Tap chi Nghjgn cu'u va Phat triln, sd 2 (100). 2013
NGUCil PHAP VA NHlfNG NGAY DAU CUA DU LICH HUE
Ddng Vinh DU, DUcfng Thi Hai Van*
Lich sd da chdng kien sU thdng tram trong mdi quan he Phdp-Vi^t, ddc biet Id nhu:ng gi dien ra tr§n dd't Hue. Nhin lai qud khd, chung ta khdng the quen nhijfng tdi dc do thUc dan Phdp gay ra trong thdi ky xdm lugc vd do hg nude ta, song khong vi vay md phu nhan het c6ng lao cua nhdng ngUdi Phdp da c6 nhieu d6ng g6p trong vigc nghien cdu vd xien duung vdn hda Viet Nam.
Leopold-IVIichel Cadifere, vi linh muc thudc Hgi Thda sai Paris, 86 tu6i vd 63 ndm sdng d Viet Nam, da thd 16 nhiing dieu t6't dep ve con ngUdi vd manh dat nay trUdc luc dng ra di: "Tdi hiiu ngUdi Viet bdi le {di dd nghi&n cUu nhiing gi lien quan den hg... Vi da nghiin cUu vd hiiu ngUdi Viet, n&n that tinh tdi y§u men hg... Tdi yeu men hg vi tri thdng minh nhay ben trong suy nghi... Tdi y^u men hg vi nhUng dUc hanh tinh thdn... Tdi yeu min hg vi tinh tinh cda ho...
Sau cung, tdi yeu min hg vi hg khd... Cd ddi tdi, tdi da ddng cho xii sd ndy rSi.
Cho tdi dugc d lai vd chit d ddy" [16:7]. Nhieu ngUdi Phdp cGng dong cam nhan dd. Tuy hg khdng xin "dugc chet" nhU L. Cadifere khi den day nhUng bang nhieu cdch khac nhau hg da gidp cho manh dat nay tot dep hem, ddc biet trong linh vUc vdn hoa, du lich.
Ngay nay, ngUdi Phdp ghi dau dac biet vdi van hda, du lich Hue qua cac ky Festival Hue. Xuat phdt td ket qua bUdc dau hgp tdc gida thdnh pho Hue va td chdc CODEV Viet-Phdp trong Festival Viet-Phdp ndm 1992, tinh Thda Thien Hue vdi su cho phep cua Chinh phu Viet Nam da phdi hgp cung Dai sd qudn Phap tai Viet Nam to chdc Festival 2000 theo hudng Id sU kien vdn hoa ldn cua Viet Nam, vda cd quy mo quoc gia vi^a mang tinh quoc te. Thdnh cong cua Festival nam ay md ra hUdng di mdi cho du lich Thda Thien Hue vd cung la md^c son ddnh dau sU tdi khdi dgng vai trd cua ngUdi Phap trong cdc hoat dgng vdn hoa du lich tren dd't Hue. Cho den nay, sau 7 ky td chdc, Cgng h6a Phap vdn la doi tdc ddc biet va truyen thd^ng cua Festival Hue. Festival Hu§
da trd thanh mgt thUcfng hieu khong nhdng mang lai hieu dng kha quan ve kinh te ma thong qua do vdn hda Viet, vdn hda Hue da den nhieu hon vdi ban be quoc te. Co dugc thdnh cong dd ngoai cdi vdn c6 cua Hue: thien nhiSn, lich sd, vdn hoa, di tich va su h5 trg cua cac bg, ngdnh, cdc ccf quan hdu quan Viet Nam, chung ta khong the khdng nhdc den vai trd cua ngUdi Phdp. Td hoa si De L'Estraint, tdc gid cua logo Festival Hue, den nghe si sdp ddt Ida Pierre- Alain Hubert, ngUdi dong hanh cung Festival Hue bdng nhdng man phdo hoa va chuong trinh sdp ddt dnh sdng an tugng; dao dien Philippe Decoufle, tac gia cua nhieu chUcfng trinh nghe thuat xuyen sudt trong cdc ky Festival den Remi Polack, dong tdc gia cua chuong trinh nghe thuat sdp ddt "TVcfi hdi ngo"
tai Festival 2008.<i' Cung khong the khong nhdc d§'n cdc dien vien, nghe si, cac ky thuat vien, tinh nguyen vien den td Cgng hda Phdp trong cdc ky Festival
* Khoa Xa hdi Nhan v5n, Trudng Dgi hpc Phii Xuan Hue.
Tap chi Nghi6n cUu va Phat triln, sd 2 (100). 2013
da trdi minh vdi Hue. Su ddng hdnh cua ngudi Phdp tai cdc ky Festival dd gidp cho vdn hoa Hue, vdn hoa Viet Nam lan toa nhanh hcfn vd du lich Thda Thien Hue cd them co hgi de phdt trien.
Khong phdi ngau nhien md nUdc Phdp lai Id qud'c gia c6 nhilu sU hgp tdc nhdt vdi Viet Nam, vdi Hue trong linh vUc vdn hda, du lich nhU tren. C6 xUa mdi c6 nay. Cd the khang dinh, nhdng gi ngudi Phdp trien khai d Hue' ngay td nhiing nam dau thd* ky XX da gieo mdm cho du lich chuyen nghiep d Hu§' hinh thdnh vd phdt trien. Den nay dinh hudng phdt trien du lich cua mien nui Ngu song Huong dUa tren viec khai thdc tdi nguy§n thi§n nhien, vdn h6a va lich sd - von dugc hinh thanh td nhiJng ngdy dau dy - vdn dang dugc nhdng ngUdi ldm du lich Hue hien tai phdt huy.
Vdn ndm trong chien lugc khai thdc thugc dia ngdy d'y, nhung bo qua nhdng tinh todn vl chinh tri thi ngUdi Phdp dd xdy dung du lich dUa tren the manh ve vdn hda, lich sd md Hue sdn cd. Khi du lich Id mgt thuat ngd hodn todn xa la vdi dai da so' ngudi ddn luc d6 thi viec khai thac hoat dgng nay d Hue da dugc dat ra bang nhiJng phuong thdc khd bdi ban. Ta't nhien, ngUdi Phdp la dao didn chinh va dd'i tugng khdch khong ai khdc la ngUdi Phap noi rieng va ngudi phUcfng Tay ndi chung cung m6t bg phdn nhd quan lai, ngudi gidu cd Viet Nam. De khai thdc du lich tren manh dd't nay, ngoai viec ddnh gid chinh xdc tdi nguyen du lich sdn cd, ngUdi Phdp da bat tay vdo xdy dUng nhdng co sd vat chdt dau tien ben canh viec tS chUc v&n phong du lich va qudng bd du lich Hue bdng nhilu phUcfng cdch.
Hue cd son thuy hdu tinh, cd be day ve lich sd va van hoa. Ben canh he thdng cung dien, idng tam cua trieu Nguyln Id he thd'ng chua chien, nha thd hien dien vdi mat do day ddc rat thuan lgi de phat trien du lich. He thdng ay vao thdi ky dau the ky XX co ban da dugc dinh hinh. Ldng cdc vi vua, he tho^ng cong trinh kien true trong Kinh Thanh, khu pho' Gia Hgi, Dong Ba, Phu Cam, Kim Long, biln Thuan An... la nhdng diem den ly thd khi du lich d Hue. NgUdi Phdp nhdn ra dugc dieu ndy va trong cdc chuong trinh quang bd hg luon chd y den yeu to' ddc trUng ma Hue sd hdu. Bdc si A. Sallet nhdn manh den Hue khi noi ve tdi nguyen du lich cua xd An Nam:'^' ''Nrn dUng chdn lau nhdt trong chuyen du lich An Nam phdi Id Hui - Hui, kinh dd xU An Nam, nai tap trung biet bao chuyen, chuyen qud khU ctia hodng gia, cua trieu dai dang tri vi, cdc ddng hg Idu ddi, cdc truyen thdng dugc bdo tdn. Bd Id Kinh Thdnh, la cung dien bin trong, chua chien din ta vd cdi quang cdnh my le ldm nen cho tdt cd."
[12:81]. Ong cung rd't an tugng vdi cdnh dep tU nhi6n da ban tang cho vung dd't ndy: "Sdng Huang la ddi thdt lUng long Idy cda thdnh phd, nhUng khung cdnh rgng ldn lgi dugc cdu thdnh do cdc nggn ddi ki can vd nhiing ddy nui a phia xa trong mgt thiet tri dem lgi sdc thdi ddc biet cho ve my le cua thdnh phd vd them vdo cho quang cdnh rdng ldn khdng gi sdnh dUgc cua cdc di tich ndm, rdi rdc trong nhiing thung ldng ngdn hep hay ben vUdn doi." [12:81]. Vi vay, nhu sg du khach se khdng t h i tudng tugng ro vd dep cua Hui, A. Sallet nha'n manh them: "Phdi viit nhiing trang ddi mdi thda mdn dugc tinh hiiu ky vd mieu td dugc cdc six vat ky vi cua Hui ddy ly thd. Phdi ndi din con sdng ky
Tap chi Nghien cdu va Phat triln, sd 2 (100). 2013
dieu CO chiic cdu sdt ldn bdc ngang ndi liin hai thdnh phd, thdnh phd cdc cdng sd hdnh chdnh vd khu Kinh Thdnh. Vd rdi din cung di§n, bdo tdng... Ben ngodi ddy tudng thdnh bdn phia, mdi bi 2km Id nhUng^khu ddn cU bdn xu! chay theo cdc con mUang vd xa han, vi phia ddng rudng. O ddy gdn hem cd Id cita hdng thuang mdi; nhiing khu vUdn kin ddo, ndm giUa cdc din ddi cd kinh vd nhiing ngdi nhd xUa Id nhiing khu cU tru cda gidi quy tdc, nhU d Kim Long, d Gia Hdi, ben kia bd kinh ddo Phd Cam, vd trin dudng Hd Quyin." [12: 81-82]. Tat nhien, he thing ldng tdm cdc vi vua trieu Nguyln Id nhdng tdi nguy&n nhan vdn dugc ong gidi thidu ky hon ca cho khdch du lich: "Chinh vi phia tdy nam thdnh phd Id vdng ldng md cda triiu dinh An Nam, mg phdn cdc dng hodng, cdc quan lai tdp trung hodc d riing li. Ngodi ra Id ldng tdm cda cdc vi hodng dc, phdn ldn bao quanh trong khu tudng thdnh rgng ldn, nai ddy cd vUdntUgc den ddi vd mdt khu bi dn ddng kin vdi cdc cHa bdng ddng cd nii?n phong Id nai yen nghi cda hodng di. Khdng gian cua ldng Gia Long khdng dUng lgi trong mdt khu tudng thdnh. Hdng rao cda nd Id chdn trdi ky diiu vdi ndi non ddng xa, xUng ddng vdi vi vua chiin si. Ldng Minh Mgng that dung cdng, nhung phdn ldn ve dep cda nd nhd vdo phong cdnh sdn cd. Ldng Tu BUc ldm nghi den mgt cdng vien kheo bdo tri. Thiiu Tri chUng mUc han, cdn luu giU nhieu do thdt bdo dep d ldng minh. Ldng Khdi Binh lgi khdc hdn." [12: 82]. Nhdng tdi nguyen du lich nay dugc Tien si P. Eberhardt nhdc lai trong cuo'n Guide de I'Annam {Hudng ddn du lich Trung Ky) vilt ndm 1914 vdi cdc tour bat dau td khdch san duy nhat luc bay gid.'^' [2:161].
Cung phdi nhdc den Thuan An va Bach IVIa nhu nhufng dilm den khong the thieu trong ban do du lich Hue. Cdc tdc gid ngUdi Phdp trong dif an quang cdo cho du lich Hue' ben canh viec ddy cdng gidi thieu cac dia danh vd cong trinh kien true d Kinh Thanh da khdng quen nhdc den Thuan An trong chuyen muc "Hue dep" nhU mgt thanh to tao nen sU da dang cho du lich vd la diem nhan can khdm phd trong chudi hdnh trinh khi du khach den Hue [5]. B6n canh do, Bach IVIa la dilm den kh6ng the bo qua cho nhdng ai thich khdm pha thien nhien, du lich mao hilm va nghi dudng. 6 do cao 1.000m den 1.444in cung nhiet do khong vugt qud 26''C, Bach IVIa la mdt dilm den ly tudng. Bdi vay cung vdi viec tim ra vd dau tU cho Dd Lat, Ba Nd... Bach Ma dugc khdm pha bdi ky sU Girard td nhdng ndm 1930 vd da dugc xdy dUng de trd thdnh diem nghi dudng Ua thich cua ngUdi Phdp vd quan lai trieu Nguyen. Trong thdi ky huy hodng, Bach Ma nhu mgt thi tran thu nhd phuc vu du lich vdi 139 biet thu ldn nho cung cdc cdng trinh phu tru nhu buu dien, ngdn hdng, ho bed, san qudn vgt [15: 420-421].
Cd the n6i tdi nguyen du lich cua Hu§' da dugc ngUdi Phdp nhan biet va dinh hinh khd cu t h i ngay td nhdng ngdy dau tien. Su phong phd la dieu dl nhdn thay vi vay viec khai thdc du lich thdnh cong hay khdng se phu thuoc vdo CO sd vat cha't phuc vu du lich vd phuong each qudng bd, trong thdi ky doi tugng khdch tham gia du lich khdng nhieu.
Ngay nay, neu nhin vdo con sd "han 500 co sd luu tru (trin 200 khdch san vd tren 300 nhd nghi) vdi 9.800phdng, 17.500 giudng" phuc vu du lich cua Thda
Tap chi Nghien cdu vS Phat trien, sd' 2 (100). 2013
Thien Hu§' ndm 2012 [8] vdi nhdng khdch san ndi tieng nhU Imperial Hotel, La Residence Hotel & Spa, Best Western Premier Indochine Palace, Hucfng Giang Hotel & Spa, Century Hotel... do nhieu nhd ddu tU khdc nhau xay dung thi ccf sd v^t chat md du lich Hui c6 dugc vao nhdng ndm dau the' ky XX lai thudc sd hdu cua ngudi Phdp. Hotel Saigon Morin di vdo hoat dSng ndm 1901 sau khi dugc mgt doanh nhdn ngUdi Phdp ten Id Bogaert xdy dUng. Sau con thi§n tai nam Mau Thin-1904 nd dugc nhd budn ngUdi Phdp Alphonese Guerin mua, cho sda chda vd dUa vdo kinh doanh trd lai ndm 1905 vdi cdi ten mdi "Le Grand Hotel de Hue". Ke td ndm 1907, anh em nhd Morin ldm chu, qudn ly mgi hoat dgng cua khdch san vd doi ten thdnh khdch san Morin. Thdi ky td ndm 1907 din 1953, ngodi vide phuc vu du khdch, khdch san con ddm nhiem vai trd "nhd khdch" cua chinh phu Nam trilu, chinh quyIn bao hg cua Phdp tai Trung Ky, Co quan Du lich Trung Ky - mOt bg phdn cua Phbng Du lich Ddng Duong thugc Phdp vd Id ncfi hgi hgp cua Hgi Do thdnh Hieu co {Association des Amis du Vieux Hui). Vdo thdi diem ndy, khdch san cd 72 phdng ngu, mgt nha hang, mgt rap chieu phim, mgt cda hang vd mgt phdng dgc sdch. Tuy c6 nhdng bUdc thdng trdm vd khdng phdi luc nao cung phuc vu du khdch nhUng khdch san Sdi Gon Morin la noi luu lai dau an cua nhieu chinh khdch, thUcfng gia, cdc ng6i sao dien dnh, nhd vdn noi tieng thdi bdy gid nhU nhd van Phdp noi tieng Andre Malraux, ddc biet vua hdi Charlie Chaplin vd Paulette Godard da cd ky nghi tuan trdng mat tai ddy nam 1936'•*'^' [10].
Ben canh dich vu luu trd han che' cua thdi ky ndy thi phucmg tien van chuyen khdch du lich cung d vdo hoan canh tUOng tU. Xe kdo tay vd Jdeu ghe la hai loai phucfng tien phd dung nhat van chuyin khdch tham quan cdc diem du lich. Ga xe Ida Hue dugc xdy dung td nam 1906 chu yl^u phuc vu chuyen chd hang hda. Vi vdy, cdc tour tham quan dugc thiet ke bang xe hoi, xe Ida hay tdu bien chi danh cho viec vdn chuyen khdch xuyen cdc diem du lich noi tieng nhU Hd Ngi-Vinh-Hue-Dd Ndng-Vung Tau-Sai Gon...
Trong hodn canh khd khdn vl cO sd vat chat, phuong tien van chuyin cua ngdy dy thi nhiJng hoat dgng quang ba la tdc nhan thdc day sU phdt trien cua du lich Hue. O phUcfng dien nay ngudi Phdp van la nhan vat chinh gidp du khdch tim din Hue nhieu hcfn. Neu ngdy nay Ben Thdnh Tourist, Vietravel, Hue Travel... cung vdi Sd Van hoa. The thao va Du lich Thda Thien Hue vd hang chuc van phdng tour lam nhiem vu quang bd cho du lich Hue, chua ke cdc phUcfng tien thong tin truyen thdng, internet... bang cdch nay hay each khdc mang den cho du khdch ve dep cua vung dd't, con ngUdi, van hda Hue thi giai doan dau the ky XX Co quan Du lich Trung Ky (ra ddi khoang nam 1916 trUc thugc Phong Du lich Dong Ducfng, ddt trong khudn vien Tda Kham sd) [18]
chinh Id dcfn vi thUc hi§n viec quang cdo cho du lich Hue va miln Trung. Trong thap nien 1930, co quan nay da dlu ddn gidi thi§u cdnh dep xd Hue trong nhdng lan phat hdnh cdc bg tern vl du lich Vi§t Nam-Ldo-Campuchia cua chinh phu Dong DUcfng thugc Phdp. Hinh anh cda Ngg Mon, cac di tich cua Hue lan lugt xua't hien. Cdc mdu tem dugc in nhieu mdu (xdm, hong, cam...) vdi hai ng6n ngd Anh vd Phap thdnh nhilu tdp khdc nhau cd kich thudc 13cmx9cm. Tdt ca
Tap chf Nghien ciiu va Phat tri^n, s6' 2 (100). 2013
duoc in tai nhd in tem thu Phdp Helio-Vaugirard d Paris. Tua de tieng Phap la
"Gouvernement General de L'Indochine. TONKINANNAM-COCHINCHINE- CAMBODGE-LAOS. Garnet de quarante timbres-souvenir. PRIX: 4 FRANCS."
(Chinh phd Bdng Duang. Bdc Ky-Trung Ky-Nam Ky-Campuchia-Ldo. Tdp 40 tem ky niim. Gid: 4 quan Phdp.) Tua dl tieng Anh Id: "40 souvenir stamps of FRENCH INDO-CHINA TONKIN-ANNAMCOCHINCHINA-CAMBODIA- LAOS." Tap tem tieng Anh khdng dl gid bdn. Ddng chu y, mdt sau cua tdp tem tieng Anh cd bdn do Dong Duong cung Idi ghi chu: "For any information wanted, apply to Official Tourist Bureau Saigon, French Indo-China." (Mudn biit thdng tin ndo, hay hdi Phong Bu lich chinh thdc d Sdi Gdn, Bdng Buang thudc Phdp") [9]. Chi tilt nay Id bdng chdng cho thd'y day Id nhdng tap tem ky niem nhdm co dgng, quang bd cho du lich tai Viet Nam (trong dd c6 Hue), Ldc va Campuchia ngdy ay cua chinh phu Ddng Duong thugc Phdp chd khong mang muc dich thuong mai nhU nhieu ngUdi van nhdn dinh.
Ben canh dd, tap san Nhdng ngUdi ban Co' dd Hue {Bulletin des Amis du Vieux Hui - BAVH) cua Hgi Do thdnh Hieu co {Association des Amis du Vieux Hue) ma trUc tiep Id L. Cadiere, R. Orband, Gras... da tham gia tich cue vdo viec quang bd cho du lich Hue bdng viec ddng ra xin thanh lap d Hue mgt phai dodn quang cdo du lich. "Chung tdi sdn sdng ldm tdt cd nhiing gi cdn thiit de ddn du lich tgi Hue... Chung tdi mudn hg dugc d du tien nghi d Bd Ndng roi den Hui. Chdng tdi mudn hg dugc di ngogn cdnh dep de cda nui NgU, Nam Giao, Hd Quyin vd cdc ldng tdm hung vi cda cdc vua chda md khdng cdn den sU ddi thg cda nhd nUdc. Chdng tdi mudn hg cd thi tim di ddng cdc bdng hUdng ddn vd re tien cua cdc ldng tdm dy, cdc cung dien, thdp Thien Afu,'^' cdc dg.i li nhu Tit, ti Nam Giao vd dgi trieu. Chung tdi cd thi cung cdp mgt huang ddn vien thdnh thao cd the cd cdc chi ddn chinh xdc ve sU tieu pha tien bac trong mgt thdi gian hay ddi han" [14]. Va d l thuc hien quyet tam ay, dlu ddn tren cac sd tap san, BAVH ddnh chuyen muc "Hue pittoresque" (Hue dep) d l ca nggi sdc thai ky dieu, cuo'n hut cua canh Hue, con ngUdi Hue^, mdi trUdng sinh hoat Hue, phong vi ddc biet cua rieng Hue nhdm thu hut du khdch. Tap san BAVH cung da gidi thieu hang chuc con ngUdi qua chuyen muc NhUng ngUdi phuang Tdy dd thdy Hue xua nhu cdch quang bd cho du lich Hue thdng qua goc nhin kha thu vi cua nhdng ngUdi phUcfng Tay. Tat cd dlu vdi muc dich mang nhdng gi tinh tuy nhat cua Hue luc bay gid den vdi mgi ngUdi, kich thich boat dgng du lich phdt trien.
O phuong dien cd nhdn, bdc si Hocquard trong cuo'n Une Campagne au Tonkin {Mgt chiin dich a Bdc Ky - xuat bdn ndm 1892) da ddnh gan 80 trang de viet ve Hue vdi hang chuc tam hinh khdc rat gid tri gdp phan gidp du khach chUa den ddy hieu rd vl manh dd't nay [7]. Vd ddc biet hon ca phdi noi den cuon sdch Guide de VAnnam {Hudng ddn du lich Trung Ky) cua TiS'n si P. Eberhardt (thay gido day Phdp vdn cho vua Duy Tdn [17]) dugc nha xuat ban A. Challamel an hdnh tai Paris nam 1914 [2]. Trong gan 200 trang sdch, :^berhardt da lan lugt gidi thieu nhdng canh dep cua mien Trung, td Phan Rang, Phan Thiet, Langbiang den Tourane (Da Ndng), Faifo (Hgi An). Chu tam hOn cd, ong danh
Tap chi Nghien cu'u va Phat triln, sd 2 (100). 2013
hcfn 60 trang (td trang 97 den trang 163) de gidi thi§u ve Hue: ldng tdm cdc vi vua, cdc cdng trinh kien true trong Kinh Thdnh, cdnh quan cua Gia Hgi, Ddng Ba, Phu Cam, Thuan An... vd khdng qu§n dUa dl^n cho nhdng ai quan tdm chuong trinh tham quan khd di nhdt."'
Can phai bo sung th§m rdng, nda ddu t h i ky XX, khi hai cugc chien tranh the gidi diln ra gdn nhau, ngudi Phdp mgt phan vi kh6 khdn kinh te, phan khac vi phuong tien di lai giiJa chau Au va chau A trd ngai nen hg muon phdt triln du lich d Viet Nam, ddc bi|t Id khu vUc miln Trung."*' Lugng khdch den Hue nhd vdy tdng dan bat chap nhdng bien dgng vl chinh tri cung nhu kho khdn vl phucfng tien van chuyen. Den nhiJng ndm 1930, tour du lich 8 ngdy bang xe hoi tuyen Sdi Gdn-Dd Lat-Nha Trang-Quy Nhon-Dd Ndng-Hue-Vinh -Hd Ngi-Hdi Phdng vd ngugc lai da dugc Ph6ng Du lich Dong Duong to chdc vd thu hut mgt lugng ldn du khdch. Kinh Thdnh Hue, Bach Ma cung cdc diem nghi dudng ndi tieng khdc d mien Trung nhU Ba Nd, Nha Trang la dilm den ly tudng cua ngUdi Phdp va dgi ngu cong chdc trong chinh quyen thugc dia d Ddng DUcfng. Cd dugc ket qua ay khong t h i khong nhdc den vai tro cua cong tdc quang bd cho du lich Hui trong giai doan ndy, tieu bilu hon ca la cdc boat dgng cua Co quan Du lich Trung Ky, boat dgng cua cdc tdc gia trong Hgi Do thdnh Hieu co vd cdc cd nhdn nhU bdc si Hocquard, Tiln si P. Eberhardt...
Neu Festival Hue la noi t h i hien ddu an cua tinh hdu nghi vd su h5 trg chi tinh trong vi§c chuyen giao cdng nghe td chdc va xa hon la quang bd vdn hda Hul^, van hda Viet Nam ra the gidi, thuc day du lich Hue' phdt triln cua ngudi Phdp thi nhiJng ndm dau cua the ky XX, cung tren manh dd't nay, ngUdi Phdp da ddt nhdng vien gach dau tien cho du lich Hue. Khdng t h i so sdnh vdi each to chdc du lich chuyen nghiep cua Thomas Cook,'^' cha de cua ngdnh cong nghiep khong khdi nhUng viec xdy dung cdc tour, viet sdch quang bd, xdy dung khdch san phuc vu du lich da thUc su khang dinh vai tro cua ngUdi Phdp doi vdi Hue trong linh vUc nay. Co le se khong day du khi thieu cdc so' lieu thong ke vl lugng du khdch den HuS", sd ngay luu trd, thu nhap xd hgi td du lich...
trong giai doan nay. Thd' nhung trong thdi ky cd nhieu bien dgng ve chinh tri, khi mgi su quan tam deu hudng vl sU thinh suy cua trieu dai, che' do thi sU hien dien cua khach san Sdi Gon Morin Hue nhU hien tai, nhiJng trang viet cua Leopold Cadiere, A. Sallet, P. Eberhardt... qudng bd du lich Hue cung du ndi len md'i quan he cua ngUdi Phdp dd'i vdi vdn hoa, du lich Hue trong nhdng ndm dau the' ky XX.
Hui', thdng 3 nam 2013 D V D - D T H V CHU THIGH
(1) CCing vdi N g u y l n Ngpc Lam.
(2) Ten gpi chf khu vgc mien Trung vao thdi ky Phap thupe (1887-1945).
(3) Hdtel - Route du Nam Giao - Eeran du Roi - Retour par An-Cuu,
Hotel - Arenes - Route de Tu-Duc - Esplanade des Sacrifices - Ecran du Roi - An-Cuu - Hdtel.
Hdtel - Arenes - Route de Tu-Duc - Esplanade des Sacrifices - Retour par la route du Nam-Gigo.
(4) Sau thang 7 nSm 1954, hang budn Morin chuyen nhugng toan bd khach sgn eho dng Nguyin Van Yen quSn ly. Den n5m 1957, chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Digm ma trgc tiep ia Ngd Dinh
Tap chi Nghien cdu va Phat tri^n, s6' 2 (100). 2013
Can da eho lich thu loan bg c d sd Morin va cho chfnh phCi Sai Gdn thu§ lam c d sd eua Vi^n Dgi hpc Hue' Sau 1975, khach sgn Morin v4n tidp tgc la cd s d dao tgo cua Trudng Dgi hpc Tdng h g p H u d . Ddn nam 1989, tinh ThUa ThiSn Hud da c h u y i n giao cho 8 6 Du l|eh ThUa Thien Hud d l dua vao kinh doanh du Ijch trd lgi. CO sd v^t chdt eOg khach sgn liic nay da xu6ng e^p va cht kinh doanh vdi ddi tugng khach "TSy ba Id". D l dap dng nhu c5u v^ chdt lugng ngay cang cao cua du khach, d6ng thdi tgo ra mgt c d s6 kinh doanh du Ijch qu6e t l c6 tam cd tgi Hue, nam 1992, tfnh ThUa ThiSn H u i lien doanh cimg Cdng ty Du Ijch sai Gdn nang cap t h i n h khach sgn 3 sao va dUa vao hogt dgng trd Igi vao nam 1997 vdi cai tSn mdi
"Khach sgn s a i Gdn Morin Hud" (Hotel Saigon Morin Hue). Khach sgn tidp tyc duge nang hgng thanh khach sgn 4 sao vao thang 10 nam 2002 Ddn nay. khach sgn dang hogt d$ng vdi 183 phdng ngu ti6n nghi sang trpng, 4 nha hang, va nhi^u khu vgc djch vy mua sIm khac dap Ung mpi nhu c i u cua du khach [10].
(5) Cd sd vat eh^t phyc vy du Ijch Hue dupc b l sung khi cd thSm khach sgn Huong Giang va khach sgn Thuan Hda ciia gia dInh Tong thdng Ngd Dinh Diem dupe xay dgng vao cudi thap men 1950 nhUng ehu yd'u danh cho cac quan chUc Viet Nam Cgng Hda va qudc td d i n Hue lam vi$c. hpp hanh, nghf ngoi Rieng khach sgn Thuan Hda danh cho phai bd quSn d0i My MACV lam ed quan va iam chd d cua sT quan quan dgi My, khdng mang tfnh du ijCh. Ngoai ra cdn co nhOng diem luu tru tU nhan nhU khach sgn Hue, khach sgn Thugng TU, quy md phdng 6c nhd, hogt dong du hch khdng dang ke [18].
(6) Thap Phudc Duyen (7) Programme propose.
I^jour Mati. Visite de la Citadelle. Visite de la Jumenterie.
Soir: Promenade sur la roule de Thuan-An 2*jour - Malm: Visite du Palais, Soir- Visite de la pagode de Thien-Md.
3*jour - Matin: Tombeaux de Tu-Duc, de Dong-Khanh, Usine des Eaux Soir: Promenade a Gia-Hoi - Visite des pagodes annamites et chinoises.
4^jour - Matin Esplanade des Sacrifices - Tombeaux de Thieu-Tri et de sa mere.
Soir: Visite aux Arenes et au Long-Tho.
S^-jour - Matin: Tombeaux de Gia-Long et de Minh-Mang Soir. Promenade en sampan sur la riviere de Hue voir plus haut.
6')our - Matin Thua-Luu Soir [2:1 61]
(8) Phyc vy cho gidi cdng chdc cua chinh phu Ddng DUdng thudc Phap.
(9) Nam 1841, Thomas Cook (1808-1892) da td chUc mdt chuyen tham quan dSc bi#t tren tau hda tu Leicester den Lafburoy (dai 12 dam) cho 570 khach di dg hgi nghj. Gia dieh vy van chuyen la mot sterling/mot hanh khach. Hanh khach (sau nay dugc gpi la nhOng du khach tham gia vao logi du lich cdng vy) Irong cupc hanh trinh dugc phyc vy van ngh§, nUdc che va cac mdn an nhp. Chuyen di rait thanh cdng va m d ra djch vy eac cugc lu' hanh cho du khach.
Nam 1842, Thomas Cook td chUc van phdng du Ijch dau tien 6 Anh (va cung la van phdng dau tien cd tinh chuyen nghiep tren the gidi) vdi chUc nang td chUe cho cdng dan Anh di du lich khap noi. Day la mdt mde quan trpng danh dau sU hinh thanh mdt hinh thdc to chUc kinh doanh du lich rat quan trpng: cac hang du lich hay con dugc gpi la cac hang IQ hanh (Travel Agency, Agence de voyage, Reiseburo..) lam cau ndi giOa khdch du Ijch va cac bd phan p h y c v y d u Ijch de hogt ddng du lich thuan igi va nhjp nhang. [11:11-12]
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. H. Deletie (1997), "Hue d g p " , e A l / H . t a p s , 1916. Nxb ThuSn Hda, tr. 131-158.
2. P. Eberhardt (1914), Guide de L'Annam, Nxb A. Challamel.
3. E.Gras (1997), "Dgo ehoi ban dem", BAVH.ld.p3, 1916, Nxb Thugn Hda, tr. 174-177.
Tap chi Nghien cdu va Phat tri^n, sd 2 (100). 2013
E.Gras (1997), "Hue xUa", BAVH, tap 3, 1916. Nxb Thuan Hda, tr. 236-239.
5. E.Gras (2002), "Hue dgp:Thu$n An", BAVH.t^p 10, 1923, Nxb Thu&n Hda, tr. 405-423.
6. H.Gulbier (1997). "Caidep eua Hue", BAVH.\ap3. 1916, Nxb ThuSn Hda, tr 240-251, 7. Docteur Hocquard (1892), Une Campagne au Tonkin, Nxb Haehette, Paris.
http://baodientu.ehinhphu.vn/Home/Thua-Thien-Hue-Huong-toi-trung-tam-du-lieh-lon-cua- quoc-gia/20121/12581 l.vgp
http://www. vietstamp net vn/forum/showthread.php '^t=621Q 10. http://www.morinhotet.com.vn/default.aspx7pageids17
11. Dinh Trung Kien (1999), Nghidp vy hUdng din du Ijch. Nxb Dgi hpe Qudc gia Ha Ndi.
12. A. Sallet (2003), "Tai nguyen du lich (xU An Nam)", BAVH, tap 18, 1931, Nxb Thuan Hda, tr. 73-96.
13. Kim Oanh (2011), "Tham khach sgn ed nhlit mien Trung", www baothuathienhue vn 14. R.Orband(1998),''DganquSngeaodulich", SAl/W, t a p 4 , 1917, Nxb Thuan Hda, tr. 15-17 15. Tong eye Du Mch Viet Nam (2005), Non nUdc Viet Nam. Nxb v a n hda Thong tin 16. Uy ban Van hda H6i ddng d a m myc Viet Nam - Tda Tdng Giam mye giao phan Hue - CLB
Phaold N g u y l n v a n Binh (2011), Ky yeu hdi thao than the vd sU nghiep cua Leopold-Michel Cadiere (1869 -1955). Nxb Tri thUe,
17. N g u y l n Dac Xuan (2002), "Tien sT Philippe Eberhardt-Vj giao dgo kha kfnh cua dng vua yeu nude Duy Tan", Kien thOc ve trieu Nguyin va Hue xUa, Nxb Thuan Hda, tr 124-128 18. Nguyln D i e Xuan (2006), "Du ijch ThUa Thien Hue - theo ddng ijch sCr", Kien thdc ve trieu
Nguyin va Huexda, tap 4, Nxb Thuan Hda, tr, 170-176.
TOM TAT
v a o dau the ky XX, trong khudn khd chUdng trinh khai thac kinh te thupc dia, ngUdi Phap da bat dau tien hanh cac hoat dpng phat tnen du ijch d Hue Dua vao cac the mgnh s i n cd cua vung dat de dd, ngUdi Phap da tien hanh cac hogt dgng khai thac du lich d Hue mdt each cd he thdng' xay dung cd sd vat chat phye vy du khach, thanh lap cd quan phy trach ve du lich, khuyen khfeh cac hoat ddng nghien cUu ve thien nhien, ve van hda, lieh sd va con ngudi xU Hue, thiet ke' cae tour du Itch hdp dan va tien hanh quang ba du lieh bang nhieu phUdng each sinh dpng. Cac hogt ddng bai ban nay da giup cho Hue' trd thanh mdt diem den khdng the thieu trong ban do du lich Viet Nam.
Day la mdt trong nhu'ng diem sang trong mdi quan he Viet-Phap trong lich sd, va thanh qua nay dupe tie'p tyc phat huy trong chinh sach hpp tac Phap-Viet hien nay, ma Festival Hue la mdt trong nhij'ng vf dy d i l n hinh
ABSTRACT
THE FRENCH AND THE EARLY DAYS OF TOURISM INDUSTRY IN HUE In the early twentieth century, during the process of exploiting the colonial economy, the French had started tourism activities in Hue. Based on available advantages of the imperial city, they conducted tourism activities in a systematic w a y building facilities to serve tourists, founding the agency responsible for tourism industry, encouraging research works on the nature, culture, history and people of Hue', designing attractive tours and promoting tourism by vivid ways and means. All those methodical activities have helped Hue become an indispensable destination in Vietnam travel map.
This is one of the bright spots of Vietnam-France relations in history, and continuing achievements in policy promoting French-Vietnamese cooperation today, that Hue Festival is one of the examples.
