Nghien ciru Ton giao. Sd6 - 2008 67
THU&NG THlirC TON GIAO
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DAOBA-HAI
XUAT XO; DAC DIEM TRUYEN GIAO VA CHANG DUdNG DU NHAP VAO VIET NAM
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ao Ba-hai (cflng viet la Baha'i) la mdt tdn giao xuat hien chfla diy hai tram nam, nhflng da cd lflc thu hflt dfldc hdn 6 trieu tin dd, gay dUdc phong trao quan chung cd tieng vang d hdn 10 nUdc, do dd, cung dUdc coi la mdt tdn giao the gidi. Dao nay coi tdn giao minh la toan the sii thiic, cdn cac tdn giao khac chi la mdt p h i n sU thiic.1. Cai ndi ciia dao Ba-hai la xfl sd Iran, ndi mang ten cu la Perse, ma ngay trfldc thudng doc theo am Han - Viet la nfldc Ba Tu. Chinh ndi day da tflng xuat hien dinh cao tin ngfldng - tdn giao gqi la "tdn gido Babilon cd dai". Day la mdt trong nhflng qudc gia lau ddi nhat d phia Tay Chau A, dien tich xfla kia khoing vai ba trieu kildmet vudng, trflm len k h i p mot vung dat cflc ki phi nhieu Mesopotamia, cd nghia la "nam gifla hai con sdng" Tigrd va Ophrat. Ndi day cung mdt thdi Iflng vang danh tieng cac thanh tiiu to Idn cua "nen vdn minh Ludng Hd", cdn dfldc gidi sii hoc menh danh la "cdi ndi ciia nen vdn minh the gidi cd Sai".
Nghin nam thfl tfl trfldc Cdng nguyen, doi tfldng t h i n t h a n h difdc con ngUdi
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•'' '" ' " - ' •'" MAI THANH HAI'*'
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Mesopotamia sflng kinh la nhflng sflc manh sieu nhien cd lien quan tdi thanh qua trdng trot, chan nudi. Ndi day dfldc xem nhfl dien hinh td tem giao cua xa hdi nguyen thuy: Con ngfldi nghi r i n g cd mdt loai ddng vat hoac mdt vat tfl nhien nao dd cd quan he huyet thd'ng vdi thi tdc ciia minh, va bq thd dd vat dd tfldng trflng cho td tien cua minh. Chinh ndi day da xuat hien nhflng t h i n thoai may nghin nam van cd dau an trong giao li nhieu tdn giao. Dd la nhflng t h i n thoai ve sang the (sang lap ra the gidi), t h i n thoai ve ngudn gd'c loai ngfldi, than thoai ve sfl sdng (phuc sinh) va t h i n thoai ve nan hdng thuy. Budi binh minh bfldc vao Cdng nguyen, xfl sd Ba Tfl nay sinh dao Zoroastre (Zoroastrism, Zoroastrianism, Bai boa giao, dao thd Liia, dao Hoa tien...) thinh hanh sud't 10 the ki d nhieu nUdc Chau A, ke ca Trung Qud'c thdi nha Tuy - Dfldng, vdi vai trd chu chdt ciia hai loai t h i n linh la Thien va ac. Khi dao Zoroastre tan lui, ndng cdt ciia ddi sdng tam linh d xfl sd nay chuyen ve dao Mani (Manicheism, Manichaeism, dao Minh,
Nha nghien dm. Ha Ndi.
dao Nhi tdn, dao Mau-ni, dao Mat-ni...) cac the ki VI - VII lan rat rdng ra nhieu ndi d Chau Phi, Chau Au va nhat la Chau A, vdi nen t i n g giae li la cudc tranh chap gifla Vfldng qud'c anh sang vdi Vfldng qudc Bdng tdi.
Tfl nam 642, xfl d Ba Tfl bi ngfldi Arap danh chiem; tfl nam 662, nam trong de qud'c Islam; den nam 999, hi ngfldi Thd Nhi Ky danh chiem; nam 1220, lai bi quan Mdng Cd danh chiem. Tfl the ki XVIII, ndi day ludn la mieng mdi ngon cho cac the lflc xam Ifldc xau xe, dac biet la de qud'c Anh tan lflc bdc lot tai nguyen to Idn cua Ba Tfl ve ngudn dau liia. Tfl khi chuyen sang ten mdi, Iran cd dien tich 1.650.000 km^ so'dan 70 trieu. Dai bd phan dan chflng Iran theo dao Islam vdi du cac phai, ddng nhat la phai Shii'te va phai Sunnit. Nhflng dau theo dao nao, phai nao, cac tang ldp dan chflng Iran deu rat cd y thflc gifl gin, bdi dap be day truyen thd'ng lich sii va van hoa hdn bdn
nghin nam. :-,.,. i ,, -,•
2. Nam 1804, d nfldc Ba Tfl d i y huyen thoai ra ddi mot ngfldi mang ten la Bah, lflc Idn len tfl nhien khoe minh la dfldc giao nhiem vu di bao tin rang Dflc Thfldng de Balla'u'llah sap xud'ng t r i n the de trflng tri nhflng ke thd'ng tri gian manh. Bah dfldc nhieu ngfldi nghe theo.
Do vay, cac giao si dao Islam lien xui nha c i m quyen bat Bah di tfl 6 nam. Trong tfl. Bah tiep tuc ndi minh biet het t h i y moi dieu va van yeu thfldng moi ngfldi, neu cd hi chet thi cung la niem vui dfldc nem than xac minh dfldi chan Thfldng De. The la, nha cam quyen khdng tha ma dem Bah ra hdang dia ban chet.
It lau sau, mot gia dinh quyen quy no sinh ra mot dfla tre dfldc mang ten la
Balla'u'llah, Idn nhanh, rat thdng minh, bien luan t h i n g tat e i cac nha thdng thai, 22 tudi tfl chdi ldi mdi ciia vua lam thfldng thfl. Balla'u'llah giii nghia r i n g
"Balla'u'llah cd nghia la "anh sang eiia Thfldng De", nhflng lai tii gidi thieu minh chinh la Thfldng De ma Bah bae tin xud'ng t r i n the. Dan chflng xflm lai hoan hd chao ddn dng Thfldng De. Ong giii thfl di k h i p ndi keu goi qud'c vfldng cac nfldc thdi danh n h a u va cflng nhau lap nen mdt tdn giao chung, duy nhat cho loai.
ngfldi. Chang cd vua chfla nao nghe theo, nhflng cd nhieu nhdm ddng ngfldi tu hqp lai, sflng kinh cau xin mong ddi dng lap ra tdn giad mdi. Sau khi dng tuyen bd dao Ba-hai ra ddi, nha cam quyen mau chdng b i t giam Balla'u'llah, cho linh dan dng di day d nhieu ndi heo lanh. Sau nhieu nam hi giam cim, dng gay yeu, sap chet thi dfldc nha c i m quyen t h i ra. Ong lai tiep tuc phat truyen cac "giao huan", "giao li"
va "giao luat". Trfldc khi chet, dng cdn dii tinh tao cii con trai minh ten la Ap-dun Ba-hai lam ngfldi tiep tuc giii thich cac giao huan ciia dng.
3. Tai sao goi la dao Ba-hai? Ngfldi theo tdn giao nay cung khdng tra ldi dfldc ranh mach. Ho chi ndi, ngudn gd'c nhfl vay, thi cfl vay ma goi,theo, bdi vi "dao chflng tdi la thd'ng n h a t ben tren eac dan tdc, ben tren moi ngdn ngfl". Vay ai dat ra danh xflng nay? Ho ndi: "Dd la tfl di ngdn cua Dflc giao chii Balla'u'llah de lai. Ngai dan vay thi cfl theo dung vay ma keu".
Tfl dd, Ba-hai xuat hien nhfl mot tdn giao kha hoan chinh, goi la Gido hgi Ba- hai, lap mdt trung tam lanh dao gqi la Hgi ddng Tinh thdn Ba-hai, cii ngfldi den nhieu nfldc truyen giao. Giao li Ba-hai ndi ring,^ chinh Giao chii Balla'u'llah da
Mai Thanh Hai. Dao Ba-Hai... 69
cii Phat Thich Ca, Jesus Christ va Mahommet xud'ng t r i n the de thii xem dung tdn giao nhfl the nao la td't nhat de lap dfldc Thien Qud'c dfldi t r i n gian nay cho nhan loai cflng hfldng, Sau khi thu dfldc dii kinh nghiem thanh cdng va that bai ciia tat c i ba vi "thien sfl" kia, nay dich than Ngai xud'ng de thflc hien mdt chudng trinh mfldi hai diem nhfl sau:
1. Thd'ng nhat nhan loai, khdng phan biet ngdn ngfl;
2. In ra 150 bd sach de phd bien chan li;
3. Hqp mat tat c i giao chii dang sd'ng de doan ket dfldi chan Thfldng De;
4. Xay dflng nen tang thd'ng nhat y chi va boa hdp quyen ldi;
5. Lap nen mdt giao hdi diy khoa hoc va diy li tri;
6. Hiiy bd moi thanh kien va me tin;
7. Thflc hien nam nfl binh dang;
8. Md giao diac phd thdng va bat budc;
9. Thflc hanh mqi ngdn ngfl de xoa bd tinh trang ngdn ngfl bat ddng;
10. Cd giai phap tam linh ddi vdi kinh te - xa hdi, mqi ngfldi deu cd tu ban va lao dong, vui ve vdi cai minh dang cd;
11. Lap ra mot toa phap vien qudc te de ngan chan mqi xung dot gifla cac xfl;
12. Lap boa binh the gidi vinh ciiu.
Tfl trfldc den nay, ching thieu gi ngfldi mudn lap mdt tdn giao cd the bao trflm khip ci nam chau (d Viet Nam cflng da tflng cd fldc nguyen ciia Cao Dai mudn trflm len bet Phat, Tien, Thanh, Chua, Than de tdn tai nhfl mdt tdn giao duy nhat toan cau); cung ching thieu gi fldc nguyen kieu ay lan Ifldt hi chd'ng ddi va day lui.
4. Trong the ki XX, Giao hdi Ba-hai cfl ngfldi truyen dao, cd ndi hudng flng, nhflng cflng cd ndi p h i n ddi, dudi danh hoac bat giam ngfldi truyen giao. Khi cd ngfldi chfla hieu ten gqi "Ba-hai". Giao hdi nay cho ngfldi giii thich: Ba-hai theo ngdn ngfl ciia Thfldng De, d ndi nao cflng gifl nguyen mdt cai ten Ba-hai de tin hflu tim gap dfldc nhau, ndi cflng mdt tieng ay la doan ket, thfldng yeu nhau. Dao Ba-hai cflng hoc tap dao Islam hang nam td chflc mot thang trai gidi, gqi la thang Ba-hai, dien ra trong 19 ngay, tfl ngay 2 thang Ba den ngay 21 thang Ba, Trong thang dd, cam tin dd an tfl lflc Mat Trdi moc den khi Mat Trdi lan, cdt danh nhieu thi gid de ren luyen y chi, ciu nguyen va suy tfldng, Nhflng ngfldi d'm yeu, dang mang thai hoac di xa, deu dfldc mien trai gidi trong thang Ba-hai.
Giao luat ciia dao Ba-hai kha thdng thoang: Ai mud'n theo dao cflng dfldc nhan, khdng cin thii thach. ke't nap, cung khdng cin phai tfl bd dao cu, khdng cin p h i i ndi xau hay khmh nhdn dao cfl. Ba- hai giai thich ring: Cau be hoc gidi, dd tfl tai, v i n cin tdn kinh va biet dn cac thay giao cfl d cac ldp dfldi, vi khdng cd cac thay cu lam sao cau dd tfl tai. Tham chi, cd ngfldi truyen giao Ba-hai cdn ndi: Mdt ngfldi khdng the trd thanh tin hflu Ba-hai neu khdng chap nhan cac giao chii cu ciia minh trfldc kia.
Vi la tdn giao smh sau de mudn, Ba- hai phai cd giao luat thoang nhfl the mdi cd the hi vong thu hflt dfldc tin dd trong nhflng td chflc giao hdi da cd he thdng chat che tfl trifdc, Cflng rut kinh nghiem qua cflng nhic tfl cac nha truyen giao Cdng giao, dao Ba-hai chap nhan moi tap tuc ciia cac tdc ngifdi de dd boa ddng.
Tuy nhien, dao Ba-hai cflng ndi them:
Tdn trong tap tuc la luc d i u thdi, rdi d i n da cflng phai cat got cho phfl hdp vdi 12 nguyen li dad da neu, nhfl the mdi tien den chd xea bd mqi tdn giao de quy tu het vao mdt dao Ba-hai,
5. Hien nay, trung tam lanh dao cua dao Ba-hai dat d tren dinh nfli Cac-men, tinh Hai-pha, Israel, Sd di tdn giao nay phai don den Israel vi may chuc nam trfldc, day la vung ma ngfldi Palestin khdng kiem soat dfldc cac heat ddng tdn giao, trong khi d dat nfldc que hfldng Iran, chinh quyen trfldc kia hay hien nay, deu khdng cho phep dao Ba-hai dfldc tfl do boat ddng. Tren the gidi, dao Ba-hai chi xay nam nha thd d vflng Trung Ddng.
Nha thd nad cung xay 9 canh, tfldng trflng "cho chin tdn giao the gidi hdp nhat" trong ngdi nha thd cua Ba-hai.
Dflng d i u Trung tam la Dflc Giam hd do Hdi ddng Tinh t h i n Qud'c te b i u ra.
Dflc Giam hd chi dinh 27 vi Phu ta Giam hd de dieu hanh rfldng mdi va cd sd giao hdi, trong dd cd mdt viec thfldng xuyen la quyen gdp va thu tien ve Trung tam de
"xay dflng Toa Nha Thd'ng Nhat" (mdt khai niem trflu tfldng chfl khdng phai la mdt cd cau kien trflc vat the nao). Tin hflu gdp cang nhieu, thi cang chflng td nen dao dflc dfldc vflng chic, dflc tin cang manh me hfldng ve cac giao huan thieng lieng cua Dflc Balla'u'llah. -.i :• ,-»i .-
Dao Ba-hai td chflc kha "dan chu". Tat c i tin hflu deu cd the neu t h i c m i c ve giao li ciia dao. Thac mac dfldc tap trung ve cac vi Phu ta Giam hd de ho giai dap.
Neu tin hflu chfla thdng sud't vdi sfl giai thich ciia cac vi Phu ta, thi t h i c m i c dfldc giii ve Trung tam de Dflc Bab. Dflc Balla'u'llah va Dflc Ba-hai cam thdng
bang con dfldng thieng lieng xud'ng den tflng tin hflu (tin hflu se dfldc trd truyen vdi cac dang cao c i cua dao qua giac md).
Dao Ba-hai khong td chflc ra ldp tu si de lo viec dao, nhflng cd dfla cac "truyen giao" den eac nfldc de gay cd sd mdi. Khi cd sd mdi da thu h u t dfldc vai chuc tin do trd len thi cfl dung ngay 21 thang Tfl hang nam (ngay ki niem Dflc Balla'u'llah tuyen dao) td chflc b i u ra mot Hoi ddng Tinh t h i n dia phfldng, gdm chin dai bieu tfl 21 tudi trd len, trong dd cd cac chflc vi nhfl chu tich, phd chii tich, thfl ki va thu quy. Qud'c gia nao ed tren 10 Hoi ddng Tinh t h i n dia phfldng, thi chon dai bieu hqp lai b i u ra mdt "Hdi ddng Tinh t h i n Qudc gia". Neu tdng so' tin dd chfla ddng, hoac cd it Hdi ddng Tinh than dia phfldn,?, thi chi b i u ra "Hdi ddng Tinh t h i n vflng". Vai nam mdt l i n , cac dai bieu qudc gia va dai bieu vflng den thanh phd Hai-pha cua Israel de b i u ra "Hdi ddng Tmh t h i n Qud'c te^'. Dang chu y la cac Hdi ddng Tmh t h i n dia phfldng deu dfldc b i u vao ngay 21 thang Tfl h i n g nam, bat ke ngay dd mfla bao hay ban lut.
6. Nghi le tdn giao cua dao Ba-hai cflng r a t ddn gian. Trfl 5 ngdi nha thd xay d Trung Ddng, cac ndi khac deu khdng xay nha thd. Tien quyen gdp dfldc dfla ve Trung tam. Mdi dia phfldng cd the dflng mot giang dfldng ddn sd (bing tre, gd hdac vai), ben trong chi tree duy nhat mdt manh vai ghi thanh danh b i n g chfl Arap hoac Ba Tfl. Trong thdi ki md dao, tin dd sdng the nao cung dfldc. Ai tflng thieu thi den tru sd ngdi chd, neu quy cdn tien thi se dfldc "cflu trd" it nhieu. Dflc Ba-hai da giii thich giao huan cua Dflc Balla'u'llah nhfl sau: "Pham ke nao sd'ng cudc ddi dung theo
Mai Thanh Hai. Dao Ba-Hai... 71
giao huan ciia Balla'u'llah, thi dfldc coi nhfl da la Ba-hai rdi!".
Tin dd Ba-hai cung doc kinh, nhflng neu chfla nhd hoac quen, thi ho cd the bd qua doan quen, cac Dang van chflng giam cho ldng t h a n h . Dieu quan trong de cac Dang chflng giam cho ldng thanh kinh cua tin dd ddi vdi dao la ho p h i i that ldng coi minh la ldp ngfldi mdi, phai thfldng yeu ngfldi khac de xa hdi them tien bd.
7. Cudi nam 1954, ba Si-rin Phd-da, ngfldi An Do, dfldc Hdi ddng Tinh t h i n Qud'c gia Ba-hai An Do cho phep sang Sai Gon de tim each md dao tai Viet Nam.
Mot nam sau, ba thu hflt dfldc vai tram tin do, chu yeu la so' dan mien Bic mdi di cU vao Nam. Cflng trong thdi gian nay, dao Ba-hai cdn cho ngfldi gay cd sd d Campuchia va Lao, song ket qua khdng thanh cdng nhfl mong mud'n.
Nhflng nam tiep theo, dao Ba-hai thu hiit dfldc them kha nhieu tin dd, Cho den cudi nam 1962, dao Ba-hai da cd dfldc khoang 40 Hdi ddng Tinh t h i n dia phfldng vdi khoang 5.000 tin hflu, tru sd chung dat d cudi dfldng Phu Lam, quan VI, thanh phd' Sai Gdn.
Ba Si-rin Phd-da nhieu l i n giai thich cho tan tin dd hieu dfldc ba dieu can cdt:
Mot, dao nao cflng thfla nhan rang cudc ddi nay cd ban, khi chet mqi ngfldi CO mot cudc sd'ng khac, cudc sd'ng thflc, hoac tren Thien Dang hoac trong mdt kiep khac lanh manh hdn. Nhfl vay, chet khdng p h i i la het, ma chet la chuyen ve mdt cudc sd'ng that, mdt cudc sdng ddi ddi;
Hai, dad nao cflng tin vao mdt Dang tdi cao. Dang tdi cao chinh la Thfldng De ma dao Ba-hai quy lai la Dflc Balla'u'llah de tin dd cfl hay mdi deu dd phung thd.
Dao Ba-hai khdng budc tin dd mdi phai c i t dflt quan he tinh cam vdi tdn giao cu, ma chi yeu c i u cd' ging thd phung Dflc Balla'u'llah cho td't nhat.
Ba, gid'ng nhfl cac tdn giao khac, dao Ba-hai day mqi ngfldi trau ddi dflc hanh de gifl dfldc mdt ddi sd'ng lanh manh:
tranh nhflng dieu xfl ue; tao tinh thfldng, long tin cay va sfl yen dn, tranh sfl giet chdc; tranh ta dam, dflng gian tra; cd' gang ciu nguyen, lam le, an chay; de cao sfl hi sinh quen minh. Dd la nhflng hanh vi hieu nghiem nhat de tin dd mau dfldc trd thanh Ba-hai.
8. Sau mdt thdi gian phat trien kha thinh vfldng d vflng ngoai d thanh phd' Sai Gdn, dao Ba-hai bi giam sut trfldc sfl vien trd ddi dao ciia cac giao phai Tin Lanh vao Sai Gdn, Da Nang, Cin Thd,... va nhieu vung khac cua mien Nam Viet Nam. Hdi ddng Tinh thin dia phfldng cua dao Ba-hai nhieu nam khdng dfldc biu lai, sinh boat dao khdng cdn dfldc tap nap nhfl trfldc. .,, .,,.•. . .«...j,,,,,^ (.s^ ,•
Sau ngay Mien Nam hoan toan giai phdng, sfl suy thoai ciia dao Ba-hai van tiep tuc dien ra. Den khi cdng cudc ddi mdi dat nfldc dien ra, cac cd sd cfl ciia dao Ba-hai trfldc nam 1975 dfldc thanh Iqc va dfldc chip mdi lai tren con dfldng xay dflng dao trong lanh, dat nfldc an binh va hanh phflc. D i u nam 2007, dao Ba-bai dfldc thfla nhan la mdt tdn giao hdp phap, dfldc phep thiic hanh nghi Id phung tfl trong khudn khd phap luat ciia nUdc Cong hoa Xa hdi Chii nghia Viet Nam./.
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