdi hanh vi cua cac nfldc khac... Ngoai ra, cac hoat ddng giao Iflu van hda dan gian cua qudn chflng, nhfl Iflu didn d nfldc ngoai cua cac td chflc van hda dan gian Trung Qud'c, giao Iflu van hda dan gian gifla cac nfldc...Giao Iflu van hda dan gian, vdi sfl tham gia cua Ifldng ldn qudn chflng, tiet mue giao Iflu thfldng mang
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dam truyen thd'ng van hda dan gian, do dd nd dl tham vao long ngfldi.
n . TRUNG QUOC TICH CUC TRIEN KHAI NGOAI GIAO V A N HOA
Cung vdi sflc manh tdng hdp da't nfldc khdng ngflng dfldc tang cfldng, nhflng nam ddu the ky XXI, ngoai giao van hda ngay cang dfldc chfnh phu Trung Qud'c coi trpng va dfldc coi la mdt bd phan eau thanh quan trpng lam nen sflc manh mem cua Trung Qud'c. Den nay, Trung Qud'c da ky hiep dinh van hda cap chinh phu vdi 143 qud'c gia, ky 682 ke hoach giao Iflu van hda hang nam. Hang nam cd hdn 2000 dfl an giao Iflu van hda gifla Trung Qud'c vdi nfldc ngoai dfldc Bd Van hda phe duyet. Duy tri quan he giao Iflu van hda vdi hang ngan td chflc van hda qud'c te cflng nhfl vdi cac qud'c gia khac.
Pham vi giao lUu van hda thUdng de cap tdi cac linh viic van hda, nghe thuat, van vat, trien lam sach, thdng tin, xuat ban, phat thanh, truyen hinh, the due the thao, khoa hpc ky thuat, y te, thanh nien, phu nfl, du lich, tdn giao...^.
Ngoai giao van hda dflpc chfnh phu Trung Qud'c trien khai tren cac phfldng dien chinh nhfl sau:
1. Thanh lap Hoc vien Khong Tu Ddi vdi Trung Qud'c va ca the gidi, Khdng Tif chfnh la bieu tflpng cua van hda Trung Hoa. Trong qua trinh nang cao va md rdng sflc manh mem ra toan the gidi, mdt yeu to dflpc Trung Qud'c rat chu y tan dung dd la md rpng anh hfldng cua "van hda Khd'ng" thdng qua thanh lap va nhan rpng Hpc vien Khdng Tii.
Chflc nang chu yeu eiia Hoc vien Khdng Tif la chuyen dao tao tieng Han va dao
tao dpi ngu giao vien day tie'ng Han cho cac qud'c gia va khu vflc tren toan the gidi. Hien nay, chflc nang cua Hpc vien Khdng Tii dfldc md rpng hdn, trien khai cac ndi dung dao tao nhfl: day hpc tieng Han, dao tao nang cao chat Ifldng giao vien day tieng Han, luyen thi tieng Han, td chflc thi va cap bang Han ngfl, tfl van cho hpc sinh den Trung Qud'c du hpc, gidi thieu ve Trung Qud'c dfldng dai, lam quen vdi van hda Trung Hoa va kien thflc ve thfldng mai dd'i vdi Trung Qud'e.... Muc dich chinh cua Hpc vien Khdng Tfl la phd bien tie'ng Han, gifl gin va bao ve vi the qud'c te cua tieng Han va truyen ba van hda Trung Hoa"*.
Hien nay chfnh phu Trung Qud'c da de ra ke hoach lam ldn manh hdn nfla thfldng hieu van hda cua Hpc vien Khdng Tii. Dfl tinh de'n nam 2010, tdng so' hpc vien co the dat con so' 500, nhflng nam tie'p theo, tdng so' Hpc vien Khdng Tif, ldp hpc Khdng Tif se dat con sd 1000.
Hpc vien Khdng Tfl trd thanh thfldng hieu quang ba van hda va "sflc manh mem" Trung Qud'c, quang ba hinh anh, da't nfldc va con ngfldi Trung Qud'c tren pham vi toan the gidi.
Trong nhflng nam gdn day sd' lfl(3ng Hpc vien Khdng Tif tren toan the gidi da tang len n h a n h chdng, Uy ban van hda Anh phai mat hdn 70 nam mdi cd the t h a n h lap dfldc 270 chi n h a n h d nfldc ngoai, nfldc Dflc phai mat hdn 50 nam mdi cd the md rdng Hpc vien Goethe len tdi con sd' 128, trong khi dd, Trung Qud'c ehi cdn 3 nam da thanh lap dflpc 210 Hpc vien Khdng Tfl d 64 qud'c gia va khu vflc tren the gidi. Den thang 3 nam 2008, so' Ifldng Hpc vien Khdng Tfl da len tdi
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=. NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC so 8(96) - 2009238 hpc vien d 69 qudc gia va khu vflc tren toan the gidi. Hien da cd khoang 46.000 ngfldi dang theo hpc tieng Han d cac Hpc vien Khdng Tfl tren the gidi''.
2. Thuc day cac hoat dong giao luu van hoa gifia cac nude
Nhan thflc ddy du vai trd cua truyen ba van hda Trung Hoa dd'i vdi viec md rdng anh hfldng va nang cad sflc manh mem, cac nha lanh dae Trung Qud'c da nhieu ldn nhan manh, van hda Trung Hda khdng chi thudc ve rieng Trung Qud'c, ma cdn thudc ve the gidi. Tren tinh thdn dd, ngoai tang cfldng sflc manh mem qua viec thanh lap cac Hpc vien Khdng Tii, Trung Qud'c cdn td chflc nhieu hoat dpng giao Iflu van hda vdi cac nfldc.
Mot la, td chdc "Ndm vdn hoa Trung Quo'c" d cdc niidc tren the gidi. Trong nhflng nam ddu the ky XXI, Trung Qud'c da td chflc thanh cdng nhieu hoat ddng Tet van hda. Nam van hda Trung Qudc d cac nfldc nhfl Phap, My, Ai Cap, Nga, An Dp, Phdn Lan... Nam 2003-2004, Trung Qud'c td chflc Nam van hda Trung Qud'c d thu dd Paris- Phap. Theo danh gia, day la boat ddng cd anh hfldng sau rdng va y nghia to ldn trong viec truyen ba phong tuc tap quan, tdn giao, van hda cua Trung Qud'c den vdi chau Au. Nam 2005- 2006 ldn Ifldt td chflc thanh cdng Nam van hda Trung Qud'c d Nga va Itaha.
Tiep dd, nam 2007, Trung Qud'c lai td chflc thanh cdng "Nam Trung Qud'c" d Nga, hoat ddng quan trpng cua "Nam Trung Qudc" la td chflc "Tet van hda Trung Qud'c" nhdm gidi thieu cac phong tuc tap quan cd truyen cua Trung Qud'c den vdi nhan dan Nga.
Nam van hda dfldc td chflc thanh cdng d cac qud'c gia tren chd thay chinh phu Trung Qud'c da nhan thflc dflpc ddy du vai trd quan trpng cua ngoai giao van hda, dfla van hda vao chien Ifldc quan he dd'i ngdai tdng the. Ddng thdi, tich ciic, chu ddng giao Iflu van hda vdi cac nfldc tren the gidi, nhdm quang ba hinh dnh dat nfldc, lam cho cdng ddng qud'c te hieu ro hdn ve Trung Qud'c. Viec tang cfldng quang ba van hda Trung Qud'c ra toan the gidi lam cho van hda Trung Hoa ngay cang cd sflc hap dan ldn hdn vdi edng ddng qud'c te, tfl dd nang cao "sflc hap dan", hay "sflc manh mem" eua Trung Qud'e.
Hai la, tdng ciidng trao doi gido due.
Trao ddi giao due cflng la mdt bien phap dfldc chinh phu chfl trpng, Iflu hpc sinh Trung Qud'c hoc tap d nfldc ngoai dfldc Cdi la dpi quan chu liic trong viec tuyen truyen van hda Trung Qud'c ra nfldc ngoai. Theo thd'ng ke, tfl nam 1978 den cud'i nam 2003, Trung Qud'c da cfl tdng sd' hdn 700 nghin Iflu hpc sinh hpc tap d 108 qudc gia, treng dd cd 172.800 ngfldi trd ve nfldc". Ben canh dd, Trung Qudc cap hpc bdng cho hpc sinh cac nfldc de'n Trung Qud'c hpc tap, trong dd danh nhieu flu tien cho khu vflc Ddng Nam a.
Hpc vien Khd'ng Tfl cflng dfldc thimh lap d hdu het cac trfldng dai hpc ldn d cac nfldc Ddng Nam A, hien nay, hpc tieng Han dang trd thanh trao Iflu rat thinh hanh d cac nfldc trong khu vflc. Tfl nam 2002-2004, sd Ifldng hpc sinh Campuchia d Trung Qud'c da tang gdn 20%, sd' sinh vien Indonexia tang gdn 50%, so' sinh vien Viet Nam theo hpc d Trung Qud'c da tang gdn 90%^
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3. Xuat khau cac san pham van hoa nhu truyen hinh, phim anh, am nhac...
ra toan the gidi
Trong bdi canh toan cdu hda hien nay, cung vdi sfl phat trien vflpt bac cua cdng nghe thdng tin, cac phfldng tien thdng tin dai chflng gifl vai trd ngay cang quan trpng trong viec truyen ba van hda, tfl tfldng, cflng nhfl qudng ba hinh anh cua mdt qud'c gia ra the gidi. Nhan thflc rd dieu dd, Trung Qud'c dang khdng ngflng tang cfldng tan dung cac phfldng tien thdng tin dai chung de quang ba hinh anh dat nfldc, con ngfldi, van hda Trung Hoa. Dieu dd the hien trfldc het d viec md rdng pham vi phu sdng cac chfldng trinh truyen thanh, truyen hinh cflng nhfl thdi Ifldng phat sdng ra pham vi toan the gidi. Hien nay dai phat thanh Qudc te Trung Qud'c (China Radio International) dang tang thdi Iflpng phat sdng bang tieng Anh len 24 gid mdt ngay, trong khi dd, dai VOA cua My giam bdt thdi Iflpng phat sdng tfl 19 gid xudng cdn 14 gid mdt ngay. Phim truyen hinh cung la mdt phfldng thflc dfldc chfnh phu ap dung nhdm gidi thieu dat nfldc Trung Hoa vdi the gidi.
HI. VAI TRO CUA NGOAI GIAO VAN HOA TRONG QUA TRINH IIOI NHAP QUOC TE CUA TRUNG QUOC
1. Tang cudng siic manh mem ciia Trung Qudc
Hpc gia My Joseph S. Nye la ngfldi ddu tien neu len thuat ngfl "sflc manh mem". Theo dng, "Sflc manh mem la khd nang hfldng tdi muc tieu bdng sflc hap dan ciia minh chfl khdng phai bang each cfldng ep trong cac cdng viec qud'c te"®.
Ngay nay, sflc m a n h mem da trd thanh t h a n h phdn h a t n h a n trong viec nang cao vi the qud'c te quo'c gia. Vi vay, dat sflc manh mem d tdm cao chien Ifldc trd t h a n h yeu cdu cd ban de thflc hien muc tieu chien Iflpc tdng the cua mdt qud'c gia.
Sflc manh mem la mdt khai niem mdi, nhflng npi dung cua nd khdng cdn la lam dd'i vdi Trung Qud'c, tfl xa xfla cac nha mflu Ifldc Trung Qud'c da nhan thflc dfldc dao ly "binh phap khdng danh ma khuat phuc ldng ngfldi", khdng the chi dfla vao vfl liic de tri vi thien ha. Tuy nhien, sflc manh mem chfla dfldc dung nhfl mdt thuat ngfl chinh thd'ng trong cac van kien cua Dang, Nha nfldc Trung Qud'e va cung chfla dfldc coi trpng bang sflc manh cflng. Dai hpi 17 DCS Trung Qud'c ldn ddu tien dfla "sflc manh mem" vao trong ndi dung cua "Bao cao chinh tri", neu rd sflc manh mem la bd phan cau thanh quan trpng eua sflc manh tdng hdp da't nfldc, ddng thdi neu len phai "vflc day sflc sd'ng sflc sang tao cua van hda toan dan toe, nang cao sflc manh mem ciia van hda qud'c gia"". Trong nhflng nam gdn day, cae nha lanh dao Trung Qud'c da bat ddu dat sflc manh mem len tdm cao chien Ifldc. Chu tich Hd Cdm Dao da nhieu ldn neu rd, "nang cao sflc manh mem ciia qud'e gia la mdt bai toan trpng dai, thflc te dat ra trfldc mdt chflng ta"'°.
Trong qua trinh hdi nhap vdi the gidi va trdi day trd t h a n h nfldc ldn, van hda ndi chung, ngoai giao van hda ndi rieng, cd vai trd quan trpng trong viec tang cfldng sflc manh mem cua Trung Qud'c.
Van hda Trung Qudc vd'n cd ldi the ve be
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NGHIEN CUfU TRUNG QUOC so 8(96) • 2009day lich sii, dac biet van hda truyen thd'ng cua Trung Qud'c vdi hat nhan la van minh Nho giao, cd sflc lan tda rpng ldn tdi cac khu vflc xung quanh cflng nhfl ra toan the gidi. Hpc gia My Joseph Nye cho rdng: van hda truyen thd'ng cua Trung Qud'c, dac biet la van hda Nho gia ludn cd anh hfldng ldn tren the gidi, van hda Trung Qudc ed sflc hap ddn tren nhieu phfldng dien. Ngoai van hda truyen thd'ng, van hda hien dai cua Trung Qud'c cflng ngay cang thu hfl1 dfldc sfl quan tam chfl y cua nhieu nuie tren the gidi. Nhan thflc dfldc ldi the dd, Trung Qud'c da dfla hpp tac van hda trd thanh mdt phdn trdng chien Ifldc phat trien hda binh. Trdng nhflng nam gdn day, Trung Qud'c da td chflc nhieu boat dpng van hda vdi nhieu qud'c gia tren the gidi, thflc day giao Iflu van hda gifla nhan dan Trung Qud'c vdi cac nfldc.
Thdng qua dd, tang cfldng hieu biet lan nhau gifla nhan dan Trung Qud'c va nhan dan the gidi, md ra kenh dd'i thdai gifla cac nen.van hda khac nhau. Thflc te treng thdi gian qua che thay, Trung Qud'c da gat hai dflpc nhieu thanh cdng trong ngoai giao van hda, qua dd gdp phdn nang cao dang ke anh hfldng
"mem" d khu vflc cung nhfl tren the gidi.
2. Tang sure hap ddn ciia van hoa Trung Qudc ddi vdi the gidi
Thanh tiiu kinh te td ldn dat dfldc trdng nhflng thap ky qua, cflng vdi van hea, dac biet la van hda truyen thd'ng lam cho sflc hap dan cua Trung Qud'c ddi vdi the gidi ngay cang ldn. Trung Qud'c da thflc hien hang loat chfnh sach hap
dan dd'i vdi cac qud'c gia khac, rd nha't la dd'i vdi cac nfldc Ddng Nam A. Trong 10 nam gdn day, so' Ifldng Iflu hpc sinh nfldc ngoai du hpc d Trung Qud'c da tang gap 3 ldn, treng dd, sd' Ifldng du hpc sinh den tfl cac nfldc phat trien nhfl My... cd xu hfldng tang ro ret, Iflu hpc sinh den tfl chau A nhieu nha't, chiem tren tdng sd Iflu hpc sinh nfldc ngoai d Trung Qudc.
Hien nay, tdng sd' Iflu hec sinh nfldc ngeai d Trung Qud'e la 141 nghin ngfldi, trdng dd, sd' Iflu hpc sinh Han ngfl la 86.679 ngfldi".
Ngeai ra, thdng qua viec thanh lap Hpc vien Khdng Tfl d khap ndi tren the gidi, chfnh phu Trung Qud'c da thanh cdng treng viec tang cfldng sflc hap dan cua van hda Trung Qud'c. Dieu dd the hien d cdn sdt hpc tieng Han da lan tda d nhieu ndi tren the gidi. Trfldc bet cd the thay d cac nfldc Ddng Nam A, trfl met so' nfldc cd nhieu ngfldi Hda sinh sdng nha't nhfl Singapd, Malaixia, mdt sd' nfldc khac d Deng Nam A nhfl Thai Lan, Campuchia... trad Iflu hpc tieng Han da phat trien rat nhanh chdng. Trfldc khi Trung-Thai thiet lap quan he ngoai giao, sd' ngfldi Thai Lan hpc tieng Han rat ft.
Mdt Hoa kieu d Thai ndi, nam 1984, khi dng hpc chuyen nganh tieng Han d bac dai hpc, ca ldp chi cd 5 ngfldi. Vi Hoa kieu nay nay dang la giao sfl khoa tieng Han cua mdt trfldng dai hpc Thai Lan, dng ndi, mdt ldp tieng Han hien cd tdi 150 smh vien! Tieng Han da vfldt qua tieng Anh, trd thanh ngdai ngfl thfl 2 sau tieng Thai.
Sflc hap dan eua van hda Khdng khdng chi lan tda d chau A, ngay ca d My
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cung rat rd. Theo dieu tra cua Uy ban day tieng nfldc ngoai ciia My, nam 2000, tren toan nfldc My cd khoang 5.000 hpc sinh tfl ldp 1 den ldp 12 hpc tieng Han, nam 2007 con sd nay da tang len tdi 50.000 ngfldi, 55 trfldng trung hpc va tieu hpc tren toan nfldc My day tieng Han. Nam 2004, Hpc vien Khdng Tif ddu tien dfldc thanh lap d My, den nay, da ed 31 Hoc vien Khd'ng Tfl, sd Ifldng dflng ddu the gidi'"'.
Sfl gia tang sd ngfldi hpc tieng Han cung nhfl Ifldng Iflu hpc sinh nfldc ngeai khdng chi the hien sflc hap ddn cua tang trfldng kinh te Trung Qud'e, ma cen chflng td Trung Qud'c da trd thanh thanh nam cham van hda cua chau A cflng nhfl cua the gidi. Van hda truyen thdng Trung Qud'c cd sflc hflt manh me va hien nay da hda nhap vao sfl phd bien van hda chung cua toan nhan loai. Dieu dd cd dflpc mdt phdn khdng nhd nhd vao viec thflc hien thanh cdng eac bien phap ngoai giao van hda.
3. Nang cao vj the va anh hudng ciia Trung Qudc tren trudng qud'c te
Tfl nhflng nam 90 the ky XX, dac biet la sau khung hodng tai chi'nh chau A nam 1997, Trung Qud'c da coi viec xay dflng hinh tflpng "nfldc ldn cd trach nhiem" la muc tieu chien Ifldc nhdm nang cao dia vi qud'c te ciia minh. Nifa cud'i nhflng nam 90, Trung Qud'c da dieu chinh chfnh sach dd'i ngoai nham lam diu bdt mdi lo ngai cua cac nfldc tren the gidi ve sfl trdi day ciia Trung Qudc, tao ra mdi trfldng hda binh, dn dinh xung quanh de phat trien kinh te, ddng thdi dieu chinh chinh sach vdi cac nfldc lang
gieng, chap n h a n cac bien phap mem deo hdn trong giai quyet cac bat ddng, tranh chap bien gidi, lanh thd va lanh hai.
Trong nhflng nam ddu the ky XXI, Trung Qud'c da thay ddi tfl mpt nfldc bi ddng n h a n vien trd t h a n h nfldc vien trd.
Chinh phii Trung Qudc vien trp kinh te, vien trd duy tri hda binh cho eac nfldc va khu vflc khac tren the gidi, vien trd cho nfldc ngoai tang d mflc hai con sd'''l Ddng thdi, Trung Qud'c cung r a t chfl trpng tang cfldng tuyen truyen van hda Trung Hoa ra khdp cac chau luc. Dieu dd da giup Trung Qud'c cai thien dang ke dia vi qud'e te eua minh. Trung Qudc ngay cang de lai an tflpng qud'c te tich cflc trong long ngfldi dan cac nfldc tren the gidi.
Theo ket qua mpt cupc dieu tra cua BBC, trong sd' 22 qud'c gia dieu tra, cd 14 qud'e gia trong dd phdn ldn ngfldi tra ldi cho rdng Trung Qud'c da phat huy anh hfldng qud'c te tfch cflc, 16 qud'c gia cho rdng, sfl tang trfldng cua kinh te Trung Qud'c anh hfldng tfch cflc tdi kinh te the gidi. Nhin chung, 48% qud'c gia tham gia trong cudc dieu tra cho rang, anh hfldng cua Trung Qud'c la tich cflc, cao hdn 10%
Sd vdi My, khdng cd qud'c gia nae chd rdng anh hfldng cua Trung Qud'c la tieu cflc. O chau A, da so' cac qud'c gia cho rdng Trung Qud'c cd anh hfldng qudc te tich cflc, chi cd Nhat Ban va Han Qud'c quan diem khac nhau, 49% ngfldi Han Qud'c cho rdng Trung Qud'c p h i t huy vai trd tfch cflc, 47% cho rang vai trd cua Trung Qudc la tieu cflc; 22%) ngfldi Nhat Ban cho rdng Trung Qud'c phat huy vai trd tfch cflc, 25% cho rdng vai trd cua Trung Qud'c la tieu cflc, 53% khdng cd y kien. Y kien cua cac nfldc chau Au ve
46
NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC so 8(96) - 2009a n h hfldng cua T r u n g Qud'c vdi t h e gidi r a t k h a c n h a u . P h a p , Anh, N g a cho r d n g T r u n g Qud'c cd a n h hfldng tich cflc vdi the gidi. Dflc, Ba L a n lai cho r d n g T r u n g Qud'c cd a n h hfldng t i e u cflc. O c h a u My- L a t m h va cac nfldc A-rap, 74% ngfldi t h a m gia t r a ldi che r a n g T r u n g Qud'c p h a t h u y vai trd tfch cflc'\
Ke't luan
T r e n g thdi dai t d a n cdu hoa n g a y nay, sflc m a n h m e m da trd n e n q u a n t r p n g hdn bad gid het, n h d sfl trd giflp cua cac phfldng tien t r u y e n thdng, sflc m a n h mem, trpng t a m la v a n hda cua m e t qud'c gia dfldc phd bien r d n g va n h a n h hdn.
Nam bat dflde dieu dd, t r d n g nhflng n a m ddu the ky XXI, chfnh p h u T r u n g Qud'c da t a n g cfldng p h a t h u y vai trd cua sflc m a n h mem, m a t r p n g t a m la t r i e n k h a i cac h e a t ddng ngoai giao v a n hoa de t a n g cfldng sflc m a n h qud'c gia, n a n g cao dia vi qudc te cua m i n h . T h d n g qua cac bien phap t a n g cfldng ngdai giao van hda, thuc day hdp tac thfldng m a i va ddu tfl, vien t r d . . . T r u n g Qud'c da bflde ddu thflc hien t h a n h edng chien Ifldc t a n g cfldng va md rdng sflc m a n h m e m r a m e t sd khu vflc t r e n t h e gidi. Viec T r u n g Qud'e bflde ddu t r i e n k h a i t h a n h cdng ngeai giad van hda da gdp p h d n n a n g cad h i n h tfldng qud'c te cua nfldc nay. Ddng thdi, Trung Qud'c cflng n g a y c a n g t h a m gia tfch cflc hdn vad cae cdng viec qud'c te va p h a t h u y a n h hfldng n g a y c a n g ldn t r d n g khu vflc c h a u A cflng nhfl t r e n p h a m vi tean the gidi. Cd t h e dfl doan, t r o n g thdi gian tdi ngoai giao v a n hoa se cd vai trd ngay cang q u a n t r p n g t r o n g chfnh sach dd'i ngoai cua T r u n g Qud'c, T r u n g Qud'c se t a n g cfldng ngoai giao v a n hoa n h a m
n a n g cao sflc m a n h m e m . Tuy nhien, t r e n con dfldng thflc h i e n cac bien p h a p ngoai giao v a n hoa, chinh p h u T r u n g Qudc cflng gap k h d n g ft trd ngai, mdt t r d n g nhflng trd n g a i chfnh la rad can ngdn ngfl.
CHU THICH:
' t i . $^: iUffi' i?i. • 2008, 74-75 i;i
^9L. $^: Ufn, Uy, . 2008, 76 !;i.
^http://wwvv.chinaconsulate.khb.ru/'chn/zgzt/xwb d/tl 17191.htm
^ Banh Tan LUdng: Ngoai giao vdn hda vd sUc mgnh mem cua Trung Qud'c- Gdc nhin todn cdu hda, Nxb Bde Kmh. 2008, tr. 466-467
'Hodn cdu tlidi bdo, ngay 30-11-2007, tr.
22
'' http;//www.moe.edu.cn/edoas/website 18/
mfol3754.htm, 22/12/2006
" http://vvvvw.the"lobal ist.com'Ston-ld.aspx?
Storvld=624l
** Joseph S. Nye va William Owens. "Ky nguyen thong tin cua My". Cac cong viec doi ngoai. Thang 3,4-1996, tr. 21.
" Bao cao chinh tri Dai hoi XVII DCS Trung Quo'c
'" Bai phat bieu ciia Chu tich Ho Ca'm Dao tai Dai. hoi Dai bieu Hoi lien hiep van hoe nghe thuat Trung Quoc lan thfl 8, Dai hoi Dai bieu toan quo'c Hiep hoi nha van Trung Quoc ldn thfl 7, ngay 10-11-2006, Nhan dan Nhat Bao ngay 11-11-2006, tr.l
" Dan theo so'lieu trong bai: "Ngudn sUc mgnh mem Trung Qudc", Hong Yen lUdc dich. tap ehl Kmh te the' gi6i, so' thang 3- 2008, tr. 71.
'- Banh Tan Luong: Ngoai giao vdn hoa vd sUc mgnh mem cua Trung Quo'c- Nhin tU gdc do todn cdu hda, Nxb Nghien eflu va day ngoai ngU Bde Kmh, Bde Kinh, 2008, tr. 477
" Robert Sutter, "Why does China Matter", The Washington Quarterly, Vol.7, No.l, Winter 2003-2004, p.87
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NGHIEN CUU TRUNG OUQC so SfQBl - 2009
