Nghien ciru Ton giao. Sd6 - 2008 31
1
Sinh hoat tun giao cua
I ' l i ' f ^ l ' : . ' ! ' • . . ' , . ; - ! " / ' ' i •! • ' b i . , • , . ; :
cong dong dan or lang Cong giao ;' vung ddng bang song I^dng qua huong uoc
H
Udng Udc la mdt s i n phan van hda doc dao gan lien vdi lang xa ngudi Viet ndi chung va vung dong bang sdng Hong (DBSH) ndi rieng. HUdng udc cd nhflng quy dinh dieu chinh mot sd' linh viic cua ddi sd'ng sinh boat lang xa nhfl kinh te, chinh tri, xa hdi, giao due, dao dflc, van hda tam linh,v.v... Nhflng quy udc dd da trd thanh nep sinh boat van hda trong cdng dong lang Viet.Theo thdi gian, cac quy dinh trong hUdng udc cd the dUdc dieu chinh va bo sung cho phfl hdp vdi sfl bien ddi xa hdi.
Hfldng udc vfla cd nhflng phin quy dinh chung lai cd nhflng p h i n quy dinh rieng theo tuc le, tin ngfldng, tdn giao cua mdi lang. Dieu nay, lam cho noi dung ciia hfldng udc lang Viet vflng DBSH, trong dd cd lang Cdng giao, da dang va phong phu.
Hfldng flde ngUdi Viet vflng DBSH cd 3 loai, tfldng flng vdi ba giai doan: giai doan trfldc cii Ifldng hfldng chinh (hUdng udc cu, dUdc viet bang Han - Ndm), giai doan cii lUdng hUdng chinh (hUdng Udc cii lUdng, dUdc viet dong thdi bang Qud'c ngfl, Han ngfl, hoac Phap ngfl) va giai doan sau cii Ifldng hfldng chinh (hUdng udc mdi, dUdc viet b i n g Qud'c ngfl). Tai lieu dfldc chung tdi sii dung trong bai viet nay la nhflng ban hfldng udc c i i lUdng
NGUYfiN THI QUE HUONG'**
(1921-1944) cua met so'lang thudc vung DBSH'".
Hudng udc cua lang Cdng giao vflng DBSH cd nhflng net dac thfl. Ben canh nhflng diem tfldng tii nhu lang Viet, ndi dung cua nhflng b i n hfldng udc nay cdn quy fldc them ve cac Thanh le, chii yeu la cac le trong, va mot sd'ndi dung khac nhfl tang che, hdn le, phong hda, doan ke't Ifldng - giao hay dao dien,v.v...
1. Vai net ve lang Cong giao va hiiofng vide lang Cong giao vung DBSH
Vflng DBSH la cai ndi ciia nen van hda Viet, tfl lau mang dau an van hda Phat giao, Nho giao, Dao giao, den the ki XVII la sfl du nhap ciia Cdng giao. Do sfl hien dien cua cac tdn giao nay d vflng DBSH, nen hfldng fldc ndi day danh mot p h i n dang ke quy dinh ve thflc hanh nghi le tdn giao. Ndi dung cac hfldng fldc khu vflc
' . .Mi-^ • • , ' • ' ' , : . • : >
*. ThS., Vien Nghien ciru Ton giao.
1. Hien nay, cac van ban huang udc (HU) cai luong dang dugc luu trir tai Vien Thdng tin Khoa hoc Xa hdi Viet Nam. De' tien cho viec theo ddi, chiing tdi giu nguyen ten lang theo dia danh cu, cdn cac tinh, thanh dugc trinh bay theo danh muc nhu hien nay.
Theo Nien gidm thdng ke nam 2006, trang 21, ciia Tdng cue Thdng ke, viing DBSH bao gdm 11 tinh, thanh: Ha Ndi, Vinh Phiic, Bac Ninh, Ha Tay, Hai Duong, Hai Phdng, Hirng Yen, Thai Binh, Ha Nam, Nam Dinh va Ninh Binh. • <• -
32 Nghien cuii Ton giao. So 6 - 2U0d
nay p h i n nao p h i n anh sfl da dang trong ddi sd'ng tdn giao d mdi lang que.
Nhieu nha nghien cflu lich sii Cdng giao lay nam 1533 la nien diem danh dau viec truyen ba Cdng giao vao Viet Nam'^*.
Tfl dd den nay, lich sii truyen giao va phat trien dao cua Cdng giao d Viet Nam da trai qua nhflng thang t r i m lich sii, tuy nhien nd cflng da cd chd dflng trong ldng dan tdc d mot so' khia canh nhfl van hda.
nghe thuat, ldi sd'ng,v.v...
Ldi sd'ng cua ngfldi Cdng giao Viet Nam dfldc the hien qua cac nghi le. Trong mot sd' nghi le cua ngfldi Cdng giao khu vflc DBSH nhfl gid tet. ma chay, cUdi xin,... da cd sii dan xen gifla nghi le Cdng giao Roma vdi nghi le truyen thd'ng dan toe. Ben canh dd, ldi sdng cua ngfldi Cdng giao ndi day cdn the hien trong md'i quan he gifla giao dan vdi chflc sac; gifla ngfldi dong dao vdi ngoai dao trong cdng dong lang xa.
Trong qua trinh truyen giao, cac giao si da long he thd'ng to chflc Giao hdi vao trong to' chflc lang xa Viet Nam, tfl dd hinh thanh nen cac xfl dao, ho dao - td' chflc Giao hoi Cdng giao cd sd d Viet Nam. Theo Nguyin Phu Ldi, qua trinh hinh thanh xfl dao, ho dao diin ra khdng gid'ng nhau qua cac thdi ki. Trong giai doan diu, khi Cdng giao mdi du nhap vao Viet Nam, theo chan cac nha truyen giao, d mot sd' vflng xuat hien cac "diem giao".
Cac diem gido ban d i u thfldng d cac lang xa ven bien. Mdi diem giao chi cd vai ba gia dinh... Khi sd'tin do ddng len mdi lap ra cac nha rieng, cdn goi la nhd gido hay ho gido, de giing day kinh bon cho tan tdng va la ndi ciu nguyen, tren cd sd ay ho dao ra ddi, nhieu ho dao lap thanh mot xfl dao'*'. Trong qua trinh truyen giao, cac giao si d i n d i n lay lang xa lam dia gidi
lap xfl dao, ho dao tao nen ldng Cong gido'-*\
Khi de cap den van de nay. Dang Chi San nhan xet: "Kitd giao den Viet Nam cflng khdng the khac hdn, each nao dd, Kitd giao da r a t hdi nhap van hda. Bi hdi nhap van hda. Ngay bat cfl khi nao dfldc binh yen, lap tflc, Kitd hflu Viet Nam lien trd ve, quy tu lai t h a n h lang, td chflc thanh "giao xfl lang". Giao hdi Viet Nam la cac giao xfl lang cdng lai. Va hdn nfla nhieu yeu td' lang da dfldc cung cd' chac chan ben bi hdn trdng cac giao xfl lang Kitd... Dinh lang da tr6 t h a n h Nha thd.
Thanh hoang (Thin lang) trd thanh vi thanh Bdn mang""',
Viec tao ra ldng Cong gido (xfl dao, ho dao) toan tdng cua cae thfla sai de lo cho tin do cd dieu kien gifl dao, nhflng quan trong hdn chinh la mudn tao nhflng ddn nguyen Cdng giao. Sau cflng, neu cd dieu kien se Cdng giao hda Viet Nam, bien lang Viet t h a n h mot cdng xa rieng. Ve van de nay, T r i n Tam Tinh viet: "Ngoai trfl cac cum nha thanh thi, dan chung sd'ng lan Ion, ngfldi Cdng giao thfldng tap trung lai t h a n h lang xdm rieng, tach rdi khdi ngfldi Ifldng, sd'ng chen chuc quanh thap nha thd xay thee kieu Tay, choc len trdi, cao vfldt khdi luy tre. Bi ddng khung va dfldc doan ngfl hda bdi hang giad si, ho trd t h a n h mot liic Ifldng quan chflng, mdt life lUdng dang ghe sd khi Cha xfl keu ho dflng len b i o ve dflc tin, b i o ve nha thd.
2. Nguydn Thanh Xuan. Mdt so tdn gido dViet Nam.
Nxb Tdn giao. Ha Ngi 2007, tr. 204.
3. Nguyen Phii Lgi. Tim hieu td chuc Gido hoi Cdng gido ca sd a dia phdn Phdt Diem, tinh Ninh Binh (Luan van Thac .si). Ha Ndi, 2001, tr 14.
4. Nguydn Hdng Duong. Nghi le vd loi sd'ng Cdng gido trong vdn hda \'iet Nam, Nxb KHXH, Ha Ndi, 2001, tr. 170.
5. Dang Chi San. Vdi net plidc ve ldng vd gido .xii ldng. NS Cdng giao & Dan tdc, sd 42, 1998. tr 50.
Nguyen Thi Que Huong. Sinh hoat ton gido cua cong ddng... 33
He thd'ng d'c dao dd tach biet va cd lap p h i n Idn giao dan khdi hen he vdi dong bao, thflc day ho tfl khfldc, t i y chay bat cfl dieu gi khdng dfldc Giao hdi chinh thflc phe chuan"'®'.
Nhfl vay, ldng Cong gido la s i n pham ciia qua trinh truyen ba Cdng giao vao Viet Nam. Loai hinh s i n pham nay mang tren minh hai yeu to': yeu to'ldng Viet va yeu to ton gido. Yeu to' lang Viet bao ham cac thiet che chinh tri, kinh te, van hda.
Yeu to' tdn giao chinh la dao Cdng giao va kem theo nd la van hda Phfldng Tay, nhflng it nhieu da dUdc cai bien, vay mUdn van hda lang Viet cho phu hdp vdi tam thflc ngfldi Viet'^'.
Lang Cdng giao cd hai loai: ldng Cong gido todn tong (chi cd giao dan) va ldng liidng - gido (ca dan Ifldng va dan giao, dan gian quen goi la ldng xdi do). Lang Cdng giao dfldc hinh thanh tren cd sd ciia lang Viet, bdi vay, hiidng lidc ldng Cong gido cung cd nhflng quy dinh nhu hfldng udc cua cac lang Viet vdi 2 ndi dung chinh: phdn chinh tri (hiidng chinh), va phdn phong tiic (hiidng dm/^\ P h i n
hUdng am cua hUdng udc lang Cdng giao phin anh cac le nghi cua ngUdi Cdng giao trong nam, trong dd, viec phung tii Thien Chua trong ddi sd'ng h i n g ngay cua giao dan la quan trong nhat.
Cung nhu lang Viet truyen thd'ng, lang Cdng giao lap hUdng udc vdi muc dich giao due ngUdi dan trong cdng dong sd'ng cd van hda hdn, trach nhiem hdn, tfl dieu chinh nhflng hanh vi ciia minh.
Hiidng lidc dp Sa Chau (Nam Dinh) quy dinh: "Hfldng fldc la mot quyen dieu le, khoan fldc ciia mot lang cflng nhfl luat le ciia nfldc: sfl tan bd hay sfl suy doi la d phong tuc hay hay dd, cho nen lang cflng can phai cd quyen hfldng fldc lap ra de
chinh dd'n phong tuc. Pham nhflng thdi tuc td't thi gifl lai, le tuc xau thdi bd di.
Khi hfldng fldc da lam roi thdi Hdi dong Ky muc chflc dich cflng dan sfl phai tuan theo y thflc, neu cd hfldng fldc ma bd xd d tii, khdng thi hanh den thi that la mot dieu dang tiec... Hfldng Udc nay mdi nam mot l i n nhan Ky hao ddng dan hoi hop ddng, vien Tien chi p h i i dem ra tuyen doc cho dong dan nghe nhd ma theo. Khi doc xong phai lap bien b i n vao sd bien bin""".
Ndi dung hUdng fldc lang Cdng giao p h i n anh he thd'ng thd tfl, phung tii ciia ngfldi dan trong he thd'ng lang Cdng giao.
Theo dd, cd the thay, viec tdn thd cac vi thanh ciia tflng lang Cdng giao nham dap flng nhu ciu tam linh ciia cdng dong, dong thdi dap flng muc dich ve kinh te - xa hoi cua cac td° chflc thiet che dd thdng qua cac ngay le cua lang. Dd la sfl hda nhap gifla ldi sd'ng ciia ngfldi Viet va ldi sd'ng cua ngfldi Cdng giao, gifla truyen thd'ng va hien dai trong lang que Viet Nam, tuy hai ma mot. Mac dfl sdng chung mot lang, nhflng cac le nghi thd tii hay phung tU ciia ben nao, ben ay chuan bi, tat c i dUdc quy dinh rd trong hUdng fldc lang. Vi du, tfl Dieu 119 den Dieu 124, Hiidng lidc ldng Thiidng Lao (Nam Dinh) quy dinh: "Lang ta cd 6 bieu, 5 bieu giao va 1 bieu lUdng... giao dan thi cd nha thd rieng cua giao ma lUdng thi cd den.
Den ve d a n g lUdng thdi tdc bieu lUdng
6. Tran Tam Tinh. Thdp gid vd ludi guam. Nxb Tre, 1975, tr. 54.
7. Nguy6n Hdng Duong. Ldng Cdng gido Luu Phuang (Ninh Binh) tii nam 1829 den ndm 1945.
Nxb KHXH, Ha Ndi, 1997., tr 214.
8. Xem them: NguySn Thi Que Huong. Ddi sdng tin ngUdng tdn gido ciia ngudi Viet viing ddng bdng sdng Hdng qua huang udc: Luan van thac sy. Ha Ndi, 2006, tr 35-40.
9. Huang udc dp Sa Chdn. Giao Thuy. Nam Dinh.
Ki hieu ,sdHU 2021. i •: ;; .;, . ,' . ,
34 Nghien cuii Ton giao. So 6 - 2008
lam thii tfl, cdn nha thd ciia giao thi da cd trflm tdc ciia giao trdng coi. Den nhfl sdc vong d den thdi bieu lUdng siia le... dan di giao cd cac ngay le theo lich tay va lich dao"""'.
Trong hdn 40 ban hfldng Udc lang Cdng giao ma chung tdi tim hieu, sd hUdng udc lang Cdng giao toan tdng chiem so' lUdng it hdn so vdi hUdng Udc lang lUdng - giao. Tuy nhien, khdng phai van ban hUdng udc nao cung quy dinh cu the ve ddi sd'ng tdn giao ciia Cdng giao.
Trong 16 b i n hUdng Udc lang Cdng giao toan tdng, chi cd hUdng Udc lang Ha Linh (Nam Dinh) khdng de cap so' lUdng ngay le trong nam ma chi ghi: "Lang ta toan tdng giao, vay cac sii te le thudc dflc linh muc lam ca""".
Trong hdn 20 b i n hUdng Udc cac lang lUdng - giao, cd nhflng lang cd de cap chi tiet nhflng ngay le trong cua Cdng giao trong nam nhfl Tfl Quy, hay Ngfl Quy, sd' cdn lai chi de cap cac van de nhfl chi phi cho cac ngay le, hoac phan bo sd' lUdng rudng giao dudng thu hoa ldi phuc vu trong cac ngay le. Dieu 76, hiidng lidc ldng Yen £)d'(Ha Nam) quy dinh: " . . . Cac thdn ben giao chi tieu ve cac le ki niem trong mot nam het 20d,00""-'.
Xhu vay. cd the thay, ndi dung hUdng Udc cac lang Cdng giao vung DBSH, nhat la nhflng quy Udc trong p h i n hUdng am, deu diia theo nhflng tuc le rieng de vfla phfl hdp vdi le lang, vfla p h i n anh dfldc ddi sdng tdn giao cua tin do.
Theo Xguyen Hong Dfldng, khoang gifla the ki XIX, nha Xguyen ap dung chinh sach cam dao. Dudi thdi Tfl Dflc, mdt trong nhflng bien phap de thflc hien chinh sach dd la phan thap giao dan vao cac lang ludng n h i m xoa bd lang Cdng giao toan tdng va q u i n thuc ngUdi Cdng
giao. Day la thdi ki cac lang Cdng giao bi xe le va pha tron vao cac lang lUdng. Do vay, hUdng Udc cac lang xa dUdc lap vao thdi ki nay khdng thay de cap cac ndi dung lien quan den Cdng giao... Cudi the ki XIX, d i u the ki XX, nhflng lang Cdng giao mdi dfldc hinh t h a n h va hfldng fldc ciia cac lang dd mdi cd noi dung dac thu ciia Cdng giao"^'.
Dudi day, chung tdi xin dUdc de cap mot vai ndi dung dac thfl ciia hfldng udc lang Cdng giao vflng DBSH,
2. Sinh hoat ton giao cua ngfloS Cong giao qua hifdng \idc vung DBSH
2.1. Ddi song dao ciia ngifdi Cong gido Ddi sd'ng dao (ddi sd'ng tdn giad) ciia tin do Cdng giao Viet Nam dfldc hinh thanh trong lich sii, nd vfla mang dac diem chung do Cdng giao La Ma quy dinh, vfla cd nhflng dac thfl do lich sii, van hda, phong tuc mdi vflng que tao thanh. Theo giao li Cdng giao, sd'ng dao khdng chi ddn gian la chuyen cham nguyen ngam, linh nhan bi tich, an chay.
ham minh, rfldc sach,... ma cdn phai phan dau theo le sd'ng bac ai. Hien che Muc vfl quy dinh: "Lay viec lam de thfldng xuyen nudi minh, nudi gia dinh, cdng tac va phuc vu anh em deng loai, do chinh la sdng dflc ai va cdng tac de hoan thanh cdng cuoc sang tao ciia Thien Chua"'^"". Nhfl vay, sd'ng dao cua ngUdi 10. Huang udc ldng Thuang Lao, Nam True. Nam D;«/;. Ki hieu HU 2241.
11. Huang udc ldng Ha Linh. Xidn Trudng. Nam Dinh. Ki hieu sd HU 4220.
12. Huang udc ldng Yen Dd. Binh Luc. Hd Nam. Ki hieu sd HU 690.
13. Nguydn Hdng Duong. Huang udc Idng Cdng gido viing chau thd sdng Hdng m(a ddu the ki XX.
Tap chi Dan tdc hgc, sd 5 nam 2004, tr. 19-24.
14. Ha Huy Tii. Tim hieu net dep vdn hda Thien Chiia gido. Nxb Van hda thdng tin. Ha Ndi, 2002, tr 29-32.
Nguy6n Thi Que Huong. Sinh hoat ton gido ciia cong ddng. 35
Cdng giao phai the hien b i n g viec lam, bing hanh ddng ciia mdi giao dan trong ddi sd'ng hang ngay.
Dao Cdng giao cd nhieu ngay le trong nam, tat nhien theo Tay lich. Mdi ngay le deu cd y nghia rieng va dfldc thflc hanh vdi nhflng nghi thflc khac nhau.
Vao cudi the ki XIX, d i u the ki XX, moi lang Cdng giao deu thflc hien nhflng le chinh (le trong) sau day: Le Sinh nhat (Le Noen), Le Phuc sinh, Le Dflc Chua Giesu len trdi, va Le Dflc Chfla Thanh Thin hien xud'ng (dfldng thdi, nhieu hfldng udc ghi la Le Dflc Chfla Phiritdsangtd hien xud'ng). Dd la 4 ngay le lien quan den Thien Chfla Ba Ngdi dfldc Kitd hflu goi la Tw" Quy. Ve sau, ngfldi ta dfla them Le Dflc Ba Hon xac elen trdi goi la Ngu. Quy'^^^'K
Cho nen, ddi sd'ng dao ciia giao dan trong cong dong lang Cdng giao vflng DBSH kha da dang va phong phu. Ngoai cac ngay le chinh, ngfldi Cdng giao cdn thflc hien mot sd' ngay le khac nhfl Le San Ti, Li Rd Sa Rio, L i Cac Thanh ki hon, Li Ba vua, Le Thanh Quan thay, Le Dflc Thanh Miu-Me Maria, Li Dflc Me Vd Nhiim Nguyen tdi, Le Tien hoa (Rfldc hoa), Le Tien nhan,v.v... Cac le nghi dfldc chia thanh tflng thang, tflng mfla trong nam: thang 3 Kinh Thanh Giuse, thang 5 la Thang hoa Dflc Me Maria, thang 6 Kinh Trai tim Chfla Giesu, thang 8 cd Le Dflc Ba Maria Hon xac len trdi, thang 10 la thang Man Cdi Dflc Me, thang 11 Li Cac Thanh, thang 4 Li Phuc sinh.
Nhflng thanh le tren dfldc to chflc vao ba mfla sinh boat chinh trong nam: Mfla chay, Mfla vong, Mfla thfldng nien. Mfla chay (cdn goi la Mfla thfldng khd) tfl Le Tro den Li Thfl 5 T u i n Thanh. Mfla vong tfl ngay 30/11 den L i Giang sinh (ngay
25/12). Day cflng la thdi diem ket thuc mot mfla phung vu, bat d i u nam phung vu mdi. Mfla thfldng nien la nhflng thdi gian cdn lai trong nam'""".
Xflng tdi, chiu le la viec lam bat budc ddi vdi tin do Cdng giao. Vao cudi the ki XIX d i u the ki XX, hfldng fldc lang Cdng giao cd nhflng dieu muc quy dinh ve viec lang to chflc cho giao dan thflc hien viec xflng tdi va chiu Phep minh Thanh Chua (chiu Le) dUdc goi la ki Idm phuc hay tudn Idm phtlc.
T u i n lam phuc thudng gan vdi dip Le Thanh Quan thay xfl dae, ho dao, hay t u i n c h i u lUdt cua xfl. Sd di mdi xfl dao, ho dao mdi nam chi thflc hien mot hoac hai tuan lam phuc chii yeu do thieu linh muc, vi mdi linh muc thfldng phai phu trach nhieu xfl dao, mdi xfl dao lai cd nhieu ho dao le. Goi la t u i n lam phuc nhflng thdi gian chi dien ra trong khoing tfl hai den ba ngay. Trong nhflng ngay nay, vi linh muc cd the cfldi ngiia hay di thuyen bong ve xfl dao, ho dao. Giao dan danh trdng, thdi ken, t r i i chieu nghmh ddn vi linh muc tfl ben ngoai nha thd.
Dfldc ddn ngfldi cha linh hon de roi dfldc xflng tdi, rfldc le, nen t u i n lam phuc tfla nhfl ngay "udo ddm" cua lang Cdng giao.
Sau thanh le trang trong, thanh kinh, vi linh muc va giao dan (cha - con) cd dip ban huyen, tam tinh. Xfl dao, ho dao to' chflc cd ban t h i n h soan cho cha xfl, cdn
It.*' ,' s
15. Nguyen Hdng Duong. Ddi sd'ng dao ciia tin dd Cdng gido qua vdn bia vd huang udc viing dong bdng Bdc Bd den cudi niia ihe'ki XX. tr 45-69. trong:
Hdi ddng Giam muc Viet Nam. Sdng dao theo cung each Viet Nam, Nxb Tdn giao. Ha Ngi, tr. 46-48.
16. Tuan Thanh: Tuan trudc Le Phuc sinh tir Chiia Nhat thuang khd (hay Chiia nhat La La) cho den hei thii' bay Tuan Thanh. Trong tuan nay, Giao hdi Cdng giao tudng nhd cuoc khd nan ciia Chiia Giesu. Xem : Nguyen Hdng Duong. Ldng Cdng gido Luu Phuong.
Sdd. tr 171,tr 174, -^ru, ; ii^^'.v. i-rr;,;!
36 Nghien ciiu Ton giao. So'6 - 2008
giao dan, mdi nha tuy dieu kien ma td chflc dn tiidi'^^'K Hfldng fldc met sd' lang Cdng giao cd ghi chep ve boat ddng nay.
Ching ban, hiidng lidc ldng Vinh Tru (Ha Nam), Dieu 8, ghi: "Le d nha thd, thang 2 va thang 8, cac dang ve lam phflc chd ho dao. Hai ki nay chi tieu sam siia d nha thd cdng la 33d,00. Viec nay do ngfldi trfldng giap lieu tien cdng quy ra ma tieu '(18)
Le hdi lang d cac lang Cdng giae thfldng dfldc td' chflc vad ngay Le Thanh Quan thay, Nguyen Hong Dfldng cho rang: "Le ki niem thanh quan thay xfl dao - Mot hinh thflc hoi lang Cdng giao""^'. Hfldng fldc nhieu lang Cdng giao quy dinh nhflng ngay le t h a n h quan thay la ngay le trong cua lang. Vi du, Dieu 94.
hiidng lidc dp Thuy Nhai (Nam Dinh) quy dinh: "Hang nam cfl ngay 12 thang 9 tay lai md Le Thanh Quan Thay long trong thi p h i i phi ton va tien le thi lang sfl so' cdng lieu trich tien cdng quy la 30d,00 de chi phi viec le ay cho long trong. Va lang cd le mong 2 thang Gieng ta cd le Nguyen dan khai cd thi da cd sd cdng tieu hang xa dii"'^"'.
Ben canh dd, cac lang Cdng giao cdn td' chflc nhflng ngay li khac nhfl Li Ha dien (cdn goi la Le Ciu mfla), Li Nguyen dan, L i Tien nhan de ciu mong mfla mang bdi thu.
Ve Li Ha dien, Hiidng Udc ldng My Dinh (Thai Binh), Dieu 28, ghi rd: "Hing nam cfl den ngay 29 Juin (thang 6), dong dan te tiiu tai nha thd xem l i c i u nguyen cho dfldc mfla roi b i t d i u cay tuc goi la ha dien"'^".
Li ciu mfla, l i c i u binh yen la sfl giao thoa gifla van hda Kitd giao vdi van hda lang Viet. Theo Nguyin Hong Dfldng, d nhflng lang Cdng giao ven bien nhfl xfl
Nhfldng Ban (Ha Tinh), l i c i u mfla dfldc g i n vdi l i c i u ngfl'^^'.
Nghi le ddn Tet Nguyen dan cua Cdng giad Viet Nam cung mang nhflng net dac thfl. Trong mot Thfl chung giii bon dao Dia phan Tay Dang Ngoai (trong dd co Ha Ndi) ngay 8/5/1805, Giam muc Dia phan cd de cap den ngay Tet Nguyen dan ciia giao dan. Noi dung Thfl chung cho biet, ngay tet la dip anh em ho hang di tham nhau, mflng tudi nhau, an udng cflng nhau. Day la nhflng phong tuc td't lanh. Do vay, vdi giao dan, viec thao kinh cha me td tien va sinh ich cho linh hdn ngfldi la nhflng viec lam phuc dflc... 0 Dia phan Phat Diem, xfl dao Lflu Phfldng ddn ba ngay tet vdi ndi dung: mflng mot c i u cho Dflc Chfla Cha, mflng hai cau cho Dflc Chfla Con va Chfla Thanh than, mflng ba c i u cho dng ba td tien'^^'. Dieu 119, Hiidng lidc ldng Phu Nhai (Nam Dinh) cdn quy dinh: "Lang ta cd du trong sd cdng tieu ve cac tet Nguyen dan, Thfldng tan, Doan ngo, mdi tiet la 5d,00 de siia li, huynh thfl thfldng tiet"'^"'.
Ve Le Tien nhan (ciu cho nhflng ngfldi l a p l a n g ) , Hiidng lidc ldng Liiu 17. Nguyen Hdng Duong. Ddi song dao ciia tin dd Cdng gido qua van bia vd huang udc viing ddng bdng Bdc Bd den cuoi mia tliekiXX. tr 45-69, trong : Hdi ddng Giam muc Viet Nam. Sdng dao theo cung cdch Viet Nam. Sdd, tr. 53 - 54.
18. Huang udc ldng VTnh Tru. Li Nhdn. Hd Nam. Ki hieu sdHU 782.
19. NguySn Hdng Duong. Nghi le vd ldi sdng Cdng gido trong vdn hda Viet Nam. Sdd tr. 170.
20. Huang udc ap Thuv Nhai. Giao Thux. Nam D/i;/i. Ki hieu,sdHU 2012.
21. Huang udc ldng Mx Dinh. Diixen Hd. Thdi Binh.
Ki hieu sd HU 2879.
22. Nguydn Hdng Duong. Ldng Cdng gido Luu Phuang. Sdd. tr.l86.
23. Nguyen Hdng Duong. Nghi le vd ldi song Cdng gido trong vdn hoa Viet Nam. Sdd, tr. 198.
24. Huang udc ldng Phii Nhai. Xiidn Trudng, Nam Dmh. KI hieu so HU 4232.
Nguyen Thi Que Huong. Sinh hoat ton gido cua cong ddng. 37
PhUdng (Ninh Binh), Dieu 72, quy dinh: "Giao dan Thanh dien ba toa cac tiet le xin ke : Le Phuc sinh, L i Santi, Le Tien nhan, L i Thanh sii ba ho...""". Hoac Hiidng lidc ldng Vinh Tri (Nam Dinh) quy dinh trong Dieu 26 nhfl sau: "Lang toan Cdng giao cd mot ngdi nha thd va 4 nha nguyen cua 4 giap... Tai nha thd chinh:
Le cau cho tien nhan lang, 3d,00, Le Thanh Quan thay, 3d,00""'''.
2.2. Thiic hdnh cac le nghi Cong gido Theo tuc le cua tflng lang, viec thflc hanh cac le nghi trong cong dong ngfldi Viet Cdng giao vflng DBSH cd sfl khac nhau. Trong nhflng ngay thanh le, tuy theo vi thanh dfldc phung thd, mdi lang cd nhflng each td' chflc cho phfl hdp vdi le lang dd. Ngoai viec phung thd cac vi thanh, cac ngay le cflng la dip de cho giao dan trong lang td chflc an udng, hop mat chia se nhflng kinh nghiem sdng. Bdi the, chi phi cho nhflng ngay le dfldc quy dinh cu the trong cac b i n hfldng fldc:
Dieu 76, Hiidng lidc ldng Hoa Mac (Ha Nam) quy dinh: "... Dan ben giae le 3/12 cd le Thanh Quan thay, lam le d thanh dfldng roi ve nha giap trfldng, ky te ay 7d,00. Le 15/8 cd le Tfl van mflng le Phuc sinh lam le b thanh dfldng roi ve nha giap trfldng, ky te ay 7d,00... Li 11/5 thdn Due Cat cd le mflng Quan thay xin lam le d thanh dfldng roi ve nha giap trfldng, bien le fldc 5d,00.
Li 15/8 thdn Due Cat cd le Tfl van mflng le xin lam li d thanh dfldng roi ve nha van trfldng, ky ay bien 5d,00"'"'.
Cd nhflng lang, ddi tfldng thd phung chinh la Dflc Me Maria, cdn dfldc goi bing Dflc Thanh Miu, Thanh M i u Phfldng Danh,... Khdin 19, Hiidng Udc dp Sa Chau (Nam Dinh), viet: "Lang ta cd 2 ngdi nha thd, 2 den thd ay de thd dflc
Thanh Mau. Hai den thd ay theo tuc lang den ngay kinh Thanh Mau bd mdi dmh Od,10 xin le va d i u nen. Cac ngay chii nhat ai cung p h i i di chiu le. H i n g nam cfl den ngay kinh Thanh Mau rfldc cu ve lam l i tai den thd ay"'^*'.. HUdng Udc ldng Ninh Phu. (Ha Nam) ghi; "Dan lang toan
tdng Cdng giao nen khdng cd sii te tfl gi, chi cd rfldc Thanh Mau Phfldng Danh la ky thang 3 tay, thang 5 tay, va thang 9 tay, nhflng khdng p h i i mua le vat gi, chi rfldc xong thdi thdi khdng cd an udng. De nien den ngay le Phuc sinh thi dem
hfldng fldc ra doc"'^. _, Mot sd'lang ho dao d i u xfl thfldng chia
thanh cac khu dao, mdi khu phung thd mdt Thanh Quan thay. Dieu 92, hUdng udc ldng Nam Am (Hii Phdng) quy dinh:
"... Dan cd 4 khu, nam nao mdi khu cflng cd mot ngay le kinh Quan t h i y rieng cua tflng khu: Khu Ddng, Kinh le Ong thanh Giacdbe; Khu Nam, Kinh le Ong thanh Gioan; Khu Trung, Kinh le Ba thanh Philome; Khu Doai, Kinh le Ba thanh Anna. Cac nga^ le kinh nay deu theo lich Cdng giao, nhflng khu nao den ngay le quan thay minh, thi deu cd goi nhau trong mot khu, mdi xuat 0d,50 hoac 0d,30 tuy theo nhieu it lay tien mua nen, phao va cflng nhau an udng mot bfla trong ngay le ay de ban ve viec le, cac le nay cho mdi khu mot ngay thdi"'^"'. i t^,-, ,, T'
HUdng Udc dp Thiiy Nhai (Nam Dinh),
25. Huang udc ldng Luu Phuang, Kim San. Ninh Binh. Ki hieu sdHU 4623.
26. Huang udc ldng VTnh Tri. Nghia Hung. Nam
£).(/(/i. Ki hieu s d H U 3528.
27. Huang udc ldng Hda Mac. Dux Tien. Hd Nam.
Ki hieu s d H U 718.
28. Huang udc dp Sa Clidu. Nam Dinh. Da dan.
29. Huang udc Idng Ninh Phii. Thanh Liem. Hd Nam. Ki hieu sd HU 845.
30. Huang udc ldng Nam Am, VTnh Bdo. Hdi Phdng.
Ki hieu .sdHU 1711.
38 Nghien cuu Ton giao. So 6 - 2008
Dieu 93 chi rd: "Cac ngay l i la 19 thang 3 tay kinh Ong Giuse, ngay 24 thang 6 tay kinh Ong thanh Gioan, ngay mong 4 thang 8 tay kinh Ong t h a n h Ddmimcd, ngay 15 thang 9 tay kinh B i y sfl Dflc Ba, cac li nay deu phai d i u . nen deu thuoc rudng so 422, 423"'^"'.
Viec thflc hien cac le nghi Cdng giao cung dfldc quy dinh chi tiet trong hfldng fldc cac lang de giao due tinh to chflc, ki luat d nhflng ndi trang nghiem. Mdi ngfldi se p h i i hoan t h a n h nhflng p h i n viec da dfldc Hoi dong c i t cii. Nhflng ai khdng hoan t h a n h nhiem vu dfldc giao, Hdi dong se phat, Tien phat se dfldc xung vao cdng quy. Tfl Dieu 125 den Dieu 127, HUdng Udc ldng ThUdng Lao (Nam Dinh) ndi rd: "De men nhflng ngay l i d nha thd thdi trflm trfldng p h i i trdng COI xep dat cdn hfldng ly thdi phai gifl cho nghiem trang phep tac... Trong khi hoi hdp kinh le d nha thd ai cung phai chinh ddn va gifl trat tfl, khdng ai dfldc to tieng ndi can, dflng ngdi p h i i cho nghiem trang. Ai khdng tuan hfldng hdi phat tfl 0d,30 den Id,00. Giao dan chi cd sam t r i u , nen de kinh le bai thdi chfl khdng cd gi ca"'''^'. Dieu thfl 76, HUdng Udc ldng Vdn Gido (Nam Dinh) thi quy dinh: "Xa ta la phan giao ca, mdi nam kinh Thanh sfl cflng cac t u i n le trong.
Trong lang tfl chanh hfldng hdi trd xudng, xa trfldng t u i n trd len, dong dan da cat hanh le, mdi ngfldi deu mac ae lam dai hang td't, cflng q u i n ao thfldng cho dUdc sach se de trang quan chiem, neu khdng cd duyen cd gi tii tien thieu mat, cung q u i n ao khdng dUdc nhU Udc, phii phat mdi vien OdSO, sung vao cdng quy, cdn dan phu va dong dan da c i t flng dich. tfl tien khiem phe phat moi ten 0d,20 sung vao cdng quy"''^^'.
Le vat dang cflng trong cac t h a n h le d mdt sd' lang Ifldng - giao thfldng la xdi.
Idn,... - nhflng s i n p h a m t h a n h tao nhflng cflng d i y g i i n di cua ngfldi ndng dan DBSH. HUdng Udc ldng Tiic Mac (Nam Dinh), Dieu 120 quy dinh:
"...Thdn Lac Giao thd t h a n h dfldng h a n g xa cd de 5 mau, 1 sao. 11 thfldc d xfl Ky dien de thdn ay phat dong lay tien m u a nen, sap cflng siia chfla thanh dfldng, cdn 2 sao 11 thfldc le dien ciia hang xa chia ve de le le kinh danh Dflc Ba do h a n g thdn p h a t dong lay tien mua Idn, xdi mflng le ngay 12 t h a n g 9; va ngay 24, 25 t h a n g 12 cd le hang giap do bd lao thdn ay trfl lieu xdi, Idn cflng le.
cdn nhfl quan, hdn, tang, te thi thdn ay phan biet t a t ca"'^*". Dd'i vdi cac lang Cdng giao toan tdng, le vat thfldng la d i u , nen.
Chi phi va pham vat dflng trong thanh le cua cac lang Cdng giao thfldng lay tfl hoa ldi ciia dao dien - ruong ddt cdng ddnh cho phung sii. Neu lang nao khdng cd dao dien thi viec bien le se bd ve cac giap, ho dao, hoac lay tfl cdng quy. Vi du, Muc 9, HUdng Udc ldng Xuan Hoa (Hii Phdng) quy fldc:" Le lang con cd 4 mau rudng cdng cong d nha giao dfldng cay cay de lay hoa ldi ma chi tieu d trong nha giao quanh nam khdng p h i i bd ban gi nfla"'^''. Dieu 126, HUdng Udc ldng Ngoc Ciic (Nam Dinh) lai quy dinh: "De hai mau rudng Phat tfl giao dng Sfl nhan den hfldng va Ifldng ca nam... Lai de ra 2 mau 31. Huang udc dp Thuy Nhai. Nam Dinh. Da dan.
32. Huang udc Idng Thuang Lao. Nam True. Nam D/ii/(.Ki hieu sdHU 2241.
33. Huang udc Idng Vdn Gido. NgliTa Hung. Nam Dinh. Ki hieu so HU 2367.
34. Huang udc Idng Tire Mac. My Ldc. Nam Dinh Ki hieu .sdHU 2179.
35. Huang udc Idng Xiidn Hda. Tien luJng. Hdi Phdng. Ki hieu sd HU 4072.
Nguyen Thi Que Huong. Sinh hoat ton gido cua cong ddng. 39
chd dng Cu nhan chi Ifldng an ci nam va hai mau dem dau gia de chi cac le trong mot nam d hai nha thd"'^*^'.
Ro rang, nhflng quy dinh trong hfldng fldc Cdng giao vflng DBSH ve viec thflc hanh cac le nghi da tao ra le thdi, mdi giao dan theo dd tfl giae thflc hien theo mot trat tfl nhat dinh. Viec tham gia cac boat ddng nay la nghia vu va trach nhiem vfla ciia tflng ca nhan vfla cua tflng gia dinh, ddng ho. Dieu nay p h i n anh truyen thd'ng cd' ke't lang xa lau ddi, the hien tren true gia dinh - lang xa - nha nfldc, la niem tfl hao cua dan toe.
2.3. Duy tri truyen thong gia phong, doan ke't lUdng - gido ;.:(;,,• •;.•..: :-; .
Ngoai viec thflc hien cac nghi le tdn giao, viec gifl gin mot sd' ndi dung cua van hda truyen thd'ng nhfl hdn le, tang le, phong hda, vd dodn ke't lUdng - gido,...
cung rat quan trong ddi vdi cdng dong giao dan. Dfla vao nhflng dieu khoin quy dinh trong hfldng fldc, mdi giao dan se tfl dieu chinh hanh vi dao dflc ciia minh.
Dieu dd tao nen nep sd'ng phong hda trong lang Cdng giao vung DBSH.
Van de hon nhdn ,, p.f! v .".•, Ngfldi Cdng giao de cao hdn nhan mot vd mot chong. Cho nen, Hdn phdi trd thanh mot bi tich cua Cdng giao. Day la Bi tich thfl b i y trong 7 phep Bi tich ma Giao luat da quy dinh; "Bi tich Hdn phdi la sfl nhin nhan ciia Thien Chfla ddi vdi viec chung sd'ng den tron ddi ciia mot ngfldi nam va mot ngfldi nfl da chiu phep Riia tdi. Bi tich Hdn phdi lam tang cUdng tinh duy nhat va ben vflng trong hdn nhan va quan he gia dinh ciia tin do dao Cdng giao"''"'. Vi vay, hfldng fldc ciia cac lang Cdng giao deu cd nhflng quy dinh rd rang, chat che ve van de hdn nhan.
Net dac thfl trong hfldng fldc lang Cdng giad ve van de hdn nhan, la quy dinh mdi giao dan chi dfldc phep lay mot vd, hoac mot chong, dac biet le tuc chfl re di le nha thd, Dieu 14, 15, HUdng Udc ldng Ddng Xuyen Ngoai (Hii Phdng) quy dinh: "Viec tien cheo khi giai, gai trong lang lay nhau phai nop Id,00. Cheo ngoai p h i i nop 3d,00 p h i i cd t r i u cau tfldng trinh huynh thfl. Viec cfldi xin do dao Cdng giao quy dinh; Trfldc bet dd la tin do theo giao luat chi dfldc phep lay mot vd mot chong"'^*'. Dieu 103, HUdng udc ldng Vinh Tri (Nam Dinh) ghi rd:
"Lang toan tdng Cdng giao chi dfldc phep nhat phu, nhat phu thdi. Vay ai cdn vd ca ma lay vd hai thi lang khdng an ngdi vdi nfla de khdi lam gfldng xau cho ke khac'"^^'. Dieu 67, HUdng Udc ldng Nam Am (Hii Phdng) chi rd: "... Lai dan toan
tdng theo luat tdn giao khdng dfldc phep lay vd le, ai pham den cflng nhfl tdi thdng dam, neu cd con thi dfla con ay cflng nhfl con ngoai tinh. Con ngoai tinh, con vd le la cen giai khi den tudi nhap ba thi phii nop phat cho lang la 5d,00"'"". Nhflng quy dinh nay deu mud'n nang cao trach nhiem ciia ngfldi vd cung nhfl ngfldi chong nham duy tri sfl ben vflng cua cuoc sd'ng gia dinh.
Mot sd quy dinh ve hdn nhan trong hfldng fldc lang Cdng giao vflng DBSH phan anh rd sfl dieu chinh theo xu the giam nhflng nghi le rudm ra, thiic hanh tiet kiem cho giao dan. Dieu 63, HUdng
36. Huang udc ldng Ngoc Cue. Xidii Trirdng. Nam Dinh. Ki hieu sd HU 4229.
37. Nguyen Thanh Xuan. Mdt sd ton gido d \'iet /Vm/i. Sdd tr. 176-177.
38. Huang udc Idng Ddng Xiyeii Ngoai. Tien Ldng.
Hdi Phdng. Ki hieu sd HU 4030.
39. Huang udc Idng VTnh Tri. Nam Dinh. Da dan.
40. Huang udc ldng Nam Am. Hdi Phong. Da dan.
40 Nghien cun Ton giao. So 6 - 2008
udc ldng Diic Trai (Hai DUdng) quy dinh:
"Cudl xin ngay trUdc cd 6 le nhieu, nay chi theo cd 3 le nhfl sau: Le van danh, hay thfldng goi la le dam vd, le nay l i n diu tien ma hai ben cha me hdi kien de ndi chuyen va de so sanh ten tudi, ngay sinh thang de cua cac con ma dinh cuoc nhan duyen ciia ddi tre. Le vat thi hoac che. cau, banh trai dang gia do vai ba dong. Le an hdi, hdm nay thi nha giai, cha chfl re cflng ba con sinh le sang nha gai. Hdm dd chfl re di le nha thd cflng la ra m i t ho hang nha vd, Hai ben thdng gia dinh ngay cfldi, va thach cfldi, le vat thi tuy theo tflng nha giiu, ngheo nhfl dang gia do 3d,00 den 20d,00. L i cfldi, hdm dd chfl re di cflng dng than sinh va cflng ba con sinh le vat cflng tien xong, sang nha gai ddn dau, Ben nha gai cung cho ba con dfla dau ve nha chong. Le vat tien nong thi tuy theo tflng nha giiu, ngheo nhfl gia tat ci dang do 10d,00 hay 30d,00 chi dd...
Hai ben thdng gia lai cdn p h i i theo le luat ma khai gia thfl cho con vdi thfl ky ho tich"'^".
Van de tang le ' ' ' • -
Cdng giao quan niem, con ngfldi do Chua Trdi sinh ra, mdi cdn ngfldi la mot ngdi den thanh thd phung Chfla. Vdi ngudi Cdng giao, chet ndi t r i n the lai la su bat d i u ciia mot ddi sd'ng mdi ndi Thien Dang. Ddi vdi ngudi Cdng giao qua ddi, ben canh cac nghi le cua ngudi Viet truyen thd'ng, cdn cd nhflng diem khac biet'^^'. .
HxiOng fldc cac lang Cdng giao cd nhflng quy dinh chung ve tang l i nhfl viec khai bao ngfldi chet vdi quan lai, thdi ban td'ng tang ddi vdi ngfldi chet thfldng va chet benh,,,. Ben canh dd, ndi dung hfldng Udc cung cd nhflng quy dinh cu the phu hdp vdi tflng hang giao dan, Dieu 74,
HUdng Udc ldng Vdn Gido (Nam Dinh) quy dinh; "Lang ta la dan giao c i , khi cd ai chet, thi ngfldi chu tang dinh an tang trinh vdi chanh hfldng hdi, chuyen bao xa dan den dfla thi tien le ay chia ra lam ba hang; Hang n h a t nop le la 30d,00. Hang nhi nop le la 20d,00. Hang ba nop le la lOd.OO"'"'. Tai cac Dieu 69 den Dieu 71, HUdng Udc ldng Biic Trai (Hii Dfldng) ghi ro: "Nhflng tang gia thi dfldc tuy y lam CO ban dai than bang cd' hflu den dfla dam hay tham vieng, chfl khdng ai cam doan b i t budc gi ci. Ky ly hoac dan lang, ai ma hach sach tang gia cd ban, neu xet q u i thflc thi phai phat 3d,00. Ai cd cha me ve gia thi tuy y minh sap dat cac le nghi trong nha; nhfl te Thanh phuc te ngu V.V.... nhflng ngfldi ngheo khdng the mdi giap, mdi lang dfldc thi tuy y nhd ba con ban hflu dfla vdi nhau thdi"'^"". HUdng Udc ldng Vinh Tru (Ha Nam), Dieu thfl 74, quy dinh ve van de tang le nhfl sau:
"Khi cd ai chet thdi trong hau 3 ngay phii dem mai tang, neu chet vi dich benh phii dem chdn ngay trong ngay hdm chet.
Ngfldi nao cd viec hieu ma nop le kinh dan thi chiet nap la; Hang nhat 15d,00, hang nhi 10d,00, hang ba 6d,00, hang tU la nhflng ngfldi chi mdi hang giap di dfla ma nop le dan la 3d,00. Le vieng hang nhat la 3d,00, hang nhi la 2d,00, hang 3 la ld,00"'^".
Le khanh dieu (Ban Td' chflc le tang) cung dfldc quy dinh kha chi tiet treng hfldng fldc cac lang Cdng giao. De tranh dieu tieng, nhflng quy dinh nay ludn the h i e n t i n h cdng b a n g dd'i vdi giao dan.
41. Huang udc Idng Difc Trai, Cdm Gidng. Hdi Duang. Ki hieu sd HU 962.
42. Nguydn Hdng Duong. Nghi le' vd Idi sd'ng Cdng gido trong vdn hda Viet Nam. Sdd tr. 221-227.
43. Huang udc ldng Vdn Gido. Nam Dinh. Da dan.
44. Huang udc ldng Dire Trai. Hdi Duang. Da dan.
45. Huang udc ldng VTnh Tru. Hd Nam. Da dan.
Nguydn Thi Que Huong. 5"//?// hoat ton gido ciia cong ddng... 41
Nghi le phung vieng va td'ng tien *se phu thudc vao sd' tien ma gia dinh ddng theo tflng hang da dfldc quy dinh. HUdng Udc dp Thuy Nhai (Nam Dinh), tfl Dieu 116 den Dieu 118 quy dinh; "Khi cd ngfldi vong d 5 hang tren thi d i u trich 1/5 de siia le phflng, cdn thi sung quy cdng. Khi di phflng ngfldi vong hang nhat thi lang cii nhflng ngfldi da cd vi the tfl hang nhat den hang ba, mdi hang 3 ngfldi: khi ngfldi vong hang nhi thi lang cii nhflng ngfldi cd vi the tfl hang hai trd xud'ng... nha chii bat cfl da nop le hang nao chi phai tiep ngUdi di dUa cung phu phen bang giiu nUdc thdi, khdng phii'cdm rUdu"'^*".
Vdn de gin giUphong hda ;, .;i. -•,.
Gin gifl phong hda trong lang xa la viec khdng the thieu ddi vdi lang Viet truyen thd'ng. Ddi vdi lang Cdng giao, ndi dung nay cang trd nen cin thiet, bdi nd se gdp p h i n vao viec xay dflng khdi doan ket lUdng giao. Nhflng quy fldc dd giflp mdi ngfldi dan tfl kiem seat dfldc hanh ddng cua chinh minh, dong thdi de cao ldi sdng trach nhiem vdi xdm gieng, doan ke't cdng dong lang xa. Cac dieu tfl 94 den 99, HUdng Udc ldng Xdm Bd (Hai Phdng), quy udc: "Lang cd ke hay, ngUdi dd lam 2 quyen so, mdt quyen bia vang, mot quyen bia xanh de ghi lai hanh kiem sii hanh ddng. Quyen bia vang ghi nhflng ngfldi trung hieu, tiet nghia, ngfldi lam nen sfl nghiep to tat, ngfldi giflp cdng giflp ciia cho lang va nha nfldc cflng tat ci nhflng ngudi nao cd danh tieng td't. Quyen bia xanh ghi nhflng ngfldi bat nghia, bat hieu, ngfldi lam mat sfl cdng ich cua xa hdi cflng tat ca nhflng hanh kiem xau.
Trong lang ngfldi nao den 70 tudi lang bieu 1 cai ao lua gia 5d,00, 80 tudi bieu cai ao vdc gia lOd.OO, 90 tudi, 100 tudi lang mflng tho 10d,00 de mua bo tho
dfldng... Trong lang ngfldi nao thi dd tan hoc trung d i n g lang thfldng 3d,00 cao d i n g thfldng 6d,00"'-'". .' . - :
Van de phong hda cdn the hien trong tinh hieu t h i o ciia con cai vdi cha me, sU tdn trong gidi nfl d nhflng lang Cdng giao.
Dieu 109 va 110, Khoin 18, HUdng Udc ldng Phil Nhai (Nam Dinh) quy dinh rd:
"Ngfldi nao trong lang tinh canh khdng phii vat v i ma de dng ba, cha me rach rfldi, kho sd, Hfldng hdi se cho tim con chau ra khuyen bao, neu khdng tuan se cho la tdi bat hieu, Hfldng hdi se phat truat ngdi thfl cho den khi biet hdi cii.
Ngfldi nao treu gheo dan ba con gai va cd chflng cd chac chan phan minh thi phat tfl 0d,50 den Id,00, tai pham se phii truat ngdi thfl tfl tfl 6 thang den 3 nam 11(48)
Dieu 41, Hudng Udc ldng My Dinh (Thai Binh) cdn quy dinh ve trach nhiem trd giup ciia lang ddi vdi vi hnh muc ban xfl: "Lang cat 4 ngfldi trang bon phan la theo hau dang linh muc b i n xfl va giflp nhflng tap dich bat thfldng ve xfl dfldng va dao dfldng, cflng rfldc dang linh muc cho benh nhan, ngfldi trang ban 12 nam nam khoa le bac quan vien ho""^'.
Vdn de dodn ke't lUdng - gido
Ndi dung mot sd' hfldng Udc lang lUdng - giao cdn cd nhflng quy dinh nham tao sfl cdng bang trong ddi sd'ng cdng dong dan cfl lang xdi dd. Dieu thfl 57, HUdng Udc ldng Xdm Bd (Hii Phdng) neu rd; "Ai la ngfldi d ben Ifldng ma lam tdn hai cua cdng ben giao hay la ngfldi ben giao lam tdn hai cua cdng ben luong thi hdi dong
46. Huang udc dp Thuy Nhai. Nam Dmh. Da dan.
47. Huang udc ldng Xdm Bd. Hdi An. Hdi Phdng. Ki hieu sdHU 4016.
48. Huang udc ldng Phu Nhai. Nam Dinh. Da dan.
49. Huang udc Idng My Dinh. Thai Binh. Da dan.
42 Nghien cun Ton giao. So 6 - 2008
phii lap bien ban trinh quan va bat phat". Dieu 79 cdn quy dinh: "Tii nay trd di tien cheo phai nop vao cdng quy, Ifldng - giao hdp nhat ma chia lam 4 hang, giai lang lay Id,00, giai. hang td'ng 2d,00, hang huyen 3d,00, biet hat 4d,00, Cac khoin tien cheo ay, Ifldng - giao hdp chung de chi cdng viec cdng xa"''*''.
Tinh cdng b i n g cdn dfldc the hien trong viec chia rudng cdng ciia lang Ifldng - giao, Dieu 110, HUdng Udc ldng Quang Bd (Ha Noi) quy dinh; "Ben Ifldng 204 xuat, rudng hfldng dang me oan 12 mau, 4 sao de chu lieu chi cac le va siia sang viec dinh. Ben giao 18 xuat rudng dat dang lap 1 mau, 1 sao de chu lieu chi cac le. Cfl bet 6 nam, Ifldng, giao ddi ben chieu xuat chia ly lai mot l i n deu xong, khdng ai dfldc hdn kem gi ca"'^".
3. Ket luan z^f Cd the ndi, ndi dung cac b i n hfldng fldc
da gdp p h i n phac hoa bflc tranh sinh ddng ve ddi sd'ng dao phong phu va da dang ciia tin do Cdng giao vflng DBSH.
Lang Cdng giao vung DBSH dfldc xay dflng tren cd sd lang Viet, bdi vay ngeai nhflng quy dinh chung, nd cdn cd mot sd' net dac thfl, phan anh dfldc ddi sd'ng dao ciia ngfldi Cdng giao.
Nhflng le vat khdng td'n kem dflng trong cac li nghi Cdng giao nhfl diu, nen; sfl chi phi tiet kiem cho i m thflc trong cac ngay thanh le; cac quy dinh tien bd trong hdn nhan; viec chu trong phong hoa, v.v... la nhflng dieu ma ngfldi ngoai dao cin hoc tap.
Ben canh nhflng flu diem tren, trong ddi sd'ng tdn giao ciia ngfldi dan vflng DBSH cung bdc Id mot sd nhfldc diem tat yeu. Lang Cdng giao vdi tinh cd lap, nen khd hda nhap vdi lang Ifldng d mot sd' phfldng dien ciia ddi sd'ng van hoa xa hdi.
Cuoc sd'ng ngay nay ddi hdi ngfldi dan Viet Nam phai cd nhflng ddng gdp hflu ich cho xa hdi. Thflc te cho thay, ngfldi Cdng giao da cd sfl hdi nhap vdi van hoa truyen thdng dan toe, Trong qua trinh xay dflng ndng thdn mdi hien nay, ddng bao giao dan c i n ke thfla va phat huy nhflng gia tri nhan van tich cflc ciia hfldng fldc, ddng thdi dau tranh phe phan day Ifli nhflng hu tuc can trd sfl phat trien ciia lang Cdng giao. Xin mfldn ldi nhan dinh ciia Ha Huy Tfl ve dfldng hfldng sd'ng dao cua ngfldi Cdng giad Viet Nam de ke't thuc bai viet nay: "Sd'ng dao dich thflc la phai biet dan than phuc vu gia dinh nhan loai, biet lao ddng sang tao de cdng hien cho xa hdi nhflng ldi ich tfl
"Nhflng nen bac Chfla ban", biet cflng dong loai giii quyet nhflng mau thuan, nhflng tran trd, nhflng ddi hdi thfldng xuyen dat ra trong cuoc sdng hang ngay, hda nhap vdi moi ngfldi bang tinh cam chan thanh, bang cen tim "Khiem tdn va hien lanh" ciia Dflc Kitd"''2\/.
50. Huong udclang Xam Bd. Hai Phdng. Da dan.
51. Huang udc Idng Qitdng Bd. Hd Ndi. Ki hieu sd HU 877.
52. Ha Huy Tii. Tim hieu net dep van hda Thien Chiia giao,Sdd.- tr 33.
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